GSEB Class 12 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 સંકલન Exercise 7.5

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Detailed Chapter 07 સંકલન GSEB Solutions for Class 12 Mathematics

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Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 07 સંકલન GSEB Solutions PDF

પ્રશ્નો 1 થી 21 માં આપેલાં વિધેયોના સંકલિત મેળવો :

 

Question 1. \( \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+2)} \)
Answer: આપણે આપેલાં વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+2)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x+1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x+2} \)
અંશ \( x = A(x + 2) + B (x + 1) \)
\( x = (A + B)x + 2A + B \)
બંને બાજુએથી x નાં સહગુણકો તથા અચળ પદોની તુલના કરતાં,
\( A + B = 1 \) અને \( 2A + B = 0 \)
સમીકરણ \( A+B=1 \) માંથી સમીકરણ \( 2A+B=0 \) બાદ કરતાં:
\( (A+B) - (2A+B) = 1 - 0 \)
\( -A = 1 \implies A = -1 \)
\( A = -1 \) ને \( A + B = 1 \) માં મૂકતાં:
\( -1 + B = 1 \implies B = 2 \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+2)} = \frac{-1}{x+1} + \frac{2}{x+2} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+2)} dx = \int (\frac{-1}{x+1} + \frac{2}{x+2}) dx \)
\( = \int \frac{-1}{x+1} dx + \int \frac{2}{x+2} dx \)
\( = -log |x+1| + 2log |x+2| + c \)
\( = -log |x+1| + log (x+2)^2 + c \)
\( = log \left| \frac{(x+2)^2}{x+1} \right| + c \)
In simple words: પ્રથમ, અપૂર્ણાંકને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોનો ઉપયોગ કરીને સરળ ભાગોમાં વિભાજીત કરો. પછી, ગુણાંકની તુલના કરીને A અને B નાં મૂલ્યો શોધો. અંતે, દરેક સરળ ભાગનું સંકલન કરો.

Exam Tip: આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકો લાગુ કરતાં પહેલાં છેદનું સંપૂર્ણપણે અવયવીકરણ કરવાનું યાદ રાખો. તમારા A અને B નાં મૂલ્યો કાળજીપૂર્વક તપાસો.

 

Question 2. \( \frac{1}{x^2-9} \)
Answer: આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું. છેદનું અવયવીકરણ કરતાં:
\( x^2-9 = (x-3)(x+3) \)
તેથી, \( \frac{1}{x^2-9} = \frac{1}{(x+3)(x-3)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x+3}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x-3} \)
અંશ \( 1 = A(x – 3) + B(x + 3) \)
\( 1 = (A + B)x – 3A + 3B \)
બંને બાજુએથી x નાં સહગુણકો તથા અચળ પદોની તુલના કરતાં,
\( A + B = 0 \) અને \( -3A + 3B = 1 \)
પ્રથમ સમીકરણમાંથી \( B = -A \) મળે છે. તેને બીજા સમીકરણમાં મૂકતાં:
\( -3A + 3(-A) = 1 \)
\( -3A - 3A = 1 \)
\( -6A = 1 \implies A = -\frac{1}{6} \)
હવે \( B = -A \) હોવાથી,
\( B = -(-\frac{1}{6}) \implies B = \frac{1}{6} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{1}{x^2-9} = \frac{-1/6}{x+3} + \frac{1/6}{x-3} = -\frac{1}{6(x+3)} + \frac{1}{6(x-3)} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{1}{x^2-9} dx = \int (-\frac{1}{6(x+3)} + \frac{1}{6(x-3)}) dx \)
\( = -\frac{1}{6} \int \frac{1}{x+3} dx + \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{1}{x-3} dx \)
\( = -\frac{1}{6} log |x+3| + \frac{1}{6} log |x-3| + c \)
\( = \frac{1}{6} [log |x-3| - log |x+3|] + c \)
\( = \frac{1}{6} log \left| \frac{x-3}{x+3} \right| + c \)
In simple words: આ દાખલામાં એક અપૂર્ણાંકને વિભાજીત કરવાનો સમાવેશ થાય છે જેમાં છેદ પૂર્ણવર્ગ તફાવત છે. આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોનો ઉપયોગ કરો, A અને B માટે ઉકેલો, પછી સંકલન કરો.

Exam Tip: આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકના વિઘટન માટે હંમેશા પૂર્ણવર્ગ તફાવત \( (a^2 - b^2) \) ને \( (a-b)(a+b) \) તરીકે ઓળખો.

 

Question 3. \( \frac{3 x-1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} \)
Answer: આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{3 x-1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x-1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x-2}+\frac{\mathrm{C}}{x-3} \)
અંશ \( 3x − 1 = A(x – 2) (x − 3) + B(x − 1)(x − 3) + C (x – 1) (x – 2) \)
\( 3x − 1 = A(x^2 - 5x + 6) + B(x^2 - 4x + 3) + C(x^2 - 3x + 2) \)
\( 3x − 1 = (A + B + C) x^2 − (5A + 4B + 3C) x + (6A+ 3B + 2C) \)
બંને બાજુએથી \( x^2 \), x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતાં,
1. \( A + B + C = 0 \) ............(i)
2. \( -(5A + 4B + 3C) = 3 \implies 5A + 4B + 3C = -3 \) ..........(ii)
3. \( 6A+ 3B + 2C = -1 \) ........(iii)
સમીકરણ (i) માંથી \( C = -A - B \) મળે છે. C ની કિંમત સમીકરણ (ii) તથા (iii) માં મૂકતાં,
સમીકરણ (ii): \( 5A + 4B + 3(-A - B) = -3 \)
\( 5A + 4B - 3A - 3B = -3 \)
\( 2A + B = -3 \) ..........(iv)
સમીકરણ (iii): \( 6A + 3B + 2(-A - B) = -1 \)
\( 6A + 3B - 2A - 2B = -1 \)
\( 4A + B = -1 \) ..........(v)
સમીકરણ (v) માંથી (iv) ને બાદ કરતાં:
\( (4A + B) - (2A + B) = -1 - (-3) \)
\( 2A = 2 \implies A = 1 \)
\( A = 1 \) ને સમીકરણ (iv) માં મૂકતાં:
\( 2(1) + B = -3 \implies 2 + B = -3 \implies B = -5 \)
\( A = 1 \) અને \( B = -5 \) ને સમીકરણ (i) માં મૂકતાં:
\( 1 + (-5) + C = 0 \implies -4 + C = 0 \implies C = 4 \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{3x-1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} = \frac{1}{x-1} + \frac{-5}{x-2} + \frac{4}{x-3} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{3x-1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} dx = \int (\frac{1}{x-1} - \frac{5}{x-2} + \frac{4}{x-3}) dx \)
\( = \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx - 5 \int \frac{1}{x-2} dx + 4 \int \frac{1}{x-3} dx \)
\( = log |x-1| - 5 log |x-2| + 4 log |x-3| + c \)
In simple words: છેદમાં ત્રણ ભિન્ન રેખીય અવયવો ધરાવતા અપૂર્ણાંકો માટે, તમારે ત્રણ આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકો (A, B, C) ની જરૂર પડશે. આ મૂલ્યો શોધવા માટે x-વર્ગ, x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરો.

Exam Tip: ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતી વખતે વ્યવસ્થિત રહો; ઘણા ચલો સાથે ભૂલો કરવી સરળ છે.

 

Question 4. \( \frac{x}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} \)
Answer: આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{x}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x-1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x-2}+\frac{\mathrm{C}}{x-3} \)
અંશ \( x = A(x – 2) (x − 3) + B(x − 1)(x − 3) + C (x – 1) (x – 2) \)
\( x = A(x^2 - 5x + 6) + B(x^2 - 4x + 3) + C(x^2 - 3x + 2) \)
\( x = (A + B + C)x^2 + (-5A – 4B – 3C) x + (6A + 3B + 2C) \)
બંને બાજુએથી \( x^2 \), x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતાં,
1. \( A + B + C = 0 \) ....(i)
2. \( -5A – 4B – 3C = 1 \implies 5A + 4B + 3C = −1 \) ....(ii)
3. \( 6A+ 3B + 2C = 0 \) .........(iii)
સમીકરણ (i) માંથી \( C = -A - B \) મળે છે. C ની કિંમત સમીકરણ (ii) તથા (iii) માં મૂકતાં,
સમીકરણ (ii): \( 5A + 4B + 3(-A - B) = -1 \)
\( 5A + 4B - 3A - 3B = -1 \)
\( 2A + B = -1 \) ..........(iv)
સમીકરણ (iii): \( 6A + 3B + 2(-A - B) = 0 \)
\( 6A + 3B - 2A - 2B = 0 \)
\( 4A + B = 0 \) ..........(v)
સમીકરણ (v) માંથી (iv) ને બાદ કરતાં:
\( (4A + B) - (2A + B) = 0 - (-1) \)
\( 2A = 1 \implies A = \frac{1}{2} \)
\( A = \frac{1}{2} \) ને સમીકરણ (v) માં મૂકતાં:
\( 4(\frac{1}{2}) + B = 0 \implies 2 + B = 0 \implies B = -2 \)
\( A = \frac{1}{2} \) અને \( B = -2 \) ને સમીકરણ (i) માં મૂકતાં:
\( \frac{1}{2} + (-2) + C = 0 \implies -\frac{3}{2} + C = 0 \implies C = \frac{3}{2} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{x}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} = \frac{1/2}{x-1} + \frac{-2}{x-2} + \frac{3/2}{x-3} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{x}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} dx = \int (\frac{1}{2(x-1)} - \frac{2}{x-2} + \frac{3}{2(x-3)}) dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx - 2 \int \frac{1}{x-2} dx + \frac{3}{2} \int \frac{1}{x-3} dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} log |x-1| - 2 log |x-2| + \frac{3}{2} log |x-3| + c \)
In simple words: આ પાછલા પ્રશ્ન જેવો જ છે, જેમાં ત્રણ ભિન્ન રેખીય અવયવો છે. ગુણાંક અપૂર્ણાંક હશે, તેથી ગણતરીમાં કાળજી રાખો.

Exam Tip: ગુણાંકમાં અપૂર્ણાંક સાથે કામ કરતી વખતે, તમારા અંકગણિતને ફરીથી તપાસો, ખાસ કરીને જ્યારે પદોને સંયોજિત કરો.

 

Question 5. \( \frac{2x}{x^2+3x+2} \)
Answer: આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું. છેદનું અવયવીકરણ કરતાં:
\( x^2+3x+2 = (x+1)(x+2) \)
તેથી, \( \frac{2x}{x^2+3x+2}=\frac{2x}{(x+1)(x+2)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x+1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x+2} \)
અંશ \( 2x = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) \)
\( 2x = (A + B) x + (2A + B) \)
બંને બાજુએથી x નાં સહગુણકો તથા અચળ પદોની તુલના કરતાં,
\( A + B = 2 \) ..........(i)
\( 2A + B = 0 \) ..........(ii)
સમીકરણ (ii) માંથી (i) ને બાદ કરતાં:
\( (2A+B) - (A+B) = 0 - 2 \)
\( A = -2 \)
\( A = -2 \) ને સમીકરણ (i) માં મૂકતાં:
\( -2 + B = 2 \implies B = 4 \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{2x}{x^2+3x+2} = \frac{-2}{x+1} + \frac{4}{x+2} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{2x}{x^2+3x+2} dx = \int (\frac{-2}{x+1} + \frac{4}{x+2}) dx \)
\( = -2 \int \frac{1}{x+1} dx + 4 \int \frac{1}{x+2} dx \)
\( = -2log |x+1| + 4log |x+2| + c \)
\( = 4log |x+2| - 2log |x+1| + c \)
In simple words: અહીં, અંશમાં પણ x સમાવિષ્ટ છે. પ્રક્રિયા સમાન છે: છેદ માટે આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકો, A અને B માટે ઉકેલો, પછી દરેક ભાગનું સંકલન કરો.

Exam Tip: સૌ પ્રથમ તમે ચતુર્ભુજ છેદને યોગ્ય રીતે અવયવિત કરો તેની ખાતરી કરો.

 

Question 6. \( \frac{1-x^2}{x(1-2 x)} \)
Answer: આપેલ વિધેય \( \frac{1-x^2}{x(1-2 x)} = \frac{1-x^2}{x-2 x^2} \) છે. અહીં અંશ \( (1-x^2) \) અને છેદ \( (x-2x^2) \) ની ઘાત સમાન છે (બંને 2). તેથી, તે એક અનુચિત સંમેય પદાવલી છે. તેને ઉચિત વિધેયમાં ફેરવવા માટે પ્રથમ ભાગાકાર કરવો પડશે.
છેદને \( -(2x^2-x) \) તરીકે લખી શકાય અને અંશને \( -(x^2-1) \) તરીકે લખી શકાય:
\( \frac{1-x^2}{x-2x^2} = \frac{x^2-1}{2x^2-x} \)
હવે, ભાગાકાર કરતાં:
\( \frac{x^2-1}{2x^2-x} = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{2x^2-2}{2x^2-x} \right) = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{2x^2-x+x-2}{2x^2-x} \right) \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{2x^2-x}{2x^2-x} + \frac{x-2}{2x^2-x} \right) = \frac{1}{2} \left( 1 + \frac{x-2}{2x^2-x} \right) \)
હવે, \( \frac{x-2}{2x^2-x} = \frac{x-2}{x(2x-1)} \) ને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{x-2}{x(2x-1)} = \frac{A}{x} + \frac{B}{2x-1} \)
અંશ \( x − 2 = A(2x – 1) + Bx \)
\( x − 2 = (2A + B)x – A \)
બંને બાજુએથી x નાં સહગુણકો તથા અચળ પદોની તુલના કરતાં,
\( -A = -2 \implies A = 2 \)
\( 2A + B = 1 \)
\( 2(2) + B = 1 \implies 4 + B = 1 \implies B = -3 \)
તેથી, \( \frac{x-2}{x(2x-1)} = \frac{2}{x} - \frac{3}{2x-1} \)
આથી, આપેલ વિધેય \( \frac{1-x^2}{x(1-2x)} = \frac{1}{2} \left( 1 + \frac{2}{x} - \frac{3}{2x-1} \right) \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{1-x^2}{x(1-2x)} dx = \int \frac{1}{2} \left( 1 + \frac{2}{x} - \frac{3}{2x-1} \right) dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} \int 1 dx + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2}{x} dx - \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{3}{2x-1} dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} x + \int \frac{1}{x} dx - \frac{3}{2} \int \frac{1}{2x-1} dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} x + log |x| - \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} log |2x-1| + c \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} x + log |x| - \frac{3}{4} log |2x-1| + c \)
In simple words: આ એક અયોગ્ય અપૂર્ણાંક છે કારણ કે અંશ અને છેદની ઘાત સમાન છે. પહેલા, બહુપદી ભાગાકાર કરો જેથી યોગ્ય અપૂર્ણાંક મળે, પછી બાકીના ગુણોત્તર ભાગ માટે આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોનો ઉપયોગ કરો.

Exam Tip: હંમેશા અંશ અને છેદની ઘાત તપાસો. જો અંશની ઘાત છેદની ઘાત કરતાં સમાન અથવા વધારે હોય, તો પહેલા લાંબા ભાગાકાર કરો.

 

Question 7. \( \frac{x}{\left(x^2+1\right)(x-1)} \)
Answer: આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{x}{\left(x^2+1\right)(x-1)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x-1}+\frac{\mathrm{B} x+\mathrm{C}}{x^2+1} \)
અંશ \( x = A(x^2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x – 1) \)
\( x = Ax^2 + A + Bx^2 - Bx + Cx - C \)
\( x = (A + B)x^2 + (C - B)x + (A - C) \)
બંને બાજુએથી \( x^2 \), x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતાં,
1. \( A + B = 0 \) ............(i)
2. \( C - B = 1 \) ............(ii)
3. \( A - C = 0 \) ............(iii)
સમીકરણ (ii) અને (iii) નો સરવાળો કરતાં:
\( (C - B) + (A - C) = 1 + 0 \)
\( A - B = 1 \) ............(iv)
હવે સમીકરણ (i) અને (iv) ને ઉકેલતાં:
\( A + B = 0 \)
\( A - B = 1 \)
બંને સમીકરણોનો સરવાળો કરતાં:
\( 2A = 1 \implies A = \frac{1}{2} \)
\( A = \frac{1}{2} \) ને સમીકરણ (i) માં મૂકતાં:
\( \frac{1}{2} + B = 0 \implies B = -\frac{1}{2} \)
\( A = \frac{1}{2} \) ને સમીકરણ (iii) માં મૂકતાં:
\( \frac{1}{2} - C = 0 \implies C = \frac{1}{2} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x-1)} = \frac{1/2}{x-1} + \frac{(-1/2)x + 1/2}{x^2+1} = \frac{1}{2(x-1)} + \frac{1-x}{2(x^2+1)} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x-1)} dx = \int \left( \frac{1}{2(x-1)} + \frac{1}{2(x^2+1)} - \frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} \right) dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x^2+1} dx - \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{2x}{x^2+1} dx \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} log |x-1| + \frac{1}{2} tan^{-1} (x) - \frac{1}{4} log |x^2+1| + c \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} log |x-1| - \frac{1}{4} log |x^2+1| + \frac{1}{2} tan^{-1} (x) + c \)
In simple words: આ દાખલામાં એક દ્વિઘાત અવયવ (જેને વધુ અવયવિત કરી શકાતો નથી) અને એક રેખીય અવયવનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. દ્વિઘાત પદ માટે આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંક \( (Bx+C)/(x^2+1) \) છે.

Exam Tip: અવિભાજ્ય દ્વિઘાત અવયવો સાથે આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોનું સ્વરૂપ યાદ રાખો; તે દ્વિઘાત પદ પર \( (Bx+C) \) છે.

 

Question 8. \( \frac{x}{(x-1)^2(x+2)} \)
Answer: આપેલા વિધેયમાં છેદમાં પુનરાવર્તિત અવયવ \( (x-1)^2 \) અને એક અલગ અવયવ \( (x+2) \) છે. તેથી, તેને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{x}{(x-1)^2(x+2)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x-1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{(x-1)^2}+\frac{\mathrm{C}}{x+2} \)
અંશ \( x = A(x -1) (x + 2) + B (x + 2) + C (x − 1)^2 \)
\( x = A(x^2 + x - 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x^2 - 2x + 1) \)
\( x = Ax^2 + Ax - 2A + Bx + 2B + Cx^2 - 2Cx + C \)
\( x = (A + C)x^2 + (A + B − 2C) x + (-2A + 2B + C) \)
બંને બાજુએથી \( x^2 \), x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતાં,
1. \( A + C = 0 \) ....(i)
2. \( A + B − 2C = 1 \) ....(ii)
3. \( -2A + 2B + C = 0 \) ....(iii)
સમીકરણ (i) માંથી \( A = -C \) મળે છે. તેને સમીકરણ (ii) અને (iii) માં મૂકતાં:
સમીકરણ (ii): \( -C + B - 2C = 1 \implies B - 3C = 1 \) ..........(iv)
સમીકરણ (iii): \( -2(-C) + 2B + C = 0 \implies 2C + 2B + C = 0 \implies 2B + 3C = 0 \) ..........(v)
હવે સમીકરણ (iv) અને (v) ને ઉકેલતાં:
\( B - 3C = 1 \)
\( 2B + 3C = 0 \)
બંને સમીકરણોનો સરવાળો કરતાં:
\( 3B = 1 \implies B = \frac{1}{3} \)
\( B = \frac{1}{3} \) ને સમીકરણ (v) માં મૂકતાં:
\( 2(\frac{1}{3}) + 3C = 0 \implies \frac{2}{3} + 3C = 0 \implies 3C = -\frac{2}{3} \implies C = -\frac{2}{9} \)
\( C = -\frac{2}{9} \) ને સમીકરણ (i) માં મૂકતાં:
\( A = -C = -(-\frac{2}{9}) \implies A = \frac{2}{9} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{x}{(x-1)^2(x+2)} = \frac{2/9}{x-1} + \frac{1/3}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{-2/9}{x+2} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{x}{(x-1)^2(x+2)} dx = \int (\frac{2}{9(x-1)} + \frac{1}{3(x-1)^2} - \frac{2}{9(x+2)}) dx \)
\( = \frac{2}{9} \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx + \frac{1}{3} \int (x-1)^{-2} dx - \frac{2}{9} \int \frac{1}{x+2} dx \)
\( = \frac{2}{9} log |x-1| + \frac{1}{3} \frac{(x-1)^{-1}}{-1} - \frac{2}{9} log |x+2| + c \)
\( = \frac{2}{9} log |x-1| - \frac{1}{3(x-1)} - \frac{2}{9} log |x+2| + c \)
\( = \frac{2}{9} log \left| \frac{x-1}{x+2} \right| - \frac{1}{3(x-1)} + c \)
In simple words: આ સંકલનમાં પુનરાવર્તિત રેખીય અવયવ છે. \( (x-1)^2 \) માટે, તમારે \( A/(x-1) \) અને \( B/(x-1)^2 \) આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોની જરૂર પડશે.

Exam Tip: જ્યારે કોઈ રેખીય અવયવ પુનરાવર્તિત થાય છે, ત્યારે છેદમાં તે અવયવની સર્વોચ્ચ ઘાત સુધીની દરેક ઘાત માટે પદોનો સમાવેશ કરો.

 

Question 9. \( \frac{3 x+5}{x^3-x^2-x+1} \)
Answer: પ્રથમ, છેદનું અવયવીકરણ કરીશું:
\( x^3-x^2-x+1 = x^2(x-1) - 1(x-1) = (x^2-1)(x-1) \)
\( = (x-1)(x+1)(x-1) = (x-1)^2(x+1) \)
હવે, આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{3x+5}{(x-1)^2(x+1)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{C}{x+1} \)
અંશ \( 3x + 5 = A(x − 1) (x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C (x − 1)^2 \)
\( 3x + 5 = A(x^2 - 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x^2 - 2x + 1) \)
\( 3x + 5 = Ax^2 - A + Bx + B + Cx^2 - 2Cx + C \)
\( 3x + 5 = (A + C)x^2 + (B − 2C)x + (-A + B + C) \)
બંને બાજુએથી \( x^2 \), x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતાં,
1. \( A + C = 0 \) .......(i)
2. \( B - 2C = 3 \) ........(ii)
3. \( -A + B + C = 5 \) .........(iii)
સમીકરણ (i) માંથી \( A = -C \) મળે છે. તેને સમીકરણ (iii) માં મૂકતાં:
\( -(-C) + B + C = 5 \implies C + B + C = 5 \implies B + 2C = 5 \) ..........(iv)
હવે સમીકરણ (ii) અને (iv) ને ઉકેલતાં:
\( B - 2C = 3 \)
\( B + 2C = 5 \)
બંને સમીકરણોનો સરવાળો કરતાં:
\( 2B = 8 \implies B = 4 \)
\( B = 4 \) ને સમીકરણ (ii) માં મૂકતાં:
\( 4 - 2C = 3 \implies 1 = 2C \implies C = \frac{1}{2} \)
\( C = \frac{1}{2} \) ને સમીકરણ (i) માં મૂકતાં:
\( A = -C = -\frac{1}{2} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{3x+5}{x^3-x^2-x+1} = \frac{-1/2}{x-1} + \frac{4}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{1/2}{x+1} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{3x+5}{x^3-x^2-x+1} dx = \int \left( \frac{-1}{2(x-1)} + \frac{4}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{1}{2(x+1)} \right) dx \)
\( = -\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx + 4 \int (x-1)^{-2} dx + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x+1} dx \)
\( = -\frac{1}{2} log |x-1| + 4 \frac{(x-1)^{-1}}{-1} + \frac{1}{2} log |x+1| + c \)
\( = -\frac{1}{2} log |x-1| - \frac{4}{x-1} + \frac{1}{2} log |x+1| + c \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} log |x+1| - \frac{1}{2} log |x-1| - \frac{4}{x-1} + c \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} log \left| \frac{x+1}{x-1} \right| - \frac{4}{x-1} + c \)
In simple words: પહેલા, પદોને જૂથબદ્ધ કરીને ક્યુબિક છેદને અવયવિત કરો. તમને એક પુનરાવર્તિત રેખીય અવયવ અને એક ભિન્ન રેખીય અવયવ મળશે. પછી યોગ્ય આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંક વિઘટન લાગુ કરો.

Exam Tip: ક્યુબિક બહુપદીઓને અવયવિત કરવામાં ઘણીવાર પદોને જૂથબદ્ધ કરવા અથવા નિરીક્ષણ દ્વારા મૂળ શોધવાનો અને પછી કૃત્રિમ ભાગાકાર કરવાનો સમાવેશ થાય છે.

 

Question 10. \( \frac{2x-3}{(x^2-1)(2x+3)} \)
Answer: પ્રથમ, છેદનું અવયવીકરણ કરીશું:
\( x^2-1 = (x-1)(x+1) \)
તેથી, આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{2x-3}{(x-1)(x+1)(2x+3)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x+1} + \frac{C}{2x+3} \)
અંશ \( 2x - 3 = A (x + 1) (2x + 3) + B(x - 1) (2x + 3) + C (x - 1) (x + 1) \)
\( 2x - 3 = A(2x^2 + 5x + 3) + B(2x^2 + x - 3) + C(x^2 - 1) \)
\( 2x - 3 = (2A + 2B + C)x^2 + (5A + B)x + (3A - 3B - C) \)
બંને બાજુએથી \( x^2 \), x અને અચળ પદોના ગુણાંકની તુલના કરતાં,
1. \( 2A + 2B + C = 0 \) ....(i)
2. \( 5A + B = 2 \) ....(ii)
3. \( 3A - 3B - C = -3 \) ....(iii)
સમીકરણ (ii) માંથી \( B = 2 - 5A \) મળે છે. તેને સમીકરણ (i) અને (iii) માં મૂકતાં:
સમીકરણ (i): \( 2A + 2(2-5A) + C = 0 \)
\( 2A + 4 - 10A + C = 0 \implies -8A + C = -4 \) ..........(iv)
સમીકરણ (iii): \( 3A - 3(2-5A) - C = -3 \)
\( 3A - 6 + 15A - C = -3 \implies 18A - C = 3 \) ..........(v)
હવે સમીકરણ (iv) અને (v) ને ઉકેલતાં:
\( -8A + C = -4 \)
\( 18A - C = 3 \)
બંને સમીકરણોનો સરવાળો કરતાં:
\( 10A = -1 \implies A = -\frac{1}{10} \)
\( A = -\frac{1}{10} \) ને સમીકરણ (iv) માં મૂકતાં:
\( -8(-\frac{1}{10}) + C = -4 \implies \frac{8}{10} + C = -4 \implies \frac{4}{5} + C = -4 \)
\( C = -4 - \frac{4}{5} = -\frac{20}{5} - \frac{4}{5} \implies C = -\frac{24}{5} \)
\( A = -\frac{1}{10} \) ને \( B = 2 - 5A \) માં મૂકતાં:
\( B = 2 - 5(-\frac{1}{10}) = 2 + \frac{5}{10} = 2 + \frac{1}{2} \implies B = \frac{5}{2} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{2x-3}{(x^2-1)(2x+3)} = \frac{-1/10}{x-1} + \frac{5/2}{x+1} + \frac{-24/5}{2x+3} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{2x-3}{(x^2-1)(2x+3)} dx = \int \left( \frac{-1}{10(x-1)} + \frac{5}{2(x+1)} - \frac{24}{5(2x+3)} \right) dx \)
\( = -\frac{1}{10} \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx + \frac{5}{2} \int \frac{1}{x+1} dx - \frac{24}{5} \int \frac{1}{2x+3} dx \)
\( = -\frac{1}{10} log |x-1| + \frac{5}{2} log |x+1| - \frac{24}{5} \cdot \frac{1}{2} log |2x+3| + c \)
\( = -\frac{1}{10} log |x-1| + \frac{5}{2} log |x+1| - \frac{12}{5} log |2x+3| + c \)
In simple words: આ દાખલામાં ત્રણ ભિન્ન રેખીય અવયવો છે, જેમાંથી એક \( (2x+3) \) છે. જ્યારે \( 1/(ax+b) \) ને સંકલિત કરવામાં આવે છે, ત્યારે પરિણામ \( (1/a) log|ax+b| \) આવે છે.

Exam Tip: \( (2x+3) \) જેવા રેખીય અવયવોમાં x ના ગુણાંક પર સંકલન કરતી વખતે ખાસ ધ્યાન આપો, કારણ કે તે \( 1/a \) અવયવ દ્વારા પરિણામને અસર કરે છે.

 

Question 11. \( \frac{5 x}{(x+1)\left(x^2-4\right)} \)
Answer: પ્રથમ, છેદનું અવયવીકરણ કરીશું:
\( x^2-4 = (x-2)(x+2) \)
તેથી, આપેલા વિધેયને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું:
\( \frac{5x}{(x+1)(x+2)(x-2)} = \frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{x+2}+\frac{C}{x-2} \)
અંશ \( 5x = A(x + 2) (x – 2) + B(x + 1) (x – 2) + C(x + 1) (x + 2) \)
x ના જુદા જુદા મૂલ્યો મૂકીને A, B, C શોધી શકાય છે:
x = -1 મૂકતાં:
\( 5(-1) = A(-1+2)(-1-2) + B(0) + C(0) \)
\( -5 = A(1)(-3) \implies -5 = -3A \implies A = \frac{5}{3} \)
x = -2 મૂકતાં:
\( 5(-2) = A(0) + B(-2+1)(-2-2) + C(0) \)
\( -10 = B(-1)(-4) \implies -10 = 4B \implies B = -\frac{10}{4} = -\frac{5}{2} \)
x = 2 મૂકતાં:
\( 5(2) = A(0) + B(0) + C(2+1)(2+2) \)
\( 10 = C(3)(4) \implies 10 = 12C \implies C = \frac{10}{12} = \frac{5}{6} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{5x}{(x+1)(x^2-4)} = \frac{5/3}{x+1} + \frac{-5/2}{x+2} + \frac{5/6}{x-2} \)
હવે, સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{5x}{(x+1)(x^2-4)} dx = \int \left( \frac{5}{3(x+1)} - \frac{5}{2(x+2)} + \frac{5}{6(x-2)} \right) dx \)
\( = \frac{5}{3} \int \frac{1}{x+1} dx - \frac{5}{2} \int \frac{1}{x+2} dx + \frac{5}{6} \int \frac{1}{x-2} dx \)
\( = \frac{5}{3} log |x+1| - \frac{5}{2} log |x+2| + \frac{5}{6} log |x-2| + c \)
In simple words: દ્વિઘાત \( x^2-4 \) ને રેખીય અવયવો \( (x-2)(x+2) \) માં અવયવિત કરો. પછી ત્રણ ભિન્ન રેખીય અવયવો સાથે આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકો લાગુ કરો.

Exam Tip: A, B, C અચળાંકો શોધવા માટે x ના વિશિષ્ટ મૂલ્યો (જેમ કે છેદના મૂળ) ને બદલવું એ ઘણીવાર સૌથી ઝડપી રીત છે.

 

Question 12. \( \frac{x^3+x+1}{x^2-1} \)
Answer: આપેલું વિધેય એક અનુચિત સંમેય અપૂર્ણાંક છે કારણ કે અંશ \( (x^3+x+1) \) ની ઘાત છેદ \( (x^2-1) \) ની ઘાત કરતાં વધારે છે. તેથી, પહેલા બહુપદી લાંબા ભાગાકાર કરવો પડશે.
\( \frac{x^3+x+1}{x^2-1} = x + \frac{2x+1}{x^2-1} \)
જ્યાં \( x \) ભાગફળ છે અને \( \frac{2x+1}{x^2-1} \) શેષ ભાગ છે.
હવે, શેષ ભાગને આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોમાં વિભાજીત કરીશું. છેદનું અવયવીકરણ કરતાં:
\( x^2-1 = (x-1)(x+1) \)
તેથી, \( \frac{2x+1}{x^2-1} = \frac{2x+1}{(x-1)(x+1)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x+1} \)
અંશ \( 2x + 1 = A(x + 1) + B(x - 1) \)
x ના જુદા જુદા મૂલ્યો મૂકીને A, B શોધી શકાય છે:
x = 1 મૂકતાં:
\( 2(1) + 1 = A(1+1) + B(0) \implies 3 = 2A \implies A = \frac{3}{2} \)
x = -1 મૂકતાં:
\( 2(-1) + 1 = A(0) + B(-1-1) \implies -1 = -2B \implies B = \frac{1}{2} \)
તેથી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકનું વિઘટન આ પ્રમાણે થાય છે:
\( \frac{2x+1}{x^2-1} = \frac{3/2}{x-1} + \frac{1/2}{x+1} \)
હવે, આપેલ વિધેયનું સંકલન કરતાં:
\( \int \frac{x^3+x+1}{x^2-1} dx = \int \left( x + \frac{3/2}{x-1} + \frac{1/2}{x+1} \right) dx \)
\( = \int x dx + \frac{3}{2} \int \frac{1}{x-1} dx + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x+1} dx \)
\( = \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{3}{2} log |x-1| + \frac{1}{2} log |x+1| + c \)
In simple words: આ એક અયોગ્ય અપૂર્ણાંક છે, તેથી પહેલા બહુપદી લાંબા ભાગાકાર કરો જેથી ભાગફળ (x) અને યોગ્ય અપૂર્ણાંક શેષ મળે. પછી, આંશિક અપૂર્ણાંકોનો ઉપયોગ કરીને શેષનું વિઘટન કરો.

Exam Tip: ભાગફળ અને વિઘટિત શેષ બંનેનું સંકલન કરવાનું યાદ રાખો. ભાગફળમાંથી \( \frac{x^2}{2} \) પદને ભૂલશો નહીં.

 

Question 13. \( \frac{2}{(1-x)\left(1+x^2\right)} \)
Answer: We begin by using partial fraction decomposition for the given expression:
\[ \frac{2}{(1-x)\left(1+x^2\right)}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{1-x}+\frac{\mathrm{B} x+\mathrm{C}}{1+x^2} \] Multiplying both sides by \( (1-x)(1+x^2) \), we get:
\( 2 = \mathrm{A}(1 + x^2) + (\mathrm{B}x + \mathrm{C})(1 – x) \)
\( 2 = \mathrm{A} + \mathrm{A}x^2 + \mathrm{B}x - \mathrm{B}x^2 + \mathrm{C} - \mathrm{C}x \)
\( 2 = (\mathrm{A} – \mathrm{B})x^2 + (\mathrm{B} – \mathrm{C})x + (\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{C}) \) Now, we compare the coefficients of \( x^2 \), \( x \), and the constant terms on both sides:
\( x^2 \): \( \mathrm{A} – \mathrm{B} = 0 \quad \ldots(i) \)
\( x \): \( \mathrm{B} – \mathrm{C} = 0 \quad \ldots(ii) \)
Constant: \( \mathrm{A} + \mathrm{C} = 2 \quad \ldots(iii) \) From equation (i), we understand that \( \mathrm{A} = \mathrm{B} \). From equation (ii), we find that \( \mathrm{B} = \mathrm{C} \). Therefore, we can conclude that \( \mathrm{A} = \mathrm{B} = \mathrm{C} \). Substitute \( \mathrm{A} = \mathrm{C} \) into equation (iii):
\( \mathrm{A} + \mathrm{A} = 2 \)
\( 2\mathrm{A} = 2 \)
\( \mathrm{A} = 1 \) Thus, \( \mathrm{A} = 1, \mathrm{B} = 1, \mathrm{C} = 1 \). Substitute these values back into the partial fraction expression:
\[ \frac{2}{(1-x)(1+x^2)} = \frac{1}{1-x} + \frac{x+1}{1+x^2} \] Now, we integrate the expression:
\[ \int \frac{2}{(1-x)(1+x^2)}dx = \int \left(\frac{1}{1-x} + \frac{x}{1+x^2} + \frac{1}{1+x^2}\right)dx \]
\[ = \int \frac{1}{1-x}dx + \int \frac{x}{1+x^2}dx + \int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx \] For the first integral, \( \int \frac{1}{1-x}dx = -\log|1-x| \). For the second integral, let \( u = 1+x^2 \), so \( du = 2xdx \), or \( xdx = \frac{1}{2}du \).
\[ \int \frac{x}{1+x^2}dx = \int \frac{1}{2u}du = \frac{1}{2}\log|u| = \frac{1}{2}\log|1+x^2| \] For the third integral, \( \int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx = \tan^{-1}(x) \). Combining these results, we get:
\[ -\log|1-x| + \frac{1}{2}\log|1+x^2| + \tan^{-1}(x) + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We broke the original fraction into simpler pieces to make it easier to integrate. After solving for the unknown parts, we integrated each piece separately. The final answer combines these parts, using a negative logarithm, half a logarithm, and an inverse tangent function.

Exam Tip: For expressions involving \( (1-x) \) in the denominator, remember that the integral \( \int \frac{1}{a-x}dx = -\log|a-x| + C \), so the sign changes. Also, for \( \int \frac{x}{ax^2+b}dx \), look for a substitution where the numerator becomes the derivative of the denominator.

 

Question 14. \( \frac{3 x-1}{(x+2)^2} \)
Answer: We will use partial fraction decomposition for the given expression since the denominator has a repeated linear factor:
\[ \frac{3 x-1}{(x+2)^2}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{x+2}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{(x+2)^2} \] Multiply both sides by \( (x+2)^2 \):
\( 3x - 1 = \mathrm{A}(x + 2) + \mathrm{B} \)
\( 3x - 1 = \mathrm{A}x + 2\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} \) Now, we compare the coefficients of \( x \) and the constant terms on both sides: Comparing coefficients of \( x \):
\( \mathrm{A} = 3 \) Comparing constant terms:
\( 2\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} = -1 \) Substitute the value of \( \mathrm{A} = 3 \) into the second equation:
\( 2(3) + \mathrm{B} = -1 \)
\( 6 + \mathrm{B} = -1 \)
\( \mathrm{B} = -1 - 6 \)
\( \mathrm{B} = -7 \) Now, substitute the values of \( \mathrm{A} \) and \( \mathrm{B} \) back into the partial fraction decomposition:
\[ \frac{3 x-1}{(x+2)^2} = \frac{3}{x+2} - \frac{7}{(x+2)^2} \] Next, we integrate the expression:
\[ \int \frac{3x-1}{(x+2)^2} dx = \int \left(\frac{3}{x+2} - \frac{7}{(x+2)^2}\right) dx \]
\[ = 3 \int \frac{1}{x+2} dx - 7 \int (x+2)^{-2} dx \] For the first integral:
\[ 3 \int \frac{1}{x+2} dx = 3\log|x+2| \] For the second integral:
\[ -7 \int (x+2)^{-2} dx = -7 \frac{(x+2)^{-2+1}}{-2+1} = -7 \frac{(x+2)^{-1}}{-1} = 7(x+2)^{-1} = \frac{7}{x+2} \] Combining the results, the final integral is:
\[ 3\log|x+2| + \frac{7}{x+2} + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We first broke down the complex fraction into two simpler ones. Then, we found the missing numbers for these simpler fractions by matching terms. Finally, we added up the integrals of these simpler fractions to get our answer, which included a logarithm and a fraction term.

Exam Tip: When dealing with repeated linear factors like \( (ax+b)^n \), remember to set up partial fractions as \( \frac{A_1}{ax+b} + \frac{A_2}{(ax+b)^2} + \dots + \frac{A_n}{(ax+b)^n} \). Also, recall that \( \int x^n dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} \) for \( n \neq -1 \), and \( \int \frac{1}{x} dx = \log|x| \).

 

Question 15. \( \frac{1}{x^4-1} \)
Answer: First, we factorize the denominator:
\[ x^4-1 = (x^2-1)(x^2+1) = (x-1)(x+1)(x^2+1) \] Now, we use partial fraction decomposition for the expression:
\[ \frac{1}{(x-1)(x+1)(x^2+1)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{x-1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x+1}+\frac{\mathrm{Cx+D}}{x^2+1} \] Multiply both sides by \( (x-1)(x+1)(x^2+1) \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(x+1)(x^2+1) + \mathrm{B}(x-1)(x^2+1) + (\mathrm{C}x+\mathrm{D})(x^2-1) \) To find A, set \( x=1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(1+1)(1^2+1) + \mathrm{B}(0) + (\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{D})(0) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(2)(2) = 4\mathrm{A} \)
\( \mathrm{A} = \frac{1}{4} \) To find B, set \( x=-1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(0) + \mathrm{B}(-1-1)((-1)^2+1) + (\mathrm{C}(-1)+\mathrm{D})(0) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{B}(-2)(1+1) = \mathrm{B}(-2)(2) = -4\mathrm{B} \)
\( \mathrm{B} = -\frac{1}{4} \) Now, to find C and D, we can expand the equation and compare coefficients, or use other convenient values for x. Let's compare coefficients of \( x^3 \):
\( 0 = \mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} + \mathrm{C} \)
\( 0 = \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{4} + \mathrm{C} \)
\( 0 = \mathrm{C} \) Let's compare constant terms:
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(1)(1) + \mathrm{B}(-1)(1) + \mathrm{D}(-1) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{A} - \mathrm{B} - \mathrm{D} \)
\( 1 = \frac{1}{4} - (-\frac{1}{4}) - \mathrm{D} \)
\( 1 = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} - \mathrm{D} \)
\( 1 = \frac{1}{2} - \mathrm{D} \)
\( \mathrm{D} = \frac{1}{2} - 1 = -\frac{1}{2} \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{1}{x^4-1} = \frac{1/4}{x-1} + \frac{-1/4}{x+1} + \frac{0x-1/2}{x^2+1} \]
\[ = \frac{1}{4(x-1)} - \frac{1}{4(x+1)} - \frac{1}{2(x^2+1)} \] Now, we integrate each term:
\[ \int \frac{1}{x^4-1}dx = \int \frac{1}{4(x-1)}dx - \int \frac{1}{4(x+1)}dx - \int \frac{1}{2(x^2+1)}dx \]
\[ = \frac{1}{4}\int \frac{1}{x-1}dx - \frac{1}{4}\int \frac{1}{x+1}dx - \frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x^2+1}dx \]
\[ = \frac{1}{4}\log|x-1| - \frac{1}{4}\log|x+1| - \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}(x) + \mathrm{C} \] Using logarithm properties, \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \frac{1}{4}\log\left|\frac{x-1}{x+1}\right| - \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}(x) + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We first broke the bottom part of the fraction into simpler multiplication terms. Then we divided the whole fraction into three new simpler fractions using a special method. After finding the missing numbers for these new fractions, we integrated each one separately using standard rules. The final answer combines these parts, simplified with logarithm rules.

Exam Tip: When factorizing \( x^4-1 \), remember the difference of squares formula twice: \( a^4-b^4 = (a^2-b^2)(a^2+b^2) = (a-b)(a+b)(a^2+b^2) \). For partial fractions with an irreducible quadratic factor like \( x^2+1 \), the numerator must be in the form \( Cx+D \).

 

Question 16. \( \frac{1}{x\left(x^n+1\right)} \)
Answer: We have the integral \( \int \frac{1}{x(x^n+1)} dx \). As per the hint, we multiply the numerator and denominator by \( x^{n-1} \):
\[ = \int \frac{x^{n-1}}{x \cdot x^{n-1}(x^n+1)} dx = \int \frac{x^{n-1}}{x^n(x^n+1)} dx \] Now, let's use the substitution method. Let \( t = x^n \). Then, we find the derivative of \( t \) with respect to \( x \):
\( \frac{dt}{dx} = nx^{n-1} \)
\( dt = nx^{n-1} dx \) This implies \( x^{n-1} dx = \frac{dt}{n} \). Substitute these into our integral:
\[ = \int \frac{1}{t(t+1)} \frac{dt}{n} = \frac{1}{n} \int \frac{1}{t(t+1)} dt \] Next, we perform partial fraction decomposition for \( \frac{1}{t(t+1)} \):
\[ \frac{1}{t(t+1)} = \frac{1}{t} - \frac{1}{t+1} \] Substitute this back into the integral:
\[ = \frac{1}{n} \int \left(\frac{1}{t} - \frac{1}{t+1}\right) dt \] Now, integrate each term:
\[ = \frac{1}{n} \left(\int \frac{1}{t} dt - \int \frac{1}{t+1} dt\right) \]
\[ = \frac{1}{n} (\log|t| - \log|t+1|) + \mathrm{C} \] Using the logarithm property \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \frac{1}{n} \log\left|\frac{t}{t+1}\right| + \mathrm{C} \] Finally, substitute back \( t = x^n \):
\[ = \frac{1}{n} \log\left|\frac{x^n}{x^n+1}\right| + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: To solve this, we first changed the fraction by multiplying the top and bottom parts by a special term. Then, we replaced \( x^n \) with a new letter, which made the problem much simpler. After that, we broke the new simple fraction into two even simpler parts and integrated each piece. Finally, we put \( x^n \) back into the answer.

Exam Tip: When you see a term like \( x^n \) and its derivative (or a part of its derivative) in the integrand, consider a substitution involving \( x^n \). Multiplying the numerator and denominator by \( x^{n-1} \) helps create the derivative term needed for substitution.

 

Question 17. \( \frac{\cos x}{(1-\sin x)(2-\sin x)} \)
Answer: We have the integral \( \int \frac{\cos x}{(1-\sin x)(2-\sin x)} dx \). As per the hint, we will use a substitution. Let \( t = \sin x \). Then, we find the derivative of \( t \) with respect to \( x \):
\( \frac{dt}{dx} = \cos x \)
\( dt = \cos x \, dx \) Substitute these into our integral:
\[ = \int \frac{dt}{(1-t)(2-t)} \] Next, we perform partial fraction decomposition for \( \frac{1}{(1-t)(2-t)} \):
\[ \frac{1}{(1-t)(2-t)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{1-t}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{2-t} \] Multiply both sides by \( (1-t)(2-t) \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(2-t) + \mathrm{B}(1-t) \) To find A, set \( t=1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(2-1) + \mathrm{B}(1-1) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(1) + 0 \)
\( \mathrm{A} = 1 \) To find B, set \( t=2 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(2-2) + \mathrm{B}(1-2) \)
\( 1 = 0 + \mathrm{B}(-1) \)
\( \mathrm{B} = -1 \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{1}{(1-t)(2-t)} = \frac{1}{1-t} - \frac{1}{2-t} \] Substitute this back into the integral:
\[ = \int \left(\frac{1}{1-t} - \frac{1}{2-t}\right) dt \] Now, integrate each term:
\[ = \int \frac{1}{1-t} dt - \int \frac{1}{2-t} dt \] Recall that \( \int \frac{1}{a-x} dx = -\log|a-x| \).
\[ = (-\log|1-t|) - (-\log|2-t|) + \mathrm{C} \]
\[ = -\log|1-t| + \log|2-t| + \mathrm{C} \] Using the logarithm property \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \log\left|\frac{2-t}{1-t}\right| + \mathrm{C} \] Finally, substitute back \( t = \sin x \):
\[ = \log\left|\frac{2-\sin x}{1-\sin x}\right| + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We changed the variable from \( x \) to \( t \) by letting \( t \) be \( \sin x \), which simplified the problem. Then, we broke the new fraction into two simpler parts. After that, we integrated each part using logarithm rules, making sure to handle the negative signs correctly. Finally, we changed \( t \) back to \( \sin x \) to get the final answer.

Exam Tip: For trigonometric integrals, substitution is often the first approach. If the derivative of a function (like \( \sin x \)) appears in the numerator (like \( \cos x \)), a direct substitution is usually effective. Be careful with signs when integrating \( \frac{1}{a-x} \).

 

Question 18. \( \frac{\left(x^2+1\right)\left(x^2+2\right)}{\left(x^2+3\right)\left(x^2+4\right)} \)
Answer: We have the integral \( \int \frac{(x^2+1)(x^2+2)}{(x^2+3)(x^2+4)} dx \). As per the hint, let \( t = x^2 \). This substitution helps to simplify the algebraic expression, although it's not a direct substitution for integration later.
\[ \frac{(t+1)(t+2)}{(t+3)(t+4)} = \frac{t^2+3t+2}{t^2+7t+12} \] Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator, we perform polynomial long division:
\[ \frac{t^2+3t+2}{t^2+7t+12} = 1 - \frac{(t^2+7t+12) - (t^2+3t+2)}{t^2+7t+12} \]
\[ = 1 - \frac{4t+10}{t^2+7t+12} \] Now, we factorize the denominator of the fraction part: \( t^2+7t+12 = (t+3)(t+4) \). So, we need to find the partial fractions for \( \frac{4t+10}{(t+3)(t+4)} \):
\[ \frac{4t+10}{(t+3)(t+4)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{t+3}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{t+4} \] Multiply both sides by \( (t+3)(t+4) \):
\( 4t + 10 = \mathrm{A}(t+4) + \mathrm{B}(t+3) \) To find A, set \( t=-3 \):
\( 4(-3) + 10 = \mathrm{A}(-3+4) + \mathrm{B}(-3+3) \)
\( -12 + 10 = \mathrm{A}(1) + 0 \)
\( \mathrm{A} = -2 \) To find B, set \( t=-4 \):
\( 4(-4) + 10 = \mathrm{A}(-4+4) + \mathrm{B}(-4+3) \)
\( -16 + 10 = 0 + \mathrm{B}(-1) \)
\( -6 = -\mathrm{B} \)
\( \mathrm{B} = 6 \) So, the expression becomes:
\[ \frac{t^2+3t+2}{t^2+7t+12} = 1 - \left(\frac{-2}{t+3} + \frac{6}{t+4}\right) = 1 + \frac{2}{t+3} - \frac{6}{t+4} \] Now, substitute back \( t = x^2 \):
\[ \frac{(x^2+1)(x^2+2)}{(x^2+3)(x^2+4)} = 1 + \frac{2}{x^2+3} - \frac{6}{x^2+4} \] Next, we integrate this expression:
\[ \int \left(1 + \frac{2}{x^2+3} - \frac{6}{x^2+4}\right) dx \]
\[ = \int 1\,dx + 2\int \frac{1}{x^2+(\sqrt{3})^2}dx - 6\int \frac{1}{x^2+2^2}dx \] Using the standard integral formula \( \int \frac{1}{x^2+a^2}dx = \frac{1}{a}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right) \):
\[ = x + 2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{3}}\right)\right) - 6\left(\frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) + \mathrm{C} \]
\[ = x + \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{3}}\right) - 3\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We first replaced \( x^2 \) with \( t \) to simplify the fraction. Since the top and bottom parts had the same highest power, we used division to separate it into a whole number part and a proper fraction. Then, we broke the new fraction into simpler pieces. After finding the missing numbers, we replaced \( t \) with \( x^2 \) again and integrated each part using known formulas for sums and inverse tangents.

Exam Tip: When the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator in a rational function, always perform polynomial long division first before applying partial fractions. Remember the standard integral form for \( \frac{1}{x^2+a^2} \).

 

Question 19. \( \frac{2 x}{\left(x^2+1\right)\left(x^2+3\right)} \)
Answer: We have the integral \( \int \frac{2x}{(x^2+1)(x^2+3)} dx \). As per the hint, we will use a substitution. Let \( t = x^2 \). Then, we find the derivative of \( t \) with respect to \( x \):
\( \frac{dt}{dx} = 2x \)
\( dt = 2x \, dx \) Substitute these into our integral:
\[ = \int \frac{dt}{(t+1)(t+3)} \] Next, we perform partial fraction decomposition for \( \frac{1}{(t+1)(t+3)} \):
\[ \frac{1}{(t+1)(t+3)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{t+1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{t+3} \] Multiply both sides by \( (t+1)(t+3) \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(t+3) + \mathrm{B}(t+1) \) To find A, set \( t=-1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(-1+3) + \mathrm{B}(-1+1) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(2) + 0 \)
\( \mathrm{A} = \frac{1}{2} \) To find B, set \( t=-3 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(-3+3) + \mathrm{B}(-3+1) \)
\( 1 = 0 + \mathrm{B}(-2) \)
\( \mathrm{B} = -\frac{1}{2} \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{1}{(t+1)(t+3)} = \frac{1/2}{t+1} - \frac{1/2}{t+3} \] Substitute this back into the integral:
\[ = \int \left(\frac{1}{2(t+1)} - \frac{1}{2(t+3)}\right) dt \] Now, integrate each term:
\[ = \frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{t+1} dt - \frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{t+3} dt \]
\[ = \frac{1}{2}\log|t+1| - \frac{1}{2}\log|t+3| + \mathrm{C} \] Using the logarithm property \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \frac{1}{2}\log\left|\frac{t+1}{t+3}\right| + \mathrm{C} \] Finally, substitute back \( t = x^2 \):
\[ = \frac{1}{2}\log\left|\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+3}\right| + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We used a substitution to change \( x^2 \) to \( t \), which also simplified the \( 2x dx \) part into \( dt \). This made the integral much easier. Then, we broke the new fraction into two simpler pieces and integrated each piece using logarithm rules. Finally, we changed \( t \) back to \( x^2 \) to get the answer.

Exam Tip: When you see an integrand containing a term \( f(x^n) \) and \( x^{n-1} \) (or a multiple of it), consider substituting \( t = x^n \). This is a very common and effective strategy for simplifying such integrals.

 

Question 20. \( \frac{1}{x\left(x^4-1\right)} \)
Answer: We have the integral \( \int \frac{1}{x(x^4-1)} dx \). As per the hint, we will modify the expression by multiplying the numerator and denominator by \( x^3 \):
\[ = \int \frac{x^3}{x \cdot x^3(x^4-1)} dx = \int \frac{x^3}{x^4(x^4-1)} dx \] Now, we will use a substitution. Let \( t = x^4 \). Then, we find the derivative of \( t \) with respect to \( x \):
\( \frac{dt}{dx} = 4x^3 \)
\( dt = 4x^3 \, dx \) This implies \( x^3 \, dx = \frac{dt}{4} \). Substitute these into our integral:
\[ = \int \frac{1}{t(t-1)} \frac{dt}{4} = \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{1}{t(t-1)} dt \] Next, we perform partial fraction decomposition for \( \frac{1}{t(t-1)} \):
\[ \frac{1}{t(t-1)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{t}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{t-1} \] Multiply both sides by \( t(t-1) \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(t-1) + \mathrm{B}t \) To find A, set \( t=0 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(0-1) + \mathrm{B}(0) \)
\( 1 = -\mathrm{A} \)
\( \mathrm{A} = -1 \) To find B, set \( t=1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(1-1) + \mathrm{B}(1) \)
\( 1 = 0 + \mathrm{B} \)
\( \mathrm{B} = 1 \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{1}{t(t-1)} = -\frac{1}{t} + \frac{1}{t-1} \] Substitute this back into the integral:
\[ = \frac{1}{4} \int \left(\frac{1}{t-1} - \frac{1}{t}\right) dt \] Now, integrate each term:
\[ = \frac{1}{4} \left(\int \frac{1}{t-1} dt - \int \frac{1}{t} dt\right) \]
\[ = \frac{1}{4} (\log|t-1| - \log|t|) + \mathrm{C} \] Using the logarithm property \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \frac{1}{4} \log\left|\frac{t-1}{t}\right| + \mathrm{C} \] Finally, substitute back \( t = x^4 \):
\[ = \frac{1}{4} \log\left|\frac{x^4-1}{x^4}\right| + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We first made a change to the fraction by multiplying the top and bottom by \( x^3 \), which helped prepare it for a substitution. Then, we replaced \( x^4 \) with \( t \), making the integral simpler. After that, we broke the new fraction into two parts and integrated each part using basic logarithm rules. Finally, we put \( x^4 \) back into the answer to finish.

Exam Tip: When integrating \( \frac{1}{x(ax^n+b)} \), a common strategy is to multiply the numerator and denominator by \( x^{n-1} \) and then substitute \( t=x^n \). This method converts the integral into a simpler form that can be solved using partial fractions.

 

Question 21. \( \frac{1}{\left(e^x-1\right)} \)
Answer: We have the integral \( \int \frac{1}{(e^x-1)} dx \). As per the hint, we will use a substitution. Let \( t = e^x \). Then, we find the derivative of \( t \) with respect to \( x \):
\( \frac{dt}{dx} = e^x \)
\( dt = e^x \, dx \) We need \( dx \) in terms of \( dt \) and \( t \). Since \( t = e^x \), we can write \( dx = \frac{dt}{e^x} = \frac{dt}{t} \). Substitute these into our integral:
\[ = \int \frac{1}{(t-1)} \frac{dt}{t} = \int \frac{1}{t(t-1)} dt \] Next, we perform partial fraction decomposition for \( \frac{1}{t(t-1)} \):
\[ \frac{1}{t(t-1)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{t}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{t-1} \] Multiply both sides by \( t(t-1) \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(t-1) + \mathrm{B}t \) To find A, set \( t=0 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(0-1) + \mathrm{B}(0) \)
\( 1 = -\mathrm{A} \)
\( \mathrm{A} = -1 \) To find B, set \( t=1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(1-1) + \mathrm{B}(1) \)
\( 1 = 0 + \mathrm{B} \)
\( \mathrm{B} = 1 \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{1}{t(t-1)} = -\frac{1}{t} + \frac{1}{t-1} \] Substitute this back into the integral:
\[ = \int \left(\frac{1}{t-1} - \frac{1}{t}\right) dt \] Now, integrate each term:
\[ = \int \frac{1}{t-1} dt - \int \frac{1}{t} dt \]
\[ = \log|t-1| - \log|t| + \mathrm{C} \] Using the logarithm property \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \log\left|\frac{t-1}{t}\right| + \mathrm{C} \] Finally, substitute back \( t = e^x \):
\[ = \log\left|\frac{e^x-1}{e^x}\right| + \mathrm{C} \]In simple words: We used a substitution to change \( e^x \) to \( t \), which also changed \( dx \) into a simpler form. This simplified the integral into a fraction with \( t \). Then, we broke this new fraction into two simpler parts and integrated each piece using logarithm rules. Finally, we changed \( t \) back to \( e^x \) to get the final answer.

Exam Tip: For integrals involving \( e^x \), a substitution of \( t=e^x \) is frequently helpful. Remember that if \( t=e^x \), then \( dx = \frac{dt}{e^x} = \frac{dt}{t} \), which is key for transforming the integral correctly.

 

Questions 22 and 23. Choose the correct option from the given alternatives so that the statement becomes true.

 

Question 22. \( \int \frac{x d x}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \)
(A) \( \log \left|\frac{(x-1)^2}{x-2}\right| + c \)
(B) \( \log\left|\frac{(x-2)^2}{x-1}\right| + c \)
(C) \( \log\left|\frac{(x-1)^2}{x-2}\right| + c \)
(D) \( \log (x – 1) (x – 2)| + c \)
Answer: (B) \( \log\left|\frac{(x-2)^2}{x-1}\right| + c \)
We perform partial fraction decomposition for the integrand:
\[ \frac{x}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{x-1}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{x-2} \] Multiply both sides by \( (x-1)(x-2) \):
\( x = \mathrm{A}(x-2) + \mathrm{B}(x-1) \) To find A, set \( x=1 \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(1-2) + \mathrm{B}(1-1) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(-1) + 0 \)
\( \mathrm{A} = -1 \) To find B, set \( x=2 \):
\( 2 = \mathrm{A}(2-2) + \mathrm{B}(2-1) \)
\( 2 = 0 + \mathrm{B}(1) \)
\( \mathrm{B} = 2 \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{x}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \frac{-1}{x-1} + \frac{2}{x-2} \] Now, we integrate the expression:
\[ \int \left(\frac{-1}{x-1} + \frac{2}{x-2}\right) dx \]
\[ = -\int \frac{1}{x-1} dx + 2\int \frac{1}{x-2} dx \]
\[ = -\log|x-1| + 2\log|x-2| + \mathrm{C} \] Using the logarithm properties \( n\log a = \log a^n \) and \( \log a - \log b = \log \frac{a}{b} \):
\[ = \log|(x-2)^2| - \log|x-1| + \mathrm{C} \]
\[ = \log\left|\frac{(x-2)^2}{x-1}\right| + \mathrm{C} \] Comparing this result with the given options, it matches option (B).In simple words: We broke the given fraction into two simpler pieces. Then, we solved for the unknown numbers in these new fractions. After that, we integrated each piece separately using logarithm rules. Finally, we combined the results into a single logarithm to match one of the choices.

Exam Tip: For MCQ questions involving integrals of rational functions, always simplify the partial fraction decomposition as much as possible using logarithm properties, such as combining terms into a single logarithm, to easily match the given options.

 

Question 23. \( \int \frac{dx}{x\left(x^2+1\right)} = \)
(A) \( \log|x| - \frac{1}{2}\log(x^2 + 1) + c \)
(B) \( \log | x + \frac{1}{2}\log(x^2 + 1) + c \)
(C) \( -\log | x + \frac{1}{2}\log (x^2 + 1) + c \)
(D) \( \frac{1}{2} \log |x| + \frac{1}{2}\log (x^2 + 1) + c \)
Answer: (A) \( \log|x| - \frac{1}{2}\log(x^2 + 1) + c \)
We perform partial fraction decomposition for the integrand:
\[ \frac{1}{x(x^2+1)} = \frac{\mathrm{A}}{x}+\frac{\mathrm{B}x+\mathrm{C}}{x^2+1} \] Multiply both sides by \( x(x^2+1) \):
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}(x^2+1) + x(\mathrm{B}x+\mathrm{C}) \)
\( 1 = \mathrm{A}x^2+\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B}x^2+\mathrm{C}x \)
\( 1 = (\mathrm{A}+\mathrm{B})x^2 + \mathrm{C}x + \mathrm{A} \) Now, we compare the coefficients of \( x^2 \), \( x \), and the constant terms on both sides: Comparing constant terms:
\( \mathrm{A} = 1 \) Comparing coefficients of \( x \):
\( \mathrm{C} = 0 \) Comparing coefficients of \( x^2 \):
\( \mathrm{A}+\mathrm{B} = 0 \) Substitute \( \mathrm{A}=1 \):
\( 1+\mathrm{B} = 0 \)
\( \mathrm{B} = -1 \) So, the partial fraction decomposition is:
\[ \frac{1}{x(x^2+1)} = \frac{1}{x} + \frac{-1x+0}{x^2+1} = \frac{1}{x} - \frac{x}{x^2+1} \] Now, we integrate the expression:
\[ \int \left(\frac{1}{x} - \frac{x}{x^2+1}\right) dx \]
\[ = \int \frac{1}{x} dx - \int \frac{x}{x^2+1} dx \] For the first integral:
\[ \int \frac{1}{x} dx = \log|x| \] For the second integral, let \( u = x^2+1 \), so \( du = 2x\,dx \), or \( x\,dx = \frac{1}{2}du \).
\[ \int \frac{x}{x^2+1} dx = \int \frac{1}{u} \frac{1}{2} du = \frac{1}{2}\log|u| = \frac{1}{2}\log|x^2+1| \] Combining the results, the final integral is:
\[ \log|x| - \frac{1}{2}\log|x^2+1| + \mathrm{C} \] Comparing this result with the given options, it matches option (A).In simple words: We broke the original fraction into two simpler parts. One part was a simple fraction with \( x \), and the other had \( x \) on top and \( x^2+1 \) on the bottom. We found the correct numbers for these parts, then integrated each one. The first part became a logarithm, and the second part became half a logarithm, which gave us the final answer.

Exam Tip: When dealing with irreducible quadratic factors like \( x^2+1 \) in the denominator, the corresponding numerator in partial fractions should be in the form \( Bx+C \). For integrals like \( \int \frac{x}{ax^2+b}dx \), remember that a simple substitution \( u=ax^2+b \) often works, resulting in a logarithmic term.

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