GSEB Class 8 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 9 भाषासज्जता

Question 1. Write the following words in legible handwriting: भद्रम्, नृपः, उत्तुङ्गः, भविष्यति, चञ्चलः, शङ्करः
Answer: The words to write in clear handwriting are: भद्रम्, नृपः, उत्तुङ्गः, भविष्यति, चञ्चलः, शङ्करः.
In simple words: You need to write these Sanskrit words very neatly and clearly.

Exam Tip: Practicing handwriting helps improve legibility and speed, which is crucial for Sanskrit script. Pay attention to the distinct features of each character.

Question 2. Classify the following sounds according to their production place:
- क, ख, ग, घ्
- प, फ, ब, भ्
- ट्, ठ, ड्, ढ्
Answer:
- क, ख, ग, घ् → Guttural sounds
- प, फ, ब, भ् → Labial sounds
- ट्, ठ, ड्, ढ् → Cerebrate sounds
In simple words: We sort these sounds by where they are made in the mouth. 'ka' sounds are from the throat, 'pa' sounds use the lips, and 'ṭa' sounds are made by curling the tongue.

Exam Tip: Understanding the place of articulation for sounds is basic to phonetics. Remember Guttural (throat), Labial (lips), and Cerebrate (tongue curled back) as key categories.

Question 1. How many short vowels are there? Which are they ?
Answer: There are five short vowels. These vowels are: अ, इ, उ, ऋ, and लृ.
In simple words: There are five short vowel sounds in Sanskrit, and they are 'a', 'i', 'u', 'ru', and 'lru'.

Exam Tip: Learn to identify the five basic short vowels, as they form the foundation of Sanskrit pronunciation and grammar.

Question 2. What is consonant? How many are they ?
Answer: A consonant is a sound (letter) that can be clearly pronounced only with the help of a vowel. There are 33 consonants in Sanskrit.
In simple words: A consonant is a sound that needs a vowel to be spoken clearly. There are 33 such sounds.

Exam Tip: Distinguish between vowels (which can be pronounced independently) and consonants (which require a vowel) to grasp basic Sanskrit phonology.

Question 3. What is pronoun ?
Answer: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
In simple words: A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repeating it.

Exam Tip: Ensure you understand the definition and function of pronouns, as they are essential for constructing complete and fluent sentences.

Question 4. What is root of verb ? How many types of root are there? Which are they?
Answer: The original form of a verb is called the root of the verb. There are three types of verb roots:
- Parasmaipadi
- Aatmanaipadi
- Ubhayapadi
In simple words: The basic form of a verb is its root. There are three kinds of these roots: Parasmaipadi, Aatmanaipadi, and Ubhayapadi.

Exam Tip: Knowing the three types of verb roots is crucial for understanding how verbs are conjugated in Sanskrit grammar.

Question 5. Write a conjugational sign of first, fourth, sixth and tenth group. (TTUT).
Answer:
Conjugational sign of first group is – अ
Conjugational sign of fourth group is – य
Conjugational sign of sixth group is – अ
Conjugational sign of tenth group is – अय
In simple words: Each verb group has a special sign: the first group has 'a', the fourth has 'ya', the sixth has 'a', and the tenth has 'aya'.

Exam Tip: Memorize the conjugational signs for these key groups, as they help identify the group of a verb root and its conjugation pattern.

Question 6. What is group (गण) ?
Answer: 'गण' means a group or class. Verbs in Sanskrit are divided into 1 to 10 parts, and these parts are called 'गण'.
In simple words: A 'gaṇa' is like a group or class for verbs in Sanskrit. There are ten such groups.

Exam Tip: Understanding the concept of 'gaṇa' is fundamental to Sanskrit verb conjugation, as it determines the specific rules for forming verb tenses.

Question 7. What is a conjugational sign?
Answer: The root of a verb has a special sign of its group (गण), which is called a sign of 'गण'. This sign of गण is called the conjugational sign. Due to these signs, the roots of verbs of that ‘गण' can be identified.
In simple words: A conjugational sign is a special mark linked to a verb's root that shows which group (gaṇa) it belongs to. These signs help us recognize the verb's class.

Exam Tip: A conjugational sign is a key indicator for classifying verb roots and applying the correct grammatical rules for conjugation.

Question 8. How many numbers of verbs are there in Sanskrit ? Which are they?
Answer: There are three numbers of verbs in Sanskrit:
- Singular
- Dual
- Plural
In simple words: Sanskrit verbs have three forms for numbers: one (singular), two (dual), and many (plural).

Exam Tip: Remember that Sanskrit has three numbers (singular, dual, plural) for verbs, unlike many languages that only have singular and plural. This is a common point of confusion.

2. Choose the correct option for the answer of each of the questions given below :
Question 1. There are .................. long vowels.
(a) five
(b) thirteen
(c) thirty-three
(d) eight
Answer: (d) eight
In simple words: There are eight long vowel sounds.

Exam Tip: Differentiate between short (5) and long (8) vowels, as misidentification can affect pronunciation and metrics.

Question 2. क्, ख्, ग्, घ, ङ् are .................. sounds.
(a) palatal
(b) retroflex
(d) labial
Answer: (c) guttural
In simple words: The 'ka' sounds are made in the throat, so they are guttural.

Exam Tip: Recall that sounds produced from the throat are classified as guttural. This is a direct knowledge recall question.

Question 3. प, फ, ब्, भ्, म्, are .................. sounds.
(a) retroflex
(b) labial
(c) dental
(d) palatal
Answer: (b) labial
In simple words: The 'pa' sounds are made using the lips, which means they are labial.

Exam Tip: Identify sounds made with the lips as labial. Remembering key examples helps in classification.

Question 4. Which is the origin of the sound इ, ई and ऐ?
(a) guttural
(b) palatal
(c) retroflex
(d) dental
Answer: (b) palatal
In simple words: The sounds 'i', 'ī', and 'ai' are formed when the tongue touches the hard palate.

Exam Tip: Associate palatal sounds with the 'i' family of vowels and the tongue touching the roof of the mouth.

Question 5. Which are the retroflex sounds ?
(a) क्, ख्, ग्, घ्
(b) प्, फ्, ब्, भ्
(c) त्, य्, द्र, ध्
(d) ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्
Answer: (d) ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्
In simple words: The retroflex sounds are 'ṭa', 'ṭha', 'ḍa', 'ḍha', made by curling the tongue back.

Exam Tip: Recall that retroflex sounds involve curling the tongue backward to touch the hard palate. The 'ṭa' group is the classic example.

Question 6. Which is the origin of the sound त्, थ्, द्र, ध्, न्, ल्?
(a) guttural
(b) labial
(c) dental
Answer: (c) dental
In simple words: The 'ta' sounds are formed by the tongue touching the teeth, making them dental.

Exam Tip: Associate dental sounds with the 'ta' family of consonants and the tongue touching the upper front teeth.

Question 7. How many consonants are there in Sanskrit language ?
(a) 10
(b) 13
(c) 24
(d) 33
Answer: (d) 33
In simple words: There are 33 consonant sounds in the Sanskrit language.

Exam Tip: Memorize the number of consonants (33) and vowels (5 short, 8 long) as foundational Sanskrit linguistic facts.

Question 8. write singular form of accusative case from the following forms :
(a) रामम्
(b) रामौ
(c) रामान
(d) रामेण
Answer: (a) रामम्
In simple words: The singular form for the accusative case from the given choices is 'Rāmam'.

Exam Tip: Understand the declension patterns for masculine nouns in the accusative case, particularly the singular form which often ends in -am.

Question 9. Which case does the word 'बालाः' show ?
(a) Nominative case
(b) Accusative case
(c) Dative case
(d) Genitive case
Answer: (a) Nominative case
In simple words: The word 'bālāḥ' shows the nominative case, which tells us who is doing the action.

Exam Tip: Learn the endings of common nouns in different cases to quickly identify the case from a given word, like -āḥ for nominative plural feminine.

Question 10. Which case is Locative ?
(a) तृतीया
(b) पञ्चमी
(d) सम्प्रदान
Answer: (c) सप्तमी
In simple words: The seventh case is called Locative, which shows "in" or "on" something.

Exam Tip: Connect the Sanskrit case names (like सप्तमी) with their English equivalents (Locative) and primary meanings ("in/on") for better recall.

Question 11. गङ्गा .................. प्रभवति।
(a) हिमालयेन
(b) हिमालयात्
(c) हिमालयस्य
(d) हिमालये
Answer: (b) हिमालयात्
In simple words: The word 'Himalayāt' means "from the Himalaya," which fits the sentence about the Ganges originating from it.

Exam Tip: Recognize that verbs of origin or separation (like प्रभवति) typically govern the ablative case (पञ्चमी), often indicated by the -āt ending.

Question 12. .................. प्रसरो महान् अस्ति।
(a) वृक्षम्
(b) वृक्षाय
(c) वृक्षस्य
(d) वृक्षात्
Answer: (c) वृक्षस्य
In simple words: The word 'vṛkṣasya' means "of the tree," which correctly completes the sentence to say "the spread of the tree is great."

Exam Tip: Identify the genitive case (षष्ठी), which shows possession or relation, often ending in -sya for masculine nouns, to correctly complete sentences describing ownership or connection.

Question 13. आचार्यः प्रत्यवदत्, “अहं कौरवान् पाण्डवान् च ..................।
(a) पाठयामः
(b) पठामि
(c) पाठयति
(d) पाठयामि
Answer: (d) पाठयामि
In simple words: The verb 'pāṭhayāmi' means "I teach," fitting the context where the teacher says "I teach the Kauravas and Pandavas."

Exam Tip: Match the verb form to the subject's person and number. For the first person singular pronoun 'अहम्' (I), the verb ending is typically -āmi.

Question 14. वर्तमानकाल अन्यपुरुष एकवचनस्य रूपं किम् अस्ति?
(a) वदति
(b) अवदत्
(d) वदन्ति
Answer: (a) वदति
In simple words: The third person singular form in present tense is 'vadati'.

Exam Tip: Remember the basic present tense conjugations. The third person singular (अन्यपुरुष एकवचनम्) for most verbs ends in -ति (ti).

Question 15. ऋता कुत्र चित्राणि चित्रयति?
(a) कलाखण्डम्
(b) कलाखण्डेन
(c) कलाखण्डाय
(d) कलाखण्डे
Answer: (d) कलाखण्डे
In simple words: 'Kalākhaṇḍe' means "in the art piece," which accurately answers where Rita draws pictures.

Exam Tip: For questions asking "where" (कुत्र), the answer typically uses the locative case (सप्तमी), often indicated by the -e ending for masculine/neuter nouns.

Question 16. Origin of verb is known as ..................
(a) conjugational sign
(b) root
(c) person
(d) group
Answer: (b) root
In simple words: The basic starting form of any verb is called its root.

Exam Tip: Always remember that the fundamental element of a verb, from which all its forms are derived, is the root (धातु).

3. Write the forms of cases of the following words :
1. रामस्य – राम
2. बालाः – बाला
3. वनानि – वन
4. यूयम् - युष्मद्
5. बालाम् – बाला
6. तव – युष्मद्
7. गजः – गज
8. अस्माकम् – अस्मद्
9. वनम् – वन
10. देवाः- देव
Answer:
1. रामस्य – राम Genitive singular of अ-कारान्त masculine.
2. बालाः – बाला Nominative, Accusative plural of आ-कारान्त feminine.
3. वनानि – वन Nominative, Accusative plural of अ-कारान्त neuter.
4. यूयम् – युष्मद् Same Nominative plural in all the three genders of pronoun.
5. बालाम् – बाला Accusative plural of आ-कारान्त feminine.
6. तव – युष्मद् Same Genitive singular in all the three genders of pronoun.
7. गजः – गज Nominative singular of अ-कारान्त masculine.
8. अस्माकम् – अस्मद् Same Genitive plural in all the three genders of pronoun.
9. वनम् – वन Nominative, Accusative singular of अ-कारान्त Neuter.
10. देवाः- देव Nominative plural of अ-कारान्त masculine.
In simple words: For each word, we identify its root and then explain its case (like nominative or genitive), its number (singular or plural), its gender, and the type of noun ending it has.

Exam Tip: For case forms, always specify the root word, the case, the number (singular, dual, plural), and the gender, along with its specific type (e.g., अ-कारान्त masculine).

4. Write the forms of following verbs :
1. पठति
2. नमामि
3. नृत्यन्ति –
4. लिखामः
5. खादसि
6. गच्छति
7. कथयथः
8. इच्छामि –
9. वदन्ति –
Answer:
1. पठति – Present tense of root पठ् (१ प.), Third person singular.
2. नमामि – Present tense of root नम् (१ प.), First person singular.
3. नृत्यन्ति – Present tense of root नृत् (४ प.), Third person plural.
4. लिखामः- Present tense of root लिख (६ प.), First person plural.
5. खादसि – Present tense of root खाद् (१ प.), Second person singular.
6. गच्छति – Present tense of root गम्-गच्छ (१ प.), Third person singular.
7. कथयथः – Parasmaipadi of root कथ् (१० उ.), Present tense, Second person dual.
8. इच्छामि – Present tense of root इष्-इच्छ (६ प.), First person singular.
9. वदन्ति – Present tense of root वद् (१ प.), Third person plural.
In simple words: For each verb, we tell its root, which conjugation it belongs to, its tense (present), and which person and number it represents.

Exam Tip: When analyzing verb forms, always state the root (धातु), the group (गण), the voice (परस्मैपदि/आत्मनेपदि), the tense (लकार), the person (पुरुष), and the number (वचन).

5. Choose the locative singular declensions from the following forms and write them down: शालासु, बालायाः, देवस्य, वने, फलस्य, रामात्, देवे, मालायाः, पुस्तकस्य, गुरौ, आचार्यस्य, वृक्षेण, वृक्षस्य।
Answer: The locative singular declensions from the given forms are: वने, देवे, गुरौ.
In simple words: From the provided list, the words that show the "in or on" case for one item are 'vane', 'deve', and 'gurau'.

Exam Tip: Carefully identify the case and number asked for, then match the corresponding forms from the list. Locative singulars often end in -e or -au depending on the noun stem.

6. Choose and write the present tense (third) person singular forms and write them down :
1. लिखामि, लिखसि, लिखति
2. नयति, नयन्ति, नयामः
3. भ्रमसि, भ्रमति, भ्रमन्ति
4. तिष्ठावः, तिष्ठथः, तिष्ठति
Answer: Present tense (third) person singular forms:
1. लिखति (लिख, ६ प.)
2. नयति (नी-नय्, १ प.)
3. भ्रमति (भ्रम्, १ प.)
4. तिष्ठति (स्था-तिष्, १ प.)
In simple words: We select only the verb forms that mean "he/she/it does something" in the present tense, like 'likhati' (he/she/it writes).

Exam Tip: To identify third person singular present tense verbs, look for the 'ti' (-ति) ending for Parasmaipada verbs, and the 'te' (-ते) ending for Ātmanepada verbs.

भाषासज्जता Good Knowledge of Language

(अ) वर्णपरीचयः

A vowel or a consonant (without a vowel) is known as वर्ण – sound.

(2) स्वर: (Vowels) – The letters (वर्णs) which can be pronounced by themselves are known as vowels or स्वरs.

There are thirteen vowels in Sanskrit : अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ऋ, लू, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ।

(3) स्वराणां प्रकारा: (Types of vowels) -
1. हस्तस्वर: (Short vowels),
2. दीर्धस्वर: (Long vowels) and
3. संयुक्तस्वरः (Dipthongs)

1. व्यज्जन: (Short vowels) – These are five in all : अ, इ, उ, ऋ, and लृ (लृ is not used any more. You may find it in old Vedic Sanskrit literature.)

2. दीर्धस्वर: (Long vowels) – These are eight in all : आ, ई, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, and औ।

3. संयुक्यस्वरs: (Dipthongs) - The last four vowels in the list of long vowels (ए, ऐ, ओ, and औ) are called dipthongs (संधिस्वर) as they are formed with two vowels. e.g., ए = अ or आ + इ or ई; ऐ = अ/आ + ए; ओ = अ or आ + उ or ऊ; औ = अ or आ + ओ।

(4) व्यज्जनs (Consonants) – The sound (letter) which can be clearly pronounced only with the help of a vowel is, known as a Consonant. There are thirty-three in all : From क् to ह।

(5) व्यज्जनानां प्रकारा: (Types of consonants) – The following table will give a clear idea of all the vowels and consonants :

Origins of Consonant Sounds

(6) स्पर्शव्यञ्जनानि (वर्गीयव्यञ्जनानि वा) (Plosives) – Twenty-five consonants from क् to म् are known as 'स्पर्श व्यंजनs'. They are also known as 'वर्गीय व्यंजनs'.

(7) Fejchilardifor (Conjunct or compounded consonants) – When two or more consonants are written without a vowel in between, they become conjunct or compounded consonants; In such consonants a vowel is added only to the last consonant for e.g., क् + ष् + अ = क्ष; ज् + ञ् + अ = ज्ञ; क् + त् + अ = क्त or क्त; श् + र् + ई = श्री; प् + र् + अ = प्र; त् + र् + आ = त्रा, etc.

(8) विसर्ग: (Visarga) – In words like राम: देव:, etc., the sign like a colon (:) is written. This sign (:) is called 'visarga'. It is difficult to explain the correct pronunciation of visarga, but the style (manner) of pronouncing it can be roughly made clear by the following table :

(9) देवनागरी नगरी लिपि: (Devnagari script (or Nagari script)] – All the letters – vowels and consonants shown above are written in a script known as the 'Devnagari' or 'Nagari script. Our National language, Hindi is also written in the same script.

Activities

Answer the following questions on the basis of the table :
(1) Write the letters of guttaral sound and divide them into vowels and consonants.
(2) Write the letters of palatal sound and divide them into vowels and consonants.
(3) Write the letters of cerebral sound and divide them into vowels and consonants.
Answer:
(1) Guttural sounds include:
    Vowels: अ, आ
    Consonants: क, ख, ग, घ, ङ
(2) Palatal sounds include:
    Vowels: इ, ई
    Consonants: च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य्, श्
(3) Cerebral (retroflex) sounds include:
    Vowels: ऋ, ॠ
    Consonants: ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्, ण्, र्, ष्
In simple words: We separate sounds by where they are made. Guttural sounds come from the throat, palatal from the palate, and cerebral by curling the tongue. Each group has its own vowels and consonants.

Exam Tip: Use the "Origins of Consonant Sounds" table to accurately categorize each sound by its place of origin and whether it's a vowel or consonant.

विभक्तिपरिचयः

(1) स्वरान्तानि नामानि (Nouns ending in vowels) – In Sanskrit some nouns end in vowels. These nouns are called स्वरान्त nouns; for e.g., राम = र् + आ + म् + अ। The nouns ending in अ are called 'अ-कारान्त nouns'; बाल, भक्त, देव, etc. are all अ-कारान्त; masculine nouns. Some nouns are आ-कारान्त; for e.g., माला, बाला, शाला, etc. In the same way some nouns are इ-कारान्त, ई-कारान्त, उ-कारान्त, ऊ-कारान्त or ऋ-कारान्त.

(2) नाम्नां लिङ्गानि (Genders) – There are three genders - Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. There are different forms of cases of nouns ending in vowels according to their genders. बाल and वन are अ-कारान्त nouns but बाल is in masculine gender while वन is in the neuter gender; माला is an आ-कारान्त noun in feminine gender. The forms of each will be different.

(3) विभक्तिः (Case) – In a sentence the noun is related to the verb in different ways. The nominal cases establish (show) these relationships. These nouns are connected with the verbs in six different relations by means of six cases. The sixth (Genitive) case is such that it establishes the relation of one noun with another in the sentence. This is the Genitive case - in simple words – the case showing possession. The eighth (vocative) case is used either to call or address' another noun. It is just another form of the nominative (first) case.

(4) विभक्तीनां नामानि कार्याणि च (Name and use of each case) – The names and functions of cases will be clear from the following table :