GSEB Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 2 બહુપદીઓ Exercise 2.4

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Question 1. નીચે ત્રિઘાત બહુપદીની સાથે દર્શાવેલ શૂન્યો તેનાં શૂન્યો છે તે ચકાસો. દરેક પ્રશ્નમાં શૂન્યો અને સહગુણકો વચ્ચેનો સંબંધ પણ ચકાસો.
(i) \( 2x^3 + x^2 - 5x + 2 \); \( \frac{1}{2} \), 1, -2
(ii) \( x^3 - 4x^2 + 5x - 2 \); 2, 1, 1
Answer:
(i) ધારો કે, \( p(x) = 2x^3 + x^2 - 5x + 2 \)
આથી,
\( p(\frac{1}{2}) = 2(\frac{1}{2})^3 + (\frac{1}{2})^2 - 5(\frac{1}{2}) + 2 \)
\( = 2(\frac{1}{8}) + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{5}{2} + 2 \)
\( = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{5}{2} + 2 \)
\( = \frac{1+1-10+8}{4} \)
\( = \frac{0}{4} = 0 \)
આથી \( \frac{1}{2} \) એ \( p(x) = 2x^3 + x^2 - 5x + 2 \) નું શૂન્ય છે.
વળી,
\( p(1) = 2(1)^3 + (1)^2 - 5(1) + 2 \)
\( = 2 + 1 - 5 + 2 = 0 \)
આથી 1 એ \( p(x) = 2x^3 + x^2 - 5x + 2 \) નું શૂન્ય છે.
વળી,
\( p(-2) = 2(-2)^3 + (-2)^2 - 5(-2) + 2 \)
\( = 2(-8) + 4 + 10 + 2 \)
\( = -16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = 0 \)
આથી -2 એ \( p(x) = 2x^3 + x^2 - 5x + 2 \) નું શૂન્ય છે.
માટે, \( p(x) = 2x^3 + x^2 - 5x + 2 \) માટે,
\( a = 2, b = 1, c = -5 \) અને \( d = 2 \).
\( p(x) \) નાં શૂન્યો \( \alpha = \frac{1}{2}, \beta = 1 \) અને \( \gamma = -2 \) છે.
હવે,
\( \alpha + \beta + \gamma = \frac{1}{2} + 1 + (-2) \)
\( = \frac{1+2-4}{2} \)
\( = \frac{-1}{2} \)
\( = \frac{-(1)}{2} \)
\( = -\frac{b}{a} \)
\( \alpha\beta + \beta\gamma + \gamma\alpha = (\frac{1}{2})(1) + (1)(-2) + (-2)(\frac{1}{2}) \)
\( = \frac{1}{2} - 2 - 1 \)
\( = \frac{1-4-2}{2} \)
\( = \frac{-5}{2} \)
\( = \frac{c}{a} \)
અને
\( \alpha\beta\gamma = (\frac{1}{2})(1)(-2) \)
\( = -1 \)
\( = -\frac{2}{2} \)
\( = -\frac{d}{a} \)
(ii) ધારો કે, \( p(x) = x^3 - 4x^2 + 5x - 2 \).
આથી
\( p(2) = (2)^3 - 4(2)^2 + 5(2) - 2 \)
\( = 8 - 16 + 10 - 2 \)
\( = 0 \)
આથી 2 એ \( p(x) = x^3 - 4x^2 + 5x - 2 \) નું શૂન્ય છે.
વળી,
\( p(1) = (1)^3 - 4(1)^2 + 5(1) - 2 \)
\( = 1 - 4 + 5 - 2 \)
\( = 0 \)
આથી 1 એ \( p(x) = x^3 - 4x^2 + 5x - 2 \) નું શૂન્ય છે.
માટે, \( p(x) = x^3 - 4x^2 + 5x - 2 \) માટે,
\( a = 1, b = -4, c = 5 \) અને \( d = -2 \).
\( p(x) \) નાં શૂન્યો \( \alpha = 2, \beta = 1 \) અને \( \gamma = 1 \) છે.
હવે,
\( \alpha + \beta + \gamma = 2 + 1 + 1 \)
\( = 4 \)
\( = \frac{-(-4)}{1} \)
\( = -\frac{b}{a} \)
\( \alpha\beta + \beta\gamma + \gamma\alpha = (2)(1) + (1)(1) + (1)(2) \)
\( = 2 + 1 + 2 \)
\( = 5 \)
\( = \frac{5}{1} \)
\( = \frac{c}{a} \)
અને
\( \alpha\beta\gamma = (2)(1)(1) \)
\( = 2 \)
\( = \frac{-(-2)}{1} \)
\( = -\frac{d}{a} \)
In simple words: First, we substitute the given zeros into the polynomial equation to check if the result is zero. If it is zero, then those values are indeed the polynomial's zeros. Next, we find the sum of the zeros, the sum of their products taken two at a time, and the product of all zeros. We then compare these values with the relationships derived from the polynomial's coefficients (a, b, c, d) using the formulas \( -\frac{b}{a} \), \( \frac{c}{a} \), and \( -\frac{d}{a} \). This process verifies the relationship between the zeros and coefficients for each polynomial.

Exam Tip: Remember to perform all three checks (sum of zeros, sum of products, product of zeros) for the relationship with coefficients. Also, ensure your arithmetic for evaluating the polynomial at the given values is precise.

 

Question 2. જેનાં શૂન્યોનો સરવાળો, બબ્બે શુન્યોનાં ગુણાકારનો સરવાળો અને ગુણાકાર અનુક્રમે 2, – 7, – 14 છે એવી ત્રિઘાત બહુપદી શોધો.
Answer:
આપેલ માહિતી મુજબ,
શૂન્યોનો સરવાળો \( \alpha + \beta + \gamma = 2 \)
બબ્બે શૂન્યોનાં ગુણાકારનો સરવાળો \( \alpha\beta + \beta\gamma + \gamma\alpha = -7 \)
શૂન્યોનો ગુણાકાર \( \alpha\beta\gamma = -14 \)
ત્રિઘાત બહુપદીનું સામાન્ય સ્વરૂપ \( k[x^3 - (\alpha + \beta + \gamma)x^2 + (\alpha\beta + \beta\gamma + \gamma\alpha)x - \alpha\beta\gamma] \) છે.
અહીં, \( k=1 \) લેતા,
માગેલ ત્રિઘાત બહુપદી
\( p(x) = x^3 - (2)x^2 + (-7)x - (-14) \)
\( = x^3 - 2x^2 - 7x + 14 \)
In simple words: To find the cubic polynomial, we use the given sum of zeros, sum of products of zeros taken two at a time, and the product of zeros. We insert these values into the standard cubic polynomial formula \( x^3 - (\text{sum of zeros})x^2 + (\text{sum of product of two zeros})x - (\text{product of zeros}) \) to get the final equation.

Exam Tip: Always remember the standard formula for constructing a cubic polynomial from its zeros' relationships. Be careful with the signs, especially for the constant term.

 

Question 3. જો બહુપદી \( x^3 – 3x^2 + x + 1 \) નાં શૂન્યો \( a – b, a, a + b \), હોય, તો \( a \) અને \( b \) શોધો.
Answer:
આપેલ ત્રિઘાત બહુપદી \( x^3 – 3x^2 + x + 1 \) માટે,
\( A = 1, B = -3, C = 1 \) અને \( D = 1 \).
બહુપદીનાં શૂન્યો \( a – b, a \) અને \( a + b \) આપેલ છે.
હવે, શૂન્યોનો સરવાળો
\( = (a – b) + a + (a + b) \)
\( = 3a \)
બહુપદીનાં સહગુણકો પરથી,
શૂન્યોનો સરવાળો \( = -\frac{B}{A} = -\frac{(-3)}{1} = 3 \)
આથી \( 3a = 3 \)
\( \implies a = 1 \)
શૂન્યોનો ગુણાકાર
\( = (a – b) \times a \times (a + b) \)
\( = a (a^2 – b^2) \)
બહુપદીનાં સહગુણકો પરથી,
શૂન્યોનો ગુણાકાર \( = -\frac{D}{A} = -\frac{1}{1} = -1 \).
આથી \( a(a^2 – b^2) = -1 \)
\( \implies 1(1^2 – b^2) = -1 \)
\( \implies 1 – b^2 = -1 \)
\( \implies 1 + 1 = b^2 \)
\( \implies b^2 = 2 \)
\( \implies b = \pm \sqrt{2} \)
આમ, \( a=1 \) અને \( b = \pm \sqrt{2} \).
In simple words: We start by noting the polynomial's coefficients and its given zeros in terms of 'a' and 'b'. We use the relationship between the sum of zeros and coefficients to find 'a'. Then, we use the relationship between the product of zeros and coefficients, substituting the value of 'a' to solve for 'b'.

Exam Tip: For cubic polynomials with zeros in arithmetic progression like \( (a-b), a, (a+b) \), always start with the sum of zeros to directly find the middle term 'a'. Then use the product of zeros to find 'b'.

 

Question 4. બહુપદી \( x^4 – 6x^3 – 26x^2 + 138x – 35 \) નાં બે શુન્યો \( 2 \pm \sqrt{3} \) હોય, તો બાકીના શૂન્યો શોધો.
Answer:
આપેલ બહુપદી \( p (x) = x^4 – 6x^3 – 26x^2 + 138x – 35 \) નાં બે શૂન્યો \( 2 + \sqrt{3} \) અને \( 2 – \sqrt{3} \) છે.
હવે, જો \( 2 + \sqrt{3} \) અને \( 2 – \sqrt{3} \) શૂન્યો હોય, તો \( (x - (2 + \sqrt{3})) \) અને \( (x - (2 - \sqrt{3})) \) તેના અવયવો છે.
આથી,
\( (x - 2 - \sqrt{3}) (x - 2 + \sqrt{3}) \)
\( = ((x – 2) - \sqrt{3})((x – 2) + \sqrt{3}) \)
\( = (x – 2)^2 – (\sqrt{3})^2 \)
\( = x^2 - 4x + 4 - 3 \)
\( = x^2 - 4x + 1 \)
આથી \( x^2 - 4x + 1 \) એ \( p(x) \) નો અવયવ છે.
હવે, \( p(x) \) ને \( x^2 - 4x + 1 \) વડે ભાગતા,

\( x^2 - 2x - 35 \)
\( x^2 - 4x + 1 \)

\( x^4 - 6x^3 - 26x^2 + 138x - 35 \)

\( -(x^4 - 4x^3 + x^2) \)

       \( + \)   \( - \)   \( + \)

\( -2x^3 - 27x^2 + 138x \)

\( -(-2x^3 + 8x^2 - 2x) \)

       \( + \)   \( - \)   \( + \)

\( -35x^2 + 140x - 35 \)

\( -(-35x^2 + 140x - 35) \)

       \( + \)   \( - \)   \( + \)

\( 0 \)


અહીં, ભાગફળ \( = x^2 - 2x - 35 \).
હવે, ભાગફળ \( x^2 - 2x - 35 \) ને અવયવીકૃત કરતાં,
\( x^2 - 2x - 35 = x^2 - 7x + 5x - 35 \)
\( = x(x - 7) + 5(x - 7) \)
\( = (x - 7) (x + 5) \)
જો \( x - 7 = 0 \) તો \( x = 7 \)
જો \( x + 5 = 0 \) તો \( x = -5 \)
આમ, આપેલ બહુપદીનાં બાકીનાં બે શૂન્યો 7 અને -5 છે.
In simple words: First, we use the given zeros \( 2 + \sqrt{3} \) and \( 2 - \sqrt{3} \) to form a quadratic factor of the polynomial. This factor is \( x^2 - 4x + 1 \). Next, we perform polynomial long division to divide the original polynomial by this factor. The quotient we obtain is a quadratic expression. Finally, we factorize this quadratic quotient to find the remaining two zeros of the polynomial.

Exam Tip: When given irrational zeros like \( a \pm \sqrt{b} \), always remember that they come in conjugate pairs. Form the quadratic factor by multiplying \( (x - (a + \sqrt{b})) \) and \( (x - (a - \sqrt{b})) \), which simplifies to \( (x-a)^2 - b \). Long division accuracy is crucial for finding the correct quotient.

 

Question 5. જો બહુપદી \( x^4 – 6x^3 + 16x^2 – 25x + 10 \) ને બીજી બહુપદી \( x^2 – 2x + k \) વડે ભાગવામાં આવે, તો શેષ \( x + a \) મળે તો \( k \) અને \( a \) શોધો.
Answer:
આપેલ બહુપદી \( p(x) = x^4 – 6x^3 + 16x^2 – 25x + 10 \)
ભાજક \( g(x) = x^2 – 2x + k \)
આપેલ શેષ \( r(x) = x + a \)
હવે, \( p(x) \) ને \( g(x) \) વડે ભાગતા,

\( x^2 - 4x + (8-k) \)
\( x^2 - 2x + k \)

\( x^4 - 6x^3 + 16x^2 - 25x + 10 \)

\( -(x^4 - 2x³ + kx²) \)

       \( + \)   \( - \)   \( + \)

\( -4x^3 + (16-k)x^2 - 25x \)

\( -(-4x^3 + 8x^2 - 4kx) \)

       \( + \)   \( - \)   \( + \)

\( (8-k)x^2 + (4k-25)x + 10 \)

\( -((8-k)x^2 - 2(8-k)x + k(8-k)) \)

       \( + \)   \( - \)   \( + \)

\( (2k-9)x + (k^2-8k + 10) \)


પરંતુ, શેષ \( = x + a \) આપેલ છે.
આથી,
\( (2k – 9) x + (k^2 – 8k + 10) = x + a \)
અહીં, \( x \) ના સહગુણકો તથા અચળ પદની સરખામણી કરતાં,
\( 2k – 9 = 1 \)
\( \implies 2k = 10 \)
\( \implies k = 5 \)
અને
\( a = k^2 – 8k + 10 \)
\( \implies a = (5)^2 – 8(5) + 10 \)
\( \implies a = 25 - 40 + 10 \)
\( \implies a = -5 \)
આમ, \( k = 5 \) અને \( a = -5 \).
In simple words: We perform polynomial long division of the given polynomial \( p(x) \) by the divisor \( g(x) = x^2 - 2x + k \). After completing the division, we get a remainder in terms of \( k \). We then compare this obtained remainder with the given remainder \( x + a \). By matching the coefficients of \( x \) and the constant terms on both sides of the equation, we can form two separate equations to solve for the values of \( k \) and \( a \).

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the signs and algebraic manipulation during the long division process, especially when terms involve 'k'. When comparing the remainders, ensure you equate the coefficients of like powers of 'x' and the constant terms accurately to avoid errors in calculating 'k' and 'a'.

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