Samacheer Kalvi Class 12 English Solutions Chapter 1 Two Gentlemen of Verona

Textual Questions:

I. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understanding of the story:

 

Question a. Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?
Answer: The narrator met two young boys, Nicola and Jacopo, just outside the city of Verona. They were selling wild strawberries by the roadside.
In simple words: The narrator met two boys named Nicola and Jacopo outside Verona.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering "Who" questions, clearly state the names of the individuals involved and their connection to the story. Contextual details like "outskirts of Verona" also help.

 

Question b. Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?
Answer: The driver did not want the narrator to buy fruits from the boys because of their very old and worn-out clothes. He felt their shabby look suggested the fruits might not be good.
In simple words: The driver did not want the narrator to buy fruits from the boys because they looked poor and untidy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific reason given in the story. In this case, the boys' appearance was the key factor influencing the driver's opinion.

 

Question c. The boys did not spend much on clothes and food, why?
Answer: The boys saved almost all their money because they needed it to pay for their sister Lucia's weekly medical treatment. She was suffering from a serious illness. This commitment meant they spent very little on themselves.
In simple words: The boys saved all their money to pay for their sick sister Lucia's medical bills, so they did not buy much food or clothes.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question highlights the boys' devotion. Mentioning their sister's medical condition is crucial for a complete answer.

 

Question d. Were the boys saving money to go to the states? How do you know?
Answer: No, the boys were not saving money to go to the states. We know this because their main goal was to save their sister's life and pay for her treatment, which required all their earnings. They showed great dedication to their sister.
In simple words: No, the boys were not saving money to go to the states. They needed all their money to save their sister's life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always support your "yes" or "no" answer with clear evidence or reasons from the story to show your understanding.

 

Question e. Why did the author avoid going to Lucia's room?
Answer: The author avoided entering Lucia's room because he did not want to interrupt the private and happy family moment the boys were sharing with their sister. He felt it was important to respect their personal space.
In simple words: The author did not go into Lucia's room because he did not want to disturb the boys and their sister during their private time.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question tests your understanding of the narrator's sensitivity. Mentioning the desire not to disturb their 'happy family party' shows keen insight.

 

Question f. What was Lucia suffering from?
Answer: Lucia was suffering from tuberculosis of the spine, a very serious bone disease. Her illness was the main reason the boys worked so hard.
In simple words: Lucia was sick with tuberculosis of the spine.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to remember specific details like the exact illness as they are key to the plot and character motivations.

 

Question g. What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans?
Answer: The boys joined the resistance movement after the Germans killed their father during the war and destroyed their home. This left them without parents and a place to live, which made them want to fight back. They felt a strong need to protect their community.
In simple words: The boys joined the resistance because the Germans killed their father and made them homeless during the war.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the boys' action directly to the cause-and-effect described: loss of family and home led to their involvement in the resistance.

 

Question h. What made the boys work so hard?
Answer: The boys worked incredibly hard because they were determined to save their sister Lucia's life. They also did not want to accept any help or charity for her medical treatment, preferring to earn all the money themselves. Their strong bond with their sister motivated them.
In simple words: The boys worked very hard because they wanted to save their sister's life and did not want any charity for her treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the internal motivation (love for sister) and the external factor (refusal of charity) to show a full understanding.

 

Question i. Why didn't the boys disclose their problem to the author?
Answer: The boys did not tell the author about their problems because they were proud and did not want anyone's pity or sympathy. They preferred to handle their difficulties themselves and maintain their dignity.
In simple words: The boys did not tell the author their problems because they were proud and did not want sympathy.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question reveals a key aspect of their character. Focus on their independence and strong will.

 

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each: (Text Book Page No. 5)

 

Question a. Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.
Answer: Nicola and Jacopo looked quite poor and untidy. One boy wore an old jersey with cut-off khaki pants, while the other had a small army tunic that was too big for his thin body. Both had messy hair and serious, dark eyes, which made them look older than their years. They were small for their age but had a determined look.
In simple words: Nicola wore an old jersey and cut-off khaki pants. Jacopo wore a short army tunic that was loose on him. Both had messy hair and serious, dark eyes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific details from the text about their clothes and facial features to accurately describe their appearance.

 

Question b. What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?
Answer: The young boys took on many different jobs to earn money. They polished shoes, sold fruits like wild strawberries, and delivered newspapers. They also acted as tourist guides, showing visitors around Verona, and ran various errands for people. This wide range of tasks showed their strong work ethic.
In simple words: The boys shined shoes, sold fruits, delivered newspapers, guided tourists, and ran errands to earn money.

🎯 Exam Tip: List as many jobs as you can remember from the story to demonstrate a thorough understanding of their industrious nature.

 

Question c. How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?
Answer: On a Sunday, the author offered to drive the boys to Poleta, a small village high up on a hill, in his car. They went to a large red-roofed villa there, which was actually a hospital where their sister Lucia was staying. The narrator waited for about an hour while the boys visited their sister. This act of kindness saved the boys a long bike ride.
In simple words: On Sunday, the narrator drove the boys to Poleta in his car so they could visit their sister Lucia in the hospital. He waited for them there.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the narrator's action (driving them) and the purpose (visiting their sister in Poleta) to show his direct help.

 

Question d. Who took the author to the cubicle?
Answer: The nurse, who was taking care of the boy's sister Lucia at the hospital, led the author to the small cubicle. She was kind and understood the boys' situation very well. She recognized the author's concern for the boys.
In simple words: The nurse who was looking after Lucia at the hospital took the author to her cubicle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific person (the nurse) and her role (Lucia's caregiver) to provide a precise answer.

 

Question e. Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle.
Answer: The girl in the cubicle was Lucia, the boys' sister. She appeared to be about twenty years old and wore a pretty lace jacket. She was propped up on pillows, listening happily to her brothers' chatter. Her eyes looked soft and gentle. She was a trained singer whose career was put on hold by her illness.
In simple words: The girl, Lucia, was around twenty, wore a lace jacket, and was propped on pillows. She had soft, kind eyes and was listening to her brothers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include details about her age, clothing, posture, and facial expression as observed by the narrator to give a full description.

 

Question f. Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.
Answer: After losing their home, the siblings were forced to live on the streets. Lucia had to stop her singing lessons, and all three suffered greatly from hunger and the cold winter. Lucia then developed tuberculosis of the spine. The boys tried to build a makeshift shelter and eventually had to admit Lucia to a nursing home. To cover her medical expenses, they worked tirelessly from early morning until late at night, often eating very little.
In simple words: The siblings became homeless, faced starvation, and endured cold. Lucia got tuberculosis, forcing the boys to work tirelessly day and night to pay her medical bills.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing sufferings, describe the key hardships: homelessness, hunger, cold, Lucia's illness, and the boys' strenuous work to convey the full extent of their struggles.

 

Question g. The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself. Why? Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.
Answer: The narrator kept the boys' secret to himself because he understood their proud nature. He knew they did not want anyone to feel sorry for them or to reveal their personal struggles. This was evident when the narrator tried to ask about their earnings, and Nicola hesitated and blushed, showing his reluctance to share. The narrator respected their desire for privacy and self-reliance.
In simple words: The narrator kept the secret because he knew the boys were proud and did not want pity. Their hesitation when asked about money showed this.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the narrator's action (keeping the secret) directly to the boys' character trait (pride and self-reliance), and use an example from the story (Nicola's reaction) to strengthen your answer.

 

3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100-150 words each: (Text Book Page No. 5)

 

Question a. What was the driving force that made the boys do various jobs?
Answer: In war-torn Verona, life was very difficult, with food and work being scarce. The hospital where Lucia was being treated started charging a weekly fee. The boys, Nicola and Jacopo, took full responsibility for their sick sister after their father died in the war. They had a strong determination to save Lucia's life and help her achieve her dream of becoming a singer. This deep love and devotion for their elder sister was the main reason they worked tirelessly from dawn till midnight, taking on any odd job available. They wanted her to get well and succeed in life, showing immense selflessness and hard work. Their goal to support their sister pushed them beyond their own limits.
In simple words: The boys were driven by their deep love for their sick sister, Lucia. After their father died and their home was destroyed in the war, they took all responsibility for her. They worked hard, from morning till night, to pay her medical bills and help her recover, showing great selflessness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the emotional bond (love for sister), the impact of the war (father's death, homelessness), and the financial burden (medical fees) as primary motivators for their hard work.

 

Question b. How was the family affected by the war?
Answer: The war had a devastating impact on the family. Their father, a well-known singer, was killed early in the conflict. Later, a bomb destroyed their home, leaving Nicola, Jacopo, and Lucia homeless and forced onto the streets. Their once comfortable and cultured life was completely shattered. They suffered terribly from hunger and exposure to the bitter cold during winter. For many months, they lived in a makeshift shelter made of broken walls and bricks. During this time, the boys were separated from their sister. They lived under German occupation for almost three years, which made them deeply resentful of the Germans. These severe hardships eventually led them to join the resistance movement.
In simple words: The war terribly affected the family: their singer father was killed, their home bombed, and the three children became homeless. They suffered from hunger and cold. Lucia got sick, and the boys had to live in a shelter, hating the Germans for all their suffering.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the specific consequences of the war: loss of father, destruction of home, homelessness, suffering (starvation, cold), Lucia's illness, and their separation, to show a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question c. Write a character sketch of Nicola and Jacopo.
Answer: Nicola, aged 13, and Jacopo, 12, were brothers who, despite their young age, showed remarkable maturity and dedication. They had tanned skin, messy hair, and serious, dark eyes. They performed many errands for tourists, shining shoes, selling fruits and newspapers, guiding visitors to famous sites like Juliet's tomb, and finding theater seats. Jacopo was lively and quick like a squirrel, while Nicola had a steady, engaging smile but always carried a deep seriousness. They both possessed an incredible work ethic and a strong sense of pride, refusing any sympathy. Their greatest quality was their unwavering devotion to their sister, Lucia, for whom they worked tirelessly, demonstrating immense selflessness and nobility of purpose. They were true gentlemen at heart, focused on their goal.
In simple words: Nicola and Jacopo were two young brothers, 13 and 12 years old. They were hardworking, shining shoes, selling items, and guiding tourists. Nicola was serious and calm, while Jacopo was lively. Both were proud, did not want pity, and were deeply devoted to their sister, working tirelessly for her.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing a character sketch, include physical description, key personality traits (like industriousness, pride, devotion), and examples of their actions that demonstrate these traits.

 

Question d. What message is conveyed through the story "Two Gentlemen of Verona"?
Answer: The story "Two Gentlemen of Verona" conveys a powerful message about human resilience, love, and determination. It shows that with a strong will and dedication, one can overcome great difficulties. Despite losing their father, home, and comfort due to war, and facing their sister's serious illness, Nicola and Jacopo never gave up hope. Their selfless actions, hard work, and deep commitment to their family demonstrate that true nobility comes from magnanimity of heart and purpose, not wealth or status. The story highlights the power of familial love and the human spirit to find strength and purpose even in the most adverse circumstances, inspiring others with their unwavering resolve.
In simple words: The story teaches us that we can overcome any problem with strong will and hard work. Nicola and Jacopo show that love for family, dedication, and a noble heart are more important than money or looks, proving that true gentlemen are defined by their actions and sacrifices.

🎯 Exam Tip: To answer effectively, identify the central theme(s) (e.g., resilience, love, determination) and link them directly to the characters' struggles and actions in the story.

 

Question e. Justify the title of the story “Two Gentlemen of Verona".
Answer: The title "Two Gentlemen of Verona" is highly appropriate and symbolic. Nicola and Jacopo, though young, poor, and engaged in humble jobs like shoe-shining and selling newspapers, embody the true essence of gentlemen. They display immense selflessness, working exhaustively to save every penny for their sister Lucia's medical treatment. Their willingness to work, their pride in not seeking charity, and their unwavering devotion to their family are qualities of true nobility. The narrator himself is deeply impressed by their dedication. The story suggests that being a "gentleman" is not about social status or wealth, but about one's character, compassion, and the sacrifices made for others. Thus, the boys' magnanimity of heart and noble purpose fully justify the title, distinguishing them from those who might appear gentlemanly but lack their inner strength.
In simple words: The title "Two Gentlemen of Verona" is fitting because Nicola and Jacopo, despite being poor and doing small jobs, show true noble qualities. They work very hard and sacrifice everything for their sick sister, Lucia. Their kindness, determination, and strong family love prove that being a "gentleman" is about good character and selfless actions, not just about money or looks.

🎯 Exam Tip: To justify a title, explain how the characters' actions and traits align with or redefine the meaning of the words in the title, using specific examples from the story.

 

Question f. Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people. Elucidate this statement with reference to the story.
Answer: The statement "Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people" is powerfully illustrated in "Two Gentlemen of Verona." The war and its aftermath presented immense adversity to the siblings, stripping them of their father, home, and livelihood. While some might have succumbed to despair or dishonesty, Nicola and Jacopo exemplified the "best" in human nature. They responded with unwavering love, devotion, sacrifice, and an extraordinary work ethic to save their sister. Their adversity forged qualities like self-confidence, determination, and maturity far beyond their years. Instead of being broken, they became pillars of strength for Lucia and each other. The story shows that true character is revealed when faced with hardship; the boys chose resilience and selflessness, turning their suffering into a testament of their noble spirit.
In simple words: Adversity, or difficult times, can show the best or worst in people. In the story, the war brought many problems for Nicola and Jacopo, like losing their father and home. But instead of giving up, they showed their best qualities: love, hard work, and sacrifice for their sister. This shows how challenges made them stronger and more noble, proving that hardships can bring out the best in us.

🎯 Exam Tip: To elucidate this statement, first briefly explain what "adversity" means in the context of the story. Then, clearly demonstrate how the boys' specific responses to their challenges embody the "best" aspects, with no mention of the "worst" since it's not applicable to their behavior.

 

Question g. Which character do you like the most in the story and why?
Answer: Of all the characters, I admire Nicola the most. He is a 13-year-old boy who shows remarkable maturity and a strong sense of responsibility, far beyond his age. Nicola possesses a charming and engaging smile, yet he carries a serious demeanor, reflecting the weight of his circumstances. He is incredibly hardworking and deeply devoted to his sick sister, Lucia, constantly striving to earn money for her treatment. What truly makes him admirable is his self-respect and refusal to accept pity; like John Keats, he dislikes sympathy and only wants the chance to work. His quiet dignity, leadership, and unwavering commitment to his family make him a truly inspiring and respectful figure in the story.
In simple words: I like Nicola the most because he is a 13-year-old boy who acts very mature for his age. He works incredibly hard for his sick sister, Lucia, and never asks for pity. His strong sense of responsibility, quiet dignity, and deep love for his family make him a truly admirable character.

🎯 Exam Tip: When choosing a favorite character, state your choice clearly, then provide at least two to three specific character traits or actions from the story that explain *why* you like them the most.

 

Paragraph:

 

Introduction:

A.J. Cronin has explained the importance of dedication towards a relationship in the story, "Two Gentlemen of Verona". This story beautifully illustrates how love and commitment can drive individuals to extraordinary lengths, showcasing the true strength of family bonds.

 

About the story:

The story is about two young orphan brothers, Nicola and Jacopo. They perform many different jobs to earn money, all to pay for the medical treatment of their sister, Lucia, who suffers from tuberculosis of the spine. The narrator and his friend were driving through the Alps foothills when they met these two boys selling wild strawberries. This meeting sets the stage for discovering their inspiring sacrifice and dedication. The brothers’ journey highlights themes of resilience and selfless love.

 

Two Gentlemen of Verona:

The two small boys appeared quite shabby, yet they were brothers. Nicola, the elder, was 13, and Jacopo, the younger, was 12 years old. The narrator and his companion bought a large basket of strawberries from them. They soon learned that the boys did various jobs, such as selling fruits, polishing shoes, and selling newspapers, all to earn money. Throughout the narrator's stay in the town, the young boys proved to be very helpful, always ready to assist with a cheerful attitude.
In simple words: Nicola, 13, and Jacopo, 12, were shabby but helpful brothers. They sold fruits, shined shoes, and delivered newspapers. The narrator bought strawberries from them and found them very useful during his stay.

🎯 Exam Tip: When summarizing character introductions, focus on key details like age, relationship, initial appearance, and their initial interaction with the narrator.

 

Lucia's Suffering:

The boys earned money diligently but spent very little on themselves. All their earnings went towards curing their sister, Lucia, who was hospitalized for tuberculosis of the spine. Before the war, they had a comfortable life, but the war made them orphans. They tried their best to pay the hospital bills regularly. One Sunday, the narrator drove them to the hospital, where he learned everything about the boys' situation but kept it a secret from them, driving them back in silence, respecting their privacy. The family’s former comfort makes their current struggle even more poignant.
In simple words: The boys earned money to treat their sister Lucia’s tuberculosis. They were orphans due to the war and paid hospital bills regularly. The narrator drove them to the hospital and learned their secret but kept quiet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the cause of Lucia's suffering (war, tuberculosis), the boys' financial efforts, and the narrator's compassionate silence, which highlights their dignity.

 

Conclusion:

Their selfless actions brought great nobility to human life, proving them to be truly two gentlemen of Verona. The story celebrates their spirit, showing that true heroism lies in unwavering dedication and love, especially in the face of immense hardship.
In simple words: The boys' selfless acts showed true nobility, making them real gentlemen. Their strong character proved that kindness and dedication are more important than wealth.

🎯 Exam Tip: The conclusion should summarize the main theme or lesson derived from the story, focusing on the boys' character and impact.

 

Vocabulary:

 

Question a) Read the following words taken from the story. Give two synonyms and one antonym for each of these words. Use a dictionary, if required: (Text Book Page No. 6)

In simple words: This table lists words from the story and provides two words that mean almost the same (synonyms) and one word that means the opposite (antonym) for each. It helps you understand the meaning of new words.

🎯 Exam Tip: When learning vocabulary, always try to understand the context in which a word is used in the story. This helps in remembering its synonyms and antonyms more effectively.

 

b) Homophones and Confusables: (Text Book Page No. 6, 72, 148)

Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings. For example, 'feet' and 'feat' sound alike but mean different things. You have already learned that homophones are words that sound alike but are different in spelling and meaning. Some common examples include: 'feet - feat', 'face - phase', 'sort - sought', and 'hair - heir'. Understanding these differences is important for clear communication.
In simple words: Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings, like 'feet' and 'feat'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to context when encountering homophones. The surrounding words will usually clarify which meaning is intended, even if the pronunciation is identical.

 

Question 1. What are confusables?
Answer: Confusables are words that are often mistaken for each other in meaning or use. This happens because they might look similar in spelling, sound alike when spoken, or have meanings that are slightly close. Understanding these subtle differences is key to using them correctly.
In simple words: Confusables are words that are often mixed up because they look, sound, or mean similar things.

🎯 Exam Tip: To avoid confusing similar words, always check their definitions and example sentences. Practice using them in your own sentences to reinforce the correct usage.

 

e.g. moment - movement / except - expect / human - humane / discover - invent.

 

(i) Given below is a list of common confusables. Distinguish the meaning of each pair of words by framing your own sentences: (Text Book Page No. 6)

a) emigrate - leave one's country/move abroad (my friend wants to emigrate from Asia)

immigrate - come to live permanently in a foreign country (He wants to immigrate to India)

b) beside - near (He stands beside me)

besides - in addition to (Besides having a car, he also has a bike)

c) judicial - legal (The court ordered judicial custody of the convict)

judicious - wise (The lawyer argued in a judicious manner)

d) eligible - qualified (He is an eligible hand)

illegible - not clear (Mostly doctor's prescriptions are illegible)

e) conscience - moral sense (His conscience prompted him to know his mistakes)

conscious - awareness (He has consciously abused his teacher)

f) industrial - commercial (The industrial chemicals are polluting the river)

industrious - hard-working (Sathish is an industrious student)

g) eminent - famous (Ramesh is an eminent scientist)

imminent - about to happen (There is an imminent danger of corona virus)

h) illicit - illegal (Ten people were arrested for brewing illicit liquor)

elicit - bring out (The teacher elicited answers from the student)

i) prescribed - advised (The doctor prescribed powerful medicines to me)

proscribed - remove (The police proscribed the striking students)

j) affect - change (The place is affected by the flood)

effect - the result of a change (The effect of the flood is very heavy)

k) aural - related to hearing

oral - related to speaking

l) born - related to birth (Raji was born on 2nd January 2020)

borne - carry (The people near the border bore the brunt of the attack.)

🎯 Exam Tip: When learning confusables, create your own simple sentences for each word in the pair. This helps cement the meaning and usage in your memory, ensuring you don't mix them up in exams.

 

(ii) Fill in the blanks using suitable homophones or confusables:

In simple words: This table shows pairs of words that sound alike or look similar. You need to choose the correct word for a sentence, based on its spelling and meaning. For example, 'wallet' is a small case for money, and 'valet' is a personal attendant.

🎯 Exam Tip: For fill-in-the-blanks with homophones and confusables, always read the entire sentence carefully. The context of the sentence will provide clues to help you choose the word with the correct meaning.

c) Give the meanings of the following phrasal verbs and frame sentences using them: (Text Book Page No. 7)

 

Question 1. cut off
Answer:
• The meaning of "cut off" is to remove something by cutting.
• The branch was cut off from the tree, preventing it from growing further.
In simple words: "Cut off" means to separate something by slicing it. For example, a gardener might cut off a dead flower from a plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining phrasal verbs, always provide both the meaning and an example sentence to show correct usage.

 

Question 2. come upon
Answer:
• To "come upon" someone means to meet them by chance.
• I came upon my Maths teacher in Chennai while I was on vacation. It was a pleasant surprise.
In simple words: "Come upon" means to find something or someone unexpectedly. Like when you stumble upon an old photograph.

🎯 Exam Tip: Phrasal verbs often have multiple meanings; choose the most common or contextually relevant one and illustrate it clearly.

 

Question 3. put out
Answer:
• To "put out" means to stop something from burning.
• The firefighters quickly put out the fire before it could spread. They worked hard to extinguish the flames.
In simple words: "Put out" means to make a fire stop burning. You put out a candle or a campfire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "put out" can also mean to inconvenience someone; always clarify the meaning in your explanation.

 

Question 4. draw up
Answer:
• To "draw up" means to stop.
• A taxi drew up outside the hotel, ready to pick up the passengers. It stopped right at the entrance.
In simple words: "Draw up" means to bring something to a halt, usually a vehicle. A car might draw up to the curb.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Draw up" can also mean to prepare a document, so ensure your sentence clearly indicates the intended meaning of stopping.

 

Question 5. pass out
Answer:
• To "pass out" means to become unconscious or faint.
• The politician passed out when the income tax officials quizzed him during the intense interrogation. He fainted from stress.
In simple words: "Pass out" means to lose consciousness, like fainting. It often happens when someone is too tired or shocked.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful not to confuse "pass out" with "hand out," which means to distribute something.

 

Question 6. take off
Answer:
• "Take off" can mean to start flying or to remove clothing.
• The flight took off at the right time, heading towards its destination. The airplane began its journey.
In simple words: "Take off" means when a plane leaves the ground or when you remove clothes.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Take off" is a versatile phrasal verb; ensure your example sentence uses it in the context of starting a flight or removing an item.

 

Question 7. turn away
Answer:
• To "turn away" means to refuse permission.
• The reporters who came to interview the Prime Minister were turned away at the entrance. They were not allowed to enter.
In simple words: "Turn away" means to refuse entry or help to someone. Like when a guard turns away someone without a ticket.

🎯 Exam Tip: This phrasal verb implies refusal, often related to access or acceptance; use it to show exclusion.

 

Question 8. stand by
Answer:
• To "stand by" means to help someone who is in difficulty, or to be ready.
• My friend stood by me all the time, offering support whenever I needed it. They were always there for me.
In simple words: "Stand by" means to support someone or be ready to help. A loyal friend will stand by you.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Stand by" can also mean to wait or to remain loyal to a decision; context is key for its meaning.

 

Question 9. bank on
Answer:
• To "bank on" means to depend on something.
• The whole team is banking on him to win the match, as he is their best player. They are relying on his skills.
In simple words: "Bank on" means to rely heavily on something or someone. You might bank on good weather for your picnic.

🎯 Exam Tip: This phrasal verb implies strong reliance or expectation; use it to show a high degree of confidence in an outcome.

 

d) Form two derivatives from each of the following words by adding prefixes and suffixes: (Text Book Page No. 7)

🎯 Exam Tip: Always check if the base word changes its spelling when adding a prefix or suffix, as some words have irregular forms.

 

Speaking: (Text Book Page No. 8)

Drafting a Speech:

Task 1:

On the occasion of World Environment Day, you have been asked to deliver a speech during the morning assembly on the importance of tree planting. Write the speech in about 100 – 150 words:

Answer:

Respected Principal, the chief guest, teachers, and dear friends,
Good evening. I am extremely happy to speak to you on World Environment Day. We all know that we celebrate Environment Day on 5th June every year. I want to explain why we celebrate it. The connection between people and the environment is very delicate. Since factories started, the world's population has grown a lot. This growth has greatly harmed the environment. Cutting down trees, pollution, and global climate changes are some of the bad things that have happened.
The main goal of Environment Day is to help us understand our environment better. This increased awareness will help our country lower its carbon footprint. We can use more solar power, reduce and recycle waste that doesn't break down easily, and find new ways to live that do not rely on fossil fuels. Planting trees will be a major effort by school and college students. This will help spread forest cover and provide shelter for wildlife. It will also ensure good rain, which helps life on this beautiful planet. We, as students, should share the urgent need to save water and other natural resources. I hope my friends will be active and do their part to protect the environment. Trees are crucial for clean air and water, supporting all life forms on Earth.
In simple words: World Environment Day helps us learn why our planet is important. We must plant trees, reduce waste, and save water to protect nature and keep our world healthy for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drafting a speech, ensure you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, and use simple language to convey your message effectively.

Task 2:

Prepare a speech on "The importance of a reading habit" in about 100—150 words using the hints given below together with your own ideas: (Text Book Page No. 9)

Answer:

The most respected Chief Guest, revered Principal, dignitaries on the Dias and off the dais, my beloved teachers, and friends. This morning I want to share my thoughts on a good habit called 'Reading'. Reading is like having quiet and constant friends. Books are the easiest and smartest counselors and the most patient teachers. Some schools focus on helping children love reading by having a library period. Kids can borrow books and talk about what they read with their friends. This sharing opens up the amazing world of books to them.
Reading helps us understand life better by reading about others' experiences. By reading, we learn new things and new ways to solve problems. Reading is a very helpful hobby. Many wise people have praised reading. Kofi Annan said that "Literacy is like a bridge from sadness to hope." William James said that children who learn to read well enter new worlds easily, just like young birds fly into the sky. Let us all read books and explore the world. Reading helps us think more clearly and understand different ideas.
In simple words: Reading is a great habit that makes you smarter and helps you understand the world. Books are like good friends who teach you many things and make your mind grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your speech with a compelling opening, logical points, and a memorable closing. Use rhetorical questions to engage the audience.

Reading – Note Making: (Text Book Page No. 9)

Read the passage given below and make notes:

To match the best cities across the world, the Government of India initiated 'smart cities' to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people. The agenda under smart city promises to resolve urban sustainability problems. Urban forests provide a range of important ecosystem services that are critical for the sustainability of cities. Urban forestry, which is defined more as 'Management of Trees' contributes to the physiological, sociological, and economic well-being of the society.
Mangroves, lakes, grasslands, and forests in and around our cities, act as sponges that absorb the air and noise pollution and they present themselves as our cultural and recreational hotspots. However, these spots are rapidly being reclaimed and replaced in the name of development. The presence of urban green has shown to increase the economic value of the place.
Urban forests contribute to reducing the cost of building stormwater drain systems for municipalities and neutralizing the urban heat island effect. Plants not only provide shade but also help in regulating the micro-climate. They help regulate energy budgets, improve air quality, and curtail noise pollution. Trees, herbs, shrubs, and grasses arrest sedimentation and prevent other pollutants from entering our water systems, This will give a chance for our urban lakes and rivers to recover and help improve aquatic ecosystems.
Biodiversity also gets a boost through the urban forests and helps create corridors connecting the forest areas, High biodiversity areas can also help to build resilient ecosystems. The availability of forests within our urban areas gives an opportunity for children to connect to the natural environment and learn about native species.

Answer:

Smart City Initiatives:
1. Aim: Economic growth, improved quality of life.
2. Focus: Resolving urban sustainability issues.
     a. Key benefits:            i. Economic growth
          ii. Urban sustainability

Urban Forestry & Benefits:
1. Definition: Management of trees in cities.
2. Contributions:
     a. Physiological well-being (health)
     b. Sociological well-being (community)
     c. Economic well-being (value)

3. Role of natural areas (mangroves, lakes, forests):
     a. Absorb air and noise pollution.
     b. Cultural and recreational spots.
     c. Increase economic value of places.

4. Environmental impact of urban forests:
     a. Reduce stormwater drain costs.
     b. Neutralize urban heat island effect.
     c. Provide shade and regulate micro-climate.
     d. Regulate energy budgets.
     e. Improve air quality and reduce noise pollution.
     f. Arrest sedimentation and prevent pollutants in water systems.
     g. Help urban lakes and rivers recover.
     h. Improve aquatic ecosystems.

5. Biodiversity and education:
     a. Boosts biodiversity by connecting forest areas.
     b. Creates resilient ecosystems.
     c. Offers opportunities for children to learn about native species.
In simple words: Smart cities aim for better living and growth by solving city problems. Urban forests help by cleaning air, reducing noise, and cooling cities. They also save money on drains, protect water, and increase nature's variety. This helps both people and wildlife.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note-making requires identifying main ideas and key supporting details. Use short phrases and bullet points for clarity. Ensure you capture the core message of each section.

 

Grammar:

Task 1:

Tick the correct options and complete the dialogue:

Answer:
A: Hello. What are you watching?
B: A programme about the Jillian Wala Bagh massacre, which I recorded last night. I'm studying about it this term.
A: All that I know about it is that hundreds of people died in it.
B: Yes, it was much, much worse than anyone had expected. It went on for hours. Do you want to watch the programme with me?
A: No, thanks. I've got to do some veena practice. I've just remembered that we've got a concert tomorrow, and I haven't had time to practice my new piece this week.
B: OK. I've already done my practice, so I've got time to watch TV. See you later.
In simple words: This dialogue shows how to choose the correct verb tense to complete sentences. It includes present continuous, simple present, past tense, past perfect, and present perfect tenses to make the conversation flow naturally.

🎯 Exam Tip: When filling in dialogue, pay close attention to the context and time markers (e.g., "last night," "this week," "tomorrow") to choose the appropriate verb tense and phrasing.

 

Task 2:

Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets: (Text Book Page No. 11)

 

Question a. (tell) me exactly what (happen) last night!
Answer: Tell me exactly what happened last night.
In simple words: When talking about something that finished in the past, use the simple past tense.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the simple past tense for actions completed at a specific time in the past, often indicated by words like "last night" or "yesterday."

 

Question b. Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher. She (teach) me for four years.
Answer: Mrs. Mageswari is my maths teacher. She has been teaching me for four years.
In simple words: For an action that started in the past and continues now, use the present perfect continuous tense.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect continuous tense (has/have been + -ing verb) is ideal for actions that began in the past and are still ongoing, especially when a duration is mentioned (e.g., "for four years").

 

Question c. I (never /think) of a career in medicine before I spoke to my Biology teacher but now I (serious/v1 consider) it.
Answer: I had never thought of a career in medicine before I spoke to my Biology teacher but now I seriously consider it.
In simple words: Use past perfect for an action before another past action, and simple present for something happening now.

🎯 Exam Tip: The past perfect tense (had + past participle) is used for an action that occurred before another action or a specific point in the past. "Now" signals the simple present tense.

 

Question d. Oh no! I (forget) to bring my assignment! What am I going to do? This is the second time I (do) this!
Answer: Oh no I forgot to bring my assignment! what am I going to do? This is the second time I am doing this.
In simple words: Use simple past for a forgotten action, and present continuous for a repeated action that's still happening or frustrating.

🎯 Exam Tip: The simple past is used for a single, completed action, while the present continuous can be used for repeated or annoying actions in the present, often with "this is the...time."

 

Question e. I can't remember what my teacher (say) yesterday about our homework. I (not listen) properly because Hussain (talk) to me at the same time.
Answer: I can't remember what my teacher said yesterday about our homework. I did not listen properly because Hussian was talking to me at the same time.
In simple words: Use simple past for the teacher's action. Use simple past for "did not listen" and past continuous for "was talking" because it was happening at the same time.

🎯 Exam Tip: When two past actions occur simultaneously, one can be in the simple past (shorter action) and the other in the past continuous (longer, ongoing action).

 

Question f. Last year we (go) on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We (have) a very interesting time.
Answer: Last year we went on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We had a very interesting time.
In simple words: For actions completed at a specific time in the past like "last year," use the simple past tense for both verbs.

🎯 Exam Tip: If the exact time of a past event is given (e.g., "last year"), the simple past tense is the most appropriate choice.

 

Question g. At the moment I (think) about what course to pursue next year but I (not make) a final decision yet.
Answer: At the moment I am thinking about what course to pursue next year but I have not made a final decision yet.
In simple words: Use present continuous for "at the moment" and present perfect for an action not yet completed up to now.

🎯 Exam Tip: "At the moment" signals the present continuous, while "yet" with a negative verb often indicates the present perfect tense.

 

Question h. I (get) up at 7 every morning but this morning I (sleep) for a long time and I (not get) up until 8.
Answer: I get up at 7 every morning but this morning I slept for a long time and I did not get up until 8.
In simple words: Use simple present for regular habits. For specific past events like "this morning," use simple past.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between habitual actions (simple present) and specific past events (simple past) when filling in tenses.

 

Task 3:

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets:

 

Question a. Everyone _________ when the earthquake hit the small town. (sleep)
Answer: Everyone was sleeping when the earthquake hit the small town.
In simple words: Use past continuous for an ongoing action interrupted by a sudden past event.

🎯 Exam Tip: The past continuous (was/were + -ing verb) is perfect for describing an action that was in progress when another shorter action occurred.

 

Question b. Evangeline _________ her job a couple of years ago. (quit)
Answer: Evangeline quit her job a couple of years ago.
In simple words: For a completed action at a specific past time, use the simple past tense.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific past time markers like "a couple of years ago" always indicate the use of the simple past tense.

 

Question c. Where _________ your last holidays? (you spend)
Answer: Where did you spend your last holidays?
In simple words: For asking about a past, completed action, use "did" with the base form of the verb.

🎯 Exam Tip: In questions about past completed actions, use the auxiliary verb "did" followed by the base form of the main verb.

 

Question d. I think Suresh _________ for Tiruvallur next morning. (leave)
Answer: I think Suresh will leave for Tiruvallur next morning.
In simple words: For a future action that is a prediction or plan, use "will" with the base form.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Will" is commonly used for future predictions or spontaneous decisions, especially when combined with phrases like "I think."

 

Question e. I was angry that I _________ such a mistake (make).
Answer: I was angry that I had made such a mistake.
In simple words: Use past perfect for an action that happened before another action in the past.

🎯 Exam Tip: The past perfect (had + past participle) is essential for showing an action completed before another past action or state (e.g., "was angry").

 

Question f. My mother was tired yesterday because she _________ well the night before (not sleep).
Answer: My mother was tired yesterday because she did not sleep well the night before.
In simple words: Use simple past for "was tired" and "did not sleep" to show past actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The simple past tense is suitable for describing a completed action (not sleeping) that explains a past state (being tired).

 

Question j. Sh! Someone is listening to our conversation! (listen)
Answer: Sh! Someone **is listening** to our conversation!.
In simple words: This sentence uses "is listening" because the action is happening right now, as indicated by "Sh!".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the present continuous tense (is/are + -ing verb) for actions happening at the moment of speaking.

 

Question k. The plane will take off in a few minutes. (take)
Answer: The plane **will take** off in a few minutes.
In simple words: "Will take off" shows that the plane is going to fly very soon. It is a future action that is planned or about to happen.

🎯 Exam Tip: For actions planned or scheduled in the near future, use "will" + base verb.

 

Question l. They were talking about me when I interrupted their conversation. (talk)
Answer: They **were talking** about me when I interrupted their conversation.
In simple words: "Were talking" describes an action that was going on for some time in the past when another past action ("interrupted") happened.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the past continuous tense (was/were + -ing verb) to describe an ongoing action in the past interrupted by another action.

 

Question m. You can, cannot lead a horse to water, but you can, cannot make it drink.
Answer: You **can** lead a horse to water, but you **cannot** make it drink.
In simple words: This saying means you can show someone how to do something, but you cannot force them to do it if they don't want to.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand common idioms and proverbs to correctly fill in modal verbs, as they often follow fixed patterns.

 

Question n. I would like to have a cup of coffee.
Answer: I **would** like to have a cup of coffee.
In simple words: "Would like" is a polite way to say what you want. It's softer than just saying "I want".

🎯 Exam Tip: "Would like" is a standard polite phrase for expressing desires or offers in English.

 

Question o. My grandfather used to, would visit this temple when he was young.
Answer: My grandfather **used to** visit this temple when he was young.
In simple words: "Used to" shows a past habit or routine that does not happen anymore. It explains something someone did often in the past.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Used to" is specifically for past habits or states that are no longer true. "Would" can sometimes be used for past habits too, but "used to" is more common for repeated actions over a period.

 

Question p. This has been an easy quiz so far (be).
Answer: This **has been** an easy quiz so far.
In simple words: "Has been" means that from the start until now, the quiz has been easy. It links a past event to the present.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the present perfect tense (has/have + past participle) to describe an action that started in the past and continues or has an effect in the present, often with "so far" or "until now".

 

Question q. Our team did not win any games last year. (not win)
Answer: Our team **did not win** any games last year.
In simple words: "Did not win" shows an action that finished in the past. It simply states what happened or didn't happen in a specific past time.

🎯 Exam Tip: For negative statements about completed actions in the past, use "did not" followed by the base form of the verb.

 

Question r. We saw a wonderful film at the cinema last night. (see)
Answer: We **saw** a wonderful film at the cinema last night.
In simple words: "Saw" is the past tense of "see". It shows that the action of watching the film happened and finished last night.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the simple past tense for actions completed at a specific time in the past, often indicated by words like "last night", "yesterday", or "a week ago".

 

Question s. Hurry up! The movie has already begun. (already begin)
Answer: Hurry up! The movie **has already begun**.
In simple words: "Has already begun" means the movie started before now and is still going on. It stresses that the starting action is complete, but its effect continues.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect tense (has/have + past participle) with "already" emphasizes that an action was completed before the present moment or earlier than expected.

 

Task 1: Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries: (Text Book Page No. 14)

 

Question a. The candidates must answer five out of ten questions.
Answer: The candidates **must** answer five out of ten questions.
In simple words: "Must" shows that it is a rule or a strong need for the candidates to answer five questions. They have no other choice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "must" to express obligation, necessity, or a strong recommendation.

 

Question b. How dare/can you open my bag?
Answer: How **dare/can** you open my bag?
In simple words: "Dare" or "can" are used to express surprise or anger about someone's actions. "Dare" is stronger, showing a challenge or impoliteness.

🎯 Exam Tip: "How dare" expresses strong indignation or a challenge, while "How can" expresses disbelief or surprise at an action.

 

Question c. Tajudeen will finish this work by Monday.
Answer: Tajudeen **will** finish this work by Monday.
In simple words: "Will" shows a future action that is expected to happen or a promise to complete the work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "will" to express a future intention, prediction, or a promise for an action.

 

Question d. Shall I go to school today?
Answer: **Shall** I go to school today?
In simple words: "Shall" is used here to ask for advice or a suggestion about going to school. It seeks permission or a decision.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Shall" is often used in questions with "I" or "we" to make suggestions, ask for advice, or offer help.

 

Question e. I wish you would tell me the truth.
Answer: I wish you **would** tell me the truth.
In simple words: "Would" is used here after "I wish" to express a desire for someone to do something. It shows a polite hope or regret.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Wish + would" is used to express a desire for a change in a situation or someone's behavior in the present or future.

 

Question f. Poonam could not catch the bus yesterday.
Answer: Poonam **could** not catch the bus yesterday.
In simple words: "Could not" means she was unable to catch the bus in the past. It describes a lack of ability or opportunity at a specific past time.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Could not" or "couldn't" is the past tense of "can not", used to express inability in the past.

 

Question g. People who live in glass houses should/must not throw stones.
Answer: People who live in glass houses **should/must** not throw stones.
In simple words: This proverb means people who have faults of their own should not criticize others. "Should" or "must" advises against an action.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Should not" expresses advice or a recommendation against an action, while "must not" expresses a strong prohibition.

 

Question h. You need not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.
Answer: You **need** not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.
In simple words: "Need not" means there is no necessity to go to the market because the vegetables are already bought.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Need not" is used to express an absence of necessity or obligation.

 

Question i. Must you have taken all this trouble?
Answer: **Must** you have taken all this trouble?
In simple words: "Must you have" is used to express surprise or mild annoyance that someone went to so much effort when it wasn't necessary.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Must you" can express a question about obligation, or a slightly annoyed question about someone's actions.

 

Question j. You must be joking.
Answer: You **must** be joking.
In simple words: "Must be" shows that the speaker is almost certain that the other person is joking, based on what they just heard.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "must be" to express a strong deduction or logical conclusion about something being true.

 

Question k. I tried to climb up the tree, but could not.
Answer: I tried to climb up the tree, but **could** not.
In simple words: "Could not" means I was unable to climb the tree, showing a past inability.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Could not" expresses a past inability, referring to something one was not capable of doing.

 

Question l. Hima Das ran so fast that she could win the medal.
Answer: Hima Das ran so fast that she **could** win the medal.
In simple words: "Could win" indicates that she had the ability or possibility to win because she ran very fast.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Could" can express possibility or ability in the past, or a potential outcome.

 

Question m. You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make it drink.
Answer: You **can** lead a horse to water, but you **cannot** make it drink.
In simple words: This proverb highlights that while you can offer opportunities or guidance, you cannot force someone to take advantage of them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with common English idioms and their standard forms, as they often use fixed modal verbs.

 

Question n. I would like to have a cup of coffee.
Answer: I **would** like to have a cup of coffee.
In simple words: "Would like" is a polite way to express a desire or preference for something, like a drink.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "would like" for polite requests or offers, as it sounds less demanding than "I want".

 

Question o. My grandfather used to, would visit this temple when he was young.
Answer: My grandfather **used to** visit this temple when he was young.
In simple words: "Used to" shows a repeated action or habit that happened regularly in the past but does not happen now.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Used to" is ideal for describing habits or states that existed in the past but are no longer true.

 

Task 2: Complete the following sentences with modals using the clues given:

 

Question a. You must/ought to help the needy. (moral obligation)
Answer: You **must/ought to** help the needy.
In simple words: "Must" or "ought to" shows a strong duty or moral rightness in helping people who are in need.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Ought to" often implies a moral or ethical obligation, while "must" denotes a stronger, often necessary, obligation.

 

Question b. If I were you, I would not behave like that. (conditional sentence)
Answer: If I were you, I **would** not behave like that.
In simple words: "Would not" is used in conditional sentences to say what you would do if you were in someone else's situation.

🎯 Exam Tip: In Type 2 conditional sentences (if + simple past, would + base verb), "would" is used in the main clause to express a hypothetical result.

 

Question c. I will never tell a lie. (determination)
Answer: I **will** never tell a lie.
In simple words: "Will" shows a strong decision or promise that the speaker will not lie. It highlights their firm resolve.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Will" can express determination or a firm intention, especially when combined with "never".

 

Question d. My uncle may have reached by now. (possibility)
Answer: My uncle **may** have reached by now.
In simple words: "May have reached" means there is a possibility that he has arrived, but it is not certain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "may have" + past participle to express a possibility or conjecture about a past action or state.

 

Question e. The patient is critical. He must be taken to the hospital.(compulsion)
Answer: The patient is critical. He **must** be taken to the hospital.
In simple words: "Must be taken" shows that it is absolutely necessary or compulsory to take the patient to the hospital because their condition is serious.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Must" expresses strong necessity or obligation, especially in critical situations.

 

Question f. I used to play hockey when I was a student. (past habit)
Answer: I **used to** play hockey when I was a student.
In simple words: "Used to play" describes a regular activity or habit that happened during the speaker's student years but might not happen now.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Used to" is specifically for past habits or states that are no longer current.

 

Question g. You must not attend my class. (order)
Answer: You **must** not attend my class.
In simple words: "Must not" is a strong order or prohibition, meaning it is forbidden to attend the class.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Must not" expresses a prohibition or a strong negative command.

 

Question h. He might come today. (remote possibility)
Answer: He **might** come today.
In simple words: "Might come" shows there is a very small chance or a remote possibility that he will arrive today.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Might" indicates a weaker possibility than "may" or "could".

 

Question i. You must follow the traffic rules. (regulation)
Answer: You **must** follow the traffic rules.
In simple words: "Must follow" highlights that obeying traffic rules is a strong requirement or a law.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Must" is often used to express rules, laws, or strong obligations.

 

Question j. He will play the match. (willingness)
Answer: He **will** play the match.
In simple words: "Will play" shows that he is willing and intends to participate in the match. It expresses his choice.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Will" can express willingness or intention, especially in response to an offer or request.

 

Question k. You need not waste time on it. (necessity)
Answer: You **need** not waste time on it.
In simple words: "Need not waste" means there is no requirement or reason to spend time on it. It advises against an unnecessary action.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Need not" indicates an absence of obligation or necessity, implying that something is not required.

 

Question l. Had the doctor come in time, he would have saved the patient.(probability)
Answer: Had the doctor come in time, he **would** have saved the patient.
In simple words: "Would have saved" is used in a third conditional sentence to talk about a hypothetical past outcome that did not happen. It shows what was probable but didn't occur.

🎯 Exam Tip: In third conditional sentences (if + past perfect, would have + past participle), "would have" + past participle expresses a hypothetical result of a past condition.

 

Reported Speech:

 

Task 1: Read what these people say and rewrite as sentences: (Text Book Page No. 15)underlines

 

Question 1. I am very busy.
Answer: Raja said that he was very busy.
In simple words: When we report what someone said, we change the pronouns and verb tenses to match the new speaker's viewpoint.

🎯 Exam Tip: In reported speech, present simple verbs usually change to past simple, and pronouns change to reflect who is speaking.

 

Question 2. I have completed my work.
Answer: Satya said that he had completed his work.
In simple words: The present perfect "have completed" changes to the past perfect "had completed" in reported speech.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to shift present perfect tense to past perfect tense when converting to reported speech.

 

Question 3. I don't like to go out.
Answer: Johnson said that he didn't like to go out.
In simple words: The present simple negative "don't like" changes to the past simple negative "didn't like" in reported speech.

🎯 Exam Tip: Negative statements in direct speech also follow tense changes; present simple negative becomes past simple negative.

 

Question 4. I have just come back from Chennai.
Answer: Akshita said that she had just come back from Chennai.
In simple words: "Have just come" (present perfect) becomes "had just come" (past perfect) to show the action happened before the reporting time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Words like "just" are often kept in reported speech, but the tense still shifts back for accuracy.

 

Question 5. I am learning English.
Answer: Jayan said that he was learning English.
In simple words: The present continuous "am learning" changes to the past continuous "was learning" when reporting the speech.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present continuous tense consistently shifts to past continuous tense in reported speech.

 

Question 6. I bought a pen yesterday.
Answer: Madhu said that she had bought a pen the previous day.
In simple words: "Bought" (past simple) changes to "had bought" (past perfect), and "yesterday" becomes "the previous day".

🎯 Exam Tip: Past simple verbs usually change to past perfect in reported speech, and time expressions also need to be adjusted.

 

Question 7. We will go shopping tomorrow.
Answer: Joseph and Mary said that they would go shopping the next day.
In simple words: "Will go" changes to "would go", and "tomorrow" changes to "the next day" when reporting the future action.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Will" changes to "would", and future time expressions like "tomorrow" become "the next day" or "the following day" in reported speech.

 

Question 8. We can't attend the party.
Answer: Afsar and Ayesha said that they could not attend the party.
In simple words: "Can't" (cannot) changes to "could not" to show the past inability to attend.

🎯 Exam Tip: Modal verbs like "can" become "could", "may" becomes "might", and "must" often becomes "had to" in reported speech.

 

Question 9. How are you?
Answer: Satish asked how he was.
In simple words: When reporting a question, we don't use a question mark. The verb "are" changes to "was" to match the past tense reporting verb.

🎯 Exam Tip: For reported questions, use "asked" and change the question structure into a statement, adjusting pronouns and tenses accordingly.

 

Question 10. I am fine. Thank you
Answer: Victor said that he was fine and thanked him.
In simple words: The statement "I am fine" changes to "he was fine", and "thank you" is reported as "thanked him".

🎯 Exam Tip: When reporting thanks, use the verb "thanked" followed by the object (who was thanked).

 

Task 2: Read the following dialogue and complete the report in the space provided:

 

Question 1. Priya asked Vijay where he was going.
Answer: Priya asked Vijay where he was going.
In simple words: This sentence reports Priya's question about Vijay's destination. The original "Where are you going?" becomes "where he was going".

🎯 Exam Tip: In reported questions, the word order changes from question form to statement form (subject-verb order), and tenses shift. The reporting verb is usually "asked" or "enquired".

 

Question 2. Vijay replied that he was going to the railway station.
Answer: Vijay replied that he was going to the railway station.
In simple words: This reports Vijay's answer, changing "I am going" to "he was going".

🎯 Exam Tip: When reporting a reply, use verbs like "replied", "answered", or "stated", followed by "that" (optional) and the reported statement with appropriate tense and pronoun changes.

 

Question 3. Priya further enquired why he was going there.
Answer: Priya further enquired why he was going there.
In simple words: This reports Priya's follow-up question, changing "Why are you going there?" to "why he was going there".

🎯 Exam Tip: For subsequent questions, use reporting verbs like "further asked" or "enquired", maintaining the statement structure and tense shifts.

 

Question 4. Vijay stated that he wanted to receive his uncle who was coming from Bangalore.
Answer: Vijay stated that he wanted to receive his uncle who was coming from Bangalore.
In simple words: This reports Vijay's reason, changing "I want" to "he wanted" and "is coming" to "was coming".

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure all verbs and time expressions in the reported speech are shifted back in tense from their direct speech equivalents.

 

Question 1. The teacher asked Divya why she was late. Divya replied that (a) she had missed the bus. The teacher told her that (b) she should have reached the bus stop on time. Divya said that her grandmother was ill so she had to take her to the doctor. The teacher felt sorry and further asked her (c) what ailed her? Divya explained that she (d) had high fever.
Answer:
(a) She had missed the bus
(b) She should have reached the bus stop on time.
(c) What ailed her?
(d) had
In simple words: We fill in the blanks using the correct reported speech phrases that fit the dialogue. This means changing tenses and pronouns to make the story flow smoothly as reported speech.

🎯 Exam Tip: When filling in reported speech blanks, pay close attention to the context and the required tense shifts (e.g., simple past to past perfect, present to past) and pronoun changes.

 

Task 3: Rewrite the following passage in indirect speech: (Text Book Page No. 16)

 

Question 1. Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. "It is going to be a lovely sunny day," he remarked to his sister Varshini. "Just let me sleep a bit longer, Pradeep,” Varshini begged, "and since you are feeling so enthusiastic, "she suggested, "Why don't you go and help a mother in cooking?" Sure, I will say Pradeep. "Can I help you, mum?' he said to his mother. "Yes, of course. There are idlis and vadas on the dining table. Have your breakfast.” “Thank you, mum; I'll surely help you by eating them."
Answer: Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. He told his sister Varshini that it was going to be a lovely sunny day. Varshini begged him to let her sleep a bit longer. Since he was feeling so enthusiastic, she suggested that he go and help his mother in cooking. Pradeep said that he would. He asked his mother if he could help her. His mother replied positively and added that there were idlis and vadas on the dining table and told him to have his breakfast. Pradeep thanked his mother and said that he would surely help her by eating them. This shows a warm family interaction and the children's eagerness to contribute.
In simple words: We changed everyone's direct words into a story told by someone else. This means changing "I" to "he" or "she", "am" to "was", and "will" to "would", and combining the sentences smoothly.

🎯 Exam Tip: For longer passages, identify each speaker and their intention (statement, question, request, suggestion) to choose the appropriate reporting verb (told, asked, begged, suggested, replied). Remember to convert all pronouns, tenses, and time expressions accurately.

 

Writing:

 

Question a) Who is the sender of the letter?
Answer: Srivastava is the sender of the letter.
In simple words: The person who wrote and sent the letter is Srivastava.

🎯 Exam Tip: The sender's name is usually found at the end of the letter, typically above the signature.

 

Question b) Who is the receiver?
Answer: The editor of a daily is the receiver.
In simple words: The letter is addressed to the editor of a newspaper.

🎯 Exam Tip: The receiver of a formal letter is always mentioned at the top, after "To," or in the address block of the letter.

 

Question c) What is the issue?
Answer: Motorcycle racing is the issue.
In simple words: The letter talks about the problem of dangerous motorcycle racing.

🎯 Exam Tip: The main issue of a formal letter is typically stated in the subject line or the opening paragraph.

 

Question d) What is the request of the sender?
Answer: The request of the sender to the authorities concerned is to take appropriate measures to put an end to the motorcycle racing.
In simple words: The sender wants the authorities to stop the motorcycle racing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for phrases like "I request," "I urge," or "I appeal" in the letter's body to identify the sender's main request.

 

Question e) Who will take steps after reading it?
Answer: The traffic police will take steps after reading it.
In simple words: After reading the letter, the traffic police are expected to act on the problem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Consider the nature of the issue (traffic violations) to deduce which authority would be responsible for taking action.

 

b) You have chosen Computer Science in the Higher Secondary Course. Write a letter to your friend giving reasons for your choice. Read the clues given in brackets to complete the letter.

Task: (Text Book Page No. 18)

 

Question a) You had been to your Grandma's house during the summer holidays. You enjoyed your stay in her company. Write a letter to your Grandma stating how much you miss her after returning to your home.
Answer:
My dear Grandma,
I hope you are doing well. I am not doing as well here because I miss you very much. I really liked spending my summer holidays with you. I feel sad now that I am back home. I am already looking forward to my next vacation. I was very happy when I stayed with you. Please take care of your health. Spending time with family creates special memories that we cherish. I hope to see you on your next vacation.
Yours lovingly,
Arjun S.
In simple words: This letter tells Grandma how much I miss her after going home from my holidays with her and that I hope to see her soon.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing informal letters, use a warm and personal tone. Express your feelings clearly and ask about the recipient's well-being.

 

Question b) You are the head of the English department in a renowned institution. You are invited to preside over the inauguration of the English Literary club in your alma mater. Respond to the letter you have received either accepting the invitation or expressing your inability to attend the function.
Answer:
From
M Ravi Kumar,
Head of the Department of English,
Joseph College of Arts and Science,
Madurai - 620435
To
The Principal,
ABC College of Arts and Science
Trichy - 620177
Sir,
Sub: Accepting your invitation - reg.
This is to kindly inform you that I have received your invitation to inaugurate the English Literary Club. I am very happy to be the president for this event at my old college. I will definitely be there on time for the function. It is always a pleasure to return to the place where my own learning journey began.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
M Ravikumar.
Madurai,
10.04.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The Principal
ABC College of Arts and Science
Trichy-620177
In simple words: This is an acceptance letter to preside over an English Literary Club inauguration at my former college.

🎯 Exam Tip: For formal acceptance letters, keep the language polite and confirm your attendance clearly, mentioning the event details.

 

Question c. Write a letter to the Headmaster of your school requesting him to help you obtain a duplicate mark sheet of class XII, which you lost while traveling.
Answer:
From
S. Anand,
No. 12, West Street,
Virudhunagar.
To
The Headmaster,
TCS. Hr. Sec. School,
Virudhunagar.
Sir,
Sub: Requesting to obtain a duplicate mark sheet of class XII -reg.
I am writing to let you know that I lost my Class XII mark sheet while traveling. I would be very grateful if you could help me get a duplicate copy of it. Having a duplicate helps avoid issues when applying for higher studies or jobs.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
B. Anand.
Virudhunagar,
15.04.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The Headmaster,
TCS. Hr. Sec. School,
Virudhunagar.
In simple words: This letter asks the Headmaster for a duplicate copy of my Class XII mark sheet because I lost the original.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the purpose of the letter, the problem faced, and the specific assistance you require from the authority.

 

Question d) Write a letter to AZ Company requesting them to replace the defective juicer that you bought recently. Include the following details: the problem, date of purchase, receipt number, model, and warranty.
Answer:
From
S. Rahul,
No.2, North Street,
Kovilpatti.
To
The manager,
AZ company,
Chennai-627201
Sir,
Sub: Requesting to replace the defective juicer -reg.
I am writing to inform you that I bought a juicer from your company one week ago. It is now not working, likely due to magnetic sensor issues. I have included the purchase date and receipt number. Please replace this faulty juicer as soon as you can. A quick replacement ensures customer satisfaction.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
S. Raghul.
Kovilpatti,
20.05.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The manager,
AZ company,
Chennai-627201
In simple words: This letter requests a replacement for a defective juicer bought from the company last week.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing a complaint letter, always include precise details like purchase date, model number, and receipt number to facilitate quicker resolution.

 

Question e) You wish to become a pilot. Write a letter to a college enquiring about the details of the pilot training course offered by the college. Include the following details in your inquiry: duration of the course, fee structure, scholarships, hostel facilities, and placement details.
Answer:
From
D.Kumar,
No.75, East street,
Tenkasi.
To
The principal,
ABC College of Technology,
Coimbatore.
Sir,
Sub: Enquiring about the details of the pilot training course offered -reg.
I am writing to find out more about the pilot training course offered at your college. Could you please send me information about how long the course lasts, its fees, any scholarships available, details about hostel facilities, and placement opportunities? Learning about these details helps in making an informed career choice. I look forward to your prompt response.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
D. Kumar.
Tenkasi,
25.04.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The principal,
ABC College of Technology,
Coimbatore.
In simple words: This letter asks a college for details about their pilot training course, including duration, fees, and facilities.

🎯 Exam Tip: For inquiry letters, list all specific questions clearly using bullet points or an organized paragraph to ensure all your queries are addressed.

 

Question f) Write a letter to the manager of Waves Furniture Company ordering furniture for a coaching center. Include the following details: description of the furniture, number of pieces, mode of payment, time, and delivery options.
Answer:
From
S. Ramesh,
No.72, Anbu Nagar, Palayamkottai.
To
The manager,
The waves furniture company,
Chennai.
Sir,
Sub: Ordering some furniture -reg.
Our coaching center needs some furniture. We kindly ask you to send the ordered items by train to the address provided. Receiving furniture quickly helps us set up our new center efficiently.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
S. Ramesh.
Palayamkottai,
20.06.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The manager,
The waves furniture company,
Chennai.
In simple words: This letter orders furniture for a coaching center and requests delivery by train.

🎯 Exam Tip: When placing an order, clearly list the items and quantities. Specifying delivery method and address is crucial for smooth transaction.

 

Question g. Write an application for the post of Personal Secretary to the Managing Director of a company. Include the following details: Educational qualification, experience, various other qualifications required for the post.
Answer:
From
XXX
YYY
ZZZ.
To
The Managing Director,
Software solution,
Chennai-28
Sir,
Sub: Application for the post of personal secretary -reg.
Ref: Advertisement in The Hindu dated 8th June 2020.
I saw your advertisement in 'The Hindu' newspaper on June 8th, 2020, and I wish to apply for the Personal Secretary position. My bio-data is included below for your review. I promise to perform my duties to your full satisfaction if I am hired. A dedicated secretary plays a key role in supporting management.
Bio - Data
1. Name of the applicant: xxx
2. Residential Address: yyy
3. Father's name: A.Jeyaraj
4. Date of birth and age: 27th Dec 1990
5. Age: 28 years old
6. Sex: Male/Female
7. Educational Qualification: M.A. English
8. Experience: 3 years
9. Languages Known: Tamil, English, and Hindi
10. Special Talent: Fluency in English, good knowledge of computer, a good athlete
11. Salary expected: 15,000/- per month
Thanking you,
Declaration: I, XXX hereby declare that the information which I have furnished is true to the best of my knowledge.
Yours faithfully,
Place: yyy, XXX
Date: 10.06.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The Managing Director,
Software solution,
Chennai-28
In simple words: This is an application for the post of Personal Secretary, including personal details and qualifications.

🎯 Exam Tip: A well-structured job application includes a clear reference to the advertisement, a concise cover letter, and a detailed bio-data showcasing relevant skills and experience.

 

Question h) Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the nuisance created by the roadside vendors blocking the pavements and occupying the parking zone.
Answer:
From
K. Ashok,
No.7, West Mambalam st,
Villupuram.
To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Villupuram-27.
Sir,
Sub: Publishing the nuisance created by the roadside vendors in your newspaper -reg.
I want to draw your attention to a problem: roadside vendors are blocking pavements and parking areas. This is causing trouble for the public. I ask you to publish this news in your newspaper so the government becomes aware of the situation. Public awareness through media can lead to important civic improvements.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
K.Ashok.
Villupuram,
05.07.2020.
Address on the envelope
To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Villupuram-27.
In simple words: This letter reports how roadside vendors are causing problems by blocking pavements and parking, asking the editor to publish it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Letters to the editor should be brief, factual, and propose a solution or call for attention to a public issue for maximum impact.

 

Question j) Write a letter to your relative or friend who is admitted in the hospital for treatment of jaundice. Advise him/her not to worry about the illness and be positive. Assure him/her of your psychological and financial help during the crisis.
Answer:
My dear Friend,
I heard you are in the hospital for jaundice treatment. This is a common illness, especially in summer. Please rest well and stay positive; you will recover quickly. If you need any financial help, let me know right away, and I will be there to support you. Friends are always there to help each other during tough times.
Yours lovingly,
Arjun S
Address on the envelope
To
Mrs. M. Karthick,
No.45, North street,
Tirunelveli
In simple words: This letter is to a friend in the hospital with jaundice, wishing them a quick recovery and offering help.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing to someone unwell, offer comfort and practical support. Maintain a hopeful tone to boost their spirits.

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

(Archibald Joseph Cronin) (1896-1981) ஸ்காட்டிஷை சார்ந்த நாவலாசிரியர், நாடக ஆசிரியர் மற்றும் இயற்பியலாளர் ஆவார். மருத்துவப் பயிற்சிப் பெற்ற க்ரோனின் இருபதாம் நூற்றாண்டின் புகழ் பெற்ற கதை சொல்லுபவரில் ஒருவர், அவரின் பல கதைகள் இவரின் மருத்துவ பணியிலிருந்து வெளிப்பட்டதாகவும் (emerged) அவைகளின் கதைப்பாணி, சமூக அக்கறையுடையதாகவும், அமைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

க்ரோனின் புத்தகங்கள் அதிகமாக விற்பனையாவது மட்டுமல்லாமல் சில படைப்புகள் (The Citadel and The Keys of the Kingdom) வெற்றிகரமான படங்களாகவும், வானொலி மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சி தொடர்களிலும் ஒளிபரப்பப்பட்டன. இவரின் "Novella country doctor" என்னும் படைப்பு தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப் பட்டு BBC வானொலியிலும், தொலைக்காட்சி தொடரிலும் அதிக நாட்களாக ஒளிபரப்பப்பட்டது.

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இந்த பாடத்தின் ஆசிரியர் A.J.Cronin இரு சிறுவர்களின் வாழ்க்கைப்பற்றியும், அவர்கள் தங்களின் சிறுவயதிலேயே அனுபவிக்கின்ற துன்பங்களைப் பற்றியும் விவரிக்கிறார். பெற்றோரை தங்களின் சிறு வயதிலேயே இழந்த சகோதரியைக் காப்பாற்ற போராடும் இரு சகோதரர்களின் செயல்களில் வெளிப்படும் அன்பு, அர்ப்பணிப்பு, தியாகம், நேர்மை மற்றும் முதிர்ச்சி ஆகியவை குறித்த ஒரு கதை கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. அவர்களுடைய செயல்கள் எவ்வாறு மனிதநேயத்திற்கு ஒரு புதிய நம்பிக்கையை ஊட்டுகிறது என்பதை அறிய தொடர்ந்து வாசிப்போம்.

Two Gentlemen Of Verona Summary in Tamil

நாங்கள் மகிழுந்தில் (Car) வெரோனா புறநகர்பகுதியில் ஆல்ப்ஸ் (Alps) மலையின் அடிவாரம் வழியாக பயணித்த போது இரு சிறுவர்கள் எங்களை நிறுத்தினர். அவர்கள் காட்டு ஸ்ட்ராபெரி (strawberry) பழங்களை விற்றுக் கொண்டிருந்தனர். "வாங்காதீர்கள்" என்று, எங்களின் எச்சரிக்கையான (Cautious) வாகன ஓட்டுநர் லூகி (Luigi) கூறினான். "வெரோனா நகரின் உட்பகுதியில் இதை விட சிறந்த பழங்களை நீங்கள் பெறலாம். மேலும் இந்தப் பையன்கள்...." என்று அவர்களின் அழுக்குத் தோற்றத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளாத வகையில் அவரது தோளை அழுத்தினார். ஒரு சிறுவன் மேலாடையையும், வெட்டப்பட்ட காக்கி காற்சட்டையையும் அணிந்திருந்தான்.

மற்றொருவன் சிறியதாக்கப்பட்ட, முழங்கால் வரை அணியக்கூடிய உடையை அவனது மெல்லிய உடம்பில் தொளதொளவென் அணிந்திருந்தான். பழுப்பு நிறத்தையும், கலைந்த முடியையும், ஊக்கமான கண்களையும் உடைய அந்த இரு சிறிய உருவங்களை இன்னும் கூர்ந்து நோக்கியபடியே, நாங்கள் அவர்களால் கவரப்பட்டதை உணர்ந்தோம். என்னுடன் வந்தவர் (companion), அச்சிறுவர்களிடம் பேச்சுக்கொடுத்து அவர்களிருவரும் சகோதரர்கள் என்று அறிந்தார். மூத்தவன் பெயர் நிக்கோலா (Nicola), வயது 13; எங்கள் காரின் கதவின் அருகே வந்து நின்றவன் பெயர் ஜாகோபா (Jacopo), வயது 12-யை நெருங்கும். நாங்கள் அவர்களின் பெரிய கூடை முழுவதையும் வாங்கிக்கொண்டு (bought) நகரத்தை நோக்கிப் புறப்பட்டோம்.

அடுத்த நாள் காலையில் நாங்கள் எங்கள் விடுதியில் இருந்து வெளியே வந்தபோது, எங்களின் அந்த நண்பர்கள் காலணிகளை பளபளப்பாக்கும் பெட்டியில் (shoe shine box) குணிந்தவாறு, நகரின்

Glossary

Additional