ICSE Class 10 Geography Board Exam Question Paper 2026 with Solutions

PART I (30 Marks)

Question 1

Study the extract of the Survey of India Map Sheet No. G43S7 and answer the following questions:

[Figure: Survey of India Topographical Map Sheet No. G43S7, showing contours, grid lines, settlements, drainage, vegetation, and transport routes.]

(i) (a) What is the social significance of the temple that is found at the six-figure grid reference 362001? [1 Mark]

Answer:
It indicates the presence of a religious site or place of worship, which promotes social gatherings, cultural harmony, and religious activities among the local population.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify the symbol for a temple in the given grid reference.
b) State its religious or communal importance in rural areas.
c) Keep the answer concise and specific to social life.

(i) (b) What is the reason for very few settlements in the southeastern quarter of the map extract? [1 Mark]

Answer:
The southeastern quarter of the map extract has very few settlements due to unfavorable terrain, lack of perennial water sources, or dense forest cover.

Teacher's Note:
a) Analyze the physical features in the southeast section of the map.
b) Mention geographical reasons like rugged terrain or absence of water.
c) Ensure clear linkage between physical constraints and settlement patterns.

(ii) (a) What is .3r in grid square 3501? [1 Mark]

Answer:
It represents relative height of 3 metres, indicating the height of a feature (such as an embankment or small mound) relative to the surrounding ground.

Teacher's Note:
a) Read standard topographical survey symbols.
b) Differentiate between contour height and relative height (.3r).
c) State the unit and meaning clearly.

(ii) (b) Identify one relief feature found in the grid square 3796. [1 Mark]

N/A (Map sheet not provided in full to trace specific relief feature without visual verification, but standard answers include broken ground, ridge, or hillock based on standard G43S7 map conventions).

(iii) (a) The area shown on the map extract has seasonal streams, but in 3903 a large perennial water source can be seen. What may be the reason for the presence of this large perennial water source of water? [1 Mark]

Answer:
It is likely an artificial reservoir, perennial tank, or dam created by bunding a seasonal stream to store rainwater for irrigation and domestic use throughout the year.

Teacher's Note:
a) Note the presence of an embankment or bund associated with the water body.
b) Explain that artificial storage overcomes seasonal scarcity.
c) Use terms like perennial tank or reservoir.

(iii) (b) Which other source of water seen on the map extract is perennial? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Perennial lined/unlined wells or perennial rivers/canals depicted with blue infill or perennial symbols.

Teacher's Note:
a) Look for perennial well symbols or perennial river stretches.
b) Distinguish blue-colored permanent water features from broken black seasonal lines.
c) State the water source clearly.

(iv) (a) While travelling for work from Dhaneri (3100) to Marwada (3197) along the metalled road, Sahil crossed over a number of 'causeways'. Why are causeways present in the area shown on the map extract? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Causeways are constructed across seasonal streams where water flows only during the rainy season, allowing vehicles to cross safely when dry and avoiding the high cost of building full bridges.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define what a causeway is in topographical terms.
b) Link it to seasonal streams.
c) Mention cost-effectiveness and utility during dry periods.

(iv) (b) Identify the drainage pattern seen in the grid square 3697. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Dendritic drainage pattern.

Teacher's Note:
a) Observe stream junctions resembling tree branches.
b) Identify as dendritic pattern.
c) Check standard drainage formations in the map area.

(v) (a) What is the difference in altitude between the highest point on the map extract and the contour height in grid square 3203? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Calculated by subtracting the contour value in grid square 3203 from the highest spot height/triangulated height on the map.

Teacher's Note:
a) Locate the highest spot height on the entire map extract.
b) Find the contour value in grid 3203.
c) Show subtraction and provide the final value with units (metres).

(v) (b) What is the black horizontal line made between 98 and 99 northings called? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Northing line (or grid line).

Teacher's Note:
a) Understand map grid nomenclature.
b) Horizontal grid lines are northings; vertical are eastings.
c) Keep the answer precise.

Question 2

On the outline map of India provided:

[Figure: Outline political map of India]

(i) Mark and name an old fold mountain range of India. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Aravalli Range (marked across Rajasthan, Haryana, and Gujarat).

Teacher's Note:
a) Locate the Aravalli hills on the map.
b) Ensure correct spelling.
c) Draw a clear line representing the mountain range.

(ii) Mark with an arrow and name the river also known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Kosi River.

Teacher's Note:
a) Trace the Kosi river flowing from Nepal into Bihar to join the Ganga.
b) Label clearly with an arrow pointing to the river stream.
c) Verify geographical location.

(iii) Shade and label the Gulf of Kutch. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Gulf of Kutch (shaded in the northwestern part of Gujarat).

Teacher's Note:
a) Locate the upper inlet of water surrounding the Kutch peninsula in Gujarat.
b) Shade neatly with pencil or light colors.
c) Label clearly.

(iv) Mark and label the Karakoram Pass. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Karakoram Pass (marked in the extreme northern part of Ladakh).

Teacher's Note:
a) Locate the high mountain pass on the border between India and China in the northernmost tip.
b) Mark with a distinct dot and label.
c) Check accuracy of placement.

(v) Mark and label an offshore oil field of India. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Mumbai High (marked in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Mumbai).

Teacher's Note:
a) Locate Mumbai High in the Arabian Sea.
b) Mark clearly offshore.
c) Alternate acceptable: Bassein or Aliabet.

(vi) Shade and label the Laterite soil area in the northeastern part of India. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Laterite soil area in Meghalaya (Garo/Khasi/Jaintia hills) or parts of Assam hills.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify hilly tracts in the northeast region.
b) Shade the designated patch.
c) Label precisely.

(vii) Mark and name the shared capital city of Punjab and Haryana. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Chandigarh.

Teacher's Note:
a) Locate the capital city situated near the border of Punjab and Haryana.
b) Mark with a clear dot and label.
c) Spelling must be accurate.

(viii) Mark and label the Western Ghats. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Western Ghats (Sahyadris running parallel to the western coast of India).

Teacher's Note:
a) Draw a continuous range parallel to the western coastline from Gujarat down to Kerala.
b) Label as Western Ghats.
c) Avoid shading the coastal plains.

(ix) Shade and label the river Krishna. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Krishna River (flowing eastward from Mahabaleshwar into the Bay of Bengal).

Teacher's Note:
a) Trace the river originating in Maharashtra and flowing through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
b) Shade and label clearly.
c) Ensure it empties into the Bay of Bengal.

(x) Shade and label an area of dense population. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Gangetic Plain (Uttar Pradesh / West Bengal) or Kerala coast.

Teacher's Note:
a) Shade any densely populated region like the northern plains.
b) Label clearly as area of dense population.
c) Ensure the shaded area corresponds to high demographic density.

Question 3

Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given options. [10 Marks]

(i) Mawsynram, the rainiest place in the world, gets the rain from: [1 Mark]
(A) South-west monsoon wind - Arabian Sea branch
(B) South-west monsoon wind - Bay of Bengal branch
(C) Western Disturbance
(D) North-east monsoon wind

Answer: (B) South-west monsoon wind - Bay of Bengal branch

Mawsynram is located in Meghalaya, where moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal branch are trapped by the Khasi hills.

Teacher's Note:
a) Associate northeastern hills with the Bay of Bengal branch.
b) Note relief barriers causing heavy orographic rainfall.
c) Verify option (B).

(ii) Choose the characteristic that is true about Laterite soil. [1 Mark]
(A) It is a clayey soil.
(B) It is moisture retentive.
(C) It is rich in calcium.
(D) It undergoes desilication.

Answer: (D) It undergoes desilication.

Laterite soils are formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods, leading to leaching of silica (desilication).

Teacher's Note:
a) Recall formation process of laterite soil.
b) Silica is washed away by heavy rainfall (desilication).
c) Confirm option (D).

(iii) Identify the option which is most similar to:
Tropical Evergreen vegetation : Tall trees and hardwood [1 Mark]
(A) Tropical Deciduous vegetation : Pure stands
(B) Tropical Desert vegetation : Small leaves and spines
(C) Coniferous forests : Mountain
(D) Littoral vegetation : Boat making

Answer: (B) Tropical Desert vegetation : Small leaves and spines

This pairs a vegetation type with its key structural characteristic, matching the relationship in the prompt.

Teacher's Note:
a) Analyze the structural relationship in the prompt (vegetation type : defining physical feature/trait).
b) Match with desert vegetation and its adaptation (small leaves and spines).
c) Verify option (B).

(iv) Assertion (A): Irrigation is practised in large parts of India. [1 Mark]
Reason (R): India has a variety of soil types.
(A) (A) is true and (R) is false.
(B) (A) is false and (R) is true.
(C) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(D) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Answer: (D) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Both statements are geographically correct facts, but the variety of soil types is not the primary reason for widespread irrigation (which is due to uneven and seasonal rainfall distribution).

Teacher's Note:
a) Evaluate truth value of both assertion and reason independently.
b) Check if reason explains the assertion.
c) Select option (D).

(v) Identify the type of coal that has the highest calorific value. [1 Mark]
(A) Peat
(B) Lignite
(C) Bituminous
(D) Anthracite

Answer: (D) Anthracite

Anthracite is the highest grade of coal, containing 80-95 percent carbon and possessing the highest calorific value.

Teacher's Note:
a) Recall coal ranks from lowest to highest carbon content.
b) Anthracite has maximum carbon and heating capacity.
c) Confirm option (D).

(vi) The residue of ________ forms an important part of the cattle feed and manure. [1 Mark]
(A) groundnut
(B) coffee
(C) jute
(D) pulses

Answer: (A) groundnut

Groundnut oilcake (residue after oil extraction) is widely used as nutritious cattle feed and organic manure.

Teacher's Note:
a) Recall oilseed residues used in agriculture.
b) Groundnut cake is rich in protein for cattle.
c) Verify option (A).

(vii) Identify the crop that is grown in the Rabi cropping season. [1 Mark]
(A) Sugarcane
(B) Rice
(C) Mustard
(D) Cotton

Answer: (C) Mustard

Mustard is a prominent oilseed crop sown in winter (Rabi season).

Teacher's Note:
a) Differentiate between Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid crops.
b) Mustard is harvested in spring, making it a Rabi crop.
c) Confirm option (C).

(viii) Which industry is ideally located close to the raw material producing area? [1 Mark]
(A) Silk industry
(B) Jute industry
(C) Cotton textile industry
(D) Sugar industry

Answer: (D) Sugar industry

Sugar industry is weight-losing and perishable; sugarcane loses sucrose content rapidly if transported over long distances, requiring location near raw material sources.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify agro-based weight-losing industries.
b) Sugar cane dries up quickly after harvest.
c) Verify option (D).

(ix) Which of the following is NOT suitable for composting? [1 Mark]
(A) Fruit peels
(B) Egg shells
(C) Neem soap
(D) Used tea leaves

Answer: (C) Neem soap

Soaps contain chemical additives and synthetic detergents that inhibit microbial decomposition and are unsuitable for composting.

Teacher's Note:
a) Distinguish biodegradable organic waste from chemical/synthetic products.
b) Soap contains chemicals harmful to compost microbes.
c) Confirm option (C).

(x) The picture given below depicts the use of waterway as a means of transport. [1 Mark]
[Figure: Inland vessel navigating through a narrow canal waterway.]
Identify the pair of cities which are most likely to be the terminal cities for the waterway shown in the above picture:
(A) Prayagraj and Haldia
(B) Mumbai and Goa
(C) Chennai and Vishakhapatnam
(D) Kochi and Mangaluru

Answer: (A) Prayagraj and Haldia

National Waterway 1 (NW-1) runs along the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system between Prayagraj and Haldia.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify the waterway system from the canal/river image representing National Waterway 1.
b) Match terminal points of NW-1 (Prayagraj to Haldia).
c) Verify option (A).

PART II (50 Marks)

Question 4

(i) (a) Name a state in India which is the first to receive the summer monsoon and is also the last to see its retreat. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Kerala.

Teacher's Note:
a) Trace the onset of the southwest monsoon (hits Kerala first around June 1).
b) Trace monsoon withdrawal (retreats from the south last in October/November).
c) State Kerala clearly.

(i) (b) Mention the weather conditions experienced during the retreating monsoon season. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Clear skies, high daytime temperatures, high humidity leading to oppressive weather (known as October heat), and occasional rainfall in southern coastal regions.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention 'October heat' as a primary feature.
b) Note transition from wet to dry conditions.
c) Keep points brief for 1 mark.

(ii) Study the map showing the area that receives rains during winter and answer the questions that follow: [2 Marks]
[Figure: Outline map of India highlighting northwestern region labeled A and Tamil Nadu coast labeled B receiving winter rainfall.]
(a) Name the wind which brings rainfall to:
1. the shaded area labelled A.
2. the shaded area labelled B.

Answer:
1. Western Disturbances (Temperate Cyclones)
2. North-East Monsoon winds (Retreating Monsoon / Winter Monsoon)

Teacher's Note:
a) Area A represents Punjab/Haryana receiving winter rain from Western Disturbances.
b) Area B represents Tamil Nadu coast receiving rain from North-East Monsoon winds.
c) Ensure clear distinction between A and B.

(ii) (b) How is the rain brought by the winds named by you in (a) above, beneficial for the area shaded A and the area shaded B? [1 Mark]

Answer:
For Area A (North-West India), it is beneficial for the cultivation of Rabi crops like wheat. For Area B (Tamil Nadu coast), it provides moisture for the cultivation of winter paddy.

Teacher's Note:
a) Link winter rain to agricultural benefits.
b) Wheat crop in the north and paddy/rice in the south.
c) Keep explanation concise.

(iii) Shyam attended winter trekking camps in both Nainital and in Ooty. He observed that the mountains in Nainital were ice-covered, whereas, in Ooty they were ice-free. [3 Marks]

(a) As a student of Geography, explain the reason for the difference in climate of Nainital and Ooty?

Answer:
Nainital is located in the northern Himalayas (higher latitude, experiencing sub-zero winter temperatures), whereas Ooty is located in the southern Nilgiri hills (closer to the equator, maintaining tropical warmth year-round without snowfall).

Teacher's Note:
a) Apply the principle of latitude.
b) North India experiences cold winters with snow, while South India is tropical.
c) Contrast locations clearly.

(iii) (b) If Shyam goes to Kochi in the same season, what difference of climate will he experience?

Answer:
Kochi, being a coastal city in southern India, will experience warm, humid, and equable maritime climate conditions with no winter chill.

Teacher's Note:
a) Factor in maritime/coastal influence.
b) Mention warm and humid conditions.
c) Compare with mountain climate.

(iv) Study the climate data of station X and answer the following questions: [3 Marks]

(a) Why is there a decrease in temperature in the month of June after the high temperature of May?

Answer:
The drop in temperature in June is due to the onset of the southwest monsoon, bringing cloud cover and heavy rainfall which lowers atmospheric temperatures.

Teacher's Note:
a) Note the onset of monsoon rains in June (seen in high rainfall data).
b) Clouds cut off direct solar radiation.
c) Explain temperature inversion/drop.

(iv) (b) Calculate the total rainfall of the station during the rainy season and give your answer in cm.

Answer:
Rainy season (Southwest Monsoon months: June, July, August, September): 43.9 + 51.4 + 39.8 + 20.9 = 156.0 cm.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify monsoon months (June to September).
b) Sum up rainfall values: 43.9 + 51.4 + 39.8 + 20.9.
c) State final answer with units (156.0 cm).

(iv) (c) Is station X located near the sea or away from the sea? Give a reason for your answer.

Answer:
Station X is located away from the sea (continental interior), as evidenced by the high annual range of temperature (38.6 °C in May minus 13.5 °C in January = 25.1 °C).

Answer:
(a) A represents Khadar (new alluvium) and B represents Bhangar (older alluvium).
(b) Soil A (Khadar) is more fertile because it is renewed every year by fresh flood deposits rich in mineral nutrients.

Teacher's Note:
a) Differentiate between Khadar (floodplain) and Bhangar (terrace).
b) Khadar is finer and replenished annually.
c) State fertility reason clearly.

(ii) (a) Name the soil component derived from the decay of dead plants and animals. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Humus.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify organic matter in soil.
b) Derived from decomposed biological matter.
c) Term is humus.

(ii) (b) Why is the component mentioned by you in (a) above important for agriculture? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Humus increases soil fertility, improves water retention capacity, and enhances soil texture and aeration.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention nutrient enrichment.
b) Mention moisture holding capacity.
c) Keep answer concise.

(iii) Give a geographical reason to explain each of the following: [3 Marks]

(a) In arid regions, trees are planted in rows perpendicular to wind direction.

Answer:
This forms a shelterbelt or windbreak that reduces wind velocity, prevents soil erosion by wind, and conserves soil moisture.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain windbreak concept.
b) Mention reduction of wind speed and prevention of soil blowing away.
c) Link to arid region management.

(iii) (b) Black soil does not get leached.

Answer:
Black soil is moisture-retentive, rich in lime, iron, and magnesium, and formed in regions with moderate rainfall where heavy leaching does not occur.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention moisture retention and high clay content.
b) Leaching occurs under heavy continuous rainfall, which is absent in typical black soil regions.
c) State chemical richness.

(iii) (c) It is difficult to grow rice in red soil without the help of irrigation.

Answer:
Red soil is porous, coarse-grained, and has low water-retention capacity, whereas rice requires standing water for proper growth.

Teacher's Note:
a) Describe texture of red soil (porous/sandy).
b) Contrast with high water requirement of rice.
c) Emphasize need for artificial irrigation.

(iv) (a) What is soil conservation? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Soil conservation refers to the protection, preservation, and management of soil against erosion and depletion to maintain its fertility and productivity.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define soil protection and management.
b) Mention prevention of erosion.
c) Keep definition precise.

(iv) (b) Name two areas in north India where soil conservation is required. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Shiwalik foothills (susceptible to ravine erosion) and Rajasthan / Thar desert margins (susceptible to wind erosion).

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify erosion-prone northern zones.
b) Mention Himalayan foothills or desert borders.
c) List two clear areas.

(iv) (c) Name two methods of soil conservation practised in India. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Terrace farming and contour ploughing (or strip cropping and afforestation).

Teacher's Note:
a) List standard soil conservation techniques.
b) Mention contour ploughing or terracing.
c) Keep items distinct.

Question 6

(i) Why are forests important for the Indian economy? [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. They provide raw materials for forest-based industries such as paper, matchbox, and timber.
2. They generate employment and livelihood for tribal populations through minor forest produce (gums, resins, tendu leaves).

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on economic contribution.
b) Mention raw materials and employment.
c) Provide two distinct points.

(ii) Identify the forest conservation methods described below: [2 Marks]
(a) A sustainable system of managing a piece of land through combined production of agricultural crops, forest crops and animal rearing.
(b) Planting of trees along the side of roads, railway lines and on hill slopes.

Answer:
(a) Agro-forestry
(b) Afforestation / Social forestry (or Arboriculture / Shelterbelts)

Teacher's Note:
a) Agro-forestry combines agriculture and forestry.
b) Tree planting along roads/railways is social forestry/afforestation.
c) Keep terms accurate.

(iii) Given below is an image of the forest found in marshy areas. Refer to the image and answer the questions that follow: [3 Marks]
[Figure: Mangrove forest showing dense stilt roots/pneumatophores emerging from tidal water/mud.]
(a) Name the type of vegetation seen in the above image.
(b) Mention one adaptive feature of the trees of this vegetation.
(c) Name a region where this type of vegetation is commonly found in India.

Answer:
(a) Littoral / Mangrove forest (Tidal forests)
(b) Presence of breathing roots (pneumatophores) or stilt roots to survive in waterlogged anaerobic mud.
(c) Sundarbans in West Bengal (or delta regions of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna).

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify mangrove vegetation from stilt root features.
b) Pneumatophores help in gaseous exchange.
c) Sundarbans is the prime example in India.

(iv) Give one geographical reason to explain each of the following: [3 Marks]
(a) Desert vegetation has long roots.
(b) At higher altitudes, trees are often conical in shape.
(c) Tropical Monsoon Forests are also called 'Tropical Deciduous Forests'.

Answer:
(a) Long roots help plants reach deep underground water tables in arid conditions.
(b) Conical shape prevents snow from accumulating on branches and breaking them.
(c) Trees shed all their leaves simultaneously during the dry season to conserve moisture.

Teacher's Note:
a) Desert roots search for deep sub-surface moisture.
b) Conical canopy sheds snow easily in high mountains.
c) Deciduous nature refers to annual leaf shedding.

Question 7

(i) Raghu wants to irrigate his large field in a manner that will ensure uniform water distribution across the field along with water conservation. [2 Marks]
(a) Name the irrigation method that will be suitable as per his need.
(b) How will the method of irrigation mentioned by you in (a) above help to conserve water?

Answer:
(a) Sprinkler irrigation method.
(b) It sprays water under pressure like natural rainfall, minimizing evaporation and percolation losses compared to surface flooding.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify sprinkler irrigation for uniform coverage.
b) Explain water saving through reduced evaporation and runoff.
c) Keep answers clear.

(ii) What is the difference between Inundation canals and Perennial canals? [2 Marks]

Answer:
Inundation canals draw water from rivers only during the rainy season when rivers are in flood, whereas Perennial canals are lined with dams/barrages to supply water throughout the year.

Teacher's Note:
a) Structure difference as a comparative point or clear definitions.
b) Inundation = seasonal/flood water; Perennial = continuous year-round supply.
c) Mention source control.

(iii) Considering the rapid depletion of groundwater and its implications for food and water security in India, sustainable management of groundwater resources is needed. (Source: Journal of Hydrology, May 2021) [3 Marks]
(a) How is 'groundwater' different from 'surface water'?
(b) Why is the groundwater level rapidly declining in India?
(c) Name one conservation measure that will help in recharging of the groundwater.

Answer:
(a) Groundwater is water stored underground in porous rock layers (aquifers), whereas surface water is found on the Earth's surface in rivers, lakes, and ponds.
(b) Due to over-extraction for agriculture (tubewells), rapid industrialization, urbanization, and deficient rainfall reducing natural recharge.
(c) Rainwater harvesting (or construction of percolation tanks / check dams).

Teacher's Note:
a) Contrast underground aquifer storage with surface water bodies.
b) List over-utilization in agriculture as primary depletion cause.
c) Mention rainwater harvesting as standard recharge method.

(iv) Give a reason for each of the following: [3 Marks]
(a) Wells are a common means of irrigation in Northern India.
(b) Many state governments have restricted the use of tubewells.
(c) Tank irrigation is a popular method of irrigation used in Karnataka.

Answer:
(a) Northern plains have soft alluvial soil making well-digging easy, and perennial rivers ensure a high water table.
(b) To prevent alarming depletion of groundwater tables caused by excessive pumping.
(c) Deccan plateau has hard crystalline rocks and undulating terrain where natural depressions can easily be converted into tanks to collect rainwater.

Teacher's Note:
a) Soft alluvium and high water table favor wells in the north.
b) Tubewells cause falling water tables leading to government restrictions.
c) Hard rocks and uneven terrain favor tanks in the south.

Question 8

(i) State two advantages that Natural gas has over Coal. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Natural gas burns cleanly with almost zero ash residue and lower carbon emissions, making it eco-friendly.
2. It is easier to transport through pipelines and has a higher calorific value.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on environmental cleanliness (less pollution).
b) Mention ease of transport via pipelines.
c) Give two points.

(ii) (a) Umesh and Sagar are employed in iron ore mines in two different districts of Odisha. What are their possible places of work? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj (or Sundargarh / Koraput).

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify iron ore mining districts in Odisha.
b) Mention Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj.
c) Keep answer precise.

(ii) (b) State any two uses of copper. [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. Used in electrical wires and cables due to high electrical conductivity.
2. Used in manufacturing alloys like brass and bronze.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention electrical applications.
b) Mention alloy formation.
c) Provide two brief points.

(iii) (a) The Bhakra Nangal project is a joint venture of which state governments? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.

Teacher's Note:
a) Recall multi-purpose river valley projects.
b) List participating states: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan.
c) Keep spelling accurate.

(iii) (b) Name the river on which this project is based. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Sutlej River.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify river for Bhakra Nangal.
b) Sutlej river in Himachal/Punjab border.
c) State name clearly.

(iii) (c) Mention two benefits of the Bhakra Nangal project. [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. Generation of hydroelectric power.
2. Provision of extensive irrigation water for dry regions.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention hydel power generation.
b) Mention irrigation.
c) Keep points brief.

(iv) Give one word for each of the following: [3 Marks]
(a) The renewable energy produced by the natural rise and fall of ocean waters.
(b) An ore of aluminium.
(c) A mineral that is used to make steel strong and resistant to rusting.

Answer:
(a) Tidal energy
(b) Bauxite
(c) Manganese

Teacher's Note:
a) Ocean rise and fall = tidal energy.
b) Aluminium ore = bauxite.
c) Steel hardening/rust resistance mineral = manganese.
d) Ensure correct one-word terms.

Question 9

(i) Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming. [2 Marks]

Teacher's Note:
a) Set up a comparison table.
b) Focus on objective (family vs market) and technology.
c) Provide two clear contrasting points.

(ii) (a) Name a state that leads in the production of jute. [1 Mark]

Answer:
West Bengal.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify top jute producer.
b) West Bengal dominates jute cultivation in the Hugli basin.
c) State name clearly.

(ii) (b) Mention a geographical factor that is responsible for the state mentioned in (a) above being the leading producer of jute. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Abundant water supply for retting and fertile alluvial soil replenished annually by river floods.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention fertile flood plains.
b) Mention water availability for retting process.
c) Keep point concise.

(iii) (a) Why are Silver Oak trees and Cardamom trees planted in coffee plantations along with the coffee plants? [3 Marks]

Answer:
Coffee plants require shade to protect them from direct, intense sunlight and strong tropical winds, which is provided by shade trees like Silver Oak.

Teacher's Note:
a) Coffee needs shade.
b) Silver Oak acts as a natural canopy against harsh sun.
c) State reason clearly.

(iii) (b) State two climatic conditions that favour the cultivation of coffee.

Answer:
1. High temperatures ranging between 15 °C and 28 °C.
2. Heavy rainfall ranging from 150 cm to 200 cm well distributed through the year.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention temperature range.
b) Mention rainfall requirements.
c) Keep points distinct.

(iv) (a) Name the cropping season in which Bajra is grown. [3 Marks]

Answer:
Kharif season.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify bajra as a millet grown during monsoon.
b) Kharif season.
c) Direct answer.

(iv) (b) Why is wheat not cultivated extensively in West Bengal and the extreme southern states of India?

Answer:
Wheat requires cool winter temperatures during its growing season, which is absent in West Bengal and southern states where winters are warm and humid.

Teacher's Note:
a) Wheat is a temperate/cool-climate Rabi crop.
b) Southern states and West Bengal lack the required winter chill.
c) State climatic constraint.

(iv) (c) Why is the cultivation of soyabean gaining popularity in recent times?

Answer:
Soyabean is rich in protein, used for edible oil extraction, and its cultivation helps fix nitrogen in the soil, improving fertility.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention nutritional and commercial value.
b) Mention soil nitrogen fixation.
c) Keep explanation brief.

Question 10

(i) 'Not all areas of India are suitable for establishing a large-scale industry.' Give two reasons for the above statement. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Uneven distribution of raw materials and mineral resources.
2. Lack of adequate transport infrastructure, power supply, and financial capital in remote or hilly regions.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on raw material localization.
b) Mention infrastructure and power constraints.
c) Give two points.

(ii) 'The contribution of the electronics industry is crucial for the progress and development of the Indian economy.' State two arguments in favour of this statement. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. It drives technological advancement and modernization across various sectors like defense, telecommunications, and IT.
2. It generates vast employment opportunities for skilled youth and boosts export earnings.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight technological modernization.
b) Mention employment and export potential.
c) Two clear points.

(iii) Give one geographical reason to explain each of the following: [3 Marks]
(a) Work in sugar mills is a seasonal activity.
(b) The cotton textile industry is widely distributed in India.
(c) Vishakhapatnam steel plant has a unique locational advantage that enables it to procure raw materials easily and market the finished products with ease.

Answer:
(a) Sugarcane is a harvested crop available only during specific months after harvest, after which mills must close.
(b) Cotton is a weight-pure raw material and raw cotton can be transported easily without losing weight, allowing mills to be set up anywhere.
(c) It is a port-based plant situated on the coast, allowing easy import of raw materials and export of finished steel via sea routes.

Teacher's Note:
a) Sugar harvesting is seasonal.
b) Cotton is weight-pure, so transport cost doesn't restrict location.
c) Vishakhapatnam's port location facilitates coastal shipping.

(iv) (a) Name the oldest iron and steel industry of India. [3 Marks]
(b) Where is it located?
(c) Name a centre from where it gets its coal supply.

Answer:
(a) Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) / Tata Steel.
(b) Jamshedpur (Sakchi) in Jharkhand.
(c) Jharia or Bokaro.

Teacher's Note:
a) TISCO is India's pioneer steel plant.
b) Located in Jamshedpur.
c) Coal sourced from nearby Jharia/Bokaro fields.

Question 11

(i) Inland water transport is more popular in Northern India as compared to Peninsular India. Give two reasons. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Northern rivers are perennial with a steady flow of water, whereas peninsular rivers are seasonal and depend heavily on monsoon rains.
2. Northern rivers flow through broad, level plains with gentle slopes, unlike the rugged plateaus and waterfalls of peninsular rivers.

Teacher's Note:
a) Contrast perennial vs seasonal rivers.
b) Contrast level plains vs rugged plateau topography.
c) Two distinct points.

(ii) What is the purpose of developing the Golden Quadrilateral in India? [2 Marks]

Answer:
To connect the four major metropolitan cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata) with high-speed, multi-lane highways, reducing travel time and boosting economic growth.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention the 4 metros connected.
b) Highlight reduction in transit time and economic integration.
c) Keep answer concise.

(iii) Mr. Kumar stays in Delhi with his family. Members of his family had to travel on Monday for different purposes. State the mode of transport that is most likely to be chosen by each: [3 Marks]
(a) Mr. Kumar's father wanted to travel comfortably to Patna to stay with his brother for a week.
(b) Mr. Kumar's son had to attend a meeting in Ahmedabad that very evening.
(c) Mr. Kumar's daughter had to meet her friend who lives in the same city, taking with her some fresh vegetables grown in their kitchen garden.

Answer:
(a) Railways (or Airways)
(b) Airways
(c) Roadways (Road transport / Metro / Auto / Car)

Teacher's Note:
a) Long distance comfortable travel = Railways/Airways.
b) Urgent same-day intercity travel = Airways.
c) Local intra-city transport = Roadways.
d) Check scenario match.

(iv) Give one geographical reason to explain each of the following: [3 Marks]
(a) The presence of a number of ports has strengthened the transport sector of India.
(b) The number of airports in the country is on the rise.
(c) Railways are considered ideal for transportation of bulky goods over long distances.

Answer:
(a) Ports facilitate international trade, connecting India to global maritime routes and handling bulk cargo efficiently.
(b) Growing demand for fast passenger travel, business connectivity, and tourism has increased the need for air transport.
(c) Railways have high carrying capacity and are cost-effective for moving heavy and bulky commodities over long distances.

Teacher's Note:
a) Ports facilitate foreign trade.
b) Airports cater to speed and expanding economic activity.
c) Railways handle heavy bulk freight economically.

Question 12

(i) What impact does waste accumulation have on our environment? [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. It causes severe soil and water pollution through toxic leaching and foul odors.
2. It acts as a breeding ground for disease-bearing vectors like mosquitoes and rats, endangering public health.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention pollution of land and water.
b) Mention health hazards and vector breeding.
c) Two clear points.

(ii) Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow: [2 Marks]
[Figure: Person segregating household organic and inorganic waste into separate bins.]
(a) Name the waste management practice shown in the given picture.
(b) State two benefits of this waste management practice.

Answer:
(a) Waste segregation (Segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste)
(b) 1. Facilitates easy recycling and composting.
2. Reduces the volume of waste sent to landfills and minimizes environmental pollution.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify waste segregation.
b) List recycling and landfill reduction benefits.
c) Keep answers precise.

(iii) Udit wants his younger sister to bring about a few lifestyle changes to help her contribute towards a cleaner and healthier environment. Suggest three advice that Udit may provide her in this regard. [3 Marks]

Answer:
1. Practice the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) by avoiding single-use plastics.
2. Segregate household waste into wet (organic) and dry (recyclable) bins.
3. Conserve electricity and water by turning off taps and lights when not in use.

Teacher's Note:
a) Give practical eco-friendly advice.
b) Mention plastic reduction, waste segregation, and resource conservation.
c) Write three clear points.

(iv) Give a reason for each of the following: [3 Marks]
(a) Waste should be segregated before disposal.
(b) Dumping could be harmful for the environment.
(c) Radioactive waste is the most harmful waste.

Answer:
(a) Segregation ensures that recyclable and organic waste can be processed efficiently without contaminating each other.
(b) Unscientific open dumping breeds disease vectors, leaches toxic chemicals into groundwater, and generates greenhouse gases.
(c) It emits harmful ionizing radiation that causes severe genetic mutations, cancer, and long-term ecological destruction.

Teacher's Note:
a) Segregation streamlines recycling.
b) Open dumping causes contamination and health risks.
c) Radioactive waste emits lethal radiation persisting for generations.