GSEB Class 9 Social Science Solutions Chapter 16 Climate

1. Answer the following questions in brief.

 

Question 1. Himalaya is a natural wall which protects India. How?
Answer:
1. Winds blow from Central Asia towards India in the north-east direction.
2. The Himalayas block the extremely cold winds coming from Central Asia and save northern India from intense cold.
3. For example, Shimla's temperature in January stays around 5°C.
In simple words: The Himalayas act as a shield, stopping cold winds from Central Asia and keeping northern India warmer.

Exam Tip: Always describe the protective role of the Himalayas in terms of blocking cold winds from Central Asia and maintaining moderate temperatures.

 

Question 2. Explain the Trade Winds.
Answer:
1. Trade winds begin from the tropical high-pressure belt in the northern hemisphere.
2. In earlier times, these winds were used for ocean trade and commerce, so they became known as Trade winds.
3. These winds shift due to the Coriolis force and move towards the equator.
4. Since these winds blow over landmasses, they carry less moisture.
5. When these winds pass over vast water bodies, they absorb moisture and bring rainfall to India.
6. A large low-pressure zone develops over the equator where the Trade Winds meet. This area is called the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
7. The Trade Winds rise upwards as air currents.
In simple words: Trade winds start from high-pressure areas, move towards the equator, and get deflected by the Earth's spin. They carry moisture after passing over oceans, bringing rain, and converge at a low-pressure area near the equator called ITCZ.

Exam Tip: When explaining Trade Winds, include their origin (tropical high-pressure belt), deflection (Coriolis force), historical use, and role in moisture and rain, especially mentioning the ITCZ.

 

Question 3. Into how many parts has the Indian Meteorological Department divided the seasons of India? Which are they?
Answer: The Indian Meteorological Department of the Government of India, located in Delhi, has categorized the climate of India into four seasons:
1. Cold weather season: Winter: December to February.
2. Hot weather season: Summer: March to May.
3. Advancing Monsoon: Rainy season: June to September.
4. Retreating Monsoon Season: October to November.
In simple words: India's weather office divides the year into four main seasons: a cold winter, a hot summer, a rainy monsoon season, and a retreating monsoon season.

Exam Tip: Always list the four seasons as defined by the Indian Meteorological Department, along with their correct months.

 

Question 4. Into how many branches are the South-West Monsoon winds divided? Which are they?
Answer: South-West monsoon winds are responsible for the rain during the rainy season and for humid and cloudy weather. This is why it is also known as the 'South-West Monsoon winds' season. Due to the peninsular shape of South India, the South-West Monsoon winds are divided into two parts:

• Arabian Sea Current
• Bay of Bengal Current

In simple words: South-West monsoon winds bring rain and humidity. Because South India is shaped like a peninsula, these winds split into two parts: the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.

Exam Tip: Remember to name both branches of the South-West Monsoon winds, emphasizing how the peninsula's shape causes this division.

 

2. Answer the following questions as directed:

 

Question 1. What changes occur with the increase in altitude from sea-level?
Answer:
1. As we move higher from sea-level, both air pressure and air temperature decrease.
2. Moist air cools down as it rises, causing rain to occur. With an increase in the altitude of mountains, the rainfall also increases.
3. Due to their high elevation, the Himalayan peaks stay covered with snow throughout the year.
In simple words: When you go up from sea level, the air gets thinner and colder. Moist air rises, cools, and makes more rain on higher mountains, which is why Himalayan peaks have snow all year.

Exam Tip: Focus on the inverse relationship between altitude and temperature/pressure, and the effect on rainfall and snow cover in high mountain regions.

 

Question 2. What is meant by ‘October Heat'?
Answer:

• During October-November, a period of dry and cool winds begins, replacing the hot summer.
  
• Clear skies and rising temperatures are the main features of the retreating monsoon winds.
  
• The soil contains moisture, daytime temperatures go up, and nights are cool and pleasant.
  
• The daytime weather is very confusing because of high temperature and humidity. This condition is known as 'October Heat'. Locally, it is also called 'Bhadarvi Taap'.

In simple words: October Heat is when the monsoon starts to leave. Days get hot and humid with clear skies, but nights are cool. This happens because the land is still wet but the monsoon winds are retreating.

Exam Tip: Define October Heat by its key characteristics: clear skies, high daytime temperature, humidity, cool nights, and its occurrence during the retreating monsoon period (October-November).

 

Question 3. Over which regions do the monsoon winds coming over from Bay of Bengal give rain?
Answer:
1. The west monsoon winds have maximum moisture and first enter West Bengal, then reaching Meghalaya. There, the slopes of the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills get heavy rainfall.
2. Winds here change direction and blow from the south-east. They move over West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and reach Haryana. Their moisture content lessens as they move further.
3. Both these currents, coming from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, combine to give good rainfall in the northern Himalayas region, where snowfall also occurs.
In simple words: Bay of Bengal monsoon winds first bring heavy rain to Meghalaya's hills. They then move west, losing moisture as they go, bringing rain to states like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. These winds eventually join with Arabian Sea currents, causing rain and snow in the northern Himalayas.

Exam Tip: When discussing Bay of Bengal monsoons, highlight the areas of initial heavy rainfall (Meghalaya hills), their westward movement, and their eventual merger with Arabian Sea currents in the Himalayas.

 

Question 4. Which phenomena of faraway regions affect Indian climate?
Answer:
1. Sometimes, a unique phenomenon happens in distant places far from India, which causes temporary alterations in the long-term climatic pattern.
2. Phenomena such as Jet Stream, Western Disturbances, El-Nino, and ITCZ have greatly influenced Indian weather.
3. Jet stream (Jet winds) blow over the southern slopes of the Himalayas during winter, and in summer, they are located over peninsular India. High-altitude winds help to bring rain.
4. Western disturbances frequently cause disruptions in the pleasant winter weather of North India.
5. Very high mountains receive snowfall, and the plains get some rain, which is beneficial for the Rabi Crop. This can cause unseasonal rain in Gujarat, which might harm crops.
6. The El-Nino phenomenon happens sometimes. It brings changes in the duration of the monsoon and the amount of rainfall in India.
7. The ITCZ becomes stable over the Ganga plains in July. Due to the low pressure that develops over this region, winds generated over the oceans in the southern hemisphere blow towards this area. This causes rain in a few parts of North India.
In simple words: Distant weather patterns like the Jet Stream, Western Disturbances, El-Nino, and ITCZ significantly impact India's climate. These can bring unseasonal rains, affect monsoon duration, and change winter weather.

Exam Tip: List and briefly explain the key global atmospheric phenomena (Jet Stream, Western Disturbances, El-Nino, ITCZ) and their specific impacts on India's climate, especially regarding rainfall and temperature.

 

3. Give to the point answer of the following questions:

 

Question 1. Due to which reasons does the phenomena of change in season occur?
Answer:
1. The Earth's revolution around the sun is one of the main causes for the change in seasons.
2. The Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5° and forms an angle of 66.5° with its orbit. Seasons are also caused because of this axial tilt.
3. Regions that get more sunlight experience summer, while areas that get less sunlight experience winter.
4. Sun rays fall vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22nd. So, the southern hemisphere has summer, and the northern hemisphere experiences winter.
5. Consequently, nights in India are longer and colder.
6. The sun's rays are perpendicular over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21st, making the days longer.
7. The Earth's rotation and revolution directly influence human food, clothing, and homes.
8. The winter, summer, and monsoon winds affect the weather and give it unique characteristics.
In simple words: Seasons change mainly because the Earth travels around the sun and its axis is tilted. This tilt means different parts of the Earth get more direct sunlight at different times, leading to warmer summers and colder winters.

Exam Tip: Highlight Earth's revolution around the sun and the tilt of its axis as the primary reasons for seasonal changes. Mention specific dates for vertical sun rays on the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

 

Question 2. State briefly the factors affecting the climate.
Answer: Factors like temperature, atmospheric pressure, winds, humidity, and rain on the Earth's surface that regulate the distribution and quantity of climatic elements are called climatic factors.
(i) Latitude:
1. Sun rays fall vertically over the equatorial region, making it hot throughout the year.
2. India is separated into two zones with different climatic conditions: the torrid zone and the temperate zone.
3. There is a distance of about 111 kilometers between two latitudes. Therefore, the type of climate on the Earth's surface changes according to the latitude of a given place.
4. Thus, the distribution of climatic elements mostly follows latitudes.
(ii) Distance from Sea:
1. Water and land have different capacities to absorb and release solar heat.
2. As a result, coastal regions experience a temperate climate, while inland areas far from the sea coast have a continental climate.
3. So, Mumbai's climate in India is temperate because it is near the sea coast, whereas Nagpur or Delhi have continental climates as they are far from the sea.
(iii) Altitude:
1. Under normal conditions, air temperature decreases by 1°C for every 165 meters of ascent or by 6.5°C for every 1000 meters of ascent.
2. As we go higher from sea-level, air pressure and air temperature both decrease.
3. Due to the high altitude, the Himalayan peaks remain covered with snow throughout the year.
4. Moist air cools down as it rises and causes rain; with increasing altitude of mountains, the rainfall increases.
5. In mountain regions of Assam and Meghalaya, rainfall increases with rising altitude.
(iv) Atmospheric Pressure and Winds:
1. India lies in the path of north-east trade winds.
2. These winds originate from the tropical high-pressure belt in the northern hemisphere.
3. These winds deflect due to the Coriolis force and blow towards the equator.
4. These winds blow over landmass, so they carry less moisture. However, due to the vast water mass located south of India, these winds gain moisture and bring rain to India.
5. During winter, high pressure develops north of the Himalayas. Cold and dry winds from this region move towards the oceanic area where low pressure is created.
6. These winds tend to blow from the Indian Ocean to the low-pressure area in North India. Thus, these winds carry moisture and bring rain to India.
In simple words: Climate is affected by many things like temperature and rain. How far a place is from the equator (latitude), its distance from the sea, how high it is (altitude), and the way air pressure and winds move all play a big role in determining the climate.

Exam Tip: For factors affecting climate, ensure to describe latitude (equatorial heat, zones), distance from sea (temperate vs. continental), altitude (temperature/pressure decrease, snow, rain), and atmospheric pressure/winds (trade winds, moisture gain, cold winds) in sufficient detail.

 

Question 3. Write notes on the cold weather season (winter) of India:
Answer:
1. In India, the three-month period from December to February is considered winter.
2. During this period, the sun shines vertically over the southern hemisphere between September 22nd and March 21st.
3. India is situated in the northern hemisphere, so it receives less heat from the sun's rays and experiences lower temperatures.
4. Winds blow from the north-east direction from Central Asia. These winds are dry and cold, so the weather also stays dry and cold. The sky during this season usually remains clear.
5. North-East India stays comparatively cooler as it is far from the sea. Some parts of it are desert. During winter, this region develops high pressure, which deflects the winds.
6. For instance, in Delhi, winter temperatures often fall below 10°C, while remaining 16°C in Allahabad and 18°C in Kolkata.
7. At this time, temperatures in the Himalayas are much lower. January temperatures in Shimla and Darjeeling are around 5°C.
8. After snowfall in the Himalayas, cold and heavy winds rush towards the North Indian plains.
9. As a result, these plains, along with Gujarat and Rajasthan, are affected by cold waves. Temperatures drop suddenly, and frost in some areas damages the cotton crop.
10. Temperatures do not fall below freezing point during winter, except in high mountainous regions, because the Central Himalayas block the extremely cold winds coming from Central Asia and protect India from severe cold.
11. South India is located in the Torrid Zone. It has a peninsular shape. Its inner area is not very far from the sea coast. So, this area does not experience severe cold like North India during winter.
12. Temperatures also do not drop much. For example, the temperature in Kochi during January is about 26°C, Madurai is 25°C, and Chennai is 24°C. Therefore, temperature decreases moving from South to North.
13. In India, winter is considered a very pleasant and healthy season. Days are shorter, and nights are longer and cooler.
14. In winter, dry winds from over landmasses generally do not bring rain, but North-East winds coming over the Bay of Bengal contain humidity. They provide more rainfall over the Coromandel coast.
15. The North-east gets some rainfall due to Western disturbances and thunderstorms. This rain is very beneficial for the Rabi crop in Punjab and Haryana.
16. These winds sometimes bring rain to Gujarat. This unseasonal rain in Gujarat is locally known as 'Maavthu'.
In simple words: Indian winter, from December to February, is cool because the northern hemisphere gets less sun. Cold, dry winds from Central Asia make North India chilly, especially after Himalayan snowfall, causing cold waves and frost. South India stays warmer due to its location and proximity to the sea. The season is generally pleasant, with some unseasonal rain in the North-east and Gujarat from specific wind patterns.

Exam Tip: When describing the cold weather season, include its duration, the sun's position, temperature variations across India (North vs. South), the role of Himalayan winds, and specific regional phenomena like 'Maavthu'.

 

Question 4. Describe the effects of climate on human life.
Answer:
1. Irregular rainfall has led to unpredictable agricultural output.
2. Farmers must rely on rainfall for their irrigation needs.
3. The start and end of the rainy season are uncertain. As a result, the unavailability of rainwater at the proper time impacts crop production.
4. Sometimes there is heavy rain that falls too quickly, which destroys crops.
5. Rivers become flooded and cause soil erosion, which reduces crop production over the long term.
6. Since farming is seasonal work, many agricultural workers move to cities.
7. Due to irregular rain, some agro-based industries face problems as they do not get enough raw materials like cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco.
8. The issue of drinking water also becomes serious because of irregular rain. Life in desert or mountainous regions becomes very challenging.
9. Thus, climate directly affects people's food, clothing, and occupations.
In simple words: Climate strongly impacts human life. Unpredictable rainfall affects farming, causing crop destruction and water shortages. This leads to job insecurity for farmers and raw material problems for industries. Overall, climate influences what people eat, wear, and do for work.

Exam Tip: Focus on the widespread consequences of climate variability, especially irregular rainfall, on agriculture, water resources, economic activities, and the daily lives of people, particularly in vulnerable regions.

 

5. Select the correct option for the following questions and write its serial number in the given against them:

 

Question 1. When the sun rays are vertical over the Tropic of Cancer in India, which season is experienced there?
(A) Cold season
(B) Hot season
(C) Rainy season
(D) Retreating monsoon
Answer: (B) Hot season
In simple words: When the sun shines directly over the Tropic of Cancer in India, it is summer, also called the hot season.

Exam Tip: Remember that when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, it signifies the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, which is the hottest period.

 

Question 2. Which place near Cherrapunji is famous for heavy rains?
(A) Shillong
(B) Guwahati
(C) Imphal
(D) Mawsynram
Answer: (D) Mawsynram
In simple words: Mawsynram, located near Cherrapunji, is well known for receiving very heavy rainfall.

Exam Tip: Mawsynram is globally recognized as one of the wettest places on Earth, often cited alongside Cherrapunji for extreme rainfall.

 

Question 3. Which Himalayan Phenomena affects more in creating cold wave over Gujarat and Rajasthan in winter?
(A) Snowfall
(B) Sandstorm
(C) Rainfall
(D) Landslide
Answer: (A) Snowfall
In simple words: Heavy snowfall in the Himalayas causes cold winds to move towards Gujarat and Rajasthan, leading to cold waves during winter.

Exam Tip: Connect snowfall in the Himalayas directly to the cold air masses that descend and affect the northern plains and western states, causing winter cold waves.

 

Question 4. By which name are some showers along Malabar coast in May known as?
(A) Anarvarsha
(B) Duststorms
(C) Amravarsha
(D) Snowfall
Answer: (C) Amravarsha
In simple words: The early monsoon showers that occur on the Malabar coast in May are called Amravarsha, or Mango Showers, because they help ripen mangoes.

Exam Tip: Recognize 'Amravarsha' or 'Mango showers' as a specific local term for pre-monsoon rains in South India, important for mango ripening.

 

Question 5. Which is the season of Retreating Monsoon in India?
(A) March-May
(B) October - November
(C) January - February
(D) July - August
Answer: (B) October - November
In simple words: The season when the monsoon winds start to move back from India is during October and November.

Exam Tip: Accurately recall the months associated with the retreating monsoon, which typically follow the main rainy season.

 

Question 6. Which of the following statements is true?
(A) Days are longer and nights are shorter in winter.
(B) Days are shorter and nights are longer in summer.
(C) Days are shorter and nights are longer in winter.
(D) Days are shorter and nights are longer in summer.
Answer: (C) Days are shorter and nights are longer in winter.
In simple words: During winter, the days are shorter, and the nights are longer than in other seasons.

Exam Tip: Understand the basic astronomical facts that cause seasonal changes in day and night length; winter always has shorter days and longer nights.

 

Gujarat Board Class 9 Social Science Climate Additional Important Questions and Answers

 

I. Answer the following questions.

 

Question 1. Define the following terms:
1. Windward region
2. Climate
3. Weather.
Answer:
1. Windward region: The Western Ghats block the South-West monsoon winds coming from the Arabian Sea. So, the entire coast on the western slopes gets heavy rain. The side of a mountain that receives heavy rainfall is known as the windward region.
2. Climate: The average atmospheric conditions over a long period are called climate.
3. Weather: The average short-term atmospheric conditions are called weather.
In simple words: A windward region is the side of a mountain that gets a lot of rain because winds hit it. Climate is the typical weather over many years, while weather is the daily atmospheric condition.

Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between climate (long-term average) and weather (short-term condition). For 'windward region', explain the geographical feature and its effect on rainfall.

 

Question 2. Explain the seasons of India.
Answer:
1. Normally, the weather in India remains almost similar for every two months. This two-month period is called a season.
2. Traditionally, there are six seasons in India: Hemant, Shishir, Vasant, Grishma, Varsha, and Sharad. There is hardly any noticeable difference in the weather between two consecutive seasons.
3. So, if two seasons are taken together, there would only be three major seasons in the year:

• Cold season,
• Hot season,
• Rainy season.

4. Distinct changes in seasons are experienced in India. Cold weather begins with the start of winter. Temperature gradually goes up during summer. With the arrival of the monsoon, air gathers moisture and brings rain.
In simple words: India has six traditional seasons, but practically, we mainly experience three: cold, hot, and rainy. Each season brings distinct weather changes, from chilly winters to hot summers and then the rain-filled monsoon.

Exam Tip: Outline both the traditional six-season concept and the more commonly recognized three main seasons (cold, hot, rainy), describing the general characteristics of each.

 

Question 3. The Northern-Eastern region of India remains comparatively cooler. Why?
Answer:
1. This region is located far from the sea, and some parts are desert.
2. During winter, this region develops high pressure, generating cool and dry winds. As a result, the wind's direction also changes. Wherever these winds reach, the temperature decreases.
3. During winter, temperatures do not fall below freezing point except for the high mountainous regions, because the Central Himalayas block the extremely cold winds coming from Central Asia, protecting northern India from severe cold.
4. After snowfall in the Himalayas, the cold and heavy winds rush towards the North Indian plains. Consequently, temperatures decrease, and frost is found in some areas.
5. Moreover, temperatures remain very low in the Himalayas; for example, in January, the temperature in Shimla and Darjeeling is around 5°C.
In simple words: North-Eastern India is cooler because it's far from the sea and some parts are deserts. During winter, high pressure creates cold, dry winds. The Himalayas block extremely cold winds from Central Asia, but post-snowfall, cold winds still bring lower temperatures and frost to the plains.

Exam Tip: Explain the reasons for cooler temperatures in North-East India, focusing on its inland location, the influence of high-pressure systems, and the protective yet channeling role of the Himalayas after snowfall.

 

Question 4. Write a note on Jet Stream.
Answer:
1. In both hemispheres, around 30° latitudes, very strong winds in a pipe-shaped belt blow at high speed in the atmosphere at an altitude of 8 to 15 km. These winds are known as 'Jet Streams'.
2. The average speed of Jet Streams is about 150 km per hour, and in the central part of this wind belt, their speed is about 400 km.
3. During winter, these winds blow over the southern slopes of the Himalayas, and in summer, they are positioned over the Peninsular Plateau.
4. High-altitude winds help to bring rain.
In simple words: Jet Streams are fast, high-altitude winds that blow in a narrow band around the Earth. They are very powerful and their position changes with seasons, influencing weather patterns and contributing to rainfall in different regions.

Exam Tip: When describing Jet Streams, remember to include their location (altitude and latitude), high speed, and seasonal shifting, along with their impact on rainfall.

 

Question 5. Give an account of western disturbances.
Answer:
1. Jet stream formed over West Asia blows towards the east and affects West Asian countries, North-East India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
2. The dust storm that comes with these disturbances extends its effect up to Bangladesh.
3. This often causes disruptions in the pleasant winter weather of North India.
4. Very high mountains receive snowfall, and this benefits the Rabi crop. This can cause unseasonal rain, locally known as 'Mavthu' in Gujarat, which might damage crops.
In simple words: Western disturbances are weather systems that start in West Asia and move east, affecting countries like India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. They bring disturbances to winter weather in North India, causing snowfall in mountains and unseasonal rain (Mavthu) in some plains, which helps Rabi crops but can also damage them.

Exam Tip: Detail the origin and path of western disturbances, their impact on winter weather in North India (snowfall, unseasonal rain), and their agricultural implications (benefit for Rabi crops, risk of damage).

 

Question 6. What do you mean by El-Nino?
Answer:
1. This is a Spanish term that literally means 'a small child'.
2. The name was given by Peruvian fishermen after the child Jesus because its impact is generally felt around Christmas.
3. El-Nino is a warm current that originates west of Peru along the Pacific coast in South America due to atmospheric and oceanic conditions. This current flows eastwards, and its impact is felt in India.
4. The El-Nino phenomenon occurs occasionally.
5. Whenever El-Nino happens, changes occur in the duration of the monsoon and the amount of rainfall in India.
In simple words: El-Nino is a warm ocean current that develops near Peru, often around Christmas. It happens sometimes and significantly changes weather patterns across the world, including affecting the timing and amount of monsoon rainfall in India.

Exam Tip: Define El-Nino, mentioning its Spanish meaning, origin near Peru, and its significant impact on global weather patterns, particularly the Indian monsoon.

 

Question 7. What is ITCZ?
Answer:
1. A large low-pressure area develops where the trade winds converge. This area is called the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
2. The Trade winds rise upwards as air currents.
3. In July, this convergence zone is located over 20° to 25° North latitude. In India, it is stable over the Ganga plains.
4. Due to the low pressure that develops over this region, winds over the oceans in the southern hemisphere blow towards this area. This causes rain in a few parts of North India.
5. During colder seasons, the convergence belt moves further south, so the winds change their direction to north-east.
In simple words: ITCZ stands for Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, which is a large area of low pressure where trade winds meet and rise. Its position shifts with the seasons, influencing rainfall, especially over the Ganga plains in India during July.

Exam Tip: Clearly define ITCZ as a low-pressure zone where trade winds converge, explain its seasonal movement, and its role in bringing rainfall to specific regions.

 

Question 8. What is known as 'Norwester'.
Answer:
1. The low-pressure pocket over north and north-east India spreads up to Bihar, causing some parts of Odisha and Jharkhand to become hotter sometimes.
2. This phenomenon is known as Norwester. These winds are locally called 'Kaal Baisakhi' and cause significant damage in eastern India.
In simple words: Norwester, also called 'Kaal Baisakhi', is a local wind system in eastern India. It is caused by low pressure over north and north-east India, making some areas hotter and leading to damaging events.

Exam Tip: Remember Norwester as a localized weather phenomenon in eastern India, triggered by low pressure, known for its destructive potential and local name 'Kaal Baisakhi'.

 

Question 9. Wrote a note on 'Loo'.
Answer:

• In the dry regions of west and north-west India, sandstorms or thunderstorms are common.
  
• Especially in May during summer, very hot winds, known as 'Loo', blow over North India. Direct exposure to these winds can even prove fatal.

In simple words: Loo is a very hot and dry wind that blows across North India, especially in May. It can be dangerous if one is directly exposed to it, often occurring with sandstorms in dry regions.

Exam Tip: Define 'Loo' as a hot, dry summer wind in North India, specify its timing (May), and highlight its potentially fatal effects and association with arid regions.

 

Question 10. What is meant by 'Rain break'?
Answer:
1. India receives rain through monsoon winds, but the start of these winds is also irregular. The phenomenon of 'Rain break' is linked with the monsoon winds.
2. The monsoon rainfall continues for many days, but then there are a few rainless days, followed again by a spell of rain. This phenomenon is called 'Rain Break'.
In simple words: A 'rain break' means that during the monsoon season, even though it generally rains for many days, there are short periods of no rain before the rainfall starts again.

Exam Tip: Explain 'rain break' as the interruption of continuous monsoon rainfall by short, dry spells, highlighting its connection to the overall monsoon pattern.

 

Question 11. Give the characteristics of Retreating monsoon winds.
Answer:
1. The period between October and November is well known as the Retreating Monsoon.
2. The vertical sun-rays gradually shift southwards and create low pressure over the Indian Ocean in the South. High pressure gradually develops over North India.
3. Thus, by the end of September, a new pressure system develops over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. This weakens the monsoon winds that have already reached the interior part of India.
4. When the pressure conditions change, these winds begin flowing towards the sea during October-November. So, this period is called the season of retreating Monsoon.
5. At this time, a season of dry and cool winds starts instead of hot summer.
6. The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and a rise in temperature.
7. While daytime temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist.
8. Because of the high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as 'October heat'.
9. In Gujarat, it is known by the local name 'Bhadarvi Taap'.
In simple words: The retreating monsoon season, from October to November, marks the shift of vertical sun rays southwards, leading to changing pressure systems. This causes dry, cool winds to blow towards the sea. Characterized by clear skies, rising daytime temperatures, cool nights, and often humid, oppressive 'October heat' (or 'Bhadarvi Taap' in Gujarat).

Exam Tip: Describe the retreating monsoon's key features: timing (October-November), atmospheric changes (pressure shifts, sun's position), and its resultant weather conditions like clear skies, 'October heat', and cool nights.

 

Question 12. Give an account of distribution of rainfall in India.
Answer:
1. Along with monsoon winds, cyclones originating over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea also enter India. Due to this, the monsoon becomes more active in some areas. These cyclones help in bringing rainfall.
2. The monsoon rains fall for many days, but there are a few rainless days, which is then followed by another spell of rain. This phenomenon is called 'Rain Break'.
3. Thus, all these factors influence the distribution of rainfall.
4. Assam and Meghalaya receive very heavy rainfall, while the deserts in Rajasthan and Leh in Kashmir receive insignificant rain.
5. These factors have made the amount and distribution of rainfall unequal in India.
In simple words: Rainfall in India is not spread evenly. Monsoon winds, combined with cyclones, bring rain, but 'rain breaks' (periods without rain) can occur. This results in some areas like Assam and Meghalaya getting very heavy rain, while deserts in Rajasthan and Leh in Kashmir get very little.

Exam Tip: When discussing rainfall distribution, include the role of monsoon winds and cyclones, mention the concept of 'rain breaks', and give examples of regions with high and low rainfall to illustrate uneven distribution.

 

II. Give Reason

 

Question 1. How seasonal changes take place?
Answer:
1. The Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5° and forms an angle of 66.5° with its orbit. Seasons are caused due to this axial tilt.
2. Regions that receive more sunlight experience summer, while areas that receive less sunlight experience winter.
3. Sun rays fall vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22nd. So, the southern hemisphere experiences summer, and the northern hemisphere experiences winter.
In simple words: Seasonal changes happen because the Earth's axis is tilted as it travels around the sun. This tilt means different parts of the Earth get more direct sunlight at different times of the year, leading to variations in temperature and causing seasons like summer and winter.

Exam Tip: The core reason for seasonal changes is the Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. Mentioning the specific angles and the effect on direct sunlight is crucial.

 

Question 2. North-Eastern mountainous regions of India receive more rainfall.
Answer:

1. When we go up from sea-level, both air pressure and air temperature drop.
2. Generally, air temperature lowers by \( 1^\circ C \) for every 165 meters climbed, or by \( 0.5^\circ C \) for every 1000 meters ascended.
3. Because of their great elevation, the Himalayan peaks stay covered with snow all year, and higher land areas get more rain.
4. Moist air gets cooler when it goes up and brings precipitation. With increasing height of the mountains in Assam and Meghalaya, the total rainfall goes up.

In simple words: Rainfall is higher in the North-Eastern mountains because temperatures decrease with altitude, moist air cools as it rises, and the high peaks remain snow-covered, leading to more precipitation.

Exam Tip: Remember to link increased altitude with decreased temperature and air pressure, explaining how this leads to greater condensation and rainfall in mountainous regions.

 

Question 3. Coromandel coast receives rainfall in winter.
Answer:

• During the winter, dry winds coming from over land usually do not deliver rain.
• However, North-East winds arriving from the Bay of Bengal carry moisture.
• These specific winds provide more precipitation to the Coromandel Coast.

In simple words: The Coromandel Coast gets winter rain from North-East winds that pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal, unlike dry land winds.

Exam Tip: Always consider the source and path of winds when explaining regional rainfall patterns, especially how they gain or lose moisture over water or land.

 

Question 4. Rajasthan in India gets less rainfall.
Answer:

1. One arm of the Arabian Sea current moves across Gujarat, Saurashtra, and Kachchh, then proceeds towards Rajasthan.
2. After providing rain in Gujarat, these winds reach Rajasthan with much less moisture.
3. Rajasthan lacks tall mountains or thick forests, reducing the chances for moisture in these winds to condense.
4. As a result, Rajasthan receives less rain, with deserts getting even below 10 cm of precipitation.
5. Rajasthan is also quite far from the sea, which makes it a zone of lower rainfall.

In simple words: Rajasthan gets little rain because monsoon winds lose moisture before reaching it, and the region has no high mountains or forests to help with condensation. Being far from the sea also contributes to less rainfall.

Exam Tip: When explaining rainfall distribution, always mention factors like wind direction, moisture content, presence of mountains (or lack thereof), and distance from the sea.

 

III. Complete the Following Statements By Giving Reasons: (1 Mark Each)

 

Question 1. South India experiences moderate climate because _________
Answer: South India has a temperate climate as it is not very distant from the shoreline. Its shape is like a peninsula. Therefore, it does not experience intense cold or extreme heat.
In simple words: South India has a moderate climate because it is close to the sea and shaped like a peninsula, preventing extreme temperatures.

Exam Tip: Proximity to the sea usually leads to a moderate climate due to the moderating influence of large water bodies on temperature extremes.

 

Question 2. There is very scanty rainfall in Gujarat because _________
Answer: Gujarat receives very little rainfall because it lacks tall mountains or thick forests. This means there's a lower chance for moisture in these winds to condense. Consequently, Gujarat experiences minimal precipitation.
In simple words: Gujarat gets little rain because it doesn't have high mountains or dense forests to help moisture in the winds condense into precipitation.

Exam Tip: The presence or absence of orographic barriers (mountains) significantly impacts rainfall patterns, as mountains force moist air to rise and condense.

 

Question 3. The monsoon is considered the most important season in India because _________
Answer: The monsoon period is seen as the most vital season in India because the country is primarily agricultural, and farming relies heavily on monsoon rains.
In simple words: Monsoon is vital for India because the country depends on agriculture, and farming needs monsoon rains.

Exam Tip: Highlight India's agrarian economy and the direct correlation between monsoon rainfall and agricultural productivity to explain its importance.

 

Question 4. The summer in South India is little mild because _________
Answer: The summer in South India is somewhat gentle because of ocean effects, its closeness to the equator, and the plateau's elevation. This means the area does not face intense heat or cold extremes.
In simple words: South India's summers are mild due to ocean influences, its equatorial position, and the plateau's height, preventing extreme temperatures.

Exam Tip: Remember that marine influence, equatorial proximity, and altitude all contribute to moderating summer temperatures in South India.

 

Question 5. There is a large difference in the temperature and rainfall in different parts of the country because _________
Answer: India shows a big variation in temperature and rainfall across its different regions. This happens because the Tropic of Cancer runs almost through the center of India, placing the southern part in the torrid zone and the northern part in the temperate zone.
In simple words: India has diverse temperatures and rainfall because the Tropic of Cancer divides it, putting the south in a hot zone and the north in a milder one.

Exam Tip: Always explain how the Tropic of Cancer's position divides India into distinct climatic zones, leading to varied temperature and rainfall patterns.

 

Question 6. Except the high mountainous regions, the temperature never decrease below freezing point anywhere in India because _________
Answer: Apart from the tall mountain areas, temperatures in India never drop below freezing. This is because the Himalayan ranges block the very cold winds from Central Asia, protecting India from intense cold. Thus, outside the high mountains, temperatures stay above freezing.
In simple words: Outside high mountains, Indian temperatures stay above freezing because the Himalayas block cold Central Asian winds, protecting the country from extreme cold.

Exam Tip: The Himalayas act as a crucial climatic barrier, preventing cold air masses from entering the subcontinent and keeping most of India warmer during winter.

 

Question 7. Major portion of annual rainfall in India is due to south-west monsoon winds because _________
Answer: Most of India's yearly rainfall comes from south-west monsoon winds. These monsoon winds usually reach the southern tip of the Indian peninsula by the first week of June. They blow across India through both the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. This season also experiences periods without rain.
In simple words: South-west monsoon winds cause most of India's annual rain because they arrive in early June and cover the country via the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches, though there are also dry spells.

Exam Tip: Emphasize the South-West Monsoon's dual branches (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) and its timely arrival as key reasons for its dominance in India's rainfall.

 

Question 8. Seasonal South-Westerly winds are full of moisture because _________
Answer: The seasonal South-Westerly winds are very moist because they gather their moisture from the vast bodies of water in the Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
In simple words: South-Westerly winds carry a lot of moisture because they pick it up from the large water bodies of the Indian Ocean, like the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Exam Tip: Always explain that winds passing over large expanses of water absorb significant moisture, which they then release as rainfall upon reaching land.

 

IV. Fill in the Blanks.

 

Question 1. _________ are caused due to the axial till of the Earth.
Answer: Seasons
In simple words: The Earth's axial tilt causes the different seasons.

Exam Tip: The tilt of the Earth's axis, not its distance from the sun, is the primary reason for seasonal changes.

 

Question 2. _________ receives the highest annual rainfall in the world.
Answer: Mawsynram
In simple words: Mawsynram gets the most rainfall each year globally.

Exam Tip: Mawsynram in Meghalaya, India, is known for its exceptionally high annual rainfall, making it a key geographical fact.

 

Question 3. The main office of the Meteorological Department of Government of India is located at _________
Answer: New Delhi
In simple words: The primary office for India's Government Meteorological Department is located in New Delhi.

Exam Tip: Knowing the location of important national organizations like the Meteorological Department can be useful for general knowledge questions.

 

Question 4. In Gujarat 'October heat is locally known as _________ winds.
Answer: Bhadarvi Taap
In simple words: In Gujarat, 'October heat' is locally known as 'Bhadarvi Taap' winds.

Exam Tip: Local names for climatic phenomena often appear in exams; understanding 'October heat' and its regional terminology is important.

 

Question 5. Irregularity is the main characteristics of _________ winds.
Answer: monsoon
In simple words: The main feature of monsoon winds is their unpredictable nature.

Exam Tip: The variability of monsoon winds in terms of onset, duration, and intensity is a critical aspect to remember about India's climate.

 

V. State Whether the Following Statements Are True Or False.

 

Question 1. Whether is the average condition of the atmosphere of a place for a long time.
Answer: False
In simple words: This statement is incorrect.

Exam Tip: Distinguish between 'weather' (short-term atmospheric conditions) and 'climate' (long-term average of weather conditions).

 

Question 2. The Earth forms an angle of \( 66.5^\circ \) with its orbit.
Answer: True
In simple words: This statement is correct.

Exam Tip: The Earth's axial tilt is \( 23.5^\circ \) relative to its orbital plane, which means its axis makes an angle of \( 66.5^\circ \) with the plane of its orbit.

 

Question 3. January is a hot month for south India.
Answer: False
In simple words: This statement is incorrect.

Exam Tip: January is typically a cooler month across most of India, even in the south, although it's not as cold as the north.

 

Question 4. The monsoon in India generally begins from Kerala.
Answer: True
In simple words: This statement is correct.

Exam Tip: The monsoon usually arrives in Kerala first due to its geographical position on the south-west coast of India.

 

Question 5. The climate of Mumbai is pleasant since it is located on a seacoast.
Answer: True
In simple words: This statement is correct.

Exam Tip: Coastal cities often have pleasant climates because the sea moderates temperatures, leading to less extreme heat or cold.

 

VI. Match the Pairs Correctly: (1 Mark Each)

 

Question 1. Cold Weather season: Winter
Answer: (B) December to February
In simple words: The cold weather season, or winter, occurs from December to February.

Exam Tip: Be familiar with the typical months for each major season in India for matching or fill-in-the-blank questions.

 

Question 2. Hot weather season: Summer
Answer: (A) March to May
In simple words: The hot weather season, or summer, takes place from March to May.

Exam Tip: Knowing the calendar months associated with each season is crucial for questions on India's climate.

 

Question 3. Advancing Monsoon: Rainy season
Answer: (E) June to September
In simple words: The advancing monsoon, or rainy season, typically happens from June to September.

Exam Tip: The advancing monsoon brings the bulk of India's annual rainfall and typically lasts for four months.

 

Question 4. Retreating Monsoon season
Answer: (C) October-November
In simple words: The retreating monsoon season usually occurs during October and November.

Exam Tip: The retreating monsoon often brings rainfall to specific regions, like the Coromandel Coast, during autumn.

 

Question 5. Main characteristics of Monsoon winds
Answer: (D) Irregularity and uncertainty
In simple words: The primary features of monsoon winds are their unpredictable nature and lack of certainty.

Exam Tip: Remember that the monsoon's irregular nature greatly impacts agriculture and water resource management in India.

 

VI. Choose the Correct Option.

 

Question 1. What is an average of atmospheric conditions over a long period?
(a) Trade winds
(b) Climate
(c) Weather
(d) Bhadarvo Taap
Answer: (b) Climate
In simple words: Climate refers to the average atmospheric conditions measured over a long stretch of time.

Exam Tip: Always differentiate between weather (short-term) and climate (long-term average) as this is a fundamental concept.

 

Question 2. What is an average of short-term conditions of atmosphere known?
(a) Monsoon
(b) Condensation
(c) Climate
(d) Weather
Answer: (d) Weather
In simple words: Weather describes the average atmospheric conditions that occur over a short period.

Exam Tip: Understanding the distinction between short-term atmospheric states (weather) and long-term patterns (climate) is key for this chapter.

 

Question 3. At what axis is the earth titled?
(a) \( 23.5^\circ \)
(b) \( 90^\circ \)
(c) \( 66.5^\circ \)
(d) \( 45.5^\circ \)
Answer: (a) \( 23.5^\circ \)
In simple words: The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of \( 23.5^\circ \).

Exam Tip: The Earth's axial tilt is fundamental to understanding seasons and variations in sunlight received across the globe.

 

Question 4. Which place near Cherrapunji is famous for heavy rainfall?
(a) Shillong
(b) Guwahati
(c) Imphal
(d) Mawsynram
Answer: (d) Mawsynram
In simple words: Mawsynram, located near Cherrapunji, is well-known for receiving very heavy precipitation.

Exam Tip: Mawsynram and Cherrapunji are frequently mentioned together due to their record-breaking rainfall, making them important to remember.

 

Question 5. About how much distance is there between two successive latitudes?
(a) 170 km
(b) 111km
(c) 141km
(d) 78 km
Answer: (b) 111km
In simple words: The approximate distance between any two consecutive latitudes is 111 kilometers.

Exam Tip: This is a common geographical fact. Remember that the distance between degrees of longitude varies, but between degrees of latitude, it is fairly constant.