Samacheer Kalvi Class 8 Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The Judiciary

I. Choose the Correct Answer.

 

Question 1. The highest and final judicial tribunal of India is
(a) President
(b) Parliament
(c) Supreme Court
(d) Prime Minister
Answer: (c) Supreme Court
In simple words: The Supreme Court is the highest court in India. It is where all big legal matters are finally decided.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Supreme Court's role as the ultimate legal authority and interpreter of the Constitution in India.

 

Question 2. Judicial system provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between
(a) Citizen
(b) Citizen and the government
(c) Two State governments
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: The courts help to solve arguments between individuals, between individuals and the government, or even between different state governments. They make sure everyone gets a fair hearing.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about the scope of the judiciary, remember it covers a wide range of disputes, from private citizens to government entities and inter-state conflicts.

 

Question 3. Dispute between States of India comes to the Supreme court under
(a) Original jurisdiction
(b) Appellate jurisdiction
(c) Advisory jurisdiction
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Original jurisdiction
In simple words: When states in India have a disagreement, the Supreme Court hears these cases directly from the start. This means it doesn't need to be appealed from a lower court first.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the difference between original jurisdiction (cases heard for the first time) and appellate jurisdiction (cases heard on appeal from lower courts) for the Supreme Court.

 

Question 4. Which of the following state/ Union territories have a common High Court?
(a) Punjab and Jammu Kashmir
(b) Assam and Bengal
(c) Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh
(d) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Answer: (c) Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh
In simple words: Some states and union territories share one High Court. Punjab, Haryana, and the Union Territory of Chandigarh all share the same High Court.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that some High Courts serve more than one state or union territory. Knowing these specific examples is important.

 

Question 5. The System of Public Interest Litigation has been introduced in India by
(a) Supreme Court
(b) Parliament
(c) Political parties
(d) Constitutional amendments
Answer: (a) Supreme Court
In simple words: The Supreme Court started the system of Public Interest Litigation (PIL). This allows anyone, not just the affected person, to bring forward cases that help the public.

🎯 Exam Tip: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a key mechanism for social justice and was a judicial innovation, not a legislative one.

 

Question 6. How many courts are there in apex level in India?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer: (a) One
In simple words: India has only one court at the very top level, which is the Supreme Court. It is the highest judicial authority.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the hierarchy of courts; the Supreme Court stands alone at the apex level.

 

Question 7. Supreme court is located at
(a) Chandigarh
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) New Delhi
Answer: (d) New Delhi
In simple words: The Supreme Court of India is located in New Delhi, the capital city of India. It has a fixed place for its main operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the location of important government institutions like the Supreme Court is a basic general knowledge fact.

 

Question 8. FIR means
(a) First Information Report
(c) First Incident Report
Answer: (a) First Information Report
In simple words: FIR stands for First Information Report. This is the first report made to the police when a crime happens.

🎯 Exam Tip: FIR is a crucial document in criminal investigations, marking the official start of police action.

 

Question 9. The court that hear criminal cases are called
(a) District court
(b) Sessions court
(c) Family court
(d) Revenue court
Answer: (b) Sessions court
In simple words: Courts that handle criminal cases are known as Sessions Courts. They deal with serious offenses and trials.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between civil and criminal courts. Sessions Courts specifically handle criminal matters within a district.

II. Fill in the Blanks.

 

Question 1. The __________ High Court is the oldest High Court in India.
Answer: Calcutta
In simple words: The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in our country. It was one of the first established during British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras High Courts were established almost at the same time, but Calcutta is considered the oldest.

 

Question 2. The framers of the Constitution established __________ and __________ judiciary in India.
Answer: Independent, Impartial
In simple words: The people who made our Constitution wanted courts that are independent and fair. This means judges can make decisions without anyone telling them what to do.

🎯 Exam Tip: The independence and impartiality of the judiciary are fundamental pillars of Indian democracy, ensuring justice without external influence.

 

Question 3. __________ a famous French philosopher propounded the idea of an independent judiciary.
Answer: Montesquieu
In simple words: Montesquieu, a famous thinker from France, came up with the idea that the courts should be separate from the government. He believed in dividing power so that no one part becomes too strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Montesquieu's concept of separation of powers, including an independent judiciary, is a cornerstone of modern democratic governance.

 

Question 4. __________ deals with disputes over money, property and social matters.
Answer: Civil Law
In simple words: Civil Law handles disagreements about money, property, and other personal matters. It aims to solve disputes between people without involving crimes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between Civil Law (personal disputes, money, property) and Criminal Law (offenses against society).

 

Question 5. During ancient times, most of the Kings' courts dispensed justice according to __________.
Answer: dharma
In simple words: In olden times, kings' courts gave justice based on 'dharma'. This means they followed rules of right conduct and duty as taught by ancient texts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the concept of 'dharma' to the moral and ethical principles that guided justice in ancient India.

III. Match the Following.

 

Question. Match the following.

Answer:
1. Supreme Court - (c) highest court of appeal
2. High Court - (d) highest court in the States
3. Lok Adalat - (b) speedy justice
4. Sir Elijah Impey - (e) chief justice
5. Smiritis - (a) social duties
In simple words: This match connects different parts of the judicial system and historical figures to their roles. The Supreme Court is the top appeal court, High Courts are top in states, Lok Adalats give fast justice, Sir Elijah Impey was a chief justice, and Smiritis talk about social duties.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, understand the key function or characteristic of each term to correctly pair them. Pay attention to historical figures and their specific roles.

IV. State True or False.

 

Question 1. The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on 28th January 1951.
Answer: False
In simple words: The Supreme Court actually started its work on 28th January 1950, not 1951. It began just after India became a republic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall key dates related to the establishment of major institutions like the Supreme Court.

 

Question 2. During the Tughlaq period, the code of procedure was written in Arabic.
Answer: True
In simple words: During the time of the Tughlaq rulers, the official legal rules were written in Arabic. This shows the cultural influence of that era.

🎯 Exam Tip: When studying historical periods, note the language used for official documents and its cultural significance.

 

Question 3. The Regulating Act of 1773 made provision for the formation of Supreme Court.
Answer: True
In simple words: The Regulating Act of 1773 was an important law that planned for a Supreme Court. This was a big step in setting up a proper judicial system in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical acts that laid the foundation for the judicial system in India, such as the Regulating Act.

 

Question 4. Sadar Diwani Adalat was a Criminal court of appeal.
Answer: False
In simple words: The Sadar Diwani Adalat was actually the main civil court for appeals. Criminal appeals were handled by the Sadar Nizamat Adalat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful to distinguish between Diwani (civil) and Nizamat (criminal) courts in historical contexts.

 

Question 5. The Allahabad High Court is the largest court in India.
Answer: True
In simple words: The Allahabad High Court is indeed the largest High Court in India, both in terms of the number of judges and the area it covers. This means it serves a very large population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn about key facts and distinctions of various courts, like the Allahabad High Court's status as the largest.

 

Question 6. The Constitution of India secures justice to all its citizen.
Answer: True
In simple words: Yes, our Constitution promises fairness and justice for everyone in India. It aims to treat all citizens equally under the law.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the core values of the Constitution, such as securing justice for all citizens, in your answers.

V. Choose the Correct Statement.

 

Question 1. Consider the following statements.
(i) A law commission was setup by Macaulay.
(ii) It codified the Indian Laws.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) i only
(b) ii only
(c) Both i and ii
(d) Neither i nor ii
Answer: (c) Both i and ii
In simple words: Both statements are correct. Lord Macaulay helped set up the Law Commission, and this commission worked to organize and write down Indian laws. This made the laws clearer for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Lord Macaulay's significant role in codifying Indian laws through the Law Commission, a crucial step in legal history.

 

Question 2. Consider the following statements.
(i) An Indian Penal Code was prepared in 1860.
(ii) The Calcutta High Court was established on 1862.
(iii) The Government of India Act, 1935 created Federal Court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) i only
(b) ii, iii only
(c) i,iii only
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: All three statements are correct. The Indian Penal Code was indeed made in 1860, the Calcutta High Court started in 1862, and the Federal Court was set up by the Government of India Act of 1935. These are all important historical facts.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating multiple statements, consider each fact individually. Knowing these key dates and legislative acts is essential for historical accuracy.

 

Question 3. Which of the following statement is not true about India's Supreme Court?
(i) The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land.
(ii) It was established by part V under Chapter IV of Indian Constitution.
(iii) Supreme court cannot transfer cases from one High court to another
(iv) Its decisions are binding on all courts
(a) i
(b) ii
(c) iii
(d) iv
Answer: (c) iii
In simple words: The statement that the Supreme Court cannot transfer cases between High Courts is incorrect. The Supreme Court actually has the power to move cases. It can also move cases from any court to itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the various powers of the Supreme Court, including its ability to transfer cases, to correctly identify false statements.

 

Question 4. Assertion: The Supreme Court is a Court of Record. Reason: It maintains records of the court proceedings and its decisions are finding upon the lower courts.
(a) A is correct and R is wrong.
(b) Both A and R are Wrong
(c) A is correct and R explains A
(d) A is correct and R does not explain A
Answer: (c) A is correct and R explains A
In simple words: The Supreme Court keeps all its records and decisions, which is why it's called a 'Court of Record'. Because it keeps these records, its decisions must be followed by all other lower courts. So, the reason correctly explains why it is called a Court of Record.

🎯 Exam Tip: In Assertion-Reason questions, first check if both statements are individually true. Then, determine if the Reason logically explains the Assertion.

 

Question 5. Agree or disagree
(a) Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme court.
Answer: Agree
In simple words: Yes, any citizen can go to the Supreme Court if their fundamental rights are violated. The court is open to everyone seeking justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that while citizens can approach the Supreme Court, it is typically for cases involving fundamental rights or appeals from High Courts.

 

Question 5. Agree or disagree
(b) Rich and powerful people control the judiciary system.
Answer: Disagree
In simple words: No, this is not true. The Indian judiciary is designed to be independent and fair. It works to give justice to everyone, regardless of their wealth or power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the principle of judicial independence, which safeguards the judiciary from external influences, including wealth and political power.

 

Question 5. Agree or disagree
(c) Every citizen has a right to get justice through the courts.
Answer: Agree
In simple words: Yes, it is true that every person has the right to get justice from the courts. The legal system is there to protect everyone's rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the fundamental right to justice and access to courts, which is a cornerstone of a democratic society.

 

Question 5. Agree or disagree
(d) Politicians cannot control judges
Answer: Agree
In simple words: Yes, this is true. Judges in India are independent and cannot be told what to do by politicians. This ensures fair and unbiased decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Stress the importance of the separation of powers and judicial independence for maintaining the integrity of the justice system.

VI. Answer the Following in One or Two Sentences.

 

Question 1. Why do we need a judicial system?
Answer: We need a judicial system because it plays a vital role as a branch of the government. It gives justice, resolves disagreements, explains laws, safeguards fundamental rights, and acts as the protector of the Constitution. Therefore, an effective judiciary is crucial for fair justice.
In simple words: We need courts to give justice, solve problems, protect our rights, and make sure the Constitution is followed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the core functions of the judiciary: justice delivery, dispute resolution, law interpretation, and rights protection.

 

Question 2. What are the different levels of courts in India?
Answer: The different levels of courts in India include the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts. Below them are District Courts and various Subordinate Courts such as Panchayat Courts, Revenue Courts, Lok Adalats, Fast Track Courts, Family Courts, Mobile Courts, and E-Courts. Each level plays a specific role in the judicial hierarchy.
In simple words: India has courts at different levels: the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, and many smaller courts like Panchayat Courts and Family Courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the courts in hierarchical order, remembering to include both the main levels and examples of subordinate courts.

 

Question 3. Differentiate Law and Judiciary.
Answer: Law refers to a set of rules enforced by a government or institution to regulate people's conduct. Judiciary, on the other hand, is the system of courts that applies and administers justice according to these laws. Laws are the rules, while the judiciary is the body that makes sure these rules are followed fairly.
In simple words: Law is the rules, and the Judiciary is the court system that uses these rules to give justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each term and highlight their relationship: laws are the framework, and the judiciary is the institution that implements them.

 

Question 4. Write a note on Lok Adalat.
Answer: Lok Adalat was created to provide quick and easy justice. It helps in hearing and settling disputes in the local language, allowing people to understand the proceedings better in a public setting. These courts are headed by a retired judge, assisted by a lawyer and a social worker. Their goal is to resolve cases through compromise, avoiding lengthy court battles.
In simple words: Lok Adalats are courts that give fast justice. They solve problems with the help of a retired judge, lawyer, and social worker, often in the local language.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key points for Lok Adalats are speedy justice, local language use, and resolution through conciliation, often led by a retired judge.

 

Question 5. What are the advantages of mobile courts?
Answer: Mobile courts offer great relief to people living in rural areas, making justice more accessible. They also help increase awareness about the judicial system among villagers, reducing costs for them by bringing justice to their doorsteps. This makes it easier for people in remote areas to resolve legal issues.
In simple words: Mobile courts help rural people get justice easily, save their money, and teach them about the legal system right where they live.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the benefits for rural populations: accessibility, cost reduction, and increased legal awareness.

VII. Answer the Following in Detail.

 

Question 1. Write about the role of the judiciary.
Answer: The judiciary plays several crucial roles:
1. **Dispute Resolution:** The judicial system acts as a mechanism to resolve disputes. This includes disagreements between citizens, between citizens and the government, between two or more state governments, and between the central government and state governments.
2. **Judicial Review:** The judiciary has the power to examine laws passed by the Parliament. If it believes a law goes against the basic structure of the Constitution, it can declare that law unconstitutional. This power ensures that laws are fair and constitutional.
3. **Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights:** The courts are responsible for upholding the law and protecting fundamental rights. Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court or a High Court if they believe their fundamental rights have been violated. The judiciary ensures that everyone's rights are respected and enforced.
The judiciary acts as a watchdog, ensuring that the legislative and executive branches of government follow the Constitution and protect the rights of the people.
In simple words: The courts solve arguments between people and the government. They check if laws are fair and follow the Constitution, and they protect everyone's basic rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer clearly with distinct points for each role (Dispute Resolution, Judicial Review, Upholding Rights). Provide a concise explanation for each, ensuring to mention the Supreme and High Courts' role in protecting rights.

 

Question 2. Differentiate Civil Law and Criminal Law.
Answer:

Civil and criminal law are two main branches of legal systems, each handling different types of cases and having distinct procedures and outcomes.
In simple words: Civil law solves problems about money and property, where the loser usually pays money. Criminal law handles crimes like theft or murder, where the guilty person might go to jail.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a table format for differentiation questions. Clearly outline the key differences: type of dispute, examples, initiation of case, and typical punishment/outcome.

 

Question 3. Describe the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Answer: The Supreme Court has several types of jurisdiction, which define the scope of its authority:
1. **Original Jurisdiction:** This refers to cases that the Supreme Court can hear for the first time, without them being appealed from lower courts. This primarily includes disputes between the Union (Central Government) and one or more states, or between two or more states.
2. **Appellate Jurisdiction:** The Supreme Court can hear appeals against decisions made by High Courts. This means if someone is not happy with a High Court's ruling, they can appeal to the Supreme Court, especially when the High Court grants a certificate for appeal.
3. **Advisory Jurisdiction:** The President of India can ask the Supreme Court for its opinion on a question of public importance or a point of law. The Court then reports its advice to the President, though this advice is generally not binding.
4. **Writs Jurisdiction:** The Supreme Court can issue various writs (orders) under Article 32 of the Constitution to enforce fundamental rights. High Courts also have similar power under Article 226. These writs are powerful tools for protecting citizens' liberties.
5. **Court of Record:** The Supreme Court maintains records of its proceedings and decisions. These records serve as legal precedents and evidence, and its decisions are binding on all lower courts, ensuring consistency in law.
6. **Special Powers:** The Supreme Court also has special powers, such as supervising the functioning of lower courts and transferring cases from one High Court to another, or to itself.
These jurisdictions ensure the Supreme Court acts as the final arbiter of law, protecting the Constitution and citizens' rights.
In simple words: The Supreme Court has different powers: it hears big cases first (Original), listens to appeals from High Courts (Appellate), gives advice to the President (Advisory), issues special orders to protect rights (Writs), keeps records that other courts must follow (Court of Record), and can move cases between courts (Special Powers).

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing jurisdictions, list each type clearly (Original, Appellate, Advisory, Writs, Court of Record, Special Powers) and provide a concise explanation for what each entails.

VIII. Project and Activity.

 

Question 1. Discuss: Is it necessary to have an independent judiciary? List two reasons.
Answer: Yes, it is very necessary to have an independent judiciary for several reasons.
1. **Custodian of Citizen Rights:** In a democratic country, the judiciary acts as the protector of citizens' rights. If the courts are not independent, they cannot effectively safeguard these rights against potential overreach by the government or other powerful entities.
2. **Unbiased Functioning:** An independent judiciary functions in an unbiased manner, free from any external influence or pressure. This ensures that justice is delivered fairly and impartially to everyone, based solely on law and evidence, not on political or personal interests.
An independent judiciary is vital for maintaining the rule of law and upholding the Constitution.
In simple words: Yes, courts must be independent to protect people's rights and to make fair decisions without anyone telling them what to do.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the importance of an independent judiciary, highlight its roles in protecting fundamental rights and ensuring impartial justice.

I. Choose the Correct Answer.

 

Question 1. Supreme court was established for the first time at __________ in Kolkata.
(a) Fort George
(b) Fort Williams
(c) Fort David
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Fort Williams
In simple words: The first Supreme Court was set up at Fort William in Kolkata. This happened during the early British rule in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the specific location of the first Supreme Court established during the British era to avoid confusion with the modern Supreme Court.

 

Question 2. During the period of William Bentinck __________ circuit courts were abolished.
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 1
Answer: (a) 4
In simple words: During William Bentinck's time, four circuit courts were removed. This was part of changes to the judicial system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific numbers related to administrative changes made by key historical figures like William Bentinck.

 

Question 3. __________ is the guardian of the constitution.
(a) High Court
(b) District Court
(c) Supreme Court
(d) All of the options
Answer: (c) Supreme Court
In simple words: The Supreme Court is considered the protector of the Constitution. It makes sure that all laws and government actions follow the rules laid out in the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Supreme Court's role as the guardian and interpreter of the Constitution is a core concept; emphasize this in your understanding.

 

Question 4. __________ was set up for speedy Justice.
(a) Revenue Court
(b) Lok Adalat
(c) Session Court
(d) District Court
Answer: (b) Lok Adalat
In simple words: Lok Adalats were created to provide fast justice. They help people solve their disputes quickly without long court processes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Lok Adalats directly with the goal of speedy and amicable dispute resolution.

 

Question 5. __________ will be of great relief to the rural people.
(a) Family court
(b) E. Court
(c) Mobile Court
Answer: (c) Mobile Court
In simple words: Mobile courts travel to villages and bring justice closer to rural people. This helps them a lot by saving time and money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that mobile courts are designed to increase access to justice, particularly for remote and rural populations.

 

Question 6. The Supreme court was established at __________.
(a) 1801
(b) 1807
(c) 1809
(d) 1810
Answer: (a) 1801
In simple words: The Supreme Court was established in 1801. This marks an important year in the history of India's legal system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the establishment year of significant judicial institutions. This question refers to the establishment of the Supreme Courts under the British Regulating Act, particularly in Madras and Bombay, after Calcutta in 1774.

 

Question 7. Regulating Act of __________ made provision for the formation of the Supreme Court.
(a) 1777
(b) 1773
(c) 1801
(d) 1773
Answer: (d) 1773
In simple words: The Regulating Act passed in 1773 paved the way for setting up a Supreme Court in India. This was a key step by the British government to manage their territories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Regulating Act of 1773 with the foundational establishment of the Supreme Court in British India.

 

Question 8. The __________ is presided over by a retired judge.
(a) High court
(b) Supreme court
(c) Lok-Adalat
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) Lok-Adalat
In simple words: Lok Adalats are often led by a retired judge. This helps in using their experience to settle disputes quickly and amicably.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Lok Adalats leverage the experience of retired judges to facilitate out-of-court settlements.

 

Question 9. __________ is the largest democracy of the world.
(a) India
Answer: (a) India
In simple words: India is known as the world's largest democracy. This is because it has the most people who can vote and participate in choosing their government.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a basic fact about India's political system, highlighting its scale and democratic nature.

II. Fill in the blanks.

 

Question 1. The ........................ High Court is the oldest High Court in India.
Answer: Calcutta
In simple words: The Calcutta High Court is the oldest one in India. It was established a long time ago.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific name "Calcutta" for the oldest High Court to score full marks.

 

Question 2. The framers of the Constitution established ........................ and ........................ judiciary in India.
Answer: Independent, Impartial
In simple words: The people who made our Constitution wanted the judiciary to be free and fair. This means judges should not be controlled by anyone and should always be neutral.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key terms like "independent" and "impartial" are crucial when describing the nature of India's judiciary.

 

Question 3. ........................ a famous French philosopher propounded the idea of an independent judiciary.
Answer: Montesquieu
In simple words: Montesquieu, a famous thinker from France, first talked about the idea that courts should be independent. This idea is important for fair justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the names of important philosophers and their key ideas helps in questions about the origins of legal concepts.

 

Question 4. ........................ deals with disputes over money, property and social matters.
Answer: Civil Law
In simple words: Civil law handles disagreements about things like money, property, and family issues. These cases do not involve crimes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between civil law (disputes between individuals) and criminal law (crimes against the state) clearly.

 

Question 5. During ancient times, most of the Kings' courts dispensed justice according to ........................
Answer: dharma
In simple words: In olden times, kings gave justice based on 'dharma', which meant right conduct and moral rules. This ensured decisions were fair according to the beliefs of the time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the concept of 'dharma' is important for questions on ancient Indian justice systems.

 

Question 6. ........................ court was found in Ganas.
Answer: Kulika
In simple words: The Kulika court was a type of court found in Ganas, which were ancient republics. These courts were part of the local justice system.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about specific ancient court types, mention their location or characteristic feature if known.

 

Question 7. ........................ is the largest court.
Answer: Allahabad High Court
In simple words: The Allahabad High Court is known as the largest court. This is because it has a very large number of judges.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the High Court with the highest number of judges when asked about the largest court.

 

Question 8. In ........................ Supreme Court was established in Madras.
Answer: 1801
In simple words: A Supreme Court was set up in Madras in the year 1801. This was an important step in setting up courts in colonial India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to specific dates and locations when dealing with historical establishments of courts.

 

Question 9. In ........................ Supreme Court was established in Bombay.
Answer: 1824
In simple words: A Supreme Court was set up in Bombay in 1824. This was another important judicial establishment by the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep distinct dates for the establishment of Supreme Courts in different presidencies (Madras, Bombay, Calcutta) clear.

 

Question 10. ........................ is called the people's court.
Answer: Lok Adalat
In simple words: Lok Adalat is known as the "people's court" because it helps common people settle disputes quickly and easily. It works to give justice closer to the community.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term "people's court" is a key identifier for Lok Adalats due to their accessible and informal nature.

 

Question 11. ........................ was established to resolve criminal disputes.
Answer: Mofussil fauzdari Adalat
In simple words: Mofussil fauzdari Adalat was a court set up to handle criminal cases outside the main city areas. These courts helped deal with crimes in smaller towns and districts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical names of courts and their specific functions, like 'fauzdari' referring to criminal matters.

 

Question 12. ........................ is the guardian of our constitution.
Answer: The Supreme Court
In simple words: The Supreme Court is like the protector of our country's Constitution. It makes sure no laws go against the main rules of the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that the Supreme Court is the final interpreter and guardian of the Constitution.

 

Question 13. ........................ abolished the District fauzdari court.
Answer: Lord Cornwallis
In simple words: Lord Cornwallis, a British Governor-General, removed the District fauzdari courts. This was part of changes he made to the judicial system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key judicial reforms with the historical figures responsible for them, such as Lord Cornwallis.

 

Question 14. Sadar Ditani Adalat and Nizamat Adalat were established at ........................
Answer: Allahabad
In simple words: The Sadar Diwani Adalat and Nizamat Adalat, which were important courts, were set up in Allahabad. These courts handled civil and criminal cases respectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the locations where major courts were established, as they signify important administrative centers.

 

Question 15. A law of commission was set up by ........................
Answer: Macaulay
In simple words: Macaulay was the person who helped set up a law commission. This commission was important for making new laws and organizing them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the Law Commission, especially in its early formation, with the historical figure Macaulay.

III. Match the following.

Answer:
1. District Court - e) District Level
2. Sessions Court - c) Criminal cases
3. Panchayat Court - d) Village level
4. Revenue Court - b) Land records
5. Fast track court - a) 2000
In simple words: Each court type has a special role and area it works in. District courts are at the district level, Sessions courts handle criminal cases, Panchayat courts are for villages, Revenue courts manage land records, and Fast track courts were started in the year 2000 to speed up justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, understand the primary function or jurisdiction of each court type to connect them correctly.

IV. State true or false.

 

Question 1. The code of civil procedure during the Tughlaq period was Fiqha - e - Feroze Shahi.
Answer: True
In simple words: During the Tughlaq rule, the rules for civil law were indeed called Fiqha-e-Feroze Shahi. This shows how legal procedures were named historically.

🎯 Exam Tip: Historical legal texts and their names are often specific facts that need to be remembered accurately.

 

Question 2. The Government of India Act 1935 created a federal court.
Answer: True
In simple words: Yes, the Government of India Act of 1935 did create a federal court. This was an important step towards having a unified judicial system in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Government of India Act, 1935 is a significant landmark in India's constitutional and legal history; remember its key provisions like the creation of the Federal Court.

 

Question 3. PIL is unique to the Indian Judiciary.
Answer: True
In simple words: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is indeed a special feature of the Indian legal system. It allows anyone to approach the court for the public good, making justice more accessible.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize PIL as a distinctive and important tool in the Indian judiciary for protecting public interests.

 

Question 4. The E-Courts project was established in 2000.
Answer: False
In simple words: The E-Courts project was not started in 2000; it was launched later to make courts use technology more. This initiative aims to make the legal process faster and easier.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with dates related to modern judicial initiatives like the E-Courts project, as they are often tested.

 

Question 5. NALSA means the National Local Service Authority.
Answer: False
In simple words: NALSA actually stands for the National Legal Services Authority, not Local Service Authority. It provides free legal aid to people who cannot afford it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the full forms of important acronyms like NALSA, as they describe key legal bodies and their functions.

V. Choose the correct statement.

 

Question 1. Consider the following statements.
i) Lok Adalat was set up to provide speedy justice. It hears and settles the disputes in the language of the people in the public presence.
ii) The Revenue courts deal with the cases of criminal cases.
iii) The Courts that hear land records are called the Sessions Court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) i only
(b) ii, iii only
(c) i, iii only
(d) All the options
Answer: (a) i only
In simple words: Only statement (i) is correct because Lok Adalats are indeed for quick justice and use local languages. Statements (ii) and (iii) are wrong because Revenue courts handle land matters, not criminal cases, and Sessions courts handle criminal cases, not land records.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully evaluate each statement based on the specific functions of different court types to identify the correct one(s).

 

Question 2. Consider the following statements.
i) Supreme Court of India is the highest court of India and
ii) It is located in Calcutta.
iii) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution and the highest Court of appeal,
(a) i only
(b) ii only
(c) Both i and iii
(d) Neither i nor ii
Answer: (c) Both i and iii
In simple words: Statements (i) and (iii) are correct because the Supreme Court is the highest court and protects the Constitution, acting as the top court for appeals. Statement (ii) is incorrect as the Supreme Court is located in New Delhi, not Calcutta.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to know the correct location of the Supreme Court and its primary roles as the highest court, guardian of the Constitution, and final court of appeal.

VI. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

 

Question 1. Write a short note on NALSA.
Answer: The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was created under the Legal Service Authorities Act of 1987. Its main role is to provide free legal help to the poorer parts of society and to organize Lok Adalats to solve disputes quickly. This helps ensure everyone can access justice.
In simple words: NALSA gives free legal help to poor people and holds special courts called Lok Adalats to settle problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about NALSA, mention its full form, the year of its establishment, and its dual primary functions (legal aid and Lok Adalats).

 

Question 2. What do you understand by Public Interest Litigation?
Answer: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a type of legal case filed in court to protect the public's interest. It's a special idea in Indian law and was started by the Supreme Court. PIL helps ensure that issues affecting a large group of people can be brought to court.
In simple words: PIL is a court case filed for the good of many people, not just one person. It was started by the Supreme Court in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that PIL is for "public interest" and is a "unique concept" introduced by the "Supreme Court" in India.

 

Question 3. Give an account of Montesquieu.
Answer: Montesquieu was a French philosopher who first proposed the idea of an independent judiciary. He also believed strongly in the separation of powers. This means that the government should be divided into different parts, like making laws, carrying them out, and judging them, to prevent any one part from becoming too powerful.
In simple words: Montesquieu was a French thinker who believed courts should be free and that government power should be split up.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Montesquieu's two main contributions: the concept of an independent judiciary and the theory of separation of powers.

VII. Answer the following in detail.

 

Question 1. Write in brief about the judiciary during the ancient period.
Answer: In ancient times, justice was closely tied to religious principles. The King was seen as the main judge and decided cases based on 'dharma', which was a set of traditional rules. These Dharmic laws guided not only individuals but also the society. There were also rules that defined the social duties of each person. So, the judicial system was deeply rooted in morality and tradition.
In simple words: In old times, kings were the judges, and justice followed religious rules called dharma.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing ancient judiciary, emphasize the role of the King, the concept of 'dharma', and the close link between justice and religion/tradition.

 

Question 2. What are the powers and functions of the supreme court of India.
Answer: The Supreme Court of India holds several important powers and functions:
• It is the final court for all judicial matters.
• Its decisions are binding, meaning all other courts must follow them.
• The Supreme Court can transfer judges from one High Court to another.
• It also has the power to move cases from any court to itself or from one High Court to another.
In simple words: The Supreme Court is the top court, and its decisions must be followed by all other courts. It can also move judges and cases between courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the Supreme Court's functions clearly, focusing on its ultimate authority, binding decisions, and powers over lower courts and judges.