NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes And Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes

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Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen.
Classification of Hydrocarbons:
 
Alkane
• Open chain saturated hydrocarbon with general formula (CnH2n+2).
• All the C atoms are single bonded i.e. sp3 hybridised.
 
Conformations of Alkane
 
• Conformations are the different arrangement of atoms that can be converted into one another by rotation about single bonds.
• Eclipsed Conformation: H atoms on two adjacent carbon atoms are closest to each other i.e. dihedral angle is 0.
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction
 
 
• Staggered Conformation: H atoms on two adjacent carbon atoms are farthest to each other i.e. dihedral angle is 60.
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction1
 
Preparation of Alkanes:
 
• Reduction of Alkyl Halides:
 
RX + Zn: + H+ → RH + Zn2+ + X-
4RX + LiAlH4 → 4RH + LiX + AlX3 (X≠ F)
RX + (n - C4H9)3 SnH → R-H + (n - C4H9)3 SnX
 
•  Grignard Reagent:
 
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction2
 
• Hydrogenation of Alkenes:
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction3
 
• Wurtz Reaction:
 
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• Corey House Reaction:
 
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•  Decarboxylation of a mixture of the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid:
RCOONa +NaOH(CaO) → RH + Na2CO3
 
• Kolbe's electrolytic method:
2 RCOOK + 2H2O → R-R + 2CO2 + H2+ 2KOH
 
Chemical Properties of Alkane
• Direct Halogenation
RH + X2→ RX + HX
Order of Reactivity of X2: F2 > Cl2 > Br2; I2 does not react
?a. Initiation Step
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction6
 
b. Propagation Step
 
H3C-H +Cl. → H3C. + H-Cl
H3C. + Cl-Cl → H3C-Cl +Cl.
 
c. Termination Step
 
Cl. + Cl. →Cl-Cl
H3C. + H3C. → H3C-CH3
Cl. + H3C. → Cl-CH3
 
• Nitration
Nitration of alkane is made by heating vapours of alkanes and HNO3 at about 400oC to give nitroalkanes.
¨This is also known as vapour phase nitration.
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction7
 
• Combustion:
 Alkanes burn readily with non luminous flame in presence of air or oxygen to give CO2 & water along with evolution of heat.
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction8
 
• Aromatization
¨Alkanes having six to 10 carbon atoms are converted into benzene and its homologues at high pressure and temperature in presence of catalyst.
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction9
 
• Oxidization of 30 alkane:?
Tertiary alkanes are oxidized to tertiary alcoholsby KMnO4
R3CH + KMnO4 → R3COH
 
Alkene (olefins)
 
• Open chain, Unsaturated hydrocarbons with general formula (CnH2n).
• At least one >c=c< (double bond) group i.e. sp2 hybridisation, is present throughout the chain.
• Allene: alkene molecule in which at least one C has double bonds with each of the adjacent carbon i.e. -c=c=c- group.
• Isomeric with saturated cycloalkanes.
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction10
 
 
 
Geometric Isomers:
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction11
 
 
Z is used if the higher - priority substituents on each C are on the same side of the double bond.letter E is used if they are on opposite sides
 
 NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction12
 
Heats of Hydrogenation: Heat of hydrogenation increases with increase in stability of alkene.
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction13
 
Order of heat of hydrogenation: 1-Butene> cis-2-Butene > trans-2-Butene
Order of stability: 1-Butene> cis-2-Butene > trans-2-Butene
 
Preparation of Alkenes:
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction14
 
Chemical Properties:
 
1. Electrophilic Polar Addition Reactions
 
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2. Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes: Markovnikov’s Addition:
R - CH = CH2 + HBr → R – CHBr – CH3
 
Mechanism:
 
R - CH = CH2 + HBr → R – CH+ - CH3 +Br-
R – CH+ - CH3 + Br- → R – CHBr - CH3
Anit- Markovnikov’s Addition (Peroxide Effect):
 
R - CH = CH2 + HBr + (C6H5CO)2O2 → R – CHBr – CH3
 
Mechanism
Initiation:
 
R - O - O - R → 2RO.
RO. + HBr → Br. + ROH
Propagation
 
CH3CH = CH2 + Br. → CH3·CH - CH2Br
CH3·CHCH2Br + HBr→ CH3CH2CH2Br + Br.
 
Termination:
 
2RO. → R - O - O - R
Br. + Br.→Br2
 
3. Addition of Water to Alkenes: Acid Catalyzed Hydration:
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction16
 
NEET Chemistry Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Revision Notes Reaction17
 

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