Unit 1: Electrostatics
- Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two- point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution, electric dipole.
- Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
- Electric field, electric field lines electric field due to a point charge, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in an uniform electric field.
- Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
- Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
Note for Students: This unit establishes the foundation of stationary charges, focusing on the behavior of electric fields, potentials, and the storage of energy in capacitors.
Unit 2: Current Electricity
- Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
- Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge.
Note for Students: Understand the dynamics of moving charges in conductors and the practical rules used to analyze complex electrical circuits.
Unit 3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop.
- Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. The solenoid, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field.
- Moving coil galvanometer- its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
- Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field.
- Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
Note for Students: Focus on how electric currents produce magnetic fields and the intrinsic magnetic properties of different materials.
Unit 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Self and mutual induction.
- Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, phasors, resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current.
- AC generator, Transformer.
Note for Students: This unit covers the generation of electricity through induction and the complex behavior of alternating current in various circuit components.
Unit 5: Electromagnetic Waves
- Concept of displacement current.
- Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, and their transverse nature.
- Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Note for Students: Learn about the unified nature of light and other radiations, and their diverse applications across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Unit 6: Optics
- Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
- Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
- Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wave fronts.
- Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.
- Coherent sources and interference of light, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width.
- Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima.
Note for Students: This extensive unit explores light both as a ray (geometric optics) and as a wave, explaining phenomena like interference and diffraction.
Unit 7: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.
- Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect.
Note for Students: Study the revolutionary concept that both light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Unit 8: Atoms and Nuclei
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Expression for radius of an orbit, velocity and energy of electron in an orbit, hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).
- Composition and size of nucleus, atomic number, atomic mass number, isotopes, isobars and isotones, nuclear force, Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.
Note for Students: Explore the internal structure of atoms and the powerful forces and energy changes occurring within the atomic nucleus.
Unit 9: Electronic Devices
- Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only).
- Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-type and n-type, p-n junction Semiconductor diode its I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias.
- Application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.
Note for Students: Understand the physics of semiconductors that forms the basis of modern electronic components like diodes and rectifiers.
