GSEB Class 9 Social Science Solutions Chapter 4 National Movements of India

Answer the following question pointwise:

Question 1. Discuss the nature and effects of boycott agitation and national movements.
Answer:1. The boycott and indigenous movement, along with the Bangbhang Movement, were key events in the Indian National Movements. 2. The 'Divide and Rule' strategy, which was a result of British Machiavellian policies, gave a boost to the boycott and indigenous movements. 3. Viceroy Curzon divided the vast Bengal Province into East Bengal and West Bengal, claiming it was for better administrative efficiency. 4. When Bengal was divided on October 16, 1905, the whole of Bengal observed this day as 'National Mourning Day'. 5. On the same day, an announcement was made to boycott all foreign goods and encourage the use of local products. 6. This movement had three important features: * Adopting local products * Boycotting foreign goods * Embracing national education.
Result of boycott movement: 1. India greatly benefited from this Swadeshi Movement, while the English Industry suffered badly. 2. The import of cloth from Manchester stopped. 3. Imports of sugar, shoes, cigarettes, tobacco, and other items from England also decreased, and the sale of Indian-made cloth increased. 4. Factories for making local goods began to start up. 5. The movement's impact was felt in other Indian provinces, such as Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bombay (Mumbai), and Madras. 6. The strong influence of the movement was also felt in the British Parliament, and within just six years, in 1911, the partition of Bengal was cancelled after reconsideration by the Parliament.
In simple words: The boycott movement was a big part of India's fight for freedom. People stopped buying foreign goods and started using Indian things. This hurt British businesses and helped Indian industries. Because of this, the British had to change their mind about dividing Bengal.

Exam Tip: When discussing historical movements, explain the causes, key characteristics, and consequences. Use specific examples like the partition of Bengal and its date to add detail.

Question 2. Growth and development of fierce revolutionary movements. Discuss.
Answer:Revolutionary Movement: 1. Revolutionary activities in India were started by Vasudev Balvant Phadke. 2. Revolutionaries such as Damodar Chaphekar and Balkrishna Chaphekar brothers, Vir Savarkar, Barindranath Ghosh, Khudiram Bose, Praful Chaki, Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru, Sukhdev, and Batukeshwar Dutt, carried forward the spirit of nationalism. 3. Young people trained in making and using weapons were a constant danger to the English Government. 4. At the Congress conference in Surat in 1907, two groups, 'Jahal' and 'Maval', were formed. 5. The Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopted a radical approach that brought new energy to young Indian activists. 6. Lokmanya Tilak declared, 'Freedom is my Birthright and I will achieve it no matter what.' This became a guiding principle for revolutionary freedom fighters. 7. Indian youth undertook activities to seek freedom from foreign rule. 8. They were ready to give their lives to achieve freedom. 9. These activities spread across Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madras Province, Uttar Pradesh, and central India. 10. Societies like Mitramela Society, Abhinav Bharat Samaj, Anushilan Samiti, Anjuman-e-Muhillane Vatan, and Indian Patriots Association, among others, boosted revolutionary activities. 11. Newspapers and magazines continuously strengthened these activities. 12. Several revolutionaries were arrested in incidents like the 'Howrah massacre' and 'Dhaka massacre'. 13. Attempts to kill Lord Hardinge by throwing a bomb, and dropping a bomb on Viceroy Minto on November 13, 1909, outside Raipur Darwaja in Ahmedabad, can all be cited as examples of these events. 14. During 1929-42, events like the 'Kakori Loot Case', 'Lahore massacre', and the dropping of a bomb on Central Parliament occurred.
In simple words: Fierce revolutionary movements grew because young Indians wanted freedom and were ready to fight for it. Leaders like Vasudev Balvant Phadke and the Lal-Bal-Pal trio inspired many. They formed secret groups, used newspapers, and even used bombs to challenge British rule across India, leading to famous events like the Kakori Loot Case.

Exam Tip: When explaining the growth of revolutionary movements, mention key figures and their contributions. Also, include specific events and their locations to demonstrate a deeper understanding.

Question 3. Explain the programmes, events and effects of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:Programmes for Non-cooperation Movement: 1. Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore gave up their titles, 'Kaiser-e-Hind' and 'Knighthood honour' respectively. 2. Other national leaders also gave up their titles and government positions. 3. Students left English schools and colleges. 4. At various places, foreign clothes were burned. 5. Duke of Connaught came to India and was boycotted. 6. National schools and colleges were set up. 7. To make this movement unsuccessful and to break Hindu-Muslim unity, the Government supported a policy of suppression.
Effect of Non-Co-operation Movement: 1. The Nagpur Conference approved the Non-Cooperation movement in December 1920. 2. Hindus and Muslims became united. 3. More than one crore rupees were collected in the Tilak Fund. 4. The Congress strongly demanded India's independence (Swarajya) instead of self-government. 5. The Chauri-Chaura incident took place in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, where people attacked a police station and set it on fire, causing 21 policemen to die. 6. Upon receiving this terrible news, Gandhiji immediately suspended the Movement.
Effect of the movement: 1. This Movement did not fully achieve its desired goals, but through its negative and positive aspects, it managed to create public awareness of injustice. 2. There was political awareness among all classes of India. 3. Faith in independence grew stronger. 4. The fear of police sticks, punishment, and imprisonment was removed. 5. Young people and women also stepped forward to serve their nation, and the Congress became an organization for the people. 6. Schools providing national education began. 7. Hindi started gaining more importance than English. 8. The Movement, which was once limited to cities and intellectuals, spread to ordinary people and villages.
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement involved giving up titles, boycotting foreign goods, and leaving English schools. It united Hindus and Muslims, raised awareness, and made people bolder in their fight for freedom. However, the Chauri-Chaura incident, where violence occurred, led Gandhiji to stop the movement.

Exam Tip: Structure your answer by clearly separating the 'programmes' (what people did), 'events' (key incidents), and 'effects' (outcomes) of the movement. This shows a clear understanding of the movement's trajectory.

2. Write Short Notes:

Question 1. Revolutionary movements in foreign countries
Answer:1. Revolutionary movements began in foreign countries also, aiming to help India achieve freedom from the British. 2. Revolutionary activities that started in India spread to various countries like England, Canada, America, Germany, France, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore, Afghanistan, and Russia. 3. Syamji Krishna Verma, Madanlal Dhingra, Vir Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Udham Singh, Raja Mahendra Pratap, Madam Bhikhaji Cama, Sardar Singh Rana, Maulana Abdulla, Maulana Basir, Champak Raman Pillai, and Dr. Mathur Singh 'Khudabaksh' were involved in these activities. 4. The revolutionary activities in foreign countries gave a boost to revolutionary activities in India. 5. Pistols were being secretly sent to India from England, hidden in the belongings of cooks. 6. Madanlal Dhingra killed William Wylie, who often criticized the revolutionaries. 7. In 1907, the Indian Independence League was established in California, America, which was later named the 'Gadar Party' by Lala Hardayal. A weekly newspaper called 'Gadar' was published in four languages. 8. Taraknath Das and Kartar Singh also joined this activity. 9. Champak Raman Pillai formed the 'Hind Rashtriya Swayamsevak Dal' in Germany, with a plan to attack India using Iraq as a headquarters. 10. Madam Cama hoisted the national flag for the first time at a conference held in Stuttgart, Germany. 11. Raja Mahendra Pratap formed the Provisional Independent Government under 'Rashtra Pramukh' in Afghanistan, which included Barkatulla, Abidulla, Maulana Bashir, Shamsher Singh, Dr. Mathur Singh, and others. This government made efforts to get assistance from Russia, Iran, and Turkey. 12. Sohanlal Pathak in Burma and Parmanand in Singapore carried on revolutionary activities. 13. To obtain freedom for the motherland, revolutionaries sacrificed their lives with strong feelings of patriotism and sacrifice. 14. Their sacrifices would provide inspiration to future generations for ages.
In simple words: Indian revolutionaries also worked from other countries to fight for India's freedom. They formed groups like the 'Gadar Party' in America, secretly sent weapons, and even set up a temporary government abroad. Leaders like Madam Cama hoisted the Indian flag overseas, inspiring many.

Exam Tip: When writing about revolutionary movements abroad, name specific individuals and the organizations they founded or joined. Mentioning places like California, Stuttgart, and Afghanistan adds geographic context to the global nature of the struggle.

Question 2. Rowlatt Act
Answer:1. The British government created the Rowlatt Act in 1919, under the leadership of Rowlatt, the Minister of Law. 2. This Act was formed to suppress revolutionaries and nationalists. 3. This Act became known as the 'Black Act' because it aimed to curb individual freedom and freedom of speech. 4. According to this Act, any suspicious person could be arrested and jailed without a trial. 5. That is why Gandhiji called it the 'Black Act', and Motilal Nehru considered it 'snatching away argument, appeal, and advocacy'. 6. The British government gained immense power under this Act to suppress opposition. So, leaders and the public at large expressed their opposition and protest. 7. Meetings, rallies, demonstrations, and strikes were organized against it. 8. Gandhiji was arrested in Delhi. 9. When Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlu were arrested in Punjab, he tried to suppress all opposition.
In simple words: The Rowlatt Act was a British law from 1919 that allowed them to arrest and jail anyone suspicious without a trial. Gandhiji called it the 'Black Act' because it took away people's basic freedoms and rights to protest. Many leaders and citizens organized protests against it.

Exam Tip: For acts or laws, always include the year, the main purpose, and why it was controversial. Mentioning key figures like Gandhiji and Motilal Nehru and their reactions helps illustrate its impact.

Question 3. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
Answer:1. On March 13, 1919, a public meeting was organized in Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, on the day of Baisakhi, to protest the arrest of popular leaders like Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlu. 2. General Dyer arrived there with his troops and, without any warning, opened fire on innocent people from machine guns. 3. Many people lost their lives in the firing. 4. According to government reports, 379 people died and 1200 were injured. 5. As per the committee appointed by the Congress, 1000 people had died in the firing. 6. The 'Hunter Commission', investigating the case on behalf of the British Government, defended General Dyer. 7. The Commission forgave Dyer, considering it an 'innocent mistake that happened unknowingly'. 8. When Dyer returned to England, he was honored with a sword and 2000 pounds. 9. Indians received a terrible shock because of this. 10. After this inhumane act, Gandhiji's faith in the British was completely lost. 11. This tragedy became the foundation for the future Non-Cooperation Movement.
In simple words: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre happened on March 13, 1919, when General Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a peaceful crowd gathered in Amritsar. Many innocent people were killed and injured. This horrific event deeply shocked Indians and led Gandhiji to lose faith in the British, setting the stage for the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Exam Tip: When describing a historical massacre, include the date, location, the primary cause, the main perpetrator, and the immediate and long-term consequences. Quantifying casualties (even if approximate) strengthens the answer.

Question 4. Swarajya Party
Answer:1. After the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swarajya Party to keep national awareness alive among people. 2. Their aim was to enter the legislative assemblies and oppose the government's unfair policies. 3. The leaders of the Swarajya Party also adopted Gandhiji's constructive activities, such as abolishing untouchability, promoting Hindu-Muslim unity, reviving the spinning wheel, and prohibiting liquor. 4. The Swarajya party contested the legislature elections held in November 1923, and its candidates won a clear majority in both the central and provincial legislatures. 5. Motilal Nehru was elected as the party leader in the Central Legislature, and Chittaranjan Das was elected in the Bengal Province. 6. The Swarajya Party rejected government budgets and proposals, expressing displeasure with the government's unfair policies. 7. It forced the government to consider the problems faced by the people. 8. Because of the Swarajya Party's efforts, the government had to appoint the Simon Commission two years earlier. 9. The Swarajya Party operated in a disciplined manner and established high parliamentary standards. 10. It showed the British government that Indians could rule constitutionally and democratically. 11. The educated class in India was thus drawn to the Swarajya Party. 12. National awareness re-emerged among the people. 13. The party played an important role in bringing the achievement of independence much closer. 14. All this highlights the significance of the party. 15. With the death of Chittaranjan Das in June 1925, the Swarajya Party became weaker. 16. Some members began supporting the government, while others formed a new party called the National Party. 17. Thus, the Swarajya Party's prestige decreased. 18. In the 1926 election, all its members lost terribly, except in Madras Province. 19. Bipin Chandra Pal and Surendranath Bannerji even strongly criticized the party.
In simple words: The Swarajya Party was founded by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru after the Non-Cooperation Movement. Its goal was to enter legislative bodies to oppose unfair British laws and keep the spirit of nationalism alive. They won many elections and made the government address public issues, even though the party weakened after Chittaranjan Das's death.

Exam Tip: For political parties or movements, include their founders, objectives, key actions, achievements, and reasons for their decline. Mentioning specific leaders and their roles adds crucial context.

3. Answer the following questions.

Question 1. Who divided Bengal? When and why?
Answer: Lord Curzon divided Bengal on October 16, 1905, into East Bengal and West Bengal, under the guise of improving administrative efficiency.
In simple words: Lord Curzon divided Bengal on October 16, 1905. He said it was to make administration better, but it was really to weaken the nationalist movement.

Exam Tip: When answering "who, when, and why" questions, ensure all three components are clearly addressed. State the person, the date, and the stated (and often underlying) reason for the action.

Question 2. Explain the fierce revolutionary movements in Gujarat.
Answer:Revolutionary Movement in Gujarat: 1. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh was the pioneer of the armed revolution in Gujarat, but he remained in the background. 2. His brother, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, remained at the forefront. 3. He arrived in Gujarat and moved towards the southern region. 4. He met Sakaria Swami on the bank of the Narmada, who was associated with the Queen of Jhansi. 5. Barindra Kumar involved some middle-class youth from Vadodara, Charotar region, Ahmedabad, and Mehsana in the revolution. 6. In this selection, Viceroy Minto's buggy was bombed outside Raipur Darwaja in Ahmedabad. 7. Shri Aurobindo Ghosh described the plan for revolution in his book named 'Bhavani Mandir'. 8. It was also translated into Gujarati and published in the journal 'Dakshina'. 9. Besides this, booklets with titles like 'Deshi Vanaspati Davao' (Indigenous Herbal Remedies), 'Nahavana Sabu Banavvani Reet' (Method of Making Bathing Soap), 'Kasrat' (Exercise), 'Gulab no kisso' (The Story of the Rose), 'Kayada no Sangrah' (Collection of Laws), etc., were published to spread revolutionary ideas so that the British would not understand them! 10. These booklets contained methods for preparing bombs. 11. 'Ganganath Vidyalaya' was established near Chandod-Kamali, where secret revolutionary activities were carried out. 12. Many Gujarati youth joined these revolutionary activities, against whom the government took strict action. 13. However, the fight did not stop, and eventually, the government realized that suppression alone would not help them rule over India.
In simple words: In Gujarat, revolutionary movements were led by Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Kumar. They gathered young people, published secret books with revolutionary plans like 'Bhavani Mandir' and 'Dakshina', and even taught how to make bombs. 'Ganganath Vidyalaya' became a secret center, and many Gujarati youth joined the fight against British rule.

Exam Tip: When detailing regional revolutionary movements, highlight the key leaders, their methods (e.g., secret publications, bomb-making), and specific incidents like bombings or the establishment of secret schools. This adds specificity and depth.

Question 3. Why did Gandhiji call Rowlatt Act as 'Black Law'?
Answer:1. The Rowlatt Act was created with the goal of suppressing revolutionaries and nationalists. 2. This Act became known as the 'Black Act'. 3. According to this Act, any person suspected could be arrested and jailed without a trial. 4. It was meant to suppress individual freedom and freedom of speech. So, Gandhiji called it a Black Act.
In simple words: Gandhiji called the Rowlatt Act the 'Black Act' because it allowed the British to arrest and imprison anyone suspected of being a revolutionary without any trial. This law took away people's basic rights to freedom and free speech.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the provisions of the Rowlatt Act and explain how these provisions violated basic rights, justifying why it was termed the 'Black Act' by Gandhiji.

Question 4. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement suspended?
Answer:1. People from Chauri-Chaura village in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, organized a rally. 2. The police opened fire on the people. 3. When the police ran out of bullets, people attacked the police station and set it on fire, killing 21 policemen. 4. Upon receiving this terrible news, Gandhiji said, 'I have committed a Himalayan blunder by giving the tool of Satyagraha into the hands of people who do not understand the value of non-violence.' 5. He immediately suspended the Movement.
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement was stopped because of the Chauri-Chaura incident. In that village, people attacked a police station and killed policemen after the police fired on their rally. Gandhiji, who believed in non-violence, felt this was a big mistake and immediately ended the movement.

Exam Tip: Focus on the Chauri-Chaura incident as the primary reason for suspension, explaining the sequence of events and Gandhiji's justification for calling off the movement due to violence.

Question 5. Why did the prestige of the Swarajya Party declined?
Answer: The Swarajya Party rejected government budgets and proposals and expressed displeasure with the government's unfair policies. 1. It compelled the government to consider the problems faced by the people. 2. The Swarajya Party operated in a disciplined manner and established high parliamentary practices. 3. The Party played an important role in bringing the achievement of independence very near. 4. All this indicated the importance of the Party. 5. With the death of Chittaranjan Das in June 1925, the Swarajya Party became weaker. 6. Some members began supporting the government, while others established a new party named the National Party. 7. Thus, the prestige of the Swarajya Party reduced.
In simple words: The Swarajya Party's influence decreased mainly after its key leader, Chittaranjan Das, passed away in June 1925. After his death, some members started supporting the government, while others formed a new party, which further weakened the Swarajya Party.

Exam Tip: Identify the most critical factor (Chittaranjan Das's death) and then elaborate on its consequences, such as internal divisions and the formation of new groups, to explain the decline.

Question 6. Choose the correct option from those given below:

Question 1. By what name is the day of partition of Bengal known as?
A. National Mourning Day
B. Banghbhang Day
C. Independent Day
D. None of the options
Answer: (A) National Mourning Day
In simple words: The day Bengal was divided is remembered as National Mourning Day because people felt very sad and protested against the partition.

Exam Tip: Remember important historical dates and the names given to them, as these often appear in objective questions.

Question 2. Which reform gave Muslims, communal electoral constituencies?
A. Mont-Ferd
B. Libert Bill
C. August offer
D. Morley-Minto
Answer: (D) Morley-Minto
In simple words: The Morley-Minto reforms were changes made by the British that allowed Muslims to vote separately for their own representatives, creating special voting areas for them.

Exam Tip: Associate key reforms with their specific provisions, especially those that had significant political and social impacts, like the introduction of separate electorates.

Question 3. Who prepared the stage for armed revolution in Gujarat for the first time?
A. Baarindranath Ghosh
B. Chotubhai Purani
C. Ambubhai Purani
D. Arvind Ghosh
Answer: (D) Arvind Ghosh
In simple words: Arvind Ghosh was the first person to lay the groundwork for armed revolutionary activities in Gujarat, even though his brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh was more active in the field.

Exam Tip: Identify the pioneering figures in regional movements. Note that sometimes the "pioneer" or "planner" might be different from the "active implementer."

Question 4. Who hoisted the Indian national flag in the foreign land for the first time?
A. Shyamji Krishna Varma
B. Rana Sardarsingh
C. Madam Bhikaiji Cama
D. Madanlal Dhingra
Answer: (C) Madam Bhikaiji Cama
In simple words: Madam Bhikaiji Cama was the first person to raise the Indian national flag on foreign soil. She did this at a conference in Stuttgart, Germany, showing India's demand for freedom to the world.

Exam Tip: Recall important 'firsts' in India's freedom struggle, especially those involving significant symbolic gestures like hoisting the national flag internationally.

Gujarat Board Class 9 Social Science National Movements of India Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1. Why was Viceroy Minto called ' Father of Muslim Communalism'?
Answer:1. Lord Minto became the Viceroy of India after Lord Curzon. 2. He began giving favorable treatment to Muslims. 3. He successfully convinced Muslim leaders to form a separate organization and demand a separate communal electorate. 4. With his active backing, the All India Muslim League was established in 1906. 5. The Morley-Minto reforms granted separate communal electorates for Muslims. 6. Therefore, Lord Minto is described as 'The Father of Muslim Communalism'.
In simple words: Viceroy Minto is called 'Father of Muslim Communalism' because he actively supported and encouraged Muslims to form a separate political group and pushed for separate voting areas for them, which eventually increased divisions between communities.

Exam Tip: When discussing titles given to historical figures, explain the actions or policies that led to that particular epithet, focusing on their significant impact.

Question 2. Why did the Muslim start Khilafat Movement?
Answer:1. The Sultan of Turkey, who was the Khalifa (Muslim head), was defeated in the First World War. 2. He was defeated in the war. 3. Indian Muslims started the movement in India to oppose the strict terms imposed on Turkey and the Sultan. 4. This is known as the Khilafat movement.
In simple words: Indian Muslims started the Khilafat Movement because the Sultan of Turkey, their religious leader (Khalifa), was defeated in World War I. They protested against the harsh conditions placed on Turkey and its Sultan by the British and other Allied powers.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the primary cause of the Khilafat Movement (Turkey's defeat and the Sultan's status) and the role of Indian Muslims in protesting the terms imposed on Turkey.

Question 3. Which circumstances were responsible for fierce revolutionary movements in India and spread in the other countries as well?
Answer: Following circumstances were responsible for the fierce revolutionary movement in India and spread in the other countries as well: 1. The emergence of a radical group within the Congress that advocated protest methods. 2. The Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon and the anti-partition movement in Bengal. 3. The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907.
In simple words: Strong revolutionary movements grew in India and spread abroad due to a few reasons. A radical group emerged within the Congress pushing for direct action. The partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon caused widespread anger, and the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 also contributed to this rise in fierce revolutionary activities.

Exam Tip: When asked about circumstances leading to a movement, list multiple contributing factors. These often include internal political shifts, specific British policies, and significant events that fuel public discontent.

Question 4. Give a brief idea of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:* The Revolt of 1857 was the first significant uprising by Indians to drive the British from India. * Factors causing this revolt included political dissatisfaction, economic exploitation, social and religious reasons, and military concerns. * Indian sepoys received poor salaries and allowances from the British. * Their service conditions also made them unhappy. * Higher posts were reserved for the British army. * Some new rules sometimes violated the religious beliefs of Indian sepoys. * The immediate cause of the revolt was forcing Indian sepoys to use the newly introduced Enfield rifle. The * British accepted that cartridges were coated with the fats of cows and pigs. Indian sepoys had to tear the cartridge with their mouth. Putting meat in their mouth was against their religion. * Mangal Pandey was the first to oppose the use of this cartridge and then became the first Martyr of the Revolt of 1857. * Several prominent Indians like Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope, Raja Kunwar Singh, Rani Laxmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, etc., also took part in the revolt. * Though the revolt failed, it brought about several changes in India. * Changes in administrative, military, social, and religious policies, the end of British Company rule, and ultimately the end of British Rule in India in 1947 were among the various effects of this revolt.
In simple words: The Revolt of 1857 was India's first big rebellion against the British, caused by political anger, economic issues, religious feelings, and military problems. The immediate spark was soldiers being forced to use cartridges greased with animal fat, which went against their religion. Although it failed, it led to many changes in British rule and inspired future freedom struggles.

Exam Tip: When describing the Revolt of 1857, ensure you cover its main causes (political, economic, social, religious, military), the immediate trigger (Enfield rifle cartridges), key figures, and its long-term impact on British policy and the freedom struggle.

Question 5. Write a note on Muslim League.
Answer:1. The British adopted a policy of Divide and Rule to break Hindu-Muslim unity and to easily create internal enmity and rule divided communities. 2. To crush their unity and rising nationalism, Viceroy Lord Minto and Indian Vizier (i.e., Vazir/Diwan) Morley together made a plan. 3. The English successfully convinced Muslims that instead of being part of an Indian political organization, they should form a separate organization of Muslims and demand separate voting rights and voting centers. 4. Muslims were convinced and formed the Muslim League in 1906. 5. Aga Khan – the religious head of Muslims, Salimulla Khan – the Nawab of Dhaka, Viceroy Minto, and his minister Dunlop Smith played an important role in establishing the Muslim League. 6. Muslims organized their conference on the same day as that of Congress to avoid attending the Congress conference. 7. Thus, the demand for a separate Muslim organization was not initiated by Muslims but by the cunning mind of Viceroy Minto. 8. This feeling of division later led to the creation of Pakistan.
In simple words: The Muslim League was formed in 1906, mainly due to the British 'Divide and Rule' policy. Viceroy Minto encouraged Muslim leaders like Aga Khan and Salimulla Khan to create a separate political body and demand separate electorates. This was done to weaken Hindu-Muslim unity and ultimately contributed to the idea of Pakistan.

Exam Tip: When writing about the Muslim League, highlight its formation year, key founders, British influence (Divide and Rule), and its long-term impact on Indian politics and the eventual partition.

Question 6. Write a note on Khilafat Movement.
Answer:1. Turkey, along with Germany, fought against England in the First World War and lost it. 2. After the war, England forced Turkey to sign a treaty and captured many of its provinces. 3. Turkey was also forced to follow several unjust terms and conditions. 4. The Sultan of Turkey was also the religious head, i.e., 'Khalifa' of Muslims worldwide. 5. So, a movement was started by Indians to protest the unjust terms imposed by the British on Turkey and the Sultan. It became known as the Khilafat Movement. 6. The Ali brothers, namely Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali, were the chief leaders of this Movement. 7. To maintain Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhiji asked the Congress to support this Movement. 8. The Movement became strong with the support of Congress.
In simple words: The Khilafat Movement was started by Indian Muslims to protest the harsh treatment of Turkey and its Sultan, who was the Khalifa (religious leader) of Muslims worldwide, after Turkey's defeat in World War I. Leaders like the Ali brothers spearheaded this movement, and Gandhiji urged Congress to support it to foster Hindu-Muslim unity.

Exam Tip: Clearly link the Khilafat Movement to its international origins (Turkey's post-WWI situation) and its national implications (Hindu-Muslim unity, leadership). Mentioning key figures like the Ali brothers is important.

Question 7. What was the Moplah Revolt? Why was it criticized?
Answer:Mopiah Revolt: 1. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, a revolt occurred between Hindu landlords and Muslim peasants in the Malabar district of Kerala. 2. This revolt was known as the Moplah Revolt. This revolt was criticized because, on one side, Hindu-Muslim unity was gaining strength, whereas in Malabar, Hindus and Muslims were fighting. This revolt was suppressed by the British.
In simple words: The Moplah Revolt was a peasant uprising in Kerala during the Non-Cooperation Movement, involving Muslim peasants and Hindu landlords. It was criticized because, while India was trying to unite Hindus and Muslims against the British, this specific revolt involved conflict between the two communities. The British ultimately crushed it.

Exam Tip: When discussing a specific revolt, identify the participants, the region, the broader historical context (e.g., Non-Cooperation Movement), and the specific reasons for its criticism or unique aspects.

Question 8. The root of the partition on India were sown in the Morley-Minto Reforms. Explain.
Answer: In 1909, the British Government announced: 1. According to these reforms, a separate communal electorate was formed for Muslims. 2. As a result, communal and provincial elements were encouraged in India. 3. Bitterness between Hindus and Muslims increased day by day. 4. After the establishment of the All India Muslim League, several differences arose between Hindus and Muslims, which finally led to the partition of India.
In simple words: The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 introduced separate voting areas for Muslims. This British policy encouraged divisions between different communities in India. It worsened relations between Hindus and Muslims, which, combined with the rise of the Muslim League, eventually laid the groundwork for India's partition.

Exam Tip: Clearly explain how separate electorates introduced by the Morley-Minto Reforms directly led to increased communal divisions and how these divisions gradually contributed to the idea of partition.

Question 9. The roots of Indian independence were sown in the Revolt of 1857. Explain.
Answer:1. Under British rule, Indians were tortured, exploited, and ruined. 2. Indians had no standing or voice against the British. 3. There was also a high level of political dissatisfaction against British policies. 4. Before the revolt gained great momentum across the country. 5. It made people aware that they should raise their voice against British rule and free India. 6. As a result of the revolt, the British had to forcibly change their administrative, military, social, and religious policies in India. 7. Thus, the revolt and the change in the British approach encouraged people to fight for freedom.
In simple words: The Revolt of 1857, though it failed, showed Indians that they could fight back against British oppression. It exposed the British government's flaws and forced them to change their policies. This awakening made people realize they needed to stand up for their rights and push for independence, planting the first seeds of freedom.

Exam Tip: Emphasize the long-term impact of the Revolt of 1857, focusing on how it changed British administration and awakened nationalist consciousness among Indians, even if it didn't immediately achieve independence.

Question 10. The companionship of two Bengali brothers had put Gujarat on the Indian map of extreme revolutionary movement. Give reason.
Answer:1. The strong revolutionary movements in Gujarat were primarily guided by two brothers from Kolkata: Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh. 2. Both contributed according to their capabilities for an intense revolution in Gujarat. 3. Barindra Ghosh encountered many individuals in Gujarat, assembled young middle-class people, and undertook revolutionary actions. 4. Meanwhile, Aurobindo Ghosh devised plans for revolution and released numerous books detailing ways to make bombs. 5. Many young people from Gujarat felt encouraged by the efforts of these brothers and participated in the revolutionary movements. 6. Therefore, the collaboration of these two Bengali brothers made Gujarat a significant center for extreme revolutionary activities in India.
In simple words: Two Bengali brothers, Aurobindo and Barindra Ghosh, led strong revolutionary movements in Gujarat. They inspired many young people by meeting them, organizing activities, and publishing books on making bombs. Their partnership made Gujarat a major hub for these movements.

Exam Tip: When asked about the contribution of individuals, always name them and specify their key roles or actions.

Question 11. The British had no other choice but to cancel decision of Bengal partition. Give reason.
Answer:1. Viceroy Curzon separated Bengal into East and West Bengal to disrupt Hindu-Muslim unity and curb increasing nationalism. 2. People strongly opposed this division, and the entire Bengal observed 'National Mourning Day'. 3. To resist this partition even more, on the same day, a call was made to boycott all foreign products and embrace Swadeshi, meaning locally made or Indian goods. 4. As individuals began purchasing Swadeshi items from Indian manufacturers, the economic situation of the populace improved. 5. Conversely, British industries suffered greatly because of the boycott of their products. 6. Imports of British goods, such as textiles from Manchester, sugar, footwear, cigarettes, and tobacco, either ceased or significantly decreased. As a result, the British faced immense financial losses. 7. Indians also started setting up factories to make Swadeshi products. 8. Witnessing the growing power of the people, the surge in nationalism, and significant financial setbacks for the British company, the British were compelled to reverse the partition of Bengal.
In simple words: Viceroy Curzon divided Bengal to weaken Hindu-Muslim unity. People strongly opposed this, observing 'National Mourning Day' and boycotting foreign goods. This boosted Indian industries and caused huge losses for the British, forcing them to cancel the partition.

Exam Tip: When discussing historical decisions and their reversal, highlight both the reasons for the original action and the compelling factors that led to its withdrawal.

Question 12. Why did Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopt the Jahal attitude or policy? Why were its effects?
Answer:1. After the annulment of the partition of Bengal, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, 'Jahal' and 'Maval,' during the Surat Conference. 2. There was strong disagreement with the Congress's approach of merely passing resolutions and making appeals. 3. The Lal-Bal-Pal trio embraced a revolutionary approach, which energized many young Indian activists. 4. The passive policies of the Indian National Congress were significantly altered, taking a fresh direction.
In simple words: The Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopted a radical (Jahal) approach because the partition of Bengal was cancelled and they disliked the Congress's slow, resolution-only methods. This new, bold policy brought fresh energy to young Indian activists and changed the inactive direction of the Indian National Congress.

Exam Tip: Explain the context (partition annulment, Congress's methods) that led to the 'Jahal' policy and then describe its immediate impact on the nationalist movement.

Question 13. Non-Cooperation Movement became the source of inspiration for national movement. Justify the statement.
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement did not fully achieve its main goals, but through its different phases, it successfully awakened people to the injustices they faced. 1. A sense of political understanding developed among all segments of society in India. 2. Belief in achieving freedom grew more robust. 3. The fear of police sticks, penalties, and detention disappeared. 4. Young people and women also stepped forward to help their country, and the Congress transformed into a widespread organization for the people. 5. Institutions offering national education started opening. 6. Hindi began receiving greater importance compared to English.
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement, while not fully reaching its goals, inspired people by making them aware of unfair British rule. It increased political awareness, strengthened belief in independence, removed fear of punishment, brought youth and women into public service, started national schools, and promoted Hindi.

Exam Tip: To justify the statement, focus on the positive outcomes and widespread impact of the movement, even if its immediate political objectives were not fully met.

Question 14. Why did Gandhiji requested support the Khilafat Movement?
Answer:1. The Sultan of Turkey, who was considered the Khalifa, was detained during that period. 2. Indian Muslims began protesting against this detention. 3. Gandhiji asked the Congress to back the Movement, aiming to foster Hindu-Muslim unity. 4. The Movement gained significant strength with the backing of the Congress.
In simple words: Gandhiji asked the Congress to support the Khilafat Movement because the Sultan of Turkey (the Khalifa) was imprisoned, which angered Indian Muslims. He saw this as an opportunity to strengthen unity between Hindus and Muslims in India. The movement grew stronger with Congress's backing.

Exam Tip: When explaining Gandhiji's actions, always mention his core principles, such as promoting unity, alongside the immediate cause of the event.