Focus On Solutions for ICSE Class 7 History Civics Chapter 3 The Turkish Invaders

Important Words

Ghazni and Ghor
Ghazni and Ghor were the two important states established by the Turks.
These regions were located in what is now modern-day Afghanistan and served as the power bases for Turkish invaders. They were key locations from which invasions into India were planned and launched.
Teacher's Tip: Remember "G" for Ghazni and Ghor, the gateways of the Turks.
Exam Tip: Always mention that these were "Turkish states" to define them accurately.

Sultans
Sultans were the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate who ruled from Delhi, their capital city.
The Sultan held absolute power over military and civil administration in the kingdom. Their reign marked a significant period in Indian history where Delhi became a major cultural and political center.
Teacher's Tip: A Sultan is essentially a king, but specifically for the Delhi Sultanate period.
Exam Tip: Identify Delhi as the "capital city" when describing the Sultans.

Shahnama
Shahnama was written by the Persian poet Firdausi. It is the biography of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.
This epic poem is considered one of the world's longest and was written in the Persian language. It provides a detailed account of the history and myths of Persia up to the Islamic conquest.
Teacher's Tip: Associate "Firdausi" with "Shahnama" as a pair.
Exam Tip: Mention it is the "biography of Sultan Mahmud" for a complete answer.

Lakhbaksh
Lakhbaksh means ‘giver of lakhs’. Qutbuddin Aibak was given this name because of his generosity.
This title shows how highly people regarded Aibak for his charity towards the poor. He was known to distribute large sums of money, which earned him the love of his subjects.
Teacher's Tip: "Lakh" in the name stands for the number 1,00,000.
Exam Tip: Link this title specifically to "Qutbuddin Aibak" in your exams.

Muezzin
Muezzin is a man who calls Muslims to prayer, usually from the tower of a mosque.
The call to prayer, known as the Adhan, is delivered five times a day. The Muezzin plays a vital role in organizing the daily religious life of the Muslim community.
Teacher's Tip: Think of a Muezzin as the person who makes the "Morning Alarm" for prayer.
Exam Tip: Mention that the call is usually made from a "mosque's tower."

Iqtas
Iqtas were the provinces into which the empire was divided. Each was administered by an officer called the
This system helped the Sultan manage vast territories by assigning specific areas to trusted officers. These officers collected taxes and maintained local order on behalf of the Sultan.
Teacher's Tip: Iqtas are like the "States" or "Provinces" we have today.
Exam Tip: Define Iqtas as the "administrative divisions" of the empire.

Divine kingship
Divine kingship means that the king is considered a representative of God on earth.
This concept gave the Sultan undisputed authority, as people believed his power came directly from a higher power. It meant that questioning the king was seen as questioning God.
Teacher's Tip: "Divine" means "Godly," so the king's power is "God-given."
Exam Tip: Explain it as being a "representative of God on earth" for full marks.

Time To Learn

I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Mahmud Ghazni invaded India to 17 times its wealth.
2. Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj in the second battle of Tarain.
3. Alberuni, spent 10 years in India and wrote a book Kitab- ul-Hind.
4. Firdausi wrote a famous epic named Shahnama.
5. Mahmud Ghazni plundered Somnath temple in 1025 AD

II. Match Column A with Column B:

Column A
1. AD 1025
2. AD 1192
3. AD 1194
4. AD 1191

Column B
(a) First battle of Tarain.
(b) Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan at Tarain.
(c) Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and destroyed the Hindu temple at Somnath.
(d) Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed Jaichand of Kanauj.

Answer:
1. AD 1025 - (c) Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and destroyed the Hindu temple at Somnath.
2. AD 1192 - (b) Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan at Tarain.
3. AD 1194 - (d) Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed Jaichand of Kanauj.
4. AD 1191 - (a) First battle of Tarain.
These dates mark the most significant military events of the early Turkish period. Tarain was especially important as it opened the doors for Turkish rule in India.
Teacher's Tip: Remember 1191 and 1192 are the twin years for Tarain.
Exam Tip: Do not confuse 1191 (Rajput victory) with 1192 (Turkish victory).

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

Question 1: Muhammad Ghori established the Muslim rule in India.
Answer: True
Ghori's victories in the Battles of Tarain laid the groundwork for an empire rather than just raids. His general, Qutbuddin Aibak, eventually started the Slave Dynasty.
Teacher's Tip: Ghazni raided, but Ghori ruled.
Exam Tip: Identify Ghori as the "founder" of Turkish rule for accuracy.

Question 2: Mahmud was interested in setting up an empire in India.
Answer: False. Mahmud was interested in wealth rather than setting up an empire in India.
Mahmud of Ghazni primarily wanted to loot the gold and jewels from Indian temples. He used this wealth to beautify his capital city, Ghazni, in Afghanistan.
Teacher's Tip: Think of Mahmud as a "Raider" and not a "Ruler."
Exam Tip: If the question is about Ghazni's motive, always choose "Wealth."

Question 3: The Rajputs united to face the Turks or Muslims but failed.
Answer: False.
The Rajput kings were often fighting among themselves and failed to stay united against a common enemy. This internal division made it easier for the Turkish invaders to defeat them one by one.
Teacher's Tip: "Lacked unity" is the key phrase for Rajput failure.
Exam Tip: Mention the rivalry between Prithviraj and Jaichand as an example.

Question 4: Jaichand defeated Muhammad Ghori.
Answer: False. Jaichand was defeated by Muhammad Ghori.
In the Battle of Chandawar in 1194, Ghori emerged victorious over Raja Jaichand of Kanauj. This defeat further weakened the Rajput resistance in North India.
Teacher's Tip: Remember the year 1194 for the fall of Kanauj.
Exam Tip: Correct the statement by saying Ghori defeated Jaichand.

Question 5: Firdausi wrote Kitab-ul-Hind.
Answer: False. Alberuni wrote Kitab-ul-Hind.
Firdausi was the author of the epic Shahnama. Alberuni was the scholar who stayed in India to study its culture and then wrote Kitab-ul-Hind.
Teacher's Tip: Match "Alberuni" with "Hind" to remember the book name.
Exam Tip: Distinguish between the biography (Shahnama) and the cultural study (Kitab-ul-Hind).

IV. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1: Mention three most important invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni.
Answer: The important invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni were:
1. Mahmud of Ghazni raided India for the first time in 1000 AD. After that, he is said to have conquered India 17 times, till his death. He was resisted by King Jaipal and then by his son Anandpal but both of them were defeated.
2. Between 1009 AD and 1026 AD, the places that Mahmud of Ghazni invaded were Kabul, Delhi, Kanauj, Mathura, Kangra, Thaneshwar, Kashmir, Gwalior, Malwa, Bundelkhand, Tripuri, Bengal and Punjab.
3. In 1027 AD, he invaded the Somnath temple in Gujarat, on the coast of Saurashtra or Kathiwar. This was supposed to be his biggest invasion as he had looted all treasures and precious items of the fortified temple.
Mahmud's 17 raids were legendary for their focus on acquiring wealth from prosperous temple cities. His victory at Somnath is the most famous because of the immense riches he took back to Ghazni.
Teacher's Tip: Remember 1000 AD for the start and 1027 AD for the Somnath raid.
Exam Tip: Mention king Jaipal and Anandpal as the early Rajput resistors.

Question 2: When and between whom were the Battles of Tarain fought?
Answer: The battles of Tarain were fought between Ghori and Prithviraj in the year 1191 i.e. The First Battle of Tarain in which Ghori was defeated by Prithviraj, and second in the year 1192 i.e. The Second Battle of Tarain in which Ghori won the battle.
These battles decided the fate of North India for centuries to come. While Prithviraj was merciful after the first battle, Ghori returned better prepared for the second.
Teacher's Tip: 1191 (Victory) -> 1192 (Defeat) for the Rajputs.
Exam Tip: Always mention that Ghori won the second battle to score full marks.

Question 3: How were the raids of Mahmud Ghazni different from the raids of Muhammad Ghori?
Answer: During the thirty-three years of his reign, Mahmud Ghazni carried out seventeen raids on India. He was interested in wealth rather than setting up an empire in the Indian subcontinent. After 150 years of Mahmud’s invasions Muhammad of Ghor (hence called Ghori) attacked India. This laid the foundation of Turko-Afghan rule in India. At the time of his invasion five Rajput kingdoms were in power. They were the Rathors of Kanauj, Solankis of Gujarat, Chandelas of Bundelkhand, Parmars of Malwa and Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer. Muhammad first captured Multan in AD 1175 and then moved on to Gujarat. He defeated the Solankis there. He also captured Punjab, Peshawar and Sialkot. Hence, Muhammad of Ghori was interested in setting up an empire in the Indian Subcontinent.
Mahmud took the wealth out of India to enrich his own country in Afghanistan. In contrast, Ghori wanted to conquer and govern India, which led to the creation of the Delhi Sultanate.
Teacher's Tip: Mahmud = Gold-seeker; Ghori = Empire-builder.
Exam Tip: Mention that Ghori founded the "Turko-Afghan rule" to show the difference in impact.

V. Give Reason why:

Question 1: Mahmud of Ghazni attacked India
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni attached India as he was in wealth rather than setting up an empire in the Indian subcontinent.
India was known as the "Golden Bird" due to its incredible wealth in temples and palaces. Mahmud used the looted riches to turn Ghazni into one of the most beautiful cities in the Islamic world.
Teacher's Tip: Use the word "Loot" or "Plunder" to describe Mahmud's actions.
Exam Tip: State clearly that he had no intention of staying in India.

Question 2: Turks succeeded against Rajputs
Answer: 1. The Rajputs were brave soldiers and skilled swordsmen. But they suffered defeat after defeat. The reasons for their defeat or, in other words, causes for Muslim success were the following:
2. The Rajputs lacked unity. They were always fighting with each other. Prithviraj Chauhan and Jaichand could not unite against Muhammad Ghori.
3. Rajput chiefs were jealous of each other.
4. The Rajputs had no standing army of their own, and hence had to depend on the feudal lords for contingents.
5. The Rajputs were no match for the quick and swift army and cavalry of the Central Asian warriors.
The Turkish armies used fast-moving horses and archery, which was superior to the slow Rajput elephants. Most importantly, the constant infighting among Rajput clans made them easy targets for a united Turkish force.
Teacher's Tip: Unity is strength; the Rajputs learned this the hard way.
Exam Tip: Listing "lack of unity" and "swift cavalry" will earn you full marks.

VI. Guess who it is:

Question 1: wrote a book Kitab-ul-Hind.
Answer: Alberuni.
He was a polymath who traveled to India and mastered Sanskrit to understand Hindu texts. His writings are a major source for historians today.
Teacher's Tip: Think of him as the first "foreign student" of Indian culture.
Exam Tip: Capitalize the name "Alberuni" correctly.

Question 2: First Turkish invader to enter India north-west side.
Answer: Mahumd of Ghazni.
Mahmud was the first to realize that the mountain passes in the northwest were vulnerable. He opened the route that many other invaders would follow later.
Teacher's Tip: North-west is the direction of modern-day Pakistan/Afghanistan.
Exam Tip: Identify him specifically as "Mahmud of Ghazni."

Question 3: Beautified his city the most beautiful one, with the wealth gained in India.
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni.
He used the gold from temples like Somnath to build grand mosques and gardens in Ghazni. His capital became a center for art and scholars from across Asia.
Teacher's Tip: "Ghazni" the city was named after "Ghazni" the ruler.
Exam Tip: Mention that he used "Indian wealth" to beautify the city.

Question 4: Laid the foundation of Turkish rule in India.
Answer: Muhammad Ghori.
By defeating the powerful Chauhans, he gained control of Delhi and Ajmer. His successors stayed and established the Delhi Sultanate.
Teacher's Tip: Foundation means he "started" the rule.
Exam Tip: Be careful not to confuse him with Mahmud, who only looted.

Question 5: Invaded India 17 times.
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni.
These seventeen raids occurred over a period of 25 years. He repeatedly targeted the wealthy temple towns of North India.
Teacher's Tip: 17 is the "magic number" for Mahmud of Ghazni.
Exam Tip: Associate the number 17 with "raids" or "invasions."

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (THE TURKISH INVADERS)

A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India seventeen times in the course of twenty five years
2. Mahmud’s raids exposed the weakness of the northern states and paved the way for the conquest of India.
3. Qutbuddin Aibak took control of Muhammad Ghori’s Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate.
4. Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa, and Gwalior and brought the whole of North India upto the river Narmada under his control.
5. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized Iltutmish as the sovereign of India. He was succeeded by his daughter Razia.

B. Match the following:

A
1. Mahmud of Ghazni
2. First Battle of Tarain
3. Second Battle of Tarain
4. Qutbuddin Aibak
5. Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khalji

B
(a) general of Ghori
(b) Prithviraj was defeated by Muhammad Ghori.
(c) Prithviraj defeated Muhammad Ghori
(d) patron of art and learning
(e) viceroy of Ghori
Answer:
1. Mahmud of Ghazni - (d) patron of art and learning
2. First Battle of Tarain - (c) Prithviraj defeated Muhammad Ghori
3. Second Battle of Tarain - (b) Prithviraj was defeated by Muhammad Ghori.
4. Qutbuddin Aibak - (e) viceroy of Ghori
5. Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khalji - (a) general of Ghori
These matches clarify the roles of various historical figures and events during the Turkish expansion. They help in understanding the hierarchy within the invading forces.
Teacher's Tip: A "Viceroy" is like a representative who rules on behalf of a king.
Exam Tip: Correct matching of the two Tarain battles is essential for full marks.

C. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1: Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful/weak/inefficient
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful ruler.
He was a brilliant military general who never lost a battle during his 17 raids on India. His strength allowed him to build a large empire in Central Asia.
Teacher's Tip: You don't raid 17 times if you are weak!
Exam Tip: Choose "powerful" based on his military record.

Question 2: Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in territorial expansion in South Asia/Central Asia/West Asia.
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in territorial expansion in Central Asia.
While he raided South Asia (India), his goal was to use that wealth to expand his kingdom in Central Asia. He wanted Ghazni to be the center of a great empire in his own region.
Teacher's Tip: Expansion means making the "Empire" bigger.
Exam Tip: Do not mistake "raids in India" for "empire building in India."

Question 3: Firdausi was a great mathematician/historian/poet.
Answer: Firdausi was a great poet.
He is best known for his work Shahnama, which is the national epic of Greater Iran. His poetry was highly valued by Sultan Mahmud and other rulers of the time.
Teacher's Tip: Poets write "Epic" books like Shahnama.
Exam Tip: Remember Firdausi as a "Poet" specifically.

Question 4: Nasiruddin Mahmud was a weak and inexperienced ruler and the affairs of the state were managed by in India.
Answer: False. Correct: Muhammad Ghori was the founder of the Turkish rule in India.
[Note: OCR Correction per provided textbook answer] Nasiruddin Mahmud was indeed a later sultan, but the key founder remains Ghori. Nasiruddin's power was later held by his advisor Balban.
Teacher's Tip: A "weak" ruler often has a "strong" advisor behind them.
Exam Tip: Identify "Ghori" as the true founder of the rule.

Question 5: Muhammad Ghori was as great a military leader as Mahmud of Ghazni.
Answer: False. Muhammad Ghori was not as great a military leader as Mahmud of Ghazni.
Mahmud never faced defeat in India, while Ghori was badly defeated by Prithviraj in the first battle of Tarain. However, Ghori was a better politician and empire builder.
Teacher's Tip: Mahmud was better at "Fighting," but Ghori was better at "Planning."
Exam Tip: Note that Mahmud had a better "military record."

Question 6: BalbaflJJftugmLçJ,q?qj Sultan on his behalf.
Answer: Nasiruddin Mahmud was a weak and inexperienced rulerand the affairs of the state were managed by Balban on his behalf.
Balban was a member of the famous "Chahalgani" or group of forty nobles. He eventually took the throne himself after serving as the power behind Nasiruddin.
Teacher's Tip: Balban was the "Brain" while Nasiruddin was the "Face" of the government.
Exam Tip: Mention "Balban" as the effective manager of the state.

Question 7: ¡llutntish/Qu(buddj,, Aibak/Balban never smiled or allowed others to laugh or joke in his court.
Answer: Balban never smiled or allowed others to laugh or joke in his court.
Balban believed that a Sultan should be feared and respected to keep the nobles in check. His strictness restored the prestige and discipline of the Delhi Sultanate.
Teacher's Tip: Balban was the "Strict Teacher" of sultans.
Exam Tip: Link the "no smiling" rule to Balban's "policy of blood and iron."

D. State whether the following are true or false

Question 1: The kingdoms of Ghazni and (Thor were established by the Abbasids.
Answer: False. Correct: The kingdoms of (ihazni and Ghor were established by the Turks.
The Abbasids were an Arab dynasty that ruled the wider Caliphate. The Turks were a separate group who rose to power as soldiers and later established their own independent states.
Teacher's Tip: Turks were the "New Powers" in Central Asia.
Exam Tip: Always correct "Abbasids" to "Turks" for these kingdoms.

Question 2: During Mahmud’s time, North India was divided and there WaS no unity.
Answer: True.
There was no central authority in India, and it was split among several small, rival Rajput kingdoms. This lack of unity was the main reason the invaders were so successful.
Teacher's Tip: Think of North India as a "Broken Mirror" with many small pieces.
Exam Tip: Use the word "disunity" to describe India's political state.

Question 3: Iltutmish failed to crush the power of the governor of Bengal.
Answer: False. Correct: Iltutmish crush the power of the governor of Bengal.
Iltutmish was a very capable ruler who successfully consolidated the Delhi Sultanate. He defeated rebellious governors and secured the borders of his kingdom.
Teacher's Tip: Iltutmish was the "Great Consolidator."
Exam Tip: Remember that Iltutmish was successful in suppressing revolts.

Question 4: Razia Sultan was brave, intelligent and just.
Answer: False. Correct: Razia Sultan was brave, intelligent and just woman.
[Note: Verbatim copy from provided textbook answer] Razia was the only female Sultan of Delhi. She dressed like a man and led her troops in battle, proving she was as capable as any man.
Teacher's Tip: She was ahead of her time and a true "Girl Power" icon.
Exam Tip: Describe her as "brave, intelligent, and just."

Question 5: Balban made the monarchy weak and dependent on the nobles.
Answer: False. Correct: l3alban made the monarchy absolute and all powerful.
Balban destroyed the group of powerful nobles known as the Chahalgani. He made sure that everyone, including the nobles, felt the Sultan was the supreme authority.
Teacher's Tip: Balban was the "Boss" who put everyone in their place.
Exam Tip: Mention that he made the monarchy "absolute."

Question 6: Sultan Mahmud annexed Punjab to create a gateway to India for future invasions.
Answer: True.
By taking control of Punjab, Mahmud ensured he had a secure base to launch raids further south into the Indian heartland. It became a permanent part of his Ghaznavid empire.
Teacher's Tip: Punjab is the "Front Door" to North India.
Exam Tip: Use the term "gateway" to describe Punjab's role.

Question 7: Mahmud of Ghaznj was the founder of the Turkish Ñle in India.
Answer: False. Correct: Muhammad Ghori was the founder of the Turkish rule in India.
Mahmud came to loot, but Ghori came to conquer. It was Ghori's victories that allowed the Turks to stay and rule India for centuries.
Teacher's Tip: Raid = Ghazni; Rule = Ghori.
Exam Tip: Identifying the "founder" correctly is a common exam question.

Question 8: Muhammad Ghori was as great a military leader as Mahmud of Ghazni.
Answer: False. Corrent: Muhammad Ghori was not as great a military leader as Mahmud of Ghazni.
While Mahmud was an undefeated fighter, Ghori had more political vision. Ghori's legacy is the establishment of a lasting empire despite his military setbacks.
Teacher's Tip: Great leader doesn't always mean "never losing a battle."
Exam Tip: Note the difference between military skill and political vision.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1: What happened to the Abbasid Caliphate by the 9th century ce?
Answer: By the end of the 9th century ce. The once mighty Abbasid empire disintegrated into a number of independent states ruled by the Turks who had earlier served in the armies of the Caliphs.
The central power of the Caliph became weak, and military leaders began to declare themselves kings. This led to the rise of new states like Ghazni and Ghor.
Teacher's Tip: When the "Big Boss" (Abbasid) got weak, the "Workers" (Turks) took over.
Exam Tip: Use the word "disintegrated" to describe the fall of the empire.

Question 2: Name the author of the great epic Shahnama.
Answer: The Persian poet Firdausi, author of the great epic Shahnama.
Firdausi spent many years writing this poem under the patronage of Mahmud of Ghazni. It is considered a masterpiece of world literature.
Teacher's Tip: Firdausi = Shahnama.
Exam Tip: Mention he was a "Persian poet."

Question 3: What is the significance of the defeat of Prithviraj in the Second Battle of Tarain?
Answer: The defeat of Prithviraj marked the end of Rajput rule in North India. The kingdom of Delhi passed into the hands of Muhammad Ghori. The throne of Delhi was occupied by Muslim rulers from then till 1858.
This battle completely changed the political landscape of India. It marked the shift from independent Hindu kingdoms to a centralized Islamic sultanate in Delhi.
Teacher's Tip: 1192 (Tarain) is one of the most important dates in Indian history.
Exam Tip: Mention that it "marked the end of Rajput rule" in North India.

Question 4: Who did Muhammad Ghori appoint as his viceroy?
Answer: Muhammad Ghori appointed Qutbuddin Aibak as his viceroy before returning to Ghor.
Aibak was a loyal and capable general who had been Ghori's slave. He managed Ghori's Indian territories and later founded the Slave Dynasty.
Teacher's Tip: Viceroy = Representative ruler.
Exam Tip: Name "Qutbuddin Aibak" as the viceroy.

Question 5: For how many years did the sultans of Delhi rule the country?
Answer: 300 years.
The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1526 AD. It consisted of five different dynasties, ending with the arrival of the Mughals.
Teacher's Tip: 300 is a nice round number to remember for the Sultanate era.
Exam Tip: Be specific with "300 years" as the duration of their rule.

Question 6: Mention one important reason for the decline of Buddhism in India after the Turkish invasion.
Answer: Buddhist monasteries and libraries were wantonly destroyed by the Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji. This invasion dealth a death blow to Buddhism in India.
Famous learning centers like Nalanda were burned down, destroying thousands of manuscripts. Without these centers, the Buddhist community had no place to study or practice.
Teacher's Tip: Destroying "Books" and "Schools" (Monasteries) destroyed the religion's presence.
Exam Tip: Mention "Nalanda" and "Bakhtiar Khilji" to provide a strong answer.

Question 7: Name the founder of the Turkish kingdom in India.
Answer: Muhammad Ghori was founder of the Turkish kingdom in India.
Unlike Mahmud, Ghori stayed to build a government. His military successes and administrative appointments were the starting point for Turkish rule.
Teacher's Tip: Ghori = Governor/Founder.
Exam Tip: Always distinguish him from Mahmud of Ghazni.

Question 8: Why was Qutbuddin known as ‘lakhbaksh’?
Answer: Lakhbaksh means ‘giver of lakhs’. Qutbuddin Aibak was given this name because of his generosity.
He was famous for giving away large amounts of money to the poor and needy. His kindness was celebrated by both common people and scholars.
Teacher's Tip: Lakh = 1,00,000; Baksh = Giver.
Exam Tip: Define it as "giver of lakhs" and mention Aibak's "generosity."

Question 9: How did Iltutmish save India from the threat of a Mongol invasion?
Answer: Once Mongol chief, Chenghiz Khan reached the borders of India in search of the Shah of Persia who fled towards India to get shelter but Iltutmish politely refused the Mongol chief to provide refuge and in this way he saved the threat of Mongol invasion.
By not giving shelter to the Persian Shah, Iltutmish gave Chenghiz Khan no reason to cross into India. This diplomatic move protected the young Delhi Sultanate from the world's most dangerous army.
Teacher's Tip: He was smart enough not to "invite" the Mongols into his home.
Exam Tip: Mention "Chenghiz Khan" and "Shah of Persia" as the key figures.

Question 10: Why did Iltutmish nominate his daughter Razia as his successor?
Answer: Iltutmish nominated his daughter Razia as his successor because his sons were inexperienced, weak and worthless ruler and they spent all their time in fun and pleasure loving things whereas Razia was a brave, intelligent and just woman. She possessed all the qualities of a great monarch.
Iltutmish put his country above traditional gender roles because he wanted the best leader. He saw that Razia was the only one of his children capable of leading the empire.
Teacher's Tip: He chose the "Best Brain" for the job, regardless of gender.
Exam Tip: Describe Razia as "brave, intelligent, and just" as the reasons for her selection.

Question 11: Give any one example to show that Mahmud was a patron of learning.
Answer: He was a patron of art and learning and enjoyed the company of learned scholars and poets. The Persian poet Firdausi, author of the great epic Shahnama, and the great Persian historian and mathematician A1 Beruni, were among the eminent scholars patronized by Mahmud.
Mahmud built a grand university in Ghazni with a massive library for these scholars. He wanted his capital to be a world-class center of knowledge and culture.
Teacher's Tip: A "Patron" is like a "Sponsor" who pays for scholars to work.
Exam Tip: Mention "Firdausi" and "Alberuni" as the scholars he supported.

Question 12: Name the famous Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer.
Answer: Prithviraj Chauhan, the Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer
Prithviraj was the last independent Hindu king to rule over Delhi. He is celebrated as a great hero in Indian folklore for his bravery against the invaders.
Teacher's Tip: Prithviraj = The Chauhan hero.
Exam Tip: Mention both "Delhi" and "Ajmer" to define his territory.

Question 13: Mention one important reason for the victory of Muhammad Ghori in the Second Battle of Tarain.
Answer: Prithviraj organized a confederacy of Rajput chiefs to meet the challenge. Unfortunately, the most powerful Rajput ruler, Raja Jaichandra of Kanauj, refused to help him.
The internal rivalry between Prithviraj and Jaichand meant the Rajputs were not fully united. This division allowed Ghori's forces to focus on and defeat Prithviraj's army.
Teacher's Tip: The "Friend" (Jaichand) who didn't help caused the defeat.
Exam Tip: Name "Raja Jaichandra" as the person who refused to help.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1: How did Sultan Mahmud transform his capital, Ghazni? How do we know he was a patron of art and learning?
Answer: Sultan Mahmud transform Ghazni into a magnificent capital city. Ghazni was adorned with splendid mosques, libraries and a museum. His court glittered with sparkling pearls, rubis and diamonds. This shows that he was a patron of art and learning.
He invited the finest artists and poets from all over the Islamic world to live in Ghazni. His sponsorship of scholars like Alberuni and Firdausi proves his deep respect for knowledge.
Teacher's Tip: He used "Indian wealth" to build "Ghazni's beauty."
Exam Tip: Mention "mosques, libraries, and museums" as evidence of his work.

Question 2: Discuss the (a) causes and (b) results of the First and Second Battles of Tarain.
Answer: Muhammad Ghori wanted to envieled his kingdom with India’s wealth. He decided to conquer India. (a) First Battles of Tarain: In 1191 ce, Ghori attacked Prithviraj Chauhan, the Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer. Prithviraj inflicted a crushing defeat on Ghori in the First
[Note: Content incomplete in OCR - results of 2nd battle missing from this section, but appear elsewhere] The cause was Ghori's ambition to build an Indian empire. The result of the first was a Rajput victory, while the second resulted in Turkish rule.
Teacher's Tip: 1191 is Rajput year; 1192 is Turkish year.
Exam Tip: State that the 2nd battle "laid the foundation of Turkish rule."

Question 3: Give any five reasons to prove that Iltutmish was a shrewd, clever and capable ruler.
Answer: 1. The Turkish nobles who had challenged his claim to the throne were suppressed. 2. The revolt of the Khilji governor of Bengal was crushed 3. The power of his external rivals, the rulers of Ghazni and Multan, was destroyed. 4. A new danger presented itself when the Mongol chief, Chenghiz Khan, reached the borders of India in pursuit ofthe Shah of Persia (Iran). The Shah had fled towards India in search of Shelter. Iltutmish politely refused to give him refuge and by doing so he saved India from the threat of the Mongol invasion. 5. After having got rid of his enemies, Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa and Gwalior. He brought the whole of North India up to the river Narmada under his control. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized him as the sovereign of India.
Iltutmish was also a great builder, completing the Qutub Minar started by Aibak. His diplomatic skills and military strength turned a weak collection of territories into a unified sultanate.
Teacher's Tip: Iltutmish is often called the "Real Founder" because he made the rule permanent.
Exam Tip: Mention his "diplomacy with Chenghiz Khan" as one of his clever moves.

Question 4: Discuss the important developments that took place during the reign of Razia Sultan.
Answer: The provincial governors rose in revolt against her. Razia tried to crush the revolt but was defeated and imprisoned. She won over the leader of the rebels, Altunia, by marrying him. Their attempt to recover the throne of Delhi ended in failure and both were killed in 1240 ce.
Razia faced constant opposition from the "Group of Forty" nobles who did not want a woman ruler. Despite her bravery, she spent most of her short reign fighting off rebellions.
Teacher's Tip: She was a "Queen" in a world that only wanted "Kings."
Exam Tip: Mention her marriage to "Altunia" and her death in "1240 CE."

G Picture study:
This is the picture of a Turkish invader who was involved in the Battles of Tarain.

Question 1: Identify the person in the picture.
Answer: Muhammad Ghori.
Ghori was a determined leader who returned to India just one year after a terrible defeat. His persistence eventually changed the course of Indian history.
Teacher's Tip: Look for the crown and typical medieval Turkish military clothing.
Exam Tip: Use the full name "Muhammad Ghori."

Question 2: Why did he invade India?
Answer: At the end of the 12th century ce, a new kingdom based in Ghor arose in north-western Afghanistan (near Ghazni). The founder was Ghiyasuddin Ghori. His famous brother, Muizuddin Muhammad, is commonly referred to as Muhammad Ghori decided to conquer India and enrich his kingdom with India’s wealth. He first brought the frontier areas of Multan, Sind and Punjab under his control.
Ghori realized that to build a large empire, he needed the massive resources of the Indian plains. He wanted to move beyond just raiding and establish a permanent base of power.
Teacher's Tip: He wanted "Gold" AND "Governments."
Exam Tip: Mention "Ghor" as his starting point in Afghanistan.

Question 3: The Battles of Tarain laid the foundations of Turkish rule in North India. Do you agree? Why?
Answer: Yes. Two years after the Second Battle of Tarain, Muhammad attacked Kanauj and killed Jaichandra. Ghori annexed the Indian territories to his empire and appointed Qutbuddin Aibak as his viceroy before returning to Ghor.
The removal of powerful Rajput kings like Prithviraj and Jaichand created a power vacuum. This allowed Ghori's viceroy to start a dynasty that would rule from Delhi for generations.
Teacher's Tip: Tarain was the "Key" that opened the lock to India.
Exam Tip: State that Ghori "annexed" Indian territories to justify the agreement.

Question 4: Explain the causes of the success of the Turkish invaders against the Rajputs.
Answer: Prithviraj organized a confederacy of Rajput chiefs to meet the challenge. Unfortunately, the most powerful Rajput ruler, Raja Jaichandra of Kanauj, refused to help him. The two armies clashed in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE. This time, Muhammad Ghori routed the Rajput army.
The Turks used superior tactics like feigned retreats and were skilled in horse archery. The Rajputs, while individually brave, lacked a unified strategy and relied on slow-moving elephant forces.
Teacher's Tip: A "divided team" (Rajputs) will lose to a "united team" (Turks).
Exam Tip: Mention the "refusal of Raja Jaichandra to help" as a specific cause.