CBSE Class 11 Economics Rural Development Notes Set 03

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development refers to continuous and comprehensive social economic process attempting to improve all aspects of rural life.

Non-Institutional sources: These are the traditional source of agricultural credit in India. The major non institutional sources are:

1. Moneylenders

2. Relatives

3. Traders and Commission agents.

4. Rich landlords.

Institutional sources of rural credit: Some of the important institutional sources of agricultural credit are:

1. Corporative credit- It Provide adequate credit to the farmers at reasonable rate of interest.

2. State bank of India and Other Commercial banks- Commercial banks were directed to offer credit directly to the farmers as well as indirectly through cooperative societies.

3. Regional rural banks- RRBs and land development banks were set up to promote credit supplies, particularly in the remote rural areas and backward districts.

4. National bank for agricultural and rural development (NABARD)- NABARD was established in 1982 on 12th of July. NABARD is an apex institution handling policy planning and operations in the field of rural credit and related economic activities.

5. Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkages Program for Micro Finance- SHGs provides thrift among rural household. Small savings are mobilized by the SHGs and offered as credit to its different members depending on their need.

Critical assesment of rural banking

A. Insufficiency

B. Inadequate coverage of institutional sources

C. Inadequate amount of sanction

D. Growing over dues

E. Less attention to poor farmers

Agricultural marketing:

The term agricultural marketing includes all those activities which are mostly related to gathering processes, grading, packaging, storing, transporting, and selling the agricultural produce.

Defects of agricultural marketing:

1. Manipulation by big traders

2. Lack of market information

3. Lack of storage facilities

Measures to improve agricultural marketing:

1. Regulated markets

2. Provision of warehousing facilities

3. Compulsory use of standard weights for measurement

4. Subsidized transport- Railways are offering subsidized transport facility to the farmers to bring their produce to the urban market where often they get a better deal.

5. Provision of Minimum Support Price (MSP)

6. Dissemination of marketing information.

Reason for diversification: The need for diversification arises because there is greater risk in Depending exclusively on farming and to provide productive sustainable livelihood options to rural people.

Benefits of diversification: it is essential to provide supplementary gainful employment and to enable rural people to overcome poverty through higher income.

The two aspects of diversification:

• 1. Diversification of crop production: It involves a shift from Single cropping system to multi cropping system.
• 2. Diversification of productive activities: It involves shift of workforce from agriculture to other allied activities and non-agriculture sector.

Non-farm areas of employment for rural population

1. Animal husbandry

2. Fisheries

3. Poultry

4. Bee-keeping

5. Horticulture

6. Cottage and household industry

Importance of Non-farm areas of employment for rural population

a. Increase in employment

b. Job opportunities for women

c. Increase in income

d. Reduces disguised and seasonal unemployment

e. Decrease income inequalities.

GREEN REVOLUTION

1. Hey the combined use of HYV seeds and increased use of fertilizers and developed irrigation facilities jointly to increase the production of rice and wheat this increase in the production of food grains is known as the green revolution.

2. It led to increase in the production specifically of wheat and rice.

3. As a result of this revolution India became self-sufficient in the production of wheat and rice.

GOLDEN REVOLUTION

• 1. Golden revolution refers to the period 1991 to 2003.
• 2. The rapid growth in the production of the horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, tuber crops, flowers, etc. is known as Golden revolution.

OPERATION FLOOD

It is a system of milk cooperatives, launched in 1970.

ALTERNATIVE MARKETING CHANNELS

Direct sale by the farmers to the consumers is one such channel.

The states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are launching this channel through ‘Apni Mandi’, ‘Big Bazaar’, the state of Andhra Pradesh is launching it through ‘Rythu Bazaars’ and the state of Tamil Nadu is launching it through ‘Uzhavar Sandies’.

TANWA

Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture (TANWA) is a project launched in Tamil Nadu with a view to training women in diverse techniques of farming.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure: Infrastructure is a system that contributes to the economic and social development of a country. By developing the infrastructure, a country or a state can achieve the status of development.

What is included in the infrastructure - roads, rail ports, airports, dams, power stations, oil gas pipelines, telecommunication facilities, schools, colleges, hospitals, all health services, sanitation, drinking water, bank insurance and currency systems come under the infrastructure.

Infrastructure is also called the lifeline of the economy

The basic structure is divided into two parts

• Economic- It has a direct impact on the production of goods and services. Its 3 areas are energy, transport and communication
• Social - It improves the quality of human resources. Its fields are education, health and housing

Infrastructure's contribution to economic development

1- Enhance quality of life

2- Increases employment.

3-Increasing productivity of factors of production

4-Promotes outsourcing

Status of Infrastructure in India

1 - Rural areas of India still lack drinking water, sanitation facilities, electricity, fuel, roads etc.

2-India is spending only very less of its GDP on infrastructure,

3- people in rural sector still uses bio fuel.

Health

Health is not only the absence of diseases but it is complete physical , mental and social well being.

What are the indicators or figures to check the health level of a country ----

1-Infant mortality - Infants who die before 1 year after birth (out of 1000 infants) is called infant mortality rate.

2-Maternal Mortality Rate

3-Life expectancy - When an infant is born, it is estimated based on its health, how many years it will live, it is called its life expectancy.

4-Nutrition level - how much nutritious food the women and children of the country are getting is called the nutritional level of the country

5-The health level of the country is determined based on the number of infectious and non infectious diseases in the country.

What is included in the health infrastructure?
Every citizen's access to

a. Hospitals

b. doctors,

c. nurses and others,

d. beds and hospital equipment,

e. pharmaceutical industry and

f. accessibility to health services

Role of Government in health infrastructure

a. Open medical colleges

b. take steps against those indulged in food adulteration

c. license for drugs and monitoring

d. investigation of fraud medical practitioners

e. keep record of birth and death

Health infrastructure reform since independence –

1 - The number of hospitals in India has increased

2- The number of beds in hospitals in India has increased

3 - Number of dispensaries in India has increased

4- In India, 4 diseases have been completely eradicated like smallpox, polio, leprosy and nervous disease.

Role of private sector in health infrastructure-

The private sector plays a very important role in the health infrastructure in India. Without the private sector, India's health infrastructure cannot be imagined.

1- About 70% of the total number of hospitals are private sector

2- About 40% of beds are in private hospitals

3-Approximately 60% dispensary is private sector

4-80% of the people coming from outside countries are treated in private hospitals .it promotes medical tourism

Indian System of Medicine. ISM

1-Ayurveda

2-yoga

3- Unani

4-siddha

5-Naturopathy

6-homeopathy

These are the 6 parts of the Indian medical system, collectively known as Ayush.

Women Health problems in India

a. female foeticide

b. marriage at young age

c. Anaemia

d. abortion

What is GBD

It is an indicator by which experts find out the number of people who die untimely due to a particular disease and also find out how many years people spent incapacitation due to diseases in which they did not do any productive work for the country.

There is a severe lack of health infrastructure in rural India.

1 – less number of hospital in rural area

2- Basic facilities like X RAY or blood test are not available in village

3-Essential medical facilities like pediatric, gynecological, obstetric treatment are also not available in the village.

4-More than 50% of married women suffer from anemia

5-sex ratio is constantly decreasing.

Poor people spend 12% of their income and rich people spend 2% on health services

Critical assessment of health infrastructure in india

a. inequitable distribution of health services

b. lack of manpower

c. communicable disease

d. lack of manpower

e. poor sanitation facilities.