CBSE Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Notes Set 07

Meaning and importance

Manufacturing means turning raw materials into more valuable finished goods in large quantities. It helps modernise agriculture, creates jobs, reduces poverty, earns foreign exchange and drives overall economic development. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) was set up to improve the productivity and competitiveness of Indian industry.

Classification of industries

1. By raw material: agro-based (cotton, jute, silk, sugar) and mineral-based (iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertiliser).

2. By role: basic or key industries supply raw material to other industries; consumer industries produce goods for direct use.

3. By ownership: public sector, private sector, joint sector and cooperative sector.

4. By capital invested: large scale and small scale (the definition of size changes with government policy).

5. By weight of raw material and product: heavy and light industries.

Factors affecting location

Physical factors are raw material, climate and water. Human factors are labour, capital, power, market, transport and government policy. Industries try to locate where costs are lowest. Many industries cluster in cities to gain agglomeration economies, which are the benefits of shared banking, insurance, transport and labour.

Textiles

Cotton textiles began in Mumbai and spread widely because demand is high, banking, power and transport are available everywhere, labour is cheap and the technology is simple. Problems include lack of long-staple cotton, erratic power, old machinery, low worker output and strong foreign competition. Jute mills are concentrated in the Hugli basin because of nearness to jute fields, cheap water transport, good road, rail and waterways, abundant water, cheap labour and banking in Kolkata. Demand for jute is rising again due to mandatory jute packaging and concern for biodegradable materials.

Sugar, iron and steel

Sugar mills are shifting from north to south India because sugarcane there has a higher sucrose content, the climate gives a longer crushing season, ports help exports and cooperative mills are well managed. Iron and steel is called a basic industry as machinery, defence equipment, vehicles and other industries depend on it. Integrated steel plants handle everything from raw material to rolling and shaping at one site. Mini steel plants are smaller and use scrap and sponge iron to make mild and alloy steel. Major plants are at Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro and Visakhapatnam.

Industry and environment

Industries cause air, water, land and noise pollution and thermal pollution. Control measures include smoke stacks with electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers and filters, treating effluents before discharge, fitting silencers, using hydel power instead of fossil fuels and redesigning machines to save energy.

Other industries to remember

1. Aluminium smelting uses bauxite and needs large amounts of electricity, so plants are placed near power supply.

2. Chemical industry includes both organic and inorganic chemicals, and is growing fast, spread through the country.

3. Fertiliser industry produces nitrogenous, phosphatic and complex fertilisers and supports modern farming.

4. Cement needs limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum, and is used in construction.

5. Automobile industry makes trucks, cars, motorcycles and scooters, and has grown since liberalisation.

6. Information technology and electronics industry creates skilled jobs and exports, with Bengaluru as a major centre.

Worked examples

Example 1. Why is iron and steel a basic industry? Many other industries such as engineering, automobiles and defence depend on steel as an input. It also generates employment.

Example 2. What are agglomeration economies? When industries come together near cities they share banking, insurance, transport and labour. This lowers costs for each firm.

Example 3. Why has sugar production moved south? Southern cane has higher sugar content and a longer crushing season, and cooperative mills are successful there.

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