NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes

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Revision Notes for Full Course Biomolecules Biomolecules

Full Course Biomolecules students should refer to the following concepts and notes for Biomolecules in Full Course. These exam notes for Full Course Biomolecules will be very useful for upcoming class tests and examinations and help you to score good marks

Biomolecules Notes Full Course Biomolecules

 

Revision Notes on Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Classification of carbohydrates:

• Monosaccharides
•  Oligosaccharides
•  Trisaccharides
•  Polysaccharides
 
• Monosaccharides
The Aldoses, which contain an aldehyde group (-CHO).
The Ketoses, which contain a ketone group (>C=O).
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes1
 
Stereo Isomerism in Carbohydrates:
 
• If the hydroxyl group on the asymmetric carbon atom farthest from aldehyde or ketone group projects to the right, the compound is a member of the D-family.
 
• If the hydroxyl group on the farthest asymmetric carbon projects to the left, the compound is a member of theL-family.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes2
 
• Maximum Number of Optical Isomers = 2n, where n = the number of asymmetric carbon atoms.
•  Epimer: A pair of diastereomers that differ only in the configuration about of a single carbon atom are said to be epimers.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes3
 
Cyclic Form of Monosaccharide:
• Pyranose and Furanose Forms:
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes4
 
• Anomers: Pair of stereoisomers which differ in configuration only around C1 are called anomers and the C1carbon is called Anomeric carbon.In a- anomer-, the OH group at C1 is towards right while in b-anomer, the OH group at C1 is toward
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes5
 
Mutarotation:
 
Change in rotation of an optically active sugar in solution with time, to an equilibrium value, is calledmutarotation. During mutarotation, the ring opens and then recloses either in the inverted position or in the original position giving a mixture of a-and-b-forms.
 
Reactions of Glucose:
 
a) With HI/P: It undergoes reduction to form n-hexane while with sodium amalgam it forms orbitol.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction
 
e) Oxidation: Glucose on oxidation with Br2 gives gluconic acid which on further oxidation with HNO3 gives glucaric acid.
f) With Tollen reagent and Fehling solution. Glucose forms silver mirror and red ppt. of Cu2O respectively.
g) With acetic anhydride. In presence of pyridine glucose forms pentaacetate.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction2
 
j) Glycoside formation: When a small amount of gaseous HCl is passed into a solution of D (+) glucose in methanol , a reaction takes place that results in the formation of amomeric methyl acetals.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction3
 
Carbohydrate acetals, genrally are called glycosides and an acetal of glucose is called glucoside.
 
k) Kiliani - Fischer Synthesis: - This is a method of lengthening the carbon chain of an aldose.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction4
i) Ruff Degradation: It is opposite to Kiliani Fischer synthesis that can be used to shorten the chain by a similar unit.
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction5
 
 
a) Sucrose:
 
Non-reducing sugar.
Formed by condensation of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction6
 
 
Hydrolysis: (Invert Sugar or Invertose). Hydrolysis of sucrose with hot dilute acid yields D-glucose and D-fructose.
 
 
Polysaccharides
 
a. Starch:
 
i. A polymer of glucose.
ii. Mixture of two components – a water soluble component called amylose (20%) and a water
insoluble component called amylopectin (80%).
iii. Both amylose and amylopectin are polymers of a-D-glucose.
iv. Amylose is a linear polymer of a-D-glucose
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction7
 
Amino Acids,
 
Amino acids are molecules, which contain two functional groups, one is carboxylic group and another is amino group
H2N CH2 COOH : Amino acetic acid, or Glycine
CH3 CH (NH2) COOH : a - Amino propionic acid or Alanine
H2N CH2 CH2COOH : b - Amino propionic acid
 
Acidic Amino Acid: These amino acids contain a second carboxyl group or a potential carboxyl group in the form of carboxamide.
 
Basic Amino Acids: These contain a second basic group which may be an amino group
 
Iso Electric Point:
 
The hydrogen ion concentration of the solution in which a particular amino acid does not migrate under the influence of an electric field is called the isoelectric point of that amino acid.
 
Peptides
A peptides as the amides formed by interaction between amino groups and carboxyl groups of amino acids.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction8
 
Depending upon the number of amino acid residues per molecule, they are known as dipeptides, tripeptides and so on and finally polypeptides.
 
Every two amino acids are linked by means of a –CO-NH group, which is commonly referred as peptide bond.
 
NEET Chemistry Biomolecules Revision Notes Reaction9

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