Samacheer Kalvi Class 12 Bio Zoology Solutions Chapter 3 Reproductive Health

 

Question 1. Which of the following is correct regarding HIV, hepatitis B, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis?
(a) Gonorrhoea is a STD whereas others are not.
(b) Trichomoniasis is a viral disease whereas others are bacterial.
(c) HIV is a pathogen whereas others are diseases.
(d) Hepatitis B is eradicated completely whereas others are not.
Answer: (c) HIV is a pathogen whereas others are diseases.
In simple words: HIV is a germ that causes illness, while conditions like hepatitis B are the diseases themselves. This distinction helps understand how they are classified in biology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the difference between a pathogen (the agent causing the disease) and the disease itself. This is a fundamental concept in microbiology.

 

Question 2. Which one of the following groups includes sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria only?
(a) Syphilis, gonorrhoea and candidiasis
(b) Syphilis, chlamydiasis and gonorrhoea
(c) Syphilis, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis
(d) Syphilis, trichomoniasis and pediculosis
Answer: (b) Syphilis, chlamydiasis and gonorrhoea
In simple words: Out of the choices, only syphilis, chlamydiasis, and gonorrhoea are all caused by bacteria. The others listed are caused by fungi or parasites.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score well, classify STDs by their causative agent (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa). This helps narrow down options in MCQs.

 

Question 3. Identify the correct statements from the following:
(a) Chlamydiasis is a viral disease.
(b) Gonorrhoea is caused by a spirochaete bacterium, Treponema palladium.
(c) The incubation period for syphilis is 2 to 14 days in males and 7 to 21 days in females.
(d) Both syphilis and gonorrhoea are easily cured with antibiotics.
Answer: (d) Both syphilis and gonorrhoea are easily cured with antibiotics
In simple words: Both syphilis and gonorrhoea are bacterial infections and can be treated well with antibiotics. Early treatment is important for these diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: For bacterial STDs, remember that antibiotics are generally effective, especially when diagnosed early. Viral STDs, however, are usually not curable with antibiotics.

 

Question 4. A contraceptive pill prevents ovulation by ................
(a) inhibiting release of FSH and LH
(b) stimulating release of FSH and LH
(c) causing immediate degeneration of released ovum.
(d) inhibiting release of FSH and LH
Answer: (b) inhibiting release of FSH and LH
In simple words: Contraceptive pills stop the body from releasing the hormones FSH and LH. These hormones are needed for an egg to be released from the ovary, so by stopping them, ovulation is prevented.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle is key. Oral contraceptives work by mimicking pregnancy hormones, which suppress FSH and LH, thereby preventing egg release.

 

Question 5. The approach which does not give the defined action of contraceptive is

Answer: (b) Vasectomy – Prevents spermatogenesis
In simple words: Vasectomy blocks sperm transport, but it doesn't stop the testicles from making sperm. The sperm are still produced but cannot leave the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the specific mechanism of action for each contraceptive method. Vasectomy, for example, is about preventing sperm *release*, not sperm *production* (spermatogenesis).

 

Question 6. Read the given statements and select the correct option. Statement 1: Diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaults are made of rubber and are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix before coitus. Statement 2: They are chemical barriers of conception and are reusable.
(a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1.
(b) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1.
(c) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
(d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
Answer: (c) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
In simple words: Diaphragms and cervical caps are indeed made of rubber and physically block sperm. However, they are not chemical barriers; they are mechanical barriers, sometimes used with spermicides for added effectiveness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between mechanical barriers and chemical barriers. Mechanical barriers physically block sperm, while chemical barriers use substances to kill or immobilize sperm.

 

Question 7. Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the codes given below.

(a) A – (iv), B – (ii), C – (i), D-(iii)
(b) A – (iv), B – (i), C – (iii), D – (ii)
(c) A – (i), B – (iv), C – (ii), D – (iii)
(d) A – (iv), B – (i), C – (ii), D – (iii)
Answer: (d) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii)
In simple words: Copper releasing IUDs like Multiload-375 release copper ions. Hormone releasing IUDs like LNG-20 release hormones. Lippes loop is an example of a non-medicated IUD. Saheli is a type of mini pill.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize specific examples for each category of contraceptive device. Knowing which IUDs are copper-releasing, hormone-releasing, or non-medicated is crucial.

 

Question 8. Select the incorrect action of hormonal contraceptive pills from the following
(a) Inhibition of spermatogenesis.
(b) Inhibition of ovulation.
(c) Changes in cervical mucus impairing its ability to allow passage and transport of sperms.
(d) Alteration in uterine endometrium to make it unsuitable for implantation.
Answer: (a) Inhibition of spermatogenesis.
In simple words: Hormonal contraceptive pills are used by females and do not affect sperm production in males. They work by stopping egg release, changing cervical mucus, and making the uterus unsuitable for pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that most hormonal contraceptives are designed for females and primarily target ovarian and uterine functions, not male gamete production (spermatogenesis).

 

Question 9. What is amniocentesis? Why a statutory ban is imposed on this technique?
Answer: Amniocentesis is a special prenatal technique. It is used to find out if there are any chromosome problems in the unborn baby. This technique is often misused to check the sex of the baby before birth. If the sex is known and it's a female, there is a risk of female foeticide (killing the female baby before birth). Because of this, a legal ban has been put on amniocentesis for sex determination to protect unborn girls.
In simple words: Amniocentesis checks for baby's health issues, but it was misused to find out the baby's gender. This led to female foeticide, so the government banned it for sex determination.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining ethical issues related to medical procedures, clearly state the medical purpose, the misuse, and the societal consequence that led to the ban.

 

Question 11. Correct the following statements
1. Transfer of an ovum collected from donor into the fallopian tube is called ZIFT.
2. Transferring of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into uterus is called GIFT,
3. Multiload 375 is a hormone-releasing IUD.
Answer:
1. Transfer of an ovum collected from donor into the fallopian tube is called GIFT.
2. Transferring of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into uterus is called IUT.
3. Multiload 375 is a copper-releasing IUD. This type of IUD releases copper ions that affect sperm.
In simple words: We fixed the names for certain assisted reproduction methods and the type of IUD. GIFT is for ovum transfer, IUT is for embryos with more than 8 cells, and Multiload 375 uses copper, not hormones.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with the full forms and applications of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) like ZIFT, GIFT, and IUT, as well as the classifications of IUDs.

 

Question 12. Which method do you suggest the couple to have a baby, if the male partner fails to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm count in the ejaculate?
Answer: If the male partner cannot inseminate the female or has a very low sperm count, Micro-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) can be suggested. In this procedure, doctors make a small cut in the scrotum to see the testicles. Using a microscope, they carefully remove a tiny amount of testicular tissue from areas where sperm production is active. This method helps to get enough healthy sperm, even when traditional methods fail, allowing for further assisted reproductive techniques like ICSI.
In simple words: For couples where the male has very low sperm or cannot inseminate, TESE can be used. Doctors take sperm directly from the testicle to help them have a baby.

🎯 Exam Tip: When recommending ARTs, explain the specific problem being addressed (e.g., low sperm count) and how the chosen technique directly overcomes that challenge.

 

Question 13. Expand the following:
1. ZIFT
2. ICSI
Answer:
1. Zygote intra-fallopian transfer. This method involves transferring a zygote (fertilized egg) into the fallopian tube.
2. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This is a technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg.
In simple words: ZIFT means putting a fertilized egg into the fallopian tube. ICSI means injecting one sperm directly into an egg to help fertilization.

🎯 Exam Tip: For expansion questions, provide the full form and a brief, clear definition or explanation of the procedure or term.

 

Question 14. What are the strategies to be implemented in India to attain total reproductive health?
Answer: To achieve complete reproductive health in India, several plans need to be put into action:

• Create awareness and offer medical help to build a healthy society.
• Start sex education in schools to teach about adolescence and its changes. This helps young people understand their bodies.
• Inform married couples and those of marriageable age about birth control methods and family planning rules.
• Raise awareness about caring for pregnant women, providing care for the mother and child after birth, and the benefits of breastfeeding.
• Encourage and support government and non-government groups to find new and better ways to improve existing birth control methods.

In simple words: India needs to create awareness, educate young people and couples, provide good care for mothers and babies, and support new birth control research to achieve full reproductive health.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing strategies, use clear and concise bullet points. Focus on key areas like education, awareness, access to healthcare, and research.

 

Question 15. Differentiate foeticide and infanticide.
Answer: Female foeticide means ending a pregnancy because the unborn baby is a girl. It is the act of aborting a female baby while still in the mother's womb. Female infanticide means killing a female child after she has been born. Both are illegal and morally wrong acts.
In simple words: Foeticide is killing a female baby before birth, while infanticide is killing a female child after she is born.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each term and highlight the key difference, which is the stage of life (before birth vs. after birth) when the act occurs.

 

Question 16. Describe the major STDs and their symptoms.
Answer: Here are some major sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and their symptoms:

Cervical cancer: This cancer is caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted virus. HPV can cause abnormal cell growth in the cervix. Common symptoms include pelvic pain, increased vaginal discharge, and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners and prolonged use of contraceptive pills. Early detection through a Pap smear and HPV test is important. Vaccination against HPV can prevent cervical cancer, especially if done before sexual activity, ideally around 9-13 years of age. A healthy lifestyle, avoiding tobacco, preventing early marriages, and practicing monogamy also help.
In simple words: STDs like Gonorrhoea and Syphilis are caused by bacteria and have specific symptoms and incubation times. Cervical cancer is caused by HPV and can be prevented by vaccination and healthy habits.

🎯 Exam Tip: For descriptive answers on STDs, include the causative agent, common symptoms, and if applicable, the incubation period and preventive measures. For diseases like cervical cancer, highlight the link to an STD (HPV) and prevention methods.

 

Question 17. How are STDs transmitted?
Answer: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Usually, STIs are passed from one person to another through intimate sexual contact with an infected partner. Some infections, like Hepatitis-B and HIV, can also spread by sharing needles for injections, through surgical tools used on infected people, by blood transfusion, or from an infected mother to her baby. These are the main ways these infections move between people.
In simple words: STDs mostly spread through sexual contact. Some, like HIV and Hepatitis-B, can also spread through shared needles, medical tools, blood transfusions, or from a mother to her baby.

🎯 Exam Tip: List both sexual and non-sexual modes of transmission for STDs. This shows a complete understanding of how these infections spread.

 

Question 18. Write the preventive measures of STDs.
Answer: Here are the ways to prevent STDs:

• Avoid sexual contact with unknown partners or multiple partners.
• Always use condoms during sexual activity. This creates a barrier.
• If there is any doubt about being infected, consult a doctor immediately for diagnosis and complete treatment.

In simple words: To prevent STDs, avoid sex with many partners, always use condoms, and see a doctor if you suspect an infection.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on practical, actionable preventive measures. "Safe sex practices" is a good umbrella term, but specific actions like condom use and limiting partners are better details.

 

Question 19. The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer of female gametes into the fallopain tube, can gametes be transferred to the uterus to achieve the same result? Explain.
Answer: Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) involves collecting an ovum (egg) from a donor and placing it, along with sperm, into one of the fallopian tubes. In the fallopian tube, the eggs meet the sperm, and fertilization happens naturally. The fertilized egg (zygote) then travels towards the uterus and implants in its inner lining. If gametes were transferred directly to the uterus, it might not achieve the same result because fertilization usually happens in the fallopian tube. The uterus is primarily for implantation and fetal development, not for the initial meeting of sperm and egg.
In simple words: GIFT puts eggs and sperm into the fallopian tube where fertilization usually happens. Putting them straight into the uterus might not work as well because the uterus is for the baby to grow, not for the egg and sperm to meet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the biological reason behind the chosen ART. For GIFT, the key is that fertilization occurs *in vivo* (inside the body) within the fallopian tube, which is its natural site.

 

Question 20. Amniocentesis, the foetal sex determination test, is banned in our country. Is it necessary? Comment.
Answer: Yes, the ban on amniocentesis for foetal sex determination is absolutely necessary in our country. Amniocentesis is a medical technique used to detect chromosomal abnormalities in a foetus, which is its legitimate use. However, it has been widely misused to determine the sex of the foetus. Once the sex is known, there is a high chance of female foeticide, leading to an unbalanced sex ratio and severe societal consequences. The statutory ban helps to prevent this unethical practice and protect the right to life of unborn girls, thus promoting gender equality. This ban aligns with the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act in India.
In simple words: Yes, the ban on amniocentesis for checking baby's sex is necessary. It prevents female foeticide, where unborn girls are killed after their sex is known, which helps keep a balance in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: When commenting on social-ethical bans, state your stance clearly ("Yes, it is necessary"), then provide the medical purpose, the misuse, and the specific social/ethical reasons for the ban. Mentioning relevant acts (like PCPNDT) adds value.

 

Question 21. Open Book Assessment ‘Healthy reproduction, legally checked birth control measures and proper family planning programmes are essential for the survival of mankind' Justify.
Answer: Healthy reproduction, proper birth control, and good family planning are indeed very important for people to thrive. Reproductive health means a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all aspects related to the reproductive system. These programs help mankind in many ways:
1. They protect women's health by reducing how often they get pregnant, giving their bodies time to recover. This improves maternal health outcomes.
2. They help reduce the number of abortions needed, as couples can plan their families better.
3. They lead to stable population growth, preventing overpopulation which strains resources.
4. They ensure the well-being of infants by allowing enough time between pregnancies, which gives each child a better start in life. Responsible planning is a cornerstone of public health.
In simple words: Good reproductive health, birth control, and family planning are key for human survival. They keep women healthy, reduce abortions, help manage population, and ensure babies are born into better conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: For justification questions, provide a clear definition of the concept (reproductive health) and then list specific, well-explained benefits or reasons why the statement is true.

 

Question 1. Which of the following is Not a natural contraceptive?
(a) Rhythm method
(b) Lactational amenorrhoea
(c) Progestasert
(d) Continuous abstinence
Answer: (c) Progestasert
In simple words: Progestasert is a type of IUD that releases hormones, so it's a medical device, not a natural way to prevent pregnancy. The other options are natural methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between natural family planning methods (relying on body's natural signs) and artificial methods (devices, hormones, surgery). Progestasert is an example of a hormonal IUD.

 

Question 2. Identify the fungal STD(s) .................
(i) Trichomoniasis
(ii) Genital herpes
(iii) Candidiasis
(a) Only (iii)
(b) Only (ii)
(c) Only (i)
(d) Only (i) and (iii)
Answer: (A) Only (iii)
In simple words: Candidiasis is the only fungal STD listed here. Trichomoniasis is caused by a protozoan, and genital herpes is caused by a virus.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classify STDs based on their causative organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa). This helps correctly identify the type of infection.

 

Question 3. Match the following.

Answer: (a)-iii, (b)-i, (c)-iv, (d)-ii
In simple words: Multiload 375 is an IUD. Saheli is taken orally. Tubectomy is a surgical method. A vault is a mechanical barrier.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice matching different contraceptive methods with their correct classifications (e.g., IUD, oral pill, surgical, mechanical barrier) to ensure accuracy.

 

Question 4. Pick out the incorrect statement regarding the character of a good contraceptive.
(a) It should be user friendly
(b) should not affect sexual drive
(c) side effects must be least
(d) should not be easily available
Answer: (d) should not be easily available
In simple words: A good contraceptive should be easy for people to get and use. If it's not easily available, fewer people will use it effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the ideal characteristics of a good contraceptive: user-friendly, effective, reversible (if desired), minimal side effects, affordable, and readily available.

 

Question 5. Select the proper hormonal composition of oral contraceptive pills
(a) FSH & Prolactin
(b) Prolactin & TSH
(c) TSH & FSH
(d) FSH & LH
Answer: (d) FSH & LH
In simple words: Oral contraceptive pills work by stopping the release of FSH and LH hormones. These two hormones are important for making eggs and releasing them from the ovary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the hormones directly involved in the ovarian cycle (FSH and LH) as the primary targets for hormonal contraception.

 

Question 6. Assertion (A): IUD's are inserted into the ovary. Reason (R): IUD's Increases phagocytosis of the sperm.
(a) Both A and R are correct
(b) Both A and R are incorrect
(c) A is correct R is incorrect
(d) A is incorrect R is correct
Answer: (d) A is incorrect R is correct
In simple words: IUDs are placed in the uterus, not the ovary. However, it is true that IUDs make the immune cells in the uterus consume more sperm, which helps prevent pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: For assertion-reason questions, evaluate each statement independently for correctness, then check if the reason correctly explains the assertion. IUDs are uterine devices, hence "intra-uterine".

 

Question 7. Identify the mismatched pair.

Answer: (c) Candidiasis - (iii) Albugo Candida
In simple words: Candidiasis is caused by *Candida albicans*, not *Albugo Candida*. All other pairs correctly link the STD with its causative organism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the exact names of causative organisms. Even a slight difference can make a pair mismatched.

 

Question 8. In India, a family planning programme was initiated in ....................
(a) 1961
(b) 1981
(c) 1951
(d) 1971
Answer: (c) 1951
In simple words: India was one of the first countries in the world to start a national family planning program, which began in 1951. This program aimed to control population growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know historical facts related to national health programs. Dates for major initiatives are often tested.

 

Question 9. Assertion (A): Amniocentesis helps to diagnose the chromosomal aberrations in foetus. Reason (R): Amniocentesis is legalized is our country.
(a) Both A and R are wrong
(b) A is right and R is wrong
(c) R explains A
(d) A is the wrong R is right
Answer: (b) A is right and R is wrong
In simple words: Assertion A is correct because amniocentesis does find chromosome problems. But Reason R is wrong because amniocentesis is actually banned for sex determination, not fully legalized, due to misuse.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about the legality and ethical considerations of medical procedures. Amniocentesis is legal for diagnostic purposes but banned for sex determination in India.

 

Question 10. The legalized marriageable age of female in India is ....................
(a) 19 years
(b) 20 years
(c) 18 years
(d) 21 years
Answer: (c) 18 years
In simple words: In India, the legal age for a female to get married is 18 years. This age helps ensure girls have time for education and development before marriage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important legal ages related to reproductive health and social norms, such as the minimum age for marriage in India.

 

Question 8. In India, a family planning programme was initiated in
(a) 1961
(b) 1981
(c) 1951
(d) 1971
Answer: (c) 1951
In simple words: India started its family planning program in the year 1951. This program aimed to help families choose how many children they wanted and when.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific year for India's family planning initiation, as it's a key historical fact in population studies.

 

Question 9. Assertion (A): Amniocentesis helps to diagnose the chromosomal aberrations in foetus. Reason (R): Amniocentesis is legalized is our country.
(a) Both A and R are wrong
(b) A is right and R is wrong
(c) R explains A
(d) A is the wrong R is right
Answer: (b) A is right and R is wrong
In simple words: The first statement is correct because amniocentesis can find chromosome problems in a baby before birth. However, the second statement is wrong because this test is not fully legal in India due to worries about gender selection.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the purpose of amniocentesis (diagnosis of genetic disorders) and the legal restrictions on its use, especially regarding sex determination.

 

Question 10. The legalized marriageable age of female in India is
(a) 19 years
(b) 20 years
(c) 18 years
(d) 21 years
Answer: (c) 18 years
In simple words: In India, the legal age for a female to get married is 18 years old. This age is set by law to protect young women.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the legal marriageable ages for both males and females in India is important for general knowledge and reproductive health awareness.

 

Question 11. Identify the correct statement.
(a) Lactational amenorrhea is a permanent birth control method
(b) Condoms are made of polyethylene glycol and lambskin
(c) LNG -20 is a copper - releasing IUD
(d) Diaphragm covers the cervix thereby preventing sperm entry
Answer: (d) Diaphragm covers the cervix thereby preventing sperm entry
In simple words: Diaphragms work by covering the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus, to stop sperm from entering. This helps prevent pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific mechanism of action for each contraceptive method to correctly identify true statements.

 

Question 12. According to WHO, India is the............largest HIV affected country.
(a) first
(b) second
(c) third
(d) seventh
Answer: (c) third
In simple words: Based on the World Health Organization (WHO), India ranks as the third country with the highest number of people affected by HIV. This highlights the global health challenge that HIV presents.

🎯 Exam Tip: Stay updated on global health statistics from reliable sources like WHO, especially for major diseases.

 

Question 13. Identify the correct statement.
(a) MTP is the voluntary killing of an infant.
(b) MTP is legalized in India in 1974.
(c) Performing MTP during the second trimester is riskier.
(d) It is a surgical - based abortion.
Answer: (c) Performing MTP during the second trimester is riskier.
In simple words: Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is safer when done early, but it becomes more risky if performed later in the pregnancy, during the second trimester. This is because the fetus is more developed then.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the legal and medical aspects of MTP, including safety considerations related to the timing of the procedure.

 

Question 14. Saheli contains a non-steroidal preparation called Centchroman.
Answer: Centchroman
In simple words: Saheli is a birth control pill that has a special ingredient called Centchroman, which is not a steroid. It helps prevent pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the unique active ingredient of Saheli, Centchroman, and its non-steroidal nature for recall-based questions.

 

Question 15. The average foetal heartbeat rate is between 120-160 beats per minute.
Answer: 120-160
In simple words: A healthy baby in the womb usually has a heart rate between 120 and 160 beats every minute. This is faster than an adult's heart rate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the normal range for fetal heart rate as it is a key indicator of fetal health during pregnancy.

 

Question 16. World AIDS Day is observed on 11th July.
Answer: 11th July
In simple words: World AIDS Day is a special day to raise awareness about AIDS. It is observed on December 1st, not July 11th. The correct answer is December 1st.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful with dates; World AIDS Day is consistently observed on December 1st each year.

 

Question 17. Indian Government legalized MTP in 1971.
Answer: 1971
In simple words: The Indian Government made Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) legal in the year 1971 under certain conditions. This was an important step for women's reproductive rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the year 1971 as a significant milestone for reproductive rights in India with the legalization of MTP.

 

Question 18. In the chorionic villus sampling test, the tissue sample is taken from
(a) amniotic fluid
(b) placental tissue
(c) Intestinal villi
(d) foetal liver
Answer: (b) placental tissue
In simple words: During a chorionic villus sampling test, doctors take a small piece of tissue from the placenta. This tissue helps them check for any problems with the baby's genes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between amniocentesis (amniotic fluid) and chorionic villus sampling (placental tissue) based on the sample source for genetic testing.

 

Question 19. In IVF technique, the zygote is transferred at the stage of
(a) 16blastomere
(b) morula
(c) 12 blastomere
(d) 8 blastomere
Answer: (d) 8 blastomere
In simple words: In In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), the fertilized egg, called a zygote, is usually put back into the mother's womb when it has divided into about 8 cells or blastomeres. This is an important stage for successful implantation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific cell stage (8 blastomeres) at which a zygote is typically transferred in IVF, as it's crucial for implantation success.

 

Question 20. Given below are the basic steps in IVF treatment cycle. Select the proper sequence.
(i) Ovarian stimulation
(ii)Egg retrieval
(iii) fertilization
(iv) Embryo culture
(v) Embryo transfer
(a) (ii) \( \rightarrow \) (iv) \( \rightarrow \) (v) \( \rightarrow \) (i) \( \rightarrow \) (iii)
(b) (i) \( \rightarrow \) (iii)) \( \rightarrow \) (ii) \( \rightarrow \) (v) \( \rightarrow \) (iv)
(c) (i) \( \rightarrow \) (ii) \( \rightarrow \) (iii) \( \rightarrow \) (iv) \( \rightarrow \) (v)
(d) (ii) \( \rightarrow \) (i) \( \rightarrow \) (iii) \( \rightarrow \) (v) \( \rightarrow \) (iv)
Answer: (c) (i) \( \rightarrow \) (ii) \( \rightarrow \) (iii) \( \rightarrow \) (iv) \( \rightarrow \) (v)
In simple words: The IVF process starts by stimulating the ovaries, then eggs are collected. These eggs are then fertilized, grown in a lab, and finally transferred into the uterus. This is the correct order of steps.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the correct sequential steps of the IVF treatment cycle, as this is a common question type in reproductive technology.

 

Question 21. Enactment of ............ banned the identification of sex and to prevent prenatal abortion.
(a) POGSOAct
(b) POTAAct
(c) PCPNDT Act
(d) GOONDAAct
Answer: (c) PCPNDT Act
In simple words: The PCPNDT Act is a law made to stop doctors from telling parents the gender of their unborn baby. This law helps prevent abortions that happen just because the baby is a girl.

🎯 Exam Tip: The PCPNDT Act is a key legislation in India addressing gender-selective abortions, so its full form and purpose should be well-understood.

12th Bio Zoology Guide Reproductive Health Two Marks Questions and Answers

 

Question 1. Name any four national-level health care programmes run by the Indian Government.
Answer:
1. Janani Suraksha Yojana
2. Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram
3. RMNCH+A Programme
4. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan
In simple words: India has many health programs to help its people. Some important ones are Janani Suraksha Yojana, Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram, RMNCH+A Programme, and Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan. These programs focus on mother and child health.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the names and general objectives of national health programs is essential for questions on public health initiatives.

 

Question 22. Which is NOT a national health care programme?
(a) Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan
(b) Pradhan Mantri Fiscal BhimaYojana
(c) RMNCH + A approach
(d) Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram
Answer: (b) Pradhan Mantri Fiscal Bhima Yojana
In simple words: Among the choices, Pradhan Mantri Fiscal Bhima Yojana is not a health care program. It is a financial scheme, while the others are focused on health services.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify genuine health-related government programs versus financial or other welfare schemes.

 

Question 23. Vitamin-E is Known as an anti-sterility vitamin.
Answer: Vitamin-E
In simple words: Vitamin E is sometimes called the anti-sterility vitamin because it plays a role in reproductive health. It helps protect cells in the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link Vitamin E with its alternative name, the anti-sterility vitamin, due to its importance in reproductive function.

 

Question 2. Comment on 'Saheli'
Answer: Saheli is a special type of oral contraceptive pill. It was developed in India by the Central Drug Research Institute in Lucknow. Unlike many other birth control pills, Saheli contains a non-steroidal compound called Centchroman. This makes it a unique and important option for family planning. Saheli works by preventing the implantation of the embryo rather than suppressing ovulation. For many women, it is a convenient and effective method of birth control.
In simple words: Saheli is a birth control pill from India that does not use steroids. It contains Centchroman and helps prevent pregnancy without stopping egg release.

🎯 Exam Tip: When commenting on 'Saheli', highlight its non-steroidal nature and the fact that it was developed in India, along with its mechanism of action.

 

Question 3. What is Mayer - Rokitansky Syndrome?
Answer: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a condition where women are born with ovaries that function normally, meaning they can produce eggs. However, they do not have a fully developed uterus, or sometimes they have no uterus at all. This means they cannot carry a pregnancy. It is a birth defect that affects the female reproductive system. Despite this, women with MRKH syndrome have normal external genitalia and typically develop secondary sexual characteristics like breasts.
In simple words: Mayer-Rokitansky Syndrome is a condition where women are born with working ovaries but no uterus. This means they cannot get pregnant or carry a baby.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define Mayer-Rokitansky Syndrome by focusing on the key characteristics: normal ovaries but an absent or underdeveloped uterus.

 

Question 4. Point out any four STD's caused by viruses.
Answer:
1. Genital herpes
2. Hepatitis-B
3. Genital warts
4. AIDS
In simple words: Four common sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses are Genital herpes, Hepatitis-B, Genital warts, and AIDS. These infections spread from person to person during sexual contact.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between STDs caused by viruses and those caused by bacteria, fungi, or protozoa to avoid common errors.

 

Question 5. Define Surrogacy.
Answer: Surrogacy is a special arrangement where a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another person or couple. This means she will give birth to a child that will be raised by the intended parents. The eggs for the child can come from the intended mother or a donor, and fertilization often happens through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). After birth, the child's parentage is legally transferred to the intended parents. It offers hope to couples who cannot conceive or carry a pregnancy themselves.
In simple words: Surrogacy is when a woman carries a baby for someone else who cannot have a child themselves. After the baby is born, the other person or couple becomes the parents.

🎯 Exam Tip: In your definition, emphasize that surrogacy involves an agreement for one woman to carry a pregnancy for another, with the intent of transferring parenthood.

 

Question 6. Name the causative organism of (a) Syphilis (b) Genital warts
Answer:
(a) Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum
(b) Genital warts are caused by Human Papilloma virus (HPV).
In simple words: Syphilis is caused by a type of bacteria called Treponema pallidum. Genital warts are caused by a virus known as Human Papillomavirus, or HPV.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the specific pathogens for common STDs; this is a frequent factual recall question.

 

Question 7. Define Infertility.
Answer: Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive or produce children, even after having unprotected sexual intercourse regularly for at least one year. This can be due to problems with the male partner, such as a low sperm count or poor sperm quality, or with the female partner, such as an inability to produce eggs or maintain a pregnancy. Sometimes, both partners might have issues, or the cause might be unknown. It is a complex issue affecting many couples globally.
In simple words: Infertility means a couple cannot have a baby after trying for a year without protection. It can be due to problems with the man, the woman, or both.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define infertility as the inability to conceive after a specified period (usually one year) of unprotected intercourse, mentioning potential causes in both males and females.

 

Question 8. Expand the following:
1. GIFT
2. ICSI
Answer:
1. GIFT – Gamete Intra - Fallopian Transfer.
2. ICSI – Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
In simple words: GIFT means Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer, where egg and sperm are put into the fallopian tube. ICSI means Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, where a single sperm is injected into an egg.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice expanding common acronyms related to Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) as they are frequently tested.

 

Question 9. What is amniocentesis?
Answer: Amniocentesis is a medical test done during pregnancy. It involves taking a small sample of the amniotic fluid, which is the fluid surrounding the baby (foetus) in the womb. This fluid contains cells from the foetus. Doctors analyze these cells to look for any chromosomal abnormalities, like Down syndrome, or other genetic disorders. This test is usually performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.
In simple words: Amniocentesis is a test during pregnancy where a small amount of fluid from around the baby is taken. Doctors check this fluid for any genetic problems with the baby.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing amniocentesis, mention the fluid sample, the purpose (detecting chromosomal abnormalities), and the typical timing during pregnancy.

 

Question 10. How copper IUD's provide contraception?
Answer: Copper Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs) are small devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. These IUDs slowly release copper ions. The copper ions create a toxic environment for sperm inside the uterus. They reduce sperm motility, which means sperm cannot swim effectively. Copper also affects the fertilizing capacity of sperm, making it harder for them to fertilize an egg. Some copper IUDs can remain in the uterus and provide contraception for 5 to 10 years.
In simple words: Copper IUDs work by releasing copper into the uterus. This copper makes sperm move slowly and less able to fertilize an egg, preventing pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that copper IUDs primarily act by suppressing sperm motility and fertilizing capacity, creating an unfavorable uterine environment.

 

Question 11. What do you mean by the term - coitus interruptus?
Answer: Coitus interruptus is a traditional and simple method of birth control. It involves the male partner withdrawing his penis from the female's vagina just before ejaculation. The aim is to prevent sperm from being deposited inside the female reproductive tract, thereby avoiding conception. However, this method is not very reliable because some sperm may be released before full ejaculation (in pre-ejaculate fluid), or the withdrawal may not be perfectly timed.
In simple words: Coitus interruptus is a birth control method where the man pulls out before ejaculating. It tries to stop sperm from entering the woman's body, but it's not very reliable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe coitus interruptus accurately as withdrawal before ejaculation, and importantly, note its low effectiveness due to pre-ejaculate and timing issues.

 

Question 12. What is MTP?
Answer: MTP stands for Medical Termination of Pregnancy, which is commonly known as abortion. It is the voluntary or intentional ending of a pregnancy before the full term. MTP can be done either surgically or non-surgically, using medicines. In many countries, MTP is legalized under certain conditions, such as to protect the mother's health, in cases of rape, or if the foetus has severe abnormalities. Early MTP (within the first 12 weeks) is generally considered safer than those performed in the second trimester.
In simple words: MTP means Medical Termination of Pregnancy, which is when a pregnancy is ended on purpose. It is done safely in early stages for various medical or legal reasons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define MTP clearly as the intentional termination of pregnancy and mention the conditions under which it is typically legalized and its safety aspects.

 

Question 13. Which type of women are benefited by In Vitro Fertilization?
Answer: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a fertility treatment that benefits several types of women who are struggling to conceive naturally. This includes women who have blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, which prevent eggs from meeting sperm or reaching the uterus. It also helps women whose fallopian tubes are completely absent. Additionally, IVF can be a solution for women with unexplained infertility, those with endometriosis, or if the male partner has certain fertility issues that prevent natural conception. It helps many hopeful parents start a family.
In simple words: IVF helps women who cannot get pregnant naturally, especially if their fallopian tubes are blocked, damaged, or missing. It also helps with other infertility issues.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific conditions like blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, or severe male infertility as primary indications for IVF treatment.

12th Bio Zoology Guide Reproductive Health Three Marks Questions and Answers

 

Question 1. What are the steps taken by Government to overcome population explosion?
Answer: Governments take several steps to control population growth and address population explosion. One key approach is promoting awareness about various birth control methods through public campaigns, including slogans like "We Two, Ours Two." They also increase the legal marriageable age for females to 18 years and for males to 21 years to encourage later marriages and family planning. Incentives are often provided to couples who choose to have smaller families. Additionally, governments support research into new contraceptive devices and improve existing family planning programs to make them more accessible and effective for everyone.
In simple words: Governments try to control population growth by teaching people about birth control, raising the legal marriage age, and giving rewards to families with fewer children. They also work on new and better family planning methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on governmental policies such as increasing marriage age, promoting family planning awareness, and offering incentives for smaller families when answering about population control strategies.

 

Question 2. Lactational amenorrhoea – Comment.
Answer: Lactational amenorrhoea is a natural method of birth control that relies on breastfeeding. After childbirth, a woman's menstrual cycles typically resume within 6 to 8 weeks. However, if she breastfeeds her baby fully and frequently, the reappearance of normal ovarian cycles (and thus menstruation) can be delayed for up to six months. This delay is due to the high levels of prolactin hormone, which is stimulated by suckling, suppressing the release of hormones needed for ovulation. While it offers a period of natural protection against pregnancy, it is not a completely reliable method of birth control and its effectiveness decreases if breastfeeding is not exclusive or frequent enough.
In simple words: Lactational amenorrhoea is a natural way to prevent pregnancy during full breastfeeding, as it delays the return of menstrual cycles. But it's not always reliable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain lactational amenorrhoea as a breastfeeding-induced suppression of ovulation due to prolactin, but emphasize its unreliability as a sole contraceptive method.

 

Question 3. Write a note on sterilization procedure in the male.
Answer: The sterilization procedure in males is called vasectomy. It is a permanent method of birth control. During a vasectomy, the two vas deferens, which are tubes that carry sperm from the testicles, are cut and then tied off or sealed. This small surgical procedure is usually done through a minor incision in the scrotum. By blocking the vas deferens, sperm are prevented from mixing with semen during ejaculation. The testicles continue to produce sperm, but they are reabsorbed by the body. This prevents sperm from reaching the urethra and fertilizing an egg.
In simple words: Male sterilization, called vasectomy, is a surgery where the tubes carrying sperm are cut and tied. This stops sperm from mixing with semen, making it a permanent way to prevent pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe vasectomy as the cutting and tying of the vas deferens to prevent sperm transport, highlighting its permanence and the fact that sperm production continues.

 

Question 4. Define Tubectomy.
Answer: Tubectomy is a surgical sterilization procedure performed in females. It is a permanent method of birth control. During a tubectomy, a small portion of both fallopian tubes is cut or blocked, and then tied or sealed. This procedure can be done through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina. By blocking the fallopian tubes, the egg released from the ovary cannot travel down to meet the sperm, and sperm cannot reach the egg. This effectively prevents fertilization and thus pregnancy.
In simple words: Tubectomy is a surgery for women where their fallopian tubes are cut and tied. This stops eggs and sperm from meeting, making it a permanent way to prevent pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define tubectomy as the cutting/blocking of fallopian tubes in females to prevent fertilization, emphasizing its permanent nature.

 

Question 5. Complete the table by filling the gaps.

Answer:In simple words: This table fills in details for different diseases: Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoea. AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno Virus (HIV), leading to symptoms like swollen lymph nodes and weight loss. Hepatitis (specifically Hepatitis B) is caused by the Hepatitis-B virus and can cause jaundice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Create and memorize a comprehensive table of common STDs, their causative agents, and key symptoms to handle matching or fill-in-the-blank questions effectively.

 

Question 6. List various natural methods of birth control.
Answer:
1. Periodic abstinence
2. Coitus interruptus
3. Lactational amenorrhea
In simple words: Natural birth control methods include avoiding sex during fertile days (periodic abstinence), pulling out before ejaculation (coitus interruptus), and relying on breastfeeding to prevent ovulation (lactational amenorrhoea).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list and briefly explain each natural method of contraception, including their inherent limitations regarding effectiveness.

 

Question 7. What does ICSI stand for? Describe the technique.
Answer: ICSI stands for Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
This technique is a highly specialized form of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) primarily used for male infertility issues. In ICSI, a single, healthy sperm is carefully selected and directly injected into the cytoplasm of an egg using a fine needle. Once the egg is fertilized, the resulting zygote is allowed to divide. When it reaches the 8-celled stage, it is then transferred into the woman's uterus. This method significantly increases the chances of fertilization, even with very low sperm counts or poor sperm quality. ICSI offers a high fertilization rate, typically between 75-85% of the eggs injected.
In simple words: ICSI means Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection. It's a method where one sperm is directly put into an egg to help fertilization, especially when sperm quality is low.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define ICSI correctly and emphasize its core process: direct injection of a single sperm into an egg, particularly useful for male infertility.

 

Question 8. How LNG-20 act as a contraceptive?
Answer: LNG-20 is an Intra-Uterine System (IUS) that contains a hormone called Levonorgestrel. It acts as a contraceptive mainly by affecting the cervical mucus and the uterine lining. The hormone released by LNG-20 makes the cervical mucus thicker and stickier. This thickened mucus forms a barrier that prevents sperm from easily entering the uterus and reaching the egg. Additionally, LNG-20 can also thin the lining of the uterus, making it unsuitable for a fertilized egg to implant. This dual action makes it a highly effective long-term contraceptive method.
In simple words: LNG-20 is a birth control device that releases a hormone. This hormone makes the mucus in the cervix thick, blocking sperm, and also thins the uterus lining so a baby cannot attach.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that LNG-20 works by thickening cervical mucus (blocking sperm) and altering the uterine lining (preventing implantation) due to hormone release.

 

Question 9. MTP is legalized in our country. Yes or No? Why?
Answer: Yes, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is legalized in India. The government legalized MTP in 1971. This decision was made to allow safe abortions for medical necessities and social reasons. However, there are strict restrictions in place to prevent its misuse, especially to stop sex discrimination and illegal female foeticides. MTPs performed illegally by untrained individuals (quacks) are very unsafe and can even be deadly. Also, the first MTP, if not handled well, can have serious psychological effects on a woman. The law aims to balance reproductive rights with the prevention of misuse.
In simple words: Yes, MTP is legal in India since 1971 for health and social reasons. But there are strict rules to stop misuse like sex selection, as illegal abortions are dangerous.

🎯 Exam Tip: State clearly that MTP is legal in India (since 1971) and explain the dual purpose: medical/social necessity and preventing misuse like female foeticide.

 

Question 10. Write the hormonal composition of oral contraceptive pills. Also explain their action mode.
Answer: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) mainly contain synthetic forms of progesterone, or a combination of progesterone and oestrogen hormones.
Their action mode involves several key mechanisms to prevent pregnancy:
1. **Inhibition of Ovulation:** The hormones in the pills primarily work by preventing the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation). They do this by suppressing the secretion of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which in turn reduces the release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.
2. **Changes in Cervical Mucus:** OCPs make the cervical mucus thicker and less penetrable for sperm, blocking their entry into the uterus.
3. **Alteration of Uterine Endometrium:** They also change the lining of the uterus, making it unsuitable for the implantation of a fertilized egg, should fertilization occur.
By these combined actions, OCPs are highly effective in preventing conception.
In simple words: Birth control pills have hormones like progesterone and oestrogen. They stop eggs from being released, make mucus thick to block sperm, and change the uterus lining to prevent a baby from attaching.

🎯 Exam Tip: For oral contraceptives, remember the primary hormones (progesterone and oestrogen) and their three main actions: inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and altering the uterine lining.

 

Question 11. Suggest some methods to help infertile couples to have children.
Answer: Infertile couples can be helped to have children through various Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Some common methods include:
1. **In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):** Eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the body in a laboratory, and the resulting embryos are then transferred into the uterus.
2. **Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT):** After in vitro fertilization, the zygote (fertilized egg) or early embryo is transferred directly into the fallopian tube.
3. **Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT):** In this method, the egg and sperm (gametes) are collected and directly transferred into the fallopian tube, allowing fertilization to occur naturally inside the woman's body.
4. **Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):** A single sperm is directly injected into an egg, especially useful for severe male infertility.
5. **Surrogacy:** An arrangement where a woman carries a pregnancy for another person or couple.
These methods offer hope and pathways for many couples to achieve parenthood.
In simple words: To help infertile couples, doctors use methods like IVF (fertilizing outside), ZIFT (putting fertilized eggs into the tube), GIFT (putting eggs and sperm into the tube), ICSI (injecting sperm into an egg), and surrogacy (another woman carrying the baby).

🎯 Exam Tip: List and briefly explain the main ART techniques (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, Surrogacy) used to assist infertile couples, highlighting their distinct features.

 

Question 13. What are the characteristics of a good contraceptive?
Answer: A good contraceptive should ideally possess several important characteristics to be effective, safe, and acceptable to users. Firstly, it should be user-friendly, meaning it is easy to use and requires minimal effort or training. Secondly, it should be easily available, ensuring that people can access it without difficulty. Thirdly, it must have the least possible side effects, minimizing any negative impact on health. Lastly, a good contraceptive should not interfere with sexual desire or sexual drive, allowing for natural sexual experiences. These qualities ensure higher acceptance and consistent use, which are critical for preventing unintended pregnancies.
In simple words: A good birth control method should be easy to use, easy to get, have very few side effects, and not stop a person from enjoying sex.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing characteristics of an ideal contraceptive, remember user-friendliness, accessibility, minimal side effects, and non-interference with sexual activity.

 

Question 14. Write is a note on a foetoscope.
Answer: A foetoscope is a medical instrument used to monitor the health and development of a baby (foetus) during pregnancy, especially in the later stages and during labor. It is primarily used to check the foetal heart rate and other vital functions. The average foetal heart rate typically ranges between 120 and 160 beats per minute. If an abnormal foetal heart rate or pattern is detected, it could indicate that the foetus is not receiving enough oxygen or might have other health problems. Hand-held Doppler devices are often used during routine prenatal visits to listen to the foetal heart rate. During labor, continuous electronic foetal monitoring might be employed to keep a close watch on the baby's condition.
In simple words: A foetoscope is a tool doctors use to check a baby's heart rate and health inside the mother's womb, especially late in pregnancy. It helps see if the baby is getting enough oxygen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe a foetoscope as a device for monitoring fetal heart rate and other functions, and mention its use in detecting potential fetal distress.

 

Question 15. How the technique of amniocentesis is performed?
Answer: Amniocentesis is a procedure usually performed on pregnant women between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. The technique involves several careful steps. First, the doctor uses ultrasound imaging to guide the procedure and locate the foetus and the amniotic sac. Then, a long, thin needle is gently inserted through the woman's abdomen and into the amniotic sac. A small sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn using a syringe. This fluid contains foetal cells that have shed into it. These cells are then sent to a laboratory for genetic analysis to detect chromosomal abnormalities or other genetic conditions. The procedure is performed with precision to minimize risks to both mother and baby.
In simple words: To do amniocentesis, a doctor uses a thin needle, guided by ultrasound, to take a small fluid sample from around the baby in the womb. This fluid is checked for genetic problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Outline the steps of amniocentesis: ultrasound guidance, needle insertion through the abdomen into the amniotic sac, and withdrawal of fluid for genetic analysis.

 

Question 16. Mention the role of prolactin in lactational amenorrhoea.
Answer: Prolactin plays a crucial role in lactational amenorrhoea. When a baby suckles at the breast during breastfeeding, it stimulates the mother's pituitary gland to secrete increased amounts of prolactin hormone. This elevated level of prolactin in the mother's blood is essential for milk production. However, high prolactin concentrations also have a suppressive effect on the menstrual cycle. Specifically, prolactin inhibits the release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which in turn reduces the secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary. These gonadotropins (FSH and LH) are necessary for the development of ovarian follicles and ovulation. By suppressing them, prolactin prevents ovulation, thus leading to a period of infertility known as lactational amenorrhoea.
In simple words: During breastfeeding, the baby's suckling makes the mother's body produce a lot of prolactin. This high prolactin helps make milk, but it also stops the hormones that cause an egg to be released, thus preventing pregnancy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that prolactin, stimulated by suckling, inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH, thereby suppressing ovulation and causing lactational amenorrhoea.

 

Question 17. Name anyone
1. Fungal STI
2. Bacterial STI
3. Protozoan STI
Answer:
1. Fungal STI – Candidiasis
2. Bacterial STI -Gonorrhoea
3. Protozoan STI – Trichomoniasis
In simple words: Candidiasis is a fungal STD. Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STD. Trichomoniasis is a protozoan STD.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to categorize common STIs by their causative agent (fungal, bacterial, protozoan, viral) for quick recall.

 

Question 18. Why ultrasonography is performed for carrying women?
Answer: Ultrasonography, commonly known as an ultrasound scan, is a non-invasive imaging technique frequently performed on pregnant women. It is primarily used in the first trimester to determine the accurate dating of the pregnancy, meaning how far along the pregnancy is. It also helps to confirm the presence of a foetus and to check for the number of foetuses (e.g., single or multiple pregnancies). Furthermore, ultrasound is crucial for assessing early pregnancy complications, such as ectopic pregnancies or miscarriages. Throughout pregnancy, it helps monitor fetal growth and development.
In simple words: Ultrasonography is done for pregnant women to find out how old the pregnancy is, how many babies there are, and to check for any early problems. It helps make sure the baby is developing well.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the primary reasons for ultrasonography in pregnancy: dating, number of fetuses, and early complication assessment.

 

Question 19. Suggest any two simple precautions to avoid contracting RTFs.
Answer: To avoid contracting Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs), two simple and effective precautions are:
1. **Avoiding sex with unknown partners or having multiple partners:** Limiting the number of sexual partners and knowing their sexual health history significantly reduces the risk of exposure to RTIs.
2. **Consistent and correct use of condoms during coitus:** Condoms act as a barrier, preventing the exchange of bodily fluids that can transmit RTIs. Using them correctly every time provides effective protection.
These practices help maintain reproductive health and prevent the spread of infections.
In simple words: To prevent RTIs, it's good to avoid sex with many partners and always use condoms correctly during sex.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on safe sexual practices like limiting partners and consistent condom use as primary precautions against RTIs.

 

Question 20. Intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants.
Answer: Reversible contraceptive methods include intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants.
1. **Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):** These are small, T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus. They can be hormonal (releasing progestin) or non-hormonal (releasing copper). IUDs prevent pregnancy by making the uterine environment unsuitable for sperm or implantation. They are long-acting, lasting for several years, but can be removed if pregnancy is desired.
2. **Contraceptive Implants:** These are small, flexible rods inserted under the skin of the upper arm. They release a progestin hormone that prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and thins the uterine lining. Implants are also long-acting (up to 3-5 years) and reversible.
Both methods are highly effective and offer convenience for women seeking long-term, reversible birth control options.
In simple words: Reversible birth control methods are those that can be stopped if someone wants to get pregnant later. Examples are IUDs, which are put in the uterus, and implants, which are put under the skin, both of which prevent pregnancy for a long time but can be taken out.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify IUDs and contraceptive implants as key examples of highly effective and reversible long-acting contraceptive methods.

 

Question 1. Give a detailed account on various natural methods of contraception.
Answer: Natural methods of contraception help prevent sperm and egg from meeting. These methods include the rhythm method (safe period), coitus interruptus, continuous abstinence, and lactational amenorrhoea.
a. **Periodic abstinence/rhythm method:** This involves avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation usually happens around the 14th day. The egg can survive for about two days, and sperm can live for about 72 hours in the female reproductive system. So, couples avoid sex during these few days around ovulation. This method requires careful tracking of the menstrual cycle.
b. **Continuous abstinence:** This is the most straightforward and reliable way to prevent pregnancy, simply by not having sexual intercourse for a certain period. It offers complete protection when consistently followed.
c. **Coitus interruptus (withdrawal method):** This is an old family planning method where the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation. This prevents sperm from being deposited inside the vagina. However, it is not always effective as pre-ejaculate fluid can contain sperm.
d. **Lactational amenorrhoea:** After childbirth, a woman's menstrual cycles might not restart for up to six months if she is exclusively breastfeeding. The act of breastfeeding causes a delay in the normal ovarian cycles, which naturally prevents ovulation. While it's a natural method, its effectiveness varies and decreases as breastfeeding becomes less frequent.
In simple words: Natural birth control methods stop sperm and egg from meeting without using devices or hormones. These include avoiding sex during fertile times, pulling out before ejaculation, or relying on the natural delay in periods while breastfeeding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list at least three natural methods and briefly explain how each one works to prevent pregnancy.

 

Question 2. What are IUD's? Explain their way of functioning. Also, describe their types.
Answer: Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are small birth control devices that doctors insert into the uterus through the vagina. These devices prevent pregnancy by making it harder for sperm to fertilize an egg or for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus. They are a popular and effective method of contraception. IUDs come in different types, each working slightly differently:
**Functioning:** IUDs increase the phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus, meaning white blood cells "eat up" the sperm, reducing their chances of reaching the egg. They can also affect sperm motility and their ability to fertilize the egg. Some IUDs also change the lining of the uterus, making it unsuitable for implantation.
**Types of IUDs:**
1. **Copper-releasing IUDs:** These IUDs slowly release copper ions into the uterus. The copper ions make the uterus and fallopian tubes produce fluid that is toxic to sperm, reducing their ability to move and survive. Examples include Cu T-380A, Nova T, Cu 7, Cu T 380 Ag, and Multiload 375. These can stay in place for 5 to 10 years.
2. **Hormone-releasing IUDs:** These IUDs release hormones like progesterone (Progestasert) or levonorgestrel (LNG-20) into the uterus. These hormones thicken the cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. They also thin the uterine lining and can sometimes suppress ovulation. These are often called intrauterine systems (IUS).
3. **Non-medicated IUDs:** These are simple plastic or stainless steel devices, such as the Lippes loop (a double S-shaped plastic device). They primarily work by causing a foreign body reaction in the uterus, which leads to increased phagocytosis of sperm. They do not release hormones or copper.
In simple words: IUDs are tiny devices placed inside the uterus by a doctor to prevent pregnancy. They work by stopping sperm from fertilizing an egg or by making the womb unfriendly for a baby to grow. There are copper ones, hormone ones, and simple plastic ones, each with a slightly different way of working.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing IUDs, clearly state their purpose, general mechanism (sperm phagocytosis), and then differentiate between the main types (copper, hormone, non-medicated) with examples for each.

 

Question 3. Explain cervical cancer in detail.
Answer: Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is mainly caused by a sexually transmitted virus called Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV can cause abnormal cell growth in the cervix, leading to cervical dysplasia, which can become cancerous over time. HPV vaccination is an important preventive measure, especially for young girls.
**Symptoms and Signs:** Common signs of cervical cancer include pelvic pain, unusual vaginal discharge, and abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after sex or between periods. Early detection is key for successful treatment.
**Risk Factors:** Besides HPV infection, other factors like having many sexual partners and long-term use of birth control pills can increase the risk.
**Diagnosis:** Cervical cancer is often diagnosed using a Papanicolaou smear (PAP smear), which checks for abnormal cells in the cervix. This can be combined with an HPV test. Advanced imaging like X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans help determine the cancer stage.
**Treatment:** Treatment options include radiation therapy, surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and chemotherapy. The best treatment depends on the stage of the cancer.
**Prevention:** Modern screening techniques can detect pre-cancerous changes, so regular screening is advised for women over 30. Primary prevention also involves HPV vaccination for girls aged 9-13 years before they become sexually active. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco, preventing early marriages, practicing monogamy, and regular exercise also help reduce the risk.
In simple words: Cervical cancer happens in the cervix, which is part of a woman's womb. It's usually caused by a virus called HPV that spreads during sex. Symptoms can include pain and unusual bleeding. Doctors find it with tests like a Pap smear and can treat it with surgery or other methods. Getting the HPV vaccine and regular check-ups are important ways to prevent it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing cervical cancer, ensure you cover its cause (HPV), common symptoms, diagnostic methods (PAP smear), and key prevention strategies like vaccination and regular screening.

 

Question 4. List out the causes of infertility in humans.
Answer: Infertility can affect both men and women, and sometimes it's due to issues with both partners. Here are some common causes:
**Causes for male infertility:**
* **Underdeveloped testes:** Testes that haven't fully grown may not produce enough sperm.
* **Tight clothing:** Wearing very tight clothes can increase the temperature around the scrotum, which can harm sperm production.
* **Autoimmune response:** Sometimes, a man's own body can mistakenly attack his sperm.
* **Lifestyle choices:** Using alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana can negatively affect sperm quality and quantity. These substances can interfere with hormone balance and sperm development.
**Causes for female infertility:**
* **Malformation:** Problems with the shape or structure of the cervix or fallopian tubes can prevent sperm from reaching the egg or the egg from traveling to the uterus.
* **Inadequate nutrition:** Not getting enough nutrients during puberty can affect the development of the reproductive system.
* **Low body fat (anorexia):** Eating disorders that lead to very low body fat can stop periods and ovulation.
* **Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):** Infections in the reproductive organs can cause inflammation and damage, especially to the fallopian tubes. Other uterine disorders and endometriosis can also make it hard to conceive.
* **Underdeveloped ovaries:** Ovaries that are not fully developed may not release eggs properly.
* **Developing antibodies against sperm:** A woman's body might produce antibodies that attack and destroy sperm.
**Common Causes for both sexes:**
* **Tumors:** Growths in the pituitary gland or other sex organs can disrupt hormone production.
* **Inherited mutation:** Genetic changes that affect hormone production can lead to infertility.
* **Long-term stress:** High stress levels can interfere with reproductive hormones.
* **Ingestion of toxins:** Exposure to harmful chemicals like cadmium and certain drugs can damage reproductive cells.
* **Injuries to gonads:** Physical damage to the testes or ovaries can impair their function.
* **Ageing:** As people get older, their fertility naturally declines.
In simple words: Infertility means not being able to have a baby. For men, it can be due to problems with their testes, tight clothes, or unhealthy habits. For women, it can be due to problems with their uterus or tubes, poor eating, or certain diseases. For both, stress, age, and exposure to harmful things can also make it hard to conceive.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing causes of infertility, make sure to separate them for males and females, and then list common causes that can affect both. Focus on clear, concise points for each.

 

Question 1. Dr. Sheela is a famous Gynaecologist at Poes garden. However illegally she performed amniocentesis for several pregnant illiterates and did MTP if identified with female foetus. Under which act will she get arrested, if a complaint is filed against her.
Answer: Dr. Sheela will be arrested under the **Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act-1994**. This act was established to prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex determination, which often leads to female foeticide. The law ensures that these tests are only used for detecting genetic abnormalities, not for sex selection. Violating this act carries severe penalties, including imprisonment and fines.
In simple words: Dr. Sheela will be arrested under the PCPNDT Act of 1994. This law stops doctors from finding out the sex of an unborn baby and performing abortions just because it's a girl.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the full name of the act: Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, and its primary purpose: to prevent sex determination and female foeticide.

 

Question 2. Identify the picture and describe the surgical procedure.
Answer: The picture shows a **tubectomy**. This is a surgical sterilization procedure performed on women. In this procedure, a small part of both fallopian tubes is cut and tied. This prevents the egg from traveling from the ovary to the uterus and also stops sperm from reaching the egg, thus preventing fertilization. This makes it a permanent method of birth control. The surgery can be done through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina. It's a highly effective way to prevent future pregnancies.

In simple words: The picture shows a tubectomy. This is an operation for women where the tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the womb are cut and tied. This stops eggs and sperm from meeting, so a woman cannot get pregnant again.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a surgical sterilization procedure like tubectomy, make sure to mention both *what* is cut/tied (fallopian tubes) and *how* it prevents pregnancy (blocks egg and sperm).