GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit अभ्यास 6 विसर्ग सन्धि-परिचयः Solutions

Question 1. मानवाः सन्तु निर्भयाः।
Answer: मानवास्सन्तु निर्भया: OR मानवाः सन्तु निर्भयाः।
In simple words: This question asks to perform a Sandhi transformation where 'मानवाः सन्तु निर्भयाः' becomes 'मानवास्सन्तु निर्भया:' or remains 'मानवाः सन्तु निर्भयाः' based on the specific rule application.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific Sandhi rules for Visarga to determine if a transformation into 'स' or retention of the original form is correct.

Question 2. सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु ।
Answer: सुखनस्सर्वे सन्तु । OR सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु ।
In simple words: This question involves a Sandhi transformation where 'सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु' can change to 'सुखनस्सर्वे सन्तु' or remain 'सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु' according to grammatical rules.

Exam Tip: Understand the optional and mandatory Sandhi rules, as some forms might be acceptable in their original state while others require transformation.

Question 3. अनाथः दरिद्रः जरारोगयुक्तः।
Answer: अनाथे दरिद्रो जरारोगयुक्तः।
In simple words: This Sandhi transformation combines the words to form 'अनाथे दरिद्रो जरारोगयुक्तः', illustrating how Visarga changes based on the following letters.

Exam Tip: Remember that Visarga Sandhi often changes the final 'विसर्ग' (:) into 'ओ' or 'र' or 'स' depending on the starting sound of the next word.

Question 4. दास्याः पुत्रः व्याघ्रः मद्भयेन मयूररूपं गृहीत्वा पलायते।
Answer: दास्याः पुत्रो व्याघ्रोः मद्भयेन मयूररूपं गृहीत्वा
In simple words: The sentence shows Sandhi applied to 'पुत्रः व्याघ्रः', transforming it into 'पुत्रो व्याघ्रोः' due to the specific sounds following the Visarga.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga is followed by a soft consonant (like 'व' or 'म'), it often changes to an 'ओ' sound, as seen in this example.

Question 5. नीचः प्रायेण दुःसहो भवति।
Answer: नीचः प्रायेण दुस्सहो। OR दुः सहो भवति।
In simple words: This example demonstrates Visarga Sandhi where 'दुःसहो' can be written as 'दुस्सहो' or remain 'दुः सहो', showing possible variations in Sandhi forms.

Exam Tip: Recognize that some Sandhi rules provide alternative correct forms, giving flexibility in writing certain Sanskrit words.

2. सन्धिविच्छेदं कृत्वा वाक्यानि पुनः लिखत।

Question 1. सं वो मनासि जानताम्।
Answer: सम् + व + मनांसि जानताम्।
In simple words: This question asks to separate the compound word 'सं' into its original components, which are 'सम् + व'. This process is called Sandhi-vicched (breaking a compound word).

Exam Tip: For Sandhi-vicched, always break down the compound word into its original constituent words and their base forms, including any implicit sounds or letters.

Question 2. अनेन तुषेभ्यस्तण्डुलाः पृथक् सज्जाताः।
Answer: अनेन तुषेभ्यः + तण्डलाः पृथक सञ्जाता।
In simple words: Here, the Sandhi-vicched for 'तुषेभ्यस्तण्डुलाः' breaks it into 'तुषेभ्यः' and 'तण्डलाः', showing how 'स' is formed from Visarga before 'त'.

Exam Tip: When 'स्' or 'ष्' appear in a compound word, consider if they originated from a Visarga (:) during Sandhi formation, especially before 'त' or 'थ'.

Question 3. अनाथ इव व्याघ्रण खादितोऽस्मि।
Answer: अनाथः + इव व्याघ्रण खादितः + अस्ति।
In simple words: The phrase 'खादितोऽस्मि' is separated into 'खादितः' and 'अस्ति', illustrating how an 'ओ' sound with an 'अवग्रह' (ऽ) often comes from a Visarga followed by 'अ'.

Exam Tip: Look for the 'अवग्रह' (ऽ) as a strong indicator that an 'ओ' sound has merged with a preceding 'अ', and the original form likely involved a Visarga.

Question 4. अजो नित्यः शाश्वतोऽयं पुराणो न हन्यते।
Answer: अजः + नित्यः शाश्वतः + अयम् + पुराण + न हन्यतै।
In simple words: This involves breaking down 'शाश्वतोऽयं' into 'शाश्वतः + अयम्' and 'पुराणो' into 'पुराण + न', showing how Visarga can become 'ओ' or disappear in Sandhi.

Exam Tip: When performing Sandhi-vicched, systematically identify each part of the compound word and its original form, considering changes in Visarga and vowel sounds.

Question 5. चतुर्विधा भजन्ते मां जनाः सुकृतिनोऽर्जुन।
Answer: चतुर्विधा + भजन्ते मां जनाः सुकृतिनः अर्जुन।
In simple words: The compound 'सुकृतिनोऽर्जुन' is split into 'सुकृतिनः + अर्जुन', demonstrating a common Sandhi rule where Visarga changes to 'ओ' and merges with 'अ'.

Exam Tip: Practice identifying the base words before Sandhi occurred, especially when an 'ओ' followed by 'ऽ' is present, as it often indicates a Visarga-vowel combination.

3. 'क' वर्गेण सह 'ख' वर्गस्य मेलनं कुरुत।

Question 3. 'क' वर्गेण सह 'ख' वर्गस्य मेलनं कुरुत।
Match the items from column 'क' with their correct descriptions/types from column 'ख'.
Column 'क':
1. सुजनो न
2. गतिस्त्वम्
3. परोऽपि
4. स्वर्गस्थितः कर्दनः
5. वृद्ध इव
Column 'ख':
(1) विसर्गस्य लोपः
(2) विसर्गस्य सन्धिः न
(3) विसर्गस्य रेफः
(4) विसर्गस्य सकारः
(5) विसर्गस्य ओकारः अवर्णस्य परतः
(6) विसर्गस्य ओकारः
Answer:
1. सुजनो न - (6) विसर्गस्य ओकारः अवर्णस्य पुरतः
2. गतिस्त्वम् - (4) विसर्गस्य सकारः
3. परोऽपि - (5) विसर्गस्य ओकारः अवर्णस्य परतः
4. स्वर्गस्थितः कर्दनः - (2) विसर्गस्य सन्धिः न
5. वृद्ध इव - (1) विसर्गस्य लोपः
In simple words: This exercise tests knowledge of different Visarga Sandhi rules, such as when Visarga changes to 'ओ', 'स', 'र', or disappears, and when no Sandhi occurs. Match the example words to their correct grammatical transformation type.

Exam Tip: For matching questions, carefully read both columns. Understand the characteristics of each Sandhi rule to correctly associate the examples with their corresponding transformations.

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit विसर्ग सन्धि-परिचयः Additional Important Questions and Answers

1. समुचितं सन्धिपदं चित्वा लिखत –

Question 1. कपिः + चलति – कपिर्चलित / कपिश्चलति।
Answer: कपिश्चलति
In simple words: When 'कपिः' and 'चलति' combine, the Visarga changes to 'श्' (palatal sibilant) due to the following 'च' sound, forming 'कपिश्चलति'.

Exam Tip: Remember the rule that Visarga changes to 'श्' when followed by 'च' or 'छ'.

Question 2. प्रथमः + नाम – प्रथमो नाम / प्रथमोऽनाम
Answer: प्रथमो नाम
In simple words: Here, 'प्रथमः' and 'नाम' combine. The Visarga transforms into 'ओ' because it is preceded by 'अ' and followed by a soft consonant 'न', resulting in 'प्रथमो नाम'.

Exam Tip: If a Visarga preceded by 'अ' is followed by a soft consonant (like 'न', 'म', 'य', 'र', 'ल', 'व'), it often transforms into 'ओ'.

Question 3. इतः + ततः – इतस्ततः। इतश्ततः
Answer: इतस्ततः
In simple words: In the combination 'इतः + ततः', the Visarga changes into 'स' (dental sibilant) because it is followed by 'त', forming 'इतस्ततः'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga changes to 'स' when followed by 'त' or 'थ'.

Question 4. दुः + कर्म – दश्कर्म + दुष्कर्म
Answer: दुष्कर्म
In simple words: When 'दुः' combines with 'कर्म', the Visarga transforms into 'ष्' (retroflex sibilant) because of the following 'क्' sound, creating 'दुष्कर्म'.

Exam Tip: Be aware of the rule where Visarga changes to 'ष्' when followed by 'क्', 'ख्', 'प्', or 'फ्'.

Question 5. शिवः + अवदत् – शिवावदत् । शिवोऽवदत्
Answer: शिवोऽवदत्
In simple words: In 'शिवः + अवदत्', the Visarga, preceded by 'अ' and followed by 'अ', changes to 'ओ' and the subsequent 'अ' is dropped, marked by 'ऽ', resulting in 'शिवोऽवदत्'.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga preceded by 'अ' is followed by 'अ', the Visarga changes to 'ओ', and the 'अ' after it is absorbed and indicated by an 'अवग्रह' (ऽ).

Question 6. मुनिः + आगच्छति – मुनिरागच्छति / मुनिरगच्छित...........
Answer: मुनिरागच्छति
In simple words: For 'मुनिः + आगच्छति', the Visarga changes into 'र्' because it is preceded by a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ' and followed by a vowel, forming 'मुनिरागच्छति'.

Exam Tip: If a Visarga is preceded by any vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ' and is followed by a vowel or soft consonant, it usually changes to 'र्'.

Question 7. मनः + रथः – मनरथः / मनोरथः
Answer: मनोरथः
In simple words: When 'मनः' combines with 'रथः', the Visarga, preceded by 'अ' and followed by a soft consonant 'र', changes to 'ओ', resulting in 'मनोरथः'.

Exam Tip: Remember that Visarga preceded by 'अ' and followed by a soft consonant often transforms into 'ओ'.

Question 8. छात्र + अयम् – छात्रोऽयम् / छात्रायम् ...........
Answer: छात्रोऽयम्।
In simple words: The combination 'छात्रः + अयम्' forms 'छात्रोऽयम्'. Here, the Visarga, preceded by 'अ' and followed by 'अ', changes to 'ओ', and the subsequent 'अ' is absorbed, marked by 'ऽ'.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the 'अवग्रह' (ऽ) sign, which indicates the absorption of an 'अ' vowel after an 'ओ' sound formed from a Visarga.

2. सन्धिविच्छेदं कृत्वा लिखत

Question 1. भोजो नाम – "........." + नाम।
Answer: भोजः + नाम
In simple words: The word 'भोजो' is separated into its original form 'भोजः' and 'नाम', showing that 'ओ' came from Visarga (:) followed by a soft consonant.

Exam Tip: When an 'ओ' sound is followed by a soft consonant, it often indicates a transformation from a Visarga ending in 'अ'.

Question 2. कीटोऽपि – ". + अपि।
Answer: कीटः + अपि
In simple words: 'कीटोऽपि' is broken into 'कीटः' and 'अपि', where the 'ओ' and 'ऽ' signify a Visarga followed by 'अ' which transformed.

Exam Tip: The 'अवग्रह' (ऽ) sign in Sandhi-vicched is a clear indicator that an 'अ' vowel was present after a Visarga that transformed into 'ओ'.

Question 3. धनुष्टङ्कारः ." टङ्कारः।
Answer: धनुः + टङ्कारः
In simple words: 'धनुष्टङ्कारः' is split into 'धनुः' and 'टङ्कारः', showing the Visarga changing to 'ष्' before 'ट्'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga changes to 'ष्' when followed by 'ट्' or 'ठ्'.

Question 4. नमस्कारः - नमः + ". ." |
Answer: नमः + कारः
In simple words: 'नमस्कारः' is separated into 'नमः' and 'कारः', where the 'स' came from the Visarga before 'क्'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga sometimes changes to 'स' or 'ष्' before certain consonants like 'क' or 'ख', forming the sibilant 'स' or 'ष्'.

Question 5. महापुरुषैरपि । – " + अपि।
Answer: महापुरुषैः + अपि
In simple words: 'महापुरुषैरपि' is broken into 'महापुरुषैः' and 'अपि', indicating a Visarga followed by a vowel changing to 'र्'.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga, preceded by any vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ', is followed by a vowel, it typically transforms into 'र्'.

Question 6. कैश्चत् – कैः + " "
Answer: कैः + चित्
In simple words: 'कैश्चत्' is separated into 'कैः' and 'चित्', showing the Visarga changing to 'श्' before 'च'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga changes to 'श्' when followed by 'च' or 'छ'.

Question 7. शिविर्जयति – ". ." + जयति।
Answer: शिविः + जयति
In simple words: 'शिविर्जयति' is broken into 'शिविः' and 'जयति', with the 'र्' coming from a Visarga followed by a soft consonant.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga preceded by a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ' is followed by a soft consonant, it changes to 'र्'.

Question 8. वर्षयोरुपरान्तम् – वर्षयोः + "........" ।
Answer: वर्षयोः + उपरान्तम्
In simple words: 'वर्षयोरुपरान्तम्' is split into 'वर्षयोः' and 'उपरान्तम्', where the 'र्' comes from Visarga before a vowel.

Exam Tip: A Visarga, when preceded by 'ओ' (or a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ') and followed by a vowel, can transform into 'र्'.

3. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु स्थूलपदेषु सन्धिविच्छेदं कृत्वा लिखत

Question 1. बालो गच्छति।
Answer: बालः + गच्छति
In simple words: The compound 'बालो' is separated into 'बालः' and 'गच्छति', where the 'ओ' is a result of Visarga Sandhi.

Exam Tip: The 'ओ' vowel often arises from a Visarga preceded by 'अ' and followed by a soft consonant or 'अ', requiring careful separation during Sandhi-vicched.

Question 2. निष्कपटः जनः शोभते।
Answer: निः + कपटः जनः शोभते।
In simple words: The word 'निष्कपटः' is broken into 'निः' and 'कपटः', showing how the 'ष्' sound forms from a Visarga before 'क'.

Exam Tip: Recognize that 'ष्' in a word like 'निष्कपटः' often results from a Visarga changing before certain hard consonants, indicating a specific Sandhi rule.

Question 3. मन्दबुद्धिः सेवकः स्वामिनः मतस्तापस्य कारणमभवत्।
Answer: मतः + तापस्य
In simple words: The compound 'मतस्तापस्य' is separated into 'मतः' and 'तापस्य', illustrating how a Visarga can change to 'स' when followed by 'त'.

Exam Tip: When you see 'स' within a word where a Visarga could have been, especially before 'त' or 'थ', consider Visarga changing to 'स' as the Sandhi rule.

Question 4. अध्यापकः उत्तमं छात्रं पुरस्करोति।
Answer: पुरः + करोति
In simple words: 'पुरस्करोति' is broken into 'पुरः' and 'करोति', showing the Visarga changing to 'स' before 'क'.

Exam Tip: Some Sandhi rules convert a Visarga into 'स' when followed by 'क', 'ख', 'प', or 'फ', which is important to remember for decomposition.

Question 5. छात्रः तपोवनम् गच्छति
Answer: तपः + वनम्
In simple words: 'तपोवनम्' is separated into 'तपः' and 'वनम्', demonstrating how 'ओ' comes from Visarga before a soft consonant.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga preceded by 'अ' is followed by a soft consonant like 'व', it transforms into 'ओ'.

Question 6. पितुरिच्छा वर्तते।
Answer: पितुः + इच्छा।
In simple words: 'पितुरिच्छा' is broken into 'पितुः' and 'इच्छा', showing the 'र्' coming from a Visarga followed by a vowel.

Exam Tip: A Visarga preceded by 'उ' (or any vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ') and followed by a vowel transforms into 'र्'.

4. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु स्थूलाक्षरपदेषु सन्धि विच्छेदं कृत्वा लिखत

Question 1. अहो! तत्र क्रीडितुम् भानुरपि।
Answer: भानुः + अपि
In simple words: The word 'भानुरपि' is separated into 'भानुः' and 'अपि', where the 'र्' indicates a Visarga followed by a vowel.

Exam Tip: When 'र्' is present in a compound word and preceded by a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ', it often implies a Visarga in its original form when followed by a vowel.

Question 2. अद्य तस्योपदेशस्य सारः अस्ति 'दानेन तुल्यो निधिरास्ति नान्यः'।
Answer: निधिः + अस्ति
In simple words: 'निधिरास्ति' is broken into 'निधिः' and 'अस्ति', showing how 'र्' forms from a Visarga followed by a vowel.

Exam Tip: The presence of 'र्' between two words, especially when preceded by a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ', is a strong clue for a Visarga Sandhi transformation.

Question 3. कीटोऽपि सुमनःसङ्गाद् आरोहति सतां शिरः।
Answer: कीटः + अपि
In simple words: The compound 'कीटोऽपि' is separated into 'कीटः' and 'अपि', where the 'ओ' and 'ऽ' signify a Visarga followed by 'अ'.

Exam Tip: When a word ends in 'ओ' followed by 'ऽ', it suggests a Visarga Sandhi where the Visarga changed to 'ओ' and absorbed a subsequent 'अ'.

Question 4. ते नरा धन्याः सन्ति।
Answer: नराः + धन्याः
In simple words: The phrase 'नरा धन्याः' is a grammatical example. If it were 'नरास्सन्ति', then 'नराः + सन्ति' would be the separation, but here it's simply stated for context.

Exam Tip: Not all sequences of words undergo Sandhi. Sometimes, words remain in their original forms, especially when specific Sandhi rules are not triggered.

Question 5. हरिश्चलति ।
Answer: हरिः + चलति
In simple words: The word 'हरिश्चलति' is broken into 'हरिः' and 'चलति', showing the Visarga changing to 'श्' before 'च'.

Exam Tip: Remember that a Visarga transforms into 'श्' when followed by 'च' or 'छ'.

Question 6. कपी इतस्ततः भ्रमतः।
Answer: इतः + ततः
In simple words: 'इतस्ततः' is separated into 'इतः' and 'ततः', demonstrating the Visarga changing to 'स' before 'त'.

Exam Tip: The 'स' sound in words like 'इतस्ततः' typically indicates a Visarga that has changed due to a following 'त' or 'थ'.

Question 7. दिल्लीश्वरो वा जगदीश्वरो वा
Answer: दिल्लीश्वरः + वा
In simple words: 'दिल्लीश्वरो' is separated into 'दिल्लीश्वरः' and 'वा', showing the 'ओ' sound coming from Visarga before a soft consonant.

Exam Tip: When a word ending in Visarga and preceded by 'अ' is followed by a soft consonant, the Visarga often changes to 'ओ'.

Question 8. वाक्पटुधैर्यवान् मन्त्री परैर्न परिभूयते।
Answer: वाक्पटुः + धैर्यवान्
In simple words: 'वाक्पटुधैर्यवान्' is separated into 'वाक्पटुः' and 'धैर्यवान्', where the 'र्' in the compound form results from a Visarga changing before 'ध'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga followed by a soft consonant and preceded by a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ' often changes to 'र्'.

5. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु स्थूलाक्षरपदेषु सन्धिं कृत्वा लिखत –

Question 1. सः + अपि महा सहगमिष्यति।
Answer: सोऽपि
In simple words: 'सः' and 'अपि' combine to form 'सोऽपि'. The Visarga (:) followed by 'अ' changes to 'ओ', and the 'अ' is dropped, indicated by 'ऽ'.

Exam Tip: This is a common Sandhi rule where 'सः' or 'एषः' followed by 'अ' results in 'सोऽ' or 'एषोऽ'.

Question 2. तेन सह श्यामः + अपि अस्ति।
Answer: श्यामोऽपि
In simple words: 'श्यामः' and 'अपि' combine to form 'श्यामोऽपि'. The Visarga followed by 'अ' changes to 'ओ', and the subsequent 'अ' is omitted, marked by 'ऽ'.

Exam Tip: Look for the 'ऽ' (Avagraha) sign which always indicates that an 'अ' vowel was absorbed into the preceding 'ओ' sound during Sandhi.

Question 3. तत्र गङ्गायाः + तटे एकः प्राचीनः विशालः वटः अस्ति।
Answer: गङ्गायास्तटे
In simple words: 'गङ्गायाः' and 'तटे' combine to form 'गङ्गायास्तटे'. The Visarga (:) changes to 'स' because it is followed by 'त'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga changes to 'स' when followed by 'त' or 'थ'. This is a consistent rule to apply.

Question 4. समधे नमः + ते।
Answer: नमस्ते
In simple words: 'नमः' and 'ते' combine to form 'नमस्ते'. The Visarga changes to 'स' because it is followed by 'त'.

Exam Tip: The Sandhi rule of Visarga changing to 'स' before 'त' is very common and essential to remember, as seen in words like 'नमस्ते'.

Question 5. श्यामस्य हृदयं निः + छलम् अस्ति।
Answer: निरछलम्
In simple words: 'निः' and 'छलम्' combine to form 'निरछलम्'. The Visarga (:) changes to 'र्' due to the following 'छ'.

Exam Tip: When Visarga is followed by 'च' or 'छ', it can change to 'श्'. However, depending on context and specific rules, other transformations, like 'र्', might occur, so always verify with the exact Sandhi categories.

Question 6. रामः + च लक्ष्मणश्च वनं गतौ।
Answer: रामश्च
In simple words: 'रामः' and 'च' combine to form 'रामश्च'. The Visarga (:) changes to 'श्' because it is followed by 'च'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga changes to 'श्' when it is followed by 'च' or 'छ', leading to common forms like 'रामश्च'.

Question 7. मेघः + गर्जति।
Answer: मेघोगर्जति
In simple words: 'मेघः' and 'गर्जति' combine to form 'मेघोगर्जति'. The Visarga (:) preceded by 'अ' changes to 'ओ' because it is followed by a soft consonant 'ग'.

Exam Tip: Remember that a Visarga preceded by 'अ' and followed by a soft consonant (like 'ग', 'ज', 'द', 'ध', etc.) often changes into 'ओ'.

Question 8. वने मृगाः + चरन्ति।
Answer: मृगाश्चरन्ति
In simple words: 'मृगाः' and 'चरन्ति' combine to form 'मृगाश्चरन्ति'. The Visarga (:) changes to 'श्' because it is followed by 'च'.

Exam Tip: Consistently apply the rule that Visarga changes to 'श्' when followed by 'च' or 'छ' in Sandhi.

6. स्थूलपदेषु सन्धिच्छेदम् दत्तेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः शुद्धं चित्त्वा उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत

Question 1. हरिश्चलति विद्यालयं प्रति।
(a) हरिश् + चलति
(b) हरिस् + चलति
(c) हरिः + चलति
(d) हरिर् + चलति
Answer: (c) हरिः + चलति
In simple words: The word 'हरिश्चलति' is separated into its original components, 'हरिः' and 'चलति'. The Visarga (:) changes to 'श्' when followed by 'च', so the original form includes a Visarga.

Exam Tip: Remember that Visarga followed by 'च' or 'छ' changes to 'श्'. Therefore, for Sandhi-vicched, 'श्' often reverts to Visarga (:) when followed by 'च' or 'छ'.

Question 2. कपिः इतस्ततः भ्रमात
(a) इत + ततः
(b) इतस् + ततः
(c) इतः + ततः
(d) इतर् + ततः
Answer: (c) इतः + ततः
In simple words: The word 'इतस्ततः' is broken down into 'इतः' and 'ततः'. The 'स' sound in the compound word originates from a Visarga (:) when it is followed by 'त'.

Exam Tip: For Sandhi-vicched, if you see 'स' within a word where a Visarga could have been, especially before 'त' or 'थ', the original form likely contained a Visarga (:) which changed to 'स'.

Question 3. स विशालं भवनम् दृष्ट्वा विस्मितः अभवत् ।
(a) सा + विशालं
(b) सः + विशालं
(c) साः + विशालं
(d) स + विशाला
Answer: (b) सः + विशालं
In simple words: The pronoun 'स' usually takes a Visarga (:) in its base form 'सः' before certain consonants. The original form is 'सः + विशालं', and in Sandhi, the Visarga typically disappears before soft consonants like 'व'.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the base forms of pronouns like 'सः' and 'एषः'. The Visarga can disappear when followed by soft consonants or certain vowels, making 'स' a common resulting form.

Question 4. कः स्यात पापतरस्ततः?
(a) पापतरः + ततः
(b) पापतर + ततः
(c) पापतरस् + ततः
(d) पापतरच् + ततः
Answer: (a) पापतरः + ततः
In simple words: The word 'पापतरस्ततः' is broken into 'पापतरः' and 'ततः'. The 'स' in the compound form indicates a Visarga (:) that changed because it was followed by 'त'.

Exam Tip: When doing Sandhi-vicched, if 'स' is found before 'त' or 'थ', it's a strong indicator that the original word ended in a Visarga (:).

Question 5. अहं देवेन्द्रस्त्वत्समीपम् उपागतः अस्मि।
(a) देवेन्द्रः + त्वत्समीपम्
(b) देवेन्द्र + त्वत्समीपम्
(c) देवेन्द्रत् + त्वत्समीपम्
(d) देवेन्द्रो + त्वत्समीपम्
Answer: (a) देवेन्द्रः + त्वत्समीपम्
In simple words: The word 'देवेन्द्रस्त्वत्समीपम्' is separated into 'देवेन्द्रः' and 'त्वत्समीपम्'. The 'स' in the combined form comes from a Visarga (:) which changed before 'त्'.

Exam Tip: If 'स' is present where a Visarga could have been, especially before 'त्' or 'थ्', the Visarga changes to 'स' as per the Sandhi rules.

Question 6. मम जनकस्तु प्रतिदिनम् अध्य पाठ करोति।
(a) जनकः + तु
(b) जनक + अस्तु
(c) जनक + अस्तु
(d) जनकस् + तु
Answer: (a) जनकः + तु
In simple words: The word 'जनकस्तु' is broken into 'जनकः' and 'तु'. The 'स' sound in the compound word results from a Visarga (:) changing because it is followed by 'त्'.

Exam Tip: Remember the rule that a Visarga changes to 'स' when followed by 'त्' or 'थ्' during Sandhi formation.

Question 7. परुषां वाचं योऽभ्युदीरयेत्।
(a) यः + अभि + उदीरयेत्
(b) यः + अभी + उदीरयेत्
(c) यः + अभ्यु + दीरयेत्
(d) यो + अभी + ऊदीरयेत्
Answer: (a) यः + अभि + उदीरयेत्
In simple words: The word 'योऽभ्युदीरयेत्' is separated. The 'यो' comes from 'यः' (Visarga becoming 'ओ'), and 'ऽभ्यु' indicates the absorption of 'अभि' where 'अ' is dropped, followed by 'उदीरयेत्'.

Exam Tip: Look for combinations of 'ओऽ' followed by 'य' or other vowels, which often indicates a Visarga that changed to 'ओ' and absorbed a subsequent 'अ' or merged with another vowel.

Question 8. पाण्डवास्त्वं च राष्ट्रं च सदा संरक्ष्यमेव हि।
(a) पाण्डवाः + त्वं
(b) पाण्डवास् + त्वं
(c) पाण्डवास् + वं
(d) पाण्डवाः + स्त्वं
Answer: (a) पाण्डवाः + त्वं
In simple words: The compound 'पाण्डवास्त्वं' is broken into 'पाण्डवाः' and 'त्वं'. The 'स' sound in the combined word originates from a Visarga (:) that changed because it was followed by 'त्'.

Exam Tip: When 'स' appears before 'त्' or 'थ्' in a compound word, it is usually the result of a Visarga Sandhi transformation. Recognize this pattern for accurate Sandhi-vicched.

Question 9. वाक्पटुधैर्यवान् मन्त्री परैर्न परिभूयते।
(a) परैर् + न
(b) परैः + न
(c) परैस् + न
(d) परैश् + न
Answer: (b) परैः + न
In simple words: The word 'परैर्न' is separated into 'परैः' and 'न'. The 'र्' in the combined word suggests a Visarga (:) that changed because it was followed by a soft consonant 'न'.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga preceded by a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ' is followed by a soft consonant or a vowel, it often changes to 'र्'.

Question 10. अहं तस्य निग्रह वायोरिव सुदुष्करं मन्ये।
(a) वायोः + इव
(b) वायोर् + इव
(c) वायोस् + इव
(d) + इव
Answer: (a) वायोः + इव
In simple words: The word 'वायोरिव' is broken into 'वायोः' and 'इव'. The 'र्' in the compound form indicates a Visarga (:) that changed because it was followed by a vowel 'इ'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga (:) preceded by 'ओ' (or any vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ') and followed by a vowel, typically transforms into 'र्'.

7. स्थूलपदेषु सन्धियुक्तपदं दत्तेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः शुद्धं चित्त्वा उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत –

Question 1. रामः + च लक्ष्मणश्च वनं गतौ।
(a) रामस्च
(b) रामश्च
(c) रामः च
(d) रामञ्च
Answer: (b) रामश्च
In simple words: When 'रामः' and 'च' combine, the Visarga (:) changes to 'श्' because it is followed by 'च', forming 'रामश्च'.

Exam Tip: Always remember the fundamental rule: Visarga followed by 'च' or 'छ' changes to 'श्'.

Question 2. वने मृगाः + चरन्ति।
(a) मृगास्चरन्ति
(b) मृगाष्चरन्ति
(c) मृगाश्चरन्ति
(d) मृगा:चरन्ति
Answer: (c) मृगाश्चरन्ति
In simple words: When 'मृगाः' and 'चरन्ति' combine, the Visarga (:) changes to 'श्' because it is followed by 'च', resulting in 'मृगाश्चरन्ति'.

Exam Tip: This is a direct application of the rule: Visarga changes to 'श्' when followed by 'च' or 'छ'.

Question 3. का नु हानिः + ततः अधिका।
(a) हानिर्ततः
(b) हानिश्ततः
(c) हानिः ततः
(d) हानिस्ततः
Answer: (d) हानिस्ततः
In simple words: When 'हानिः' and 'ततः' combine, the Visarga (:) changes to 'स' because it is followed by 'त', forming 'हानिस्ततः'.

Exam Tip: Remember the rule that a Visarga changes to 'स' when followed by 'त' or 'थ'.

Question 4. मेघः + गर्जति इतस्ततः।।
(a) मेघसार्जति
(b) मेघो गर्जति
(c) मेघगर्जति
(d) मेघ गर्जति
Answer: (b) मेघो गर्जति
In simple words: When 'मेघः' and 'गर्जति' combine, the Visarga (:) preceded by 'अ' changes to 'ओ' because it is followed by a soft consonant 'ग', creating 'मेघो गर्जति'.

Exam Tip: When a Visarga preceded by 'अ' is followed by a soft consonant (like 'ग', 'ज', 'द', 'ध', 'न', 'म', 'य', 'र', 'ल', 'व'), it typically changes to 'ओ'.

Question 5. माम् अयं शोकः अग्निः + इव दहति।
(a) अग्निरिव
(b) अग्निः इव
(c) अग्निव
(d) अग्नीव
Answer: (a) अग्निरिव
In simple words: When 'अग्निः' and 'इव' combine, the Visarga (:) preceded by 'इ' (a vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ') changes to 'र्' because it is followed by a vowel 'इ', forming 'अग्निरिव'.

Exam Tip: A Visarga preceded by any vowel other than 'अ' or 'आ' and followed by a vowel always changes to 'र्'.

See the following sentence:

1. राक्षसेभ्योऽपिः भवन्त एव क्रूरतराः (You are more cruel even than demons.)

In this sentence, the first word (राक्षसेभ्योऽपि) shows a sign like 5. This is called अवग्रह (separation of two words). In Sanskrit, it is frequently used, so understanding the pronunciation of अवग्रह becomes necessary.

Actually, the sign अवग्रह is not pronounced independently. The अवग्रह sign only serves as a guide for pronouncing the letter that comes before it. For instance, in this example, the original words were राक्षसेभ्योः and अवग्रह.

Later, they appear as राक्षसेभ्योऽपि. It is important to grasp from the अवग्रह sign that the letter ओ has merged with the earlier letter ओ. So, when pronouncing the letter ओ, a slight emphasis should be given. (You can learn its pronunciation directly from your teacher. Alternatively, you can notice the difference yourself when you pronounce two words like सरोवरः and सरोऽपि.)

Now, focus on another sign in this very sentence. Observe – क्रूरतराः At the end of the last word ':' This type of mark has been utilized. This is called विसर्ग. Its pronunciation is somewhat like the letter ह्. This विसर्ग is widely used in Sanskrit. After learning these concepts, read the subsequent sentences.

• 1. अधुना अस्माभिः किं (अस्माभिः किं) कर्तव्यम्।
• 2. युधिष्ठिरादयश्च (युधिष्ठिरादयः च) भवन्तमभिवादयन्ति।
• 3. भवता श्रोतव्यो जनार्दनस्य (श्रोतव्यः जनार्दनस्य) सन्देशः।
• 4. भवन्त एव (भवन्तः एव) क्रूरतराः।
• 5. शत्रोरपि (शत्रोः अपि) गुणाः ग्राह्याः।

In the examples above, all five sentences have bracketed words that show the base form of विसर्ग, while in the main sentences, they are presented after applying विसर्गसन्धि.

You can see-

• 1. The विसर्ग of the first sentence stays as it is.
• 2. In the second sentence, the श् letter appears for विसर्ग.
• 3. In the third sentence, the अ letter is there for विसर्ग.

• 4. The विसर्ग is not visible in the fourth sentence (विसर्ग has vanished).
• 5. The 'र' letter appears instead of विसर्ग in the fifth sentence.

From this, it is clear that when building sentences in Sanskrit using विसर्गसन्धि, in addition to its original form, the विसर्ग can adopt at least four other forms: the 'श्' letter in place of विसर्ग, the 'अ' letter for विसर्ग, the removal or disappearance of विसर्ग, and another letter in its place. Therefore, knowing which form to use where for विसर्ग is vital.

Some specific rules of Sandhi (joining words) are essential to learn. For example:

1. After विसर्ग: (a) if च्, छ्, and श् follow, the विसर्ग changes to श्. (b) if ट्, ठ् of P is there, it changes to P. (c) if त्, थ्, or स् follow, it changes to स्. For instance, in युधिष्ठिरादयः च, since च follows the विसर्ग, श् is placed in the position of विसर्ग, forming युधिष्ठिरादयश्च।

2. If a short 'अ' is before the विसर्ग, and a 'घोष' letter (the third, fourth, or fifth letters of any consonant group) follows the विसर्ग, then the विसर्ग changes to 'ओ'. For example, in श्रोतव्यः जनार्दनस्य, 'अ' (or 'य') is before the विसर्ग, and 'ज्' (the third letter of 'च-वर्ग') follows it. So, the विसर्ग changes to 'ओ', resulting in श्रोतव्यो जनार्दनस्य।

3. (a) If a long 'ओ' letter is before the विसर्ग, and a 'घोष' vowel (third, fourth, or fifth of consonant-class letters) or an 'अतः स्थ' letter (any य्, र्, ल्, and व) follows the विसर्ग, then the विसर्ग vanishes. Also, if a short 'अ' is before the विसर्ग and the विसर्ग disappears, it is dropped. For example – विघ्नविहताः विरमन्ति. Here, 'आ' letter of वता follows the विसर्ग, and then an 'अन्त: स्थ' letter is present. As per rule 3 (a), the विसर्ग disappears, and with Sandhi, it becomes विघ्नविहता विरमन्ति. Similarly, in भवन्तः एव, the विसर्ग also disappears.

It comes after the 'अ' letter of 'त', and the 'ए' vowel is subsequently the विसर्ग. So, according to rule 3 (b), the विसर्ग vanishes, and the usage is like भवन्त एव।

4. If any vowel other than 'आ' or 'आ' is before the विसर्ग, and a 'घोष' letter from the 'गोषा' consonant class or any vowel follows the विसर्ग, then 'र्' (रेफ) replaces the विसर्ग. For example, शत्रोः अपि. Here, the विसर्ग appears after the 'ओ' letter of 'त्रो', and the vowel 'अ' is after the विसर्ग. So, the विसर्ग turns into 'र्', and the Sandhi form becomes शत्रोरपि. Furthermore, नीति + न will transform as per rules.

Keen in mind: As per rule 2 mentioned earlier, where the विसर्ग changes to 'ओ', the 'ओ' letter that follows the विसर्ग is removed, as in (राक्षसेभ्यः अपि) राक्षसेभ्योऽपि. Here, the 'अ' letter is present before the विसर्ग (from भ्य), and the 'अ' letter (from अपि) is present after the विसर्ग. So, in place of the विसर्ग, there will be 'ओ', as in राक्षसेभ्यो अपि. After that, the 'अ' letter of 'अपि' blends with 'ओ' in राक्षसेभ्योऽपि. To show this, the अवग्रह-5 sign is used.