ISC Class 12 Physical Education Board Exam Question Paper 2019 with Solutions

ISC Class 12 Physical Education Board Exam Question Paper with Solutions 2019

SECTION A

1. What is meant by warming up? Write the advantages of warming up. [8 Marks]

Answer:
Warming up is preparing the athletes mentally and physically to adjust the sudden increase in the movement. Warming up is a process by which human body is brought to a condition at which it safely responds to the nerve impulses of the person for quick and efficient action. An insufficient warming up may contribute to muscle or tendon injuries. Components of warming up are jogging, running, stretching, calisthenics, flexibility exercise, games, sports or event-related activities.

Advantages of warming up (Physiological and Psychological impact on the body):
1. Body temperature is raised gradually which in turn increases the blood supply to the muscles. Warming up enhances the body core temperature. If the core temperature of the body is increased by 1 °C then basal metabolic rate (BMR) is increased by 14% which enhances the physical work capacity.
2. Hemoglobin (RBC) carries more oxygen, which results in more oxygen exchange between blood or tissue and myoglobin.
3. Propagation of nerve impulses (signals) become faster which improves and sharpens the reaction time.
4. Rate of contraction of muscle becomes faster as the viscosity is lowered. Thus the chances of injuries or wear and tear are minimized.
5. Increases the stroke volume as per demand of muscles to be used in the activity.
6. Increases lung ventilation, which supplies more oxygen. It results in the removal of lactic acid which helps in improving the endurance.
7. Improves agility, coordination and range of motion (ROM) in the joints.
8. Psychological warm up reduces tension and nervousness, improves concentration, and motivates the player by boosting morale.

Teacher's Note:
a) Ensure you classify warming up into both physiological and psychological components for a complete answer.
b) Students often miss writing specific physiological changes like increased BMR and lowered muscle viscosity, which are key value points.

2. (a) Explain the merits and demerits of league tournament. [8 Marks]
(b) Draw a league fixture for eight teams according to cyclic method.

Answer:
(a) In a league tournament each team competes with every other team participating in the tournament. Winners are decided on the basis of the points acquired after all the competitions. For each win a team may be awarded 2 points, for draw 1 point and for a loss no point is awarded. Formula to find the number of matches in a single league tournament is \( \frac{n(n - 1)}{2} \), where n is the number of teams.

Advantages of league tournament:
1. Luck factor does not have a role to play as each team gets to play with all the teams.
2. If a good team has lost a match, it still can be winner of the tournament because it has other matches to play.
3. There is less pressure on players to perform well because each match is not crucial.
4. More number of matches for players to show their talent and also for the selectors to spot the talent.

Disadvantages of league tournament:
1. It takes more time to finish the tournament as the number of matches is high compared to a knock-out tournament.
2. It is not economical.
3. Some matches may become boring for spectators if they are not crucial.

(b) League fixture for 8 teams according to cyclic method (Total 7 rounds):

Teacher's Note:
a) Clearly distinguish between the merits (fairness, true winner) and demerits (time-consuming, expensive) of league tournaments.
b) Practice drawing cyclic rotation fixtures carefully by keeping team number 1 fixed at the top right and rotating the remaining teams clockwise.

3. Discuss the importance of health education for adult younger generation [8 Marks]

Answer:
According to the National Conference of Preventive Medicine USA, health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyle, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end.

Importance of Health Education for adults:
1. Health education helps adults in personal development, well-being, and increased self-confidence.
2. It improves health literacy, helping people understand how to deal with their health, medical prescriptions, and illness information leaflets.
3. It helps adults have a better understanding of preventive measures and treatment for communicable and non-communicable diseases.
4. It helps in the promotion of healthy lifestyles through nutrition, yoga, and fitness courses.
5. It promotes the proper use of available health services.
6. By focusing on prevention, it reduces financial and human medical treatment costs.

Importance of Health Education for the young generation:
1. Helps in instilling behaviors to prevent or delay the onset of leading causes of death.
2. Promotes the proper use of health services among youth.
3. Builds students' knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes toward physical, mental, emotional, and social health.
4. Helps students learn life skills to make healthy choices and provides logical reasons for avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.
5. Highlights the importance of injury prevention, proper nutrition, physical activity, and disease prevention.
6. Promotes overall learning and academic performance since healthier students have higher attendance and better grades.

Teacher's Note:
a) Structure the answer by separately addressing the importance for adults and for the young generation as demanded by the question.
b) Include standard definitions like Lawrence Green's definition of health education to fetch full marks.

4. Mention the causes and corrective measures for the following ; [8 Marks]
(a) Lordosis
(b) Flat foot

Answer:
(a) Lordosis:
Lordosis is an increased forward curvature in the lumbar region (inward curvature of the spine just above the buttocks), causing problems in walking and standing.
- Causes: Birth defect, vitamin D or calcium deficiency during childhood, spinal injury, improper heavy lifting habits, obesity, pregnancy, and weak abdominal muscles with strong lower back muscles.
- Corrective Measures / Exercises: Following correct posture of standing, sitting, and lying; performing forward bending exercises like Paschimotanasana, Padahastasana, and Halasana; doing sit-ups, abdominal crunches, and toe touching.

(b) Flat Foot:
Flat foot is a postural deformity in which the medial longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot are depressed, causing the entire sole of the foot to come in complete or near-complete contact with the ground.
- Causes: Birth defect, overweight or obesity, and deficiency of vitamin D or calcium during childhood.
- Corrective Measures / Exercises: Walking on heels, walking on toes, walking on the inner and outer sides of the feet, jumping on toes, skipping on a rope, picking up small stones with toes, performing Vajrasana, and doing Tadasana or Utkatasana yoga poses.

Teacher's Note:
a) Clearly separate the causes and the corrective measures/exercises for each postural deformity.
b) Mentioning specific yogic asanas (like Paschimotanasana for Lordosis and Vajrasana for Flat Foot) adds high value to the answer.

5. Write in detail the effects of insufficient sleep, on human body. [8 Marks]

Answer:
Sleep plays an important role in physical health. Sleep deprivation occurs when an individual fails to get enough sleep (adults generally need 7 to 8 hours nightly). The effects of insufficient sleep on the human body are as follows:
1. Increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke. Sleep deficiency significantly increases the risk and menace of obesity across all age groups.
2. Disrupts the balance of hormones that regulate appetite and controls blood glucose levels, thereby increasing the risk of diabetes.
3. Impairs healthy growth and development. Deep sleep triggers growth hormone release in children and teens, which builds muscle mass and repairs cells and tissues. Prolonged deficiency alters immune system responses.
4. Can indicate or trigger underlying medical and psychological conditions, serving as a symptom of anxiety or mood disorders and exacerbating severe psychological disorders.

Teacher's Note:
a) Detail both physiological effects (obesity, diabetes, heart disease) and developmental/immunological impacts.
b) Use structured points to clearly explain how hormone regulation and growth are hampered by lack of sleep.

6. List the various ill effects of alcohol on an individual. [8 Marks]

Answer:
Alcohol has immediate short-term physical effects and severe long-term consequences on the human body. Initially, it slows down or blocks brain functions, creating relaxation or excitement, which is soon counterbalanced by negative effects.

Short-term and long-term ill effects of alcohol include:
1. Drowsiness, loss of balance, and poor coordination.
2. Slower reaction times, which are highly critical and dangerous when driving or operating machinery.
3. Slurred speech, slowed thought processes, nausea, and vomiting.
4. High blood alcohol concentration (BAC) can lead to life-threatening unconsciousness and fatal inhibition of normal breathing.
5. Dehydration and headaches caused by the pituitary gland failing to control fluid balance.
6. Irritation of the gut lining leading to diarrhea, and chronic inflammation of the pancreas.
7. Cardiovascular issues such as irregular heart rhythms, raised blood pressure, shortness of breath, and cardiac failure.
8. Disruption of sleep, triggering mental health problems and sexual dysfunction in men.
9. Increased risk of severe diseases including cancer, liver cirrhosis, heart disease, stroke, dementia, and cognitive impairment.

Answer:
Contusion is an injury caused by a forceful hit by a hard object. It is an internal injury where there is no external cut or bleeding over the skin. Signs and symptoms include swelling, pain, and a bluish color appearing on the outer surface of the skin.

Management is done using the PRICE protocol:
- P (Protection): Protect the injured part from further injury; do not massage.
- R (Rest): Give rest to the injured part and restrict movement.
- I (Ice): Apply ice for 15 - 20 minutes, 3 - 4 times a day for the first 24 - 48 hours.
- C (Compression): Compress with a crape bandage to restrict movement.
- E (Elevation): Elevate the injured part using slings if required.

Ways to prevent contusions:
1. Avoid workout routine mistakes such as ignoring medical conditions, overtraining, and failing to take rest days.
2. Use proper techniques and wear appropriate protective gear.
3. Perform conditioning, warm-up, and stretching exercises before games or practice.
4. Maintain adequate nutrition, calorie intake, and hydration to prevent fatigue and injury.
5. Ensure a positive psychological approach to the game to avoid emotional stress and lack of concentration.

Teacher's Note:
a) Clearly define contusion as a closed soft-tissue injury and state its symptoms.
b) Outline both the immediate management (PRICE) and long-term preventive measures to cover all aspects of the question.

SECTION B

FOOTBALL

8. (a) List any five fundamental skills which a football player must possess. [5 Marks]
(b) What decision is to be taken by the referee if the ball bursts or becomes defective during the course of a match? [5 Marks]
(c) Explain the difference between tackling and trapping. [5 Marks]
(d) Mention the basic compulsory equipment used by a referee while conducting a match. [5 Marks]
(e) Mention any five duties of Assistant Referees. [5 Marks]

Answer:
(a) Five fundamental skills in football:
1. Controlling: Mastering and gathering the ball while moving.
2. Passing: Giving the ball to a teammate to keep possession, set up attacks, or change the direction of play.
3. Shooting: Dispatching the ball into the opponent's goal to culminate an attack.
4. Dribbling: Moving with the ball past opponents using individual maneuvers and feints.
5. Heading: Using the head to pass, shoot, defend, or clear the ball.

(b) Decision when the ball bursts or becomes defective:
1. Play is stopped and restarted by dropping the replacement ball where the original ball became defective.
2. If the ball becomes defective at a kick-off, goal kick, corner kick, free kick, penalty kick, or throw-in, the restart is retaken.
3. If it becomes defective during a penalty kick as it moves forward before touching a player or post, the penalty kick is retaken.
4. The ball may not be changed during the match without the referee's permission.

(c) Difference between tackling and trapping:
- Tackling: The act of dispossessing an opponent of the ball, stopping them from gaining ground, or preventing them from carrying out their play.
- Trapping: Gaining control over a pass or loose ball using the feet, thighs, or chest to bring it to the ground and maintain possession.

(d) Basic compulsory equipment used by a referee:
1. Whistle(s)
2. Watch(es)
3. Red and yellow cards
4. Notebook (or other means of keeping a record of the match)

(e) Five duties of Assistant Referees:
1. Indicate when the whole of the ball leaves the field of play and which team is entitled to a corner kick or goal kick.
2. Indicate when the ball leaves the field and which team gets a throw-in.
3. Indicate when a player in an offside position may be penalized.
4. Signal when a player substitution is requested.
5. Indicate at penalty kicks if the goalkeeper moves off the goal line prematurely or if the ball crosses the line.

Teacher's Note:
a) For sub-part (a), list the skills clearly and briefly describe each.
b) For sub-part (c), emphasize that tackling is defensive against an opponent, whereas trapping is ball control for possession.

CRICKET

9. (a) Explain the following : [5 Marks]
(i) Dolly Catch
(ii) Gully
(iii) Seam
(iv) Hook shot
(v) Half-volley
(b) Differentiate between popping crease and bowling crease. [5 Marks]
(c) Explain the following terms : [5 Marks]
(i) Ball tampering
(ii) Sweep
(d) (i) Write the full forms of ICC and BCCI. [5 Marks]
(ii) State the function of ICC and BCCI.
(e) Under which conditions can an umpire change the ball? [5 Marks]

Answer:
(a) (i) Dolly Catch: A very easy catch taken by a fielder.
(ii) Gully: A close fielding position near the slip fielders, at an angle of 100 to 140 degrees to the line of the stumps.
(iii) Seam: The prominent stitching running around the circumference of the cricket ball.
(iv) Hook Shot: A shot similar to a pull, played when the ball is struck above the batsman's shoulder.
(v) Half-Volley: A delivery that bounces just short of the block hole (yorker length), making it ideal to drive or glance away.

(b) Difference between Popping Crease and Bowling Crease:
- Popping Crease: Placed 4 feet (1.22 m) in front of the bowling crease, parallel to it, marking the batsman's safe zone for running and stumping.
- Bowling Crease: The line 22 yards (20.12 m) away from the opposite wicket where the stumps are placed, determining no-balls for front-foot landings.

(c) (i) Ball Tampering: The unlawful alteration of the surface or seam of the ball by a player to affect its aerodynamic swing when bowled.
(ii) Sweep Shot: A cross-bat shot played to a good-length slow delivery where the batsman gets down on one knee and sweeps the ball to the leg side.

(d) (i) Full forms:
- ICC: International Cricket Council (Headquarters: Dubai, UAE)
- BCCI: Board of Control for Cricket in India (Headquarters: Mumbai, India)
(ii) Functions:
- ICC: Organizes major international tournaments like the Cricket World Cup, appoints match officials, and monitors playing conditions and anti-corruption codes.
- BCCI: Controls and manages cricket in India, selects national teams, organizes domestic tournaments (Ranji Trophy, IPL), and decides sponsorships.

(e) Conditions in which an umpire can change the ball:
1. If the ball is lost or becomes unfit for play through normal wear and tear during the match.
2. If the umpires agree that the condition of the ball has been unfairly altered by the fielding side, allowing the batsman to choose a replacement.
3. If the ball has been unfairly altered by the batting side, the umpires immediately select a comparable replacement ball.

Teacher's Note:
a) Ensure cricket terminology is defined precisely as per official Laws of Cricket.
b) For crease dimensions and functions, cite exact measurements in feet and meters to ensure full credit.

HOCKEY

10. (a) Write a short note on Hockey Stick. [5 Marks]
(b) Mention any five duties of the captain of a Hockey team. [5 Marks]
(c) Write the equipment used by a Goal Keeper. [5 Marks]
(d) When is a penalty stroke awarded? [5 Marks]
(e) State the difference between a scoop and a stroke. [5 Marks]

Answer:
(a) Short note on Hockey Stick:
Each player must carry a stick to play. The maximum length permitted is 105 cm (41 inches), and the maximum weight is 737 grams (commonly 19 to 22 oz). Traditionally made of hickory, ash, or mulberry wood, modern high-grade sticks are manufactured from composite materials containing fibreglass, aramid, and carbon fibre to provide desired strength, stiffness, and flexibility.

(b) Five duties of the captain of a hockey team:
1. Wear a distinctive arm-band on the upper arm or shoulder.
2. Be responsible for the behavior of all players on the team.
3. Ensure player substitutions are carried out correctly.
4. Understand game strategies and regulations to guide plays on the field.
5. Foster positive relationships between players and coaches.

(c) Equipment used by a Goalkeeper:
1. Hand protectors: Maximum width of 228 mm and length of 355 mm when laid flat, without stick-retaining additions.
2. Leg guards: Maximum width of 300 mm when worn on the leg.
3. Helmet, body protector, and kickers for comprehensive safety.

(d) When a penalty stroke is awarded:
1. For an intentional offense by a defender in the circle against an opponent who has possession or an opportunity to play the ball.
2. For an offense by a defender in the circle which prevents the probable scoring of a goal.
3. For intentionally playing the ball over the backline by a defender inside the circle.

(e) Difference between a scoop and a stroke:
- Scoop: A method of passing or shooting by leveraging the stick underneath the ball to lift and fling it through the air.
- Stroke: A general hitting or pushing action applied to move the ball along the ground or flat across the turf.

Teacher's Note:
a) Include precise specifications regarding stick dimensions, weight, and goalkeeper equipment limits.
b) Clearly specify the circle rules under which penalty strokes are awarded in hockey.

BASKETBALL

11. (a) Explain Three Second Rule and Twenty-four Second Rule. [5 Marks]
(b) What is free throw? State the steps to be followed for taking a free throw. [5 Marks]
(c) Mention the violations in the game of Basketball. [5 Marks]
(d) What is a double foul in the game of basketball? What is the penalty for this foul? [5 Marks]
(e) Explain technical foul and multiple foul. [5 Marks]

Answer:
(a) Three Second Rule and Twenty-four Second Rule:
- Three Second Rule: An offensive player shall not remain in the opponent's restricted area (key) for more than 3 consecutive seconds while their team controls the ball in the frontcourt.
- Twenty-four Second Rule: A team must attempt a field goal within 24 seconds of gaining control of the ball, and the shot must touch the ring/basket, failing which a shot-clock violation is called.

(b) Free Throw and Steps:
A free throw is an unguarded shot awarded to a player from the 15-foot mark after being fouled.
- Steps: 1. Position body and feet balanced, aligned with the rim. 2. Keep eyes focused on the front of the rim. 3. Keep the shooting arm parallel to the rim. 4. Bend knees for power coming from legs. 5. Shoot off fingertips with proper follow-through.

(c) Violations in Basketball:
1. Walking or Traveling: Taking more than a step and a half without dribbling or moving a pivot foot.
2. Carrying or Palming: Dribbling the ball with the hand too far to the side or underneath.
3. Double Dribble: Dribbling with both hands simultaneously or resuming a dribble after picking it up.
4. Held Ball: Opposing players seizing the ball simultaneously.
5. Goaltending: Interfering with the ball on its downward flight toward the basket.
6. Backcourt Violation: Returning the ball to the backcourt after crossing the center line.

(d) Double Foul and Penalty:
- Double Foul: A situation where two opponents commit personal fouls against each other at approximately the same time.
- Penalty: Both players are charged with personal fouls, and the penalties offset; the team that had possession retains it and throws in from the sideline.

(e) Technical Foul and Multiple Foul:
- Technical Foul: A foul penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct, bad behavior, or administrative infractions not involving physical contact.
- Multiple Foul: Occurs when two or more teammates commit personal fouls against the same opponent at approximately the same time.

Teacher's Note:
a) Differentiate clearly between violations (which result in a turnover) and fouls (which result in free throws or personal penalties).
b) State precise time limits for the 3-second and 24-second rules.

VOLLEYBALL

12. (a) Write the duties of a Volleyball coach. [5 Marks]
(b) Write the service faults in Volleyball. [5 Marks]
(c) (i) What is the procedure adopted to start a game? [5 Marks]
(ii) List any two National level tournaments in Volleyball.
(d) Differentiate between : [5 Marks]
(i) Service zone and substitution zone.
(ii) Positional fault and rotational fault.
(e) Mention the duties of a line judge. [5 Marks]

Answer:
(a) Duties of a Volleyball Coach:
1. Focus on the learning process and development of every player.
2. Provide equal attention and encouragement to players regardless of skill level.
3. Maintain constructive communication, separating performance from the performer.
4. Remain demanding and disciplined without being demeaning.
5. Continuously learn, innovate coaching plans, and act as a positive role model.

(b) Service Faults in Volleyball:
1. The ball is not hit with one hand or arm after being tossed.
2. Executing more than one toss or release of the ball.
3. Server touching the court (including the end line) or floor outside the service zone at the moment of the service hit.
4. Failing to hit the ball within 8 seconds after the referee's whistle.
5. Hitting the service before the referee's whistle.

(c) (i) Procedure to start a game: The first referee conducts a toss in the presence of team captains to decide the first service and court sides.
(ii) National level tournaments: Senior Nationals and Youth Nationals.

(d) Differences:
- (i) Service Zone: A 9 m wide area behind each end line used for serving. Substitution Zone: The area of the free zone between the attack line extensions used for player substitutions.
- (ii) Positional Fault: Committed when players are not in their correct rotational positions on court at the moment the ball is hit by the server. Rotational Fault: Committed when service is not made in the correct rotational order.

(e) Duties of a Line Judge:
1. Signal using flags (40 x 40 cm) whether a ball lands 'in' or 'out' near their assigned lines.
2. Check touches on 'out' balls by the receiving team.
3. Check foot faults of the server or players stepping outside court boundaries during service.

Teacher's Note:
a) Distinguish clearly between positional and rotational faults, as students frequently confuse them.
b) List accurate dimensions and procedures for starting sets and matches.

TENNIS

13. (a) Explain the following : [5 Marks]
(i) Double fault
(ii) Chip shot
(b) List any five types of strokes in the game of Tennis. [5 Marks]
(c) What are the duties of a coach in Tennis? [5 Marks]
(d) Explain the following : [5 Marks]
(i) Set
(ii) Ace
(iii) Slice
(iv) Down the line
(v) Drive
(e) Explain how a forehand shot is taken. [5 Marks]

Answer:
(a) (i) Double Fault: Two consecutive missed serves, resulting in the server losing the point.
(ii) Chip Shot: An under-spin blocking motion used to hit the ball with backspin and a low trajectory to put the opponent under pressure.

(b) Five types of strokes in Tennis:
1. Serve
2. Forehand
3. Backhand
4. Volley
5. Overhead (Smash)

(c) Duties of a Coach in Tennis:
1. Assess individual learning styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) of students.
2. Build player self-esteem with constructive feedback.
3. Maintain discipline without demeaning players.
4. Prioritize player welfare, safety, and holistic development.

(d) Explanations:
(i) Set: Comprises 6 games; a player must win 6 games with at least a 2-game advantage to win the set.
(ii) Ace: An unreturned successful serve resulting in an immediate point.
(iii) Slice: A shot played with underspin.
(iv) Down the Line: A ball hit straight along the sideline.
(v) Drive: A fairly hard-hit shot (forehand or backhand drive).

(e) Steps for taking a forehand shot:
1. Approach the ball in an open stance position.
2. Rotate hips, shoulders, and arms backward in the take-back phase.
3. Unwind body rotation with the dominant arm dropping down to generate topspin.
4. Swing the racket up, over, and through the ball at contact point.
5. Follow through with arm extension across the body toward the non-dominant side.

Teacher's Note:
a) Ensure technical terms like slice, ace, and double fault are defined accurately with their scoring implications.
b) Describe biomechanical phases clearly for executing a forehand stroke.

BADMINTON

14. (a) Discuss the rule of a service in doubles. [5 Marks]
(b) What happens if the shuttlecock gets stuck on the net? [5 Marks]
(c) (i) What is meant by bird in the game of Badminton? [5 Marks]
(ii) Name the different types of strokes played by a badminton player.
(d) Explain the following terms : [5 Marks]
(i) Side out
(ii) Waist fault
(e) (i) Explain the following shuttle grips : [5 Marks]
(1) Out of hand grip
(2) Mid grip
(3) Base grip
(ii) What is the weight of a shuttle cock? How many feathers are there in a shuttle cock?

Answer:
(a) Service rule in doubles:
1. A player of the serving side serves from the right service court when the serving side's score is zero or an even number, and from the left service court when the score is odd.
2. Players do not change respective service courts until they win a point while serving.

(b) Shuttle stuck on the net: After service return, if the shuttle is caught on top of the net or passes over and gets stuck in the net, the umpire calls a "let," meaning the rally is replayed.

(c) (i) Bird: Another name for the shuttlecock, a high-drag conical projectile with feathers and a cork base.
(ii) Types of strokes: Defensive Clear/Lob, Drop Shot, Smash, Jump Smash, Net Shot, and Drive.

(d) Explanations:
(i) Side Out: Occurs when the serving side loses the rally and surrenders the serve to the opposing team.
(ii) Waist Fault: A service fault called when the shuttle is hit higher than the server's waist (imaginary line level with the lowest rib).

(e) (i) Shuttle Grips (holding before service):
1. Out of Hand Grip: Shuttle held with the tips of the thumb and index finger.
2. Mid Grip: Shuttle held with the tip of the thumb and two fingers at the base.
3. Base Grip: Shuttle held with thumb and fingers around the feathers' shafts and cork.
(ii) Weight and Feathers: A feathered shuttlecock weighs between 4.74 to 5.50 grams and has exactly 16 feathers fixed in the base.

Teacher's Note:
a) Clearly distinguish between doubles service court rules and singles rules.
b) State exact equipment specifications such as weight (4.74 - 5.50 g) and feather count (16).

SWIMMING

15. (a) List the freestyle events for men. [5 Marks]
(b) (i) What is the position of backstroke turn indicators? [5 Marks]
(ii) Which lane is given to the best swimmer?
(c) Explain the starting stance of a swimmer in the backstroke event. [5 Marks]
(d) (i) What is a Dolphin kick? [5 Marks]
(ii) Describe any two duties of the judges of stroke.
(e) Explain the following terms : [5 Marks]
(i) Tapper
(ii) Peddler

Answer:
(a) Freestyle events for men: 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, and 1500 m freestyle, along with 4 x 100 m and 4 x 200 m freestyle relays.

(b) (i) Position of turn indicators: Installed 5 meters from each end of the pool, with backstroke flags placed 1.8 m to 2.5 m above water.
(ii) Lane for best swimmer: Assigned to the center lane in odd-numbered pools (Lane 3 or 4 in 6 or 8-lane pools, Lane 4 in 10-lane pools) based on qualifying times.

(c) Starting stance in backstroke: Swimmers line up in the water facing the starting end, holding the starting grips with both hands. Standing on the gutter or bending toes over the lip is prohibited.

(d) (i) Dolphin Kick: A simultaneous whipping movement of both legs with pointed feet, functioning bidirectionally and requiring core and leg strength.
(ii) Duties of judges of stroke: Ensure swimming style rules are observed and report any rule infractions in writing to the referee.

(e) Explanations:
(i) Tapper: A person in blind swimming who taps a swimmer on the head when approaching the pool wall.
(ii) Peddler: Training equipment used to assist in learning swimming skills.

Teacher's Note:
a) List all men's individual and relay freestyle events accurately.
b) Detail lane assignment protocols and starting grip rules clearly.

ATHLETICS

16. (a) Explain the event triple jump. [5 Marks]
(b) What is the difference between marking radius and running radius? [5 Marks]
(c) Draw a neat diagram of a Shot-Put sector with all its specifications. [5 Marks]
(d) List the fundamental skills required by an athlete, for the event of Discus throw. [5 Marks]
(e) Explain the following terms : [5 Marks]
(i) Stagger
(ii) Athlete
(iii) Shoulder Shrug
(iv) Heat
(v) Lane

Answer:
(a) Triple Jump Event:
The triple jump is a track and field horizontal jump event consisting of three phases: a hop, a bound (step), and a jump into the sand pit. In the hop, the athlete takes off and lands on the same foot; in the step, they land on the other foot; and in the jump, they land in the pit.

(b) Difference between Marking Radius and Running Radius:
- Running Radius: The imaginary line along which the athlete is supposed to run.
- Marking Radius (Curve Distance Radius): The actual radius used by ground staff for marking and painting the track lines.

(c) Shot-Put Sector Specifications:
[Figure: Circular throwing circle of diameter 2.135 m, surrounded by a metal rim 50 mm thick, a stop board at the front center, and a landing sector marked at a 34.92 degree angle from the center.]

(d) Fundamental skills for Discus Throw:
1. Proper grip and stance.
2. Preliminary swings and wind-ups.
3. Body rotation and footwork within the ring utilizing centripetal force and torque.
4. Explosive release transferring maximum muscular force at the optimal angle.

(e) Explanations:
(i) Stagger: The offset starting positions given to runners in curved lanes so that all cover an equal race distance.
(ii) Athlete: A person competing in track and field sports.
(iii) Shoulder Shrug: A finishing technique where the athlete turns the chest sideways and shrugs the opposite shoulder into the finish tape.
(iv) Heat: Preliminary qualifying races where winners advance to subsequent rounds.
(v) Lane: A narrow marked section of the track (1.22 m wide) assigned to a single runner.

Teacher's Note:
a) Describe the three distinct phases (hop, step, jump) of the triple jump accurately.
b) Explain track terminology like stagger and heat with clear definitions.