CBSE Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Notes Set 04

These CBSE Class 10 Geography supplementary notes for Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries cover the iron and steel-making process, detailed profiles of India's major iron and steel plants (including TISCO, Bokaro, Durgapur, Bhilai, Rourkela and others), mini steel plants, and other key heavy and high-technology industries — shipbuilding, automobiles, railway locomotives, aircraft, heavy electricals, machine tools, electronics, space technology, software, entertainment products and petrochemicals.

Iron and Steel: The Making Process

Ore reduction: carried out in the blast furnace, where coke, limestone and dolomite are added to combine with impurities in the ore. These impurities form slag, which floats on the molten iron and is separated from it. Molten iron, collected at the base of the furnace and removed at regular intervals, is called pig iron, which can later be converted into wrought iron, steel and cast iron.
Steel melting furnace: impurities in pig iron are removed by deoxidation to convert it into steel, after which hardening material such as carbon is added.
Rolling mills: the steel is cast into ingots and rolled into different sizes.

Tata Iron and Steel Plant (TISCO), Jamshedpur

Located about 240 km north-west of Kolkata.
Raw materials: iron ore from the Gurumahisani mines (Mayurbhanj district, Odisha) and the Noamundi mines (Singbhum district, Jharkhand); manganese from Joda (Keonjhar district); limestone, dolomite and fire clay from Sundargarh district, Odisha; coal from the Jharia and Bokaro coalfields, about 177 km away.
Power supply: coal from Jharia and Bokaro.
Water supply: the rivers Kharkai and Subarnarekha.
Labour force: mainly from the densely populated states of Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh.
Markets: Kolkata is an important market for finished steel.
Transport: well connected by road and rail; linked to Eastern Railways and Kolkata Port for exports.
Products: high-grade carbon steel and acid steel for railway wheels, axles, bars and rods, as well as special alloy steel.

Other Major Iron and Steel Plants

Mini Steel Plants

Mini steel plants use ferrous scrap, pig iron or sponge iron as raw materials. The government encourages their establishment because: they use cheap, easily available scrap iron; they run on electric power, so they do not cause pollution; they do not require heavy investment; and by meeting local market demand, they reduce pressure on large plants.

Heavy Engineering Industries

These industries provide machinery for industries and equipment for agriculture, transport, mining and construction. They require bulky raw materials, advanced technology, large capital resources and a huge workforce. Iron and steel, shipbuilding and automobile industries are all classed as heavy industries.

Shipbuilding Industry

Favoured by: location near bulky raw material sources; a skilled labour force; location near deep waters suitable for navigation; and large tracts of level land.

Automobile Industry

Requires: raw materials like iron, steel and paint; tools and machinery for factory operation and maintenance; finished goods such as tyres, tubes and batteries; and coal and hydropower. India is the world's sixth-largest passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing country.

Railway Locomotives

Units producing locomotives and coaches come under the Ministry of Railways:
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (Chittaranjan, West Bengal): electric, broad-gauge and metre-gauge diesel locomotives.
Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) (Varanasi): broad-gauge and metre-gauge diesel engines.
Integral Coach Factory (Perambur, near Chennai): fully furnished passenger coaches.
Rail Coach Factory (Kapurthala, Punjab): high-speed, lightweight railway coaches.
Other diesel-electric engine plants are located at Jamshedpur and Patiala.

Aircraft Industry

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), set up in 1964 with its corporate office in Bengaluru, was India's first aircraft industry. Its functions: designing, manufacturing, repairing and overhauling various aircraft, aero engines, avionics, instruments and accessories; and designing/developing advanced light helicopters and light combat aircraft.

Heavy Electrical Industry

Covers equipment for the generation, transmission, distribution and use of power — generators, boilers, turbines and cables. Three main units: Heavy Electrical Limited (Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (New Delhi), and Hindustan Cables Factory (Rupnarainpur, West Bengal).

Heavy Machinery and Tools

Provides machines to all economic sectors. Hindustan Machine Tools (Bengaluru) is a major machine-tool manufacturer, also making watches, tractors, printing machinery and lamp-making machinery, with further units at Ajmer, Mohali, Ranibagh and Pinjore. Other heavy industries: Heavy Machine Tools Plant (Ranchi), Machine Tool Corporation of India, and National Instruments Factory. Iron implements for agriculture are manufactured at units in Ajmer, Pune, Satara and Bhiwandi.

Electronics

India's electronics industry developed around 1950 and is the fastest-growing industry.
Indian Telephone Industry (Bengaluru, 1950): equipment for post and telegraph departments, railways, defence and electricity boards; also automatic telephone switching systems and teleprinter exchanges.
Electronic Corporation of India (Hyderabad): modular systems for nuclear applications and for medical, agricultural and industrial use.
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) (Bengaluru): serves the defence sector, All India Radio and the Meteorological Department.

Space Technology

Supported by the electronics industry: the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO, Bengaluru), the Satellite Launching Station (Sriharikota) and the National Remote Sensing Agency (Hyderabad). India has launched indigenous satellites such as the Apple and INSAT series, developed rockets for polar-orbit satellite launches, and undertaken a Mars orbital mission.

Software Industry

One of India's fastest-growing industries; India has achieved supercomputer-design capability and provides expert IT services to global markets. Bengaluru and Hyderabad are the two leading software industry centres.

Entertainment Products Industry

Progress in electronics boosted the television and audio industries in the 1990s. Brands like BPL, Videocon, Onida and Philips specialised in television sales, alongside many popular audio systems. Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai are the main production centres.

Petrochemical Industry

Uses raw materials that are largely products of petroleum, LPG and coal; located near oil refineries that can supply naphtha and benzene. Produces synthetic fibres, dyestuffs, synthetic rubber, plastics, drugs and pharmaceuticals, as well as fertilisers, insecticides, adhesives and resins.
Advantages: cheaper and suited to large-scale production; raw materials are easily available; many traditional materials have been replaced by petrochemical products — for example, jute fibre by synthetic fibre, steel pipes by PVC, and jute bags by polythene bags.

Main petrochemical plants:
Herdillia Chemicals Limited (Chennai): acetone, phenol and diacetone alcohol.
National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (Thane, near Mumbai): the first plant based on the latest technology; produces ethylene, benzene and PVC.
Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL), a joint venture between the Weavers' Cooperative Societies and the Government of India (Vadodara and Naldhari): polyester filament, swim suits and yarn.
India Petrochemical Corporation (near Vadodara): organic chemicals and fibres.
Reliance Industries: located at Hazira, Gujarat.
Indian Oil Corporation: one petrochemical plant in Gujarat and two at Panipat, Haryana.