Samacheer Kalvi Class 11 Computer Science Solutions Chapter 17 Computer Ethics and Cyber Security

Part -I

 

Choose The Correct Answer

 

Question 1. Which of the following deals with procedures, practices and values?
(a) piracy
(b) programs
(c) virus
(d) computer ethics
Answer: (d) computer ethics
In simple words: Computer ethics refers to the rules, habits, and moral beliefs that guide how people should use computers. It covers what is right and wrong in the digital world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that computer ethics focuses on the moral principles and proper conduct related to computer use, covering values and procedures.

 

Question 2. Commercial programs made available to the public illegally are known as
(a) freeware
(b) warez
(c) free software
(d) software
Answer: (b) warez
In simple words: Warez are computer programs that are usually sold for money but have been copied and shared online for free without permission. This is against the law.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between freeware (legally free) and warez (illegally distributed commercial software) to avoid confusion in cyber ethics questions.

 

Question 3. Which one of the following are self-repeating and do not require a computer program to attach themselves?
(a) viruses
(b) worms
(c) spyware
(d) Trojans
Answer: (b) worms
In simple words: Worms are like little computer programs that can copy themselves and spread across networks without needing to attach to another program. They exploit network weaknesses to spread quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the key difference: viruses need a host program, while worms are self-contained and self-replicating, moving independently across networks.

 

Question 4. Which one of the following tracks a user visits a website?
(a) spyware
(b) cookies
(c) worms
(d) Trojans
Answer: (b) cookies
In simple words: Cookies are small files websites store on your computer to remember things about you, like your login or what you put in a shopping cart. They help websites remember your past visits.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cookies are primarily used for tracking user preferences and sessions, making website visits smoother, but they also record browsing activity.

 

Question 5. Which of the following is not a malicious program on computer systems?
(a) worms
(b) Trojans
(c) spyware
(d) cookies
Answer: (d) cookies
In simple words: Cookies are small pieces of data that websites store on your computer to remember information about you. Unlike worms, Trojans, and spyware, they are generally not harmful on their own, although they can be used for tracking.

🎯 Exam Tip: While cookies track user activity, they are not inherently malicious software like worms, Trojans, or spyware, which are designed to cause harm or steal data.

 

Question 6. A computer network security that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic is
(a) Cookies
(b) Virus
(c) Firewall
(d) worms
Answer: (c) Firewall
In simple words: A firewall is like a guard for your computer network, checking all information trying to come in or go out. It blocks anything suspicious based on set security rules, protecting your system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Think of a firewall as a barrier that filters network traffic, acting as the first line of defense against unauthorized access and malicious data.

 

Question 7. The process of Converting cipher text to plain text is called
(a) Encryption
(b) Decryption
(c) key
(d) proxy server
Answer: (b) Decryption
In simple words: Decryption is the process of taking scrambled, unreadable information (ciphertext) and turning it back into clear, understandable information (plaintext). It is the opposite of encryption.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that encryption makes data secret (cipher to plain), and decryption reveals it again (cipher back to plain).

 

Question 8. e-commerce means
(a) electronic commerce
(b) electronic data exchange
(c) electric data exchange
(d) electronic commercialization.
Answer: (a) electronic commerce
In simple words: E-commerce simply means buying and selling goods and services over the internet. It makes shopping and business dealings easy and global.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term "e-commerce" is a direct abbreviation for "electronic commerce," referring to all business transactions conducted online.

 

Question 9. Distributing unwanted e-mail to others is called
(a) scam
(b) spam
(c) fraud
(d) spoofing
Answer: (b) spam
In simple words: Spam is when you receive many unwanted emails, often for advertisements or scams, that you did not ask for. It fills up your inbox with useless messages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Spam is specifically characterized by unsolicited mass electronic messages, typically emails, sent without consent.

 

Question 10. Legal recognition for transactions are carried out by
(a) Electronic Data Interchange
(b) Electronic Data Exchange
(c) Electronic Data Transfer
(d) Electrical Data Interchange
Answer: (a) Electronic Data Interchange
In simple words: Electronic Data Interchange, or EDI, is a way for businesses to share important documents and information electronically, like purchase orders or invoices. It makes transactions official and legally recognized between companies.

🎯 Exam Tip: EDI ensures that electronic business transactions are structured, standardized, and legally binding, facilitating secure and efficient communication between parties.

 

Part - II

 

Very Short Answers

 

Question 1. What is harvesting?
Answer: Harvesting is when a person or a computer program secretly collects login details, like usernames and passwords, from a real user. They do this to get illegal access to that user's online accounts. This theft of digital identity is a serious cybercrime.
In simple words: Harvesting is secretly collecting someone's login details to get into their accounts without permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that harvesting involves stealing credentials to gain unauthorized access, often for malicious purposes.

 

Question 2. What are Warez?
Answer: Warez refers to commercial software programs that are made available to the public illegally. These are often distributed for free, breaking copyright laws. Such illegal distribution means software is copied and used without the developer's permission.
In simple words: Warez are paid computer programs shared illegally for free.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that "warez" specifically means copyrighted software distributed unlawfully, distinct from legitimate free software.

 

Question 3. Write a short note on cracking.
Answer: Cracking involves someone changing a computer program's original code to use it in ways it was not intended, or to modify it. "Cracking" usually means trying to get into computer systems to steal data, damage it, or look at private information without permission. This act can undermine system integrity and data security.
In simple words: Cracking means changing a program's code or breaking into systems to steal, damage, or view private data illegally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on cracking as the act of modifying software for illicit purposes or unauthorized system intrusion, usually involving bypassing security measures.

 

Question 4. Write two types of cyber attacks.
Answer: The following are common types of cyber attacks:

• Virus
• Worms
• Spyware
• Ransomware

These attacks aim to damage computer systems, steal data, or disrupt services.
In simple words: Two types of cyber attacks are viruses and worms, both of which can harm computers and steal information.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for types of cyber attacks, list at least two distinct categories like viruses and worms, and briefly explain their nature if space allows.

 

Question 5. What is a Cookie?
Answer: A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie or browser cookie, is a small piece of data that a website sends to your computer. This data is stored in your computer's memory (like its hard drive) by your web browser while you are browsing the internet. Cookies help websites remember your past actions or preferences, making your online experience more personalized.
In simple words: A cookie is a small data file a website saves on your computer to remember things about your visit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that cookies are text files stored locally by browsers to retain user-specific data, improving browsing experience but also used for tracking.

 

Part - III

 

Short Answers

 

Question 1. What is the role of firewalls?
Answer: The main role of firewalls is to protect computer networks. They act as a security system that watches and controls all information going into and out of the network, based on specific security rules. A firewall often creates a barrier between a trusted internal computer network and less trusted external networks, like the internet. This helps prevent unauthorized access.
In simple words: Firewalls protect computer networks by checking and controlling all incoming and outgoing internet traffic based on security rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that firewalls are critical for network security, acting as a gatekeeper to filter traffic and enforce security policies.

 

Question 2. Write about encryption and decryption.
Answer: Encryption and decryption are processes used to keep information secret, making sure only authorized people can access it. Encryption changes plain, readable text (plaintext) into scrambled, unreadable data called ciphertext. Decryption is the opposite; it turns the ciphertext back into plaintext. Both processes are part of cryptography, and they often use a "key," which is a piece of information that controls how the data is scrambled and unscrambled, ensuring secure communication.
In simple words: Encryption scrambles information to make it secret, and decryption unscrambles it back to normal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define both encryption (plaintext to ciphertext) and decryption (ciphertext to plaintext), and mention that a key is crucial for both processes in cryptography.

 

Question 3. Explain symmetric key encryption.
Answer: Symmetric key encryption is a method where the same secret key is used for both encrypting (scrambling) and decrypting (unscrambling) data. This means if you use one key to lock the message, you use the exact same key to unlock it. The main challenge with this method is that all people involved must safely exchange this secret key before they can decrypt the data. If this key falls into the wrong hands, anyone who gets it can read all the messages. This type of encryption is very fast.
In simple words: Symmetric key encryption uses the same secret key to both lock and unlock messages. The biggest problem is safely sharing this key with everyone who needs it.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core concept of symmetric key encryption is the use of a single, shared secret key for both encryption and decryption; emphasize its speed and the key distribution challenge.

 

Question 4. What are the guidelines to be followed by any computer user?
Answer: Computer users should follow these important guidelines:

• Honesty: Users should always be truthful when using the internet.
• Confidentiality: Users must not share any important private information with people who are not allowed to see it.
• Respect: Every user should respect the privacy of other users.
• Professionalism: Each user should act in a professional manner online.
• Obey The Law: Users should strictly follow all cyber laws when using computers.
• Responsibility: Each user should take ownership of their online actions and be responsible for them.

These guidelines help ensure safe and ethical computer use for everyone.
In simple words: Computer users should be honest, keep information private, respect others, act professionally, follow cyber laws, and be responsible for their actions online.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing guidelines, use clear headings or bullet points for each point, and ensure each explanation is concise and easy to understand.

 

Question 5. What are ethical issues? Name some of them.
Answer: An ethical issue is a situation or problem where a person or organization needs to choose between different actions, and each action must be judged as either morally right or wrong. These issues need to be solved to create a positive impact on society. The widespread use of technology introduces many new ethical dilemmas. Some common ethical issues related to computers and technology include:

• Cybercrime
• Software Piracy
• Unauthorized Access
• Hacking
• Using computers to commit fraud
• Sabotage (like spreading viruses)
• Making false claims using computers

In simple words: Ethical issues are problems where you have to decide what is right or wrong. Examples in computing are cybercrime, software piracy, and hacking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define ethical issues as dilemmas between right and wrong choices, and then provide a diverse list of examples from the digital world, such as hacking and piracy.

 

Part IV

 

Explain in Detail

 

Question 1. What are the various crimes happening using computers?
Answer: Cybercrime refers to intellectual, white-collar crimes carried out using computers. People who commit these crimes skillfully manipulate computer systems. An example is illegally transferring money over the internet. These crimes are serious offenses in the digital age. Here are some computer crimes and what they involve:

In simple words: Cybercrimes are illegal acts done using computers, like hacking, stealing data, or online harassment. These include things like changing bank records, spreading viruses, or tricking people online.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing cybercrimes, define what they are and provide several specific examples with their functions, using a table for clarity if needed.

 

Question 2. What is piracy? Mention the types of piracy? How can it be prevented?
Answer: Software piracy is the illegal copying or use of software that is protected by copyright. This means taking software created by an individual or company without their permission. It includes stealing program codes, making illegal copies, and using this unauthorized data for personal gain or business profit. This is a common ethical issue in the digital world.
In simple terms, software piracy is "unauthorized copying of software."
Types of Piracy include:

• Duplicating and selling copyrighted programs
• Downloading software illegally through a network

Shareware: This is a different way to handle software piracy. Shareware recognizes that people will copy software, so it depends on users' honesty. It allows people to try software for free but asks them to pay a registration fee if they continue to use it.
Warez: These are commercial programs made available to the public illegally. They are often cracked versions of software.

Prevention Methods:

• Illegal copying and sharing of commercial software should not be done.
• Shareware creators encourage users to share programs with friends and colleagues but expect everyone who uses the program regularly to pay the creator directly.

In simple words: Piracy is illegally copying or using software without permission. Types include selling copied programs or illegal downloads. To stop it, don't copy software illegally, and pay for programs you use regularly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define software piracy clearly, list common types, and provide practical prevention methods, ensuring to distinguish between legal software distribution models like shareware and illegal ones like warez.

 

Question 3. Write the different types of cyber attacks.
Answer: Cyber attacks are types of malicious software designed to illegally access software and cause damage. Cyber attackers continuously develop new methods to compromise systems and steal data. Various types of cyber attacks and their functions are given in the following table:

In simple words: Cyber attacks are harmful programs like viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware. They aim to damage computers, steal data, or demand money by exploiting weaknesses in systems.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing cyber attacks, list different types like viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware, and briefly explain how each one operates and its typical impact.

 

Part I

 

Choose The Correct Answer

 

Question 1. A moral code that is evaluated as right is .............
(a) piracy
(b) viruses
(c) cracking
(d) ethics
Answer: (d) ethics
In simple words: Ethics is a set of moral rules that help us decide what is right or wrong. It guides how we should behave.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that ethics involves the principles of right and wrong, guiding behavior and decision-making, especially in moral contexts.

 

Question 2. Information Technology is widespread through _____
(a) Computers
(b) Mobile phones
(c) Internet
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Information Technology is used everywhere, from computers and mobile phones to the internet itself. It connects all these things together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that Information Technology encompasses a broad range of devices and networks, including computers, mobile phones, and the internet, making it pervasive.

 

Question 3. Stealing data from a computer system without knowledge or permission is called
(a) warez
(b) hacking
(c) cracking
(d) phishing
Answer: (b) hacking
In simple words: Hacking means secretly getting into a computer system to steal information or cause problems without anyone's permission. It's like breaking into a private digital space.

🎯 Exam Tip: Hacking specifically refers to gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network, often to steal, modify, or corrupt data.

 

Question 4. A(n) _________ is a crime which involves computer and network.
a) Cyber-crime
b) Ethics
c) Cyber-law
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Cyber-crime
In simple words: A cyber-crime is any crime that uses a computer or a network to carry it out. These crimes often involve illegal actions done through technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that cyber-crime specifically relates to illegal activities involving computers and networks, not just general ethical issues or laws.

 

Question 5. _________ is the intermediary between the end-users and a web browser.
a) Firewall
b) Proxy server
c) Cookies
d) Warez
Answer: (b) Proxy server
In simple words: A proxy server acts like a middleman, handling requests between your computer and the internet. It helps to manage web traffic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Visualize a proxy server as a gatekeeper that stands between your device and the websites you visit, controlling and routing information.

 

Question 6. _________ is a cybercrime.
a) Phishing
b) Hacking
c) Identity thefts
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: Phishing, hacking, and identity theft are all types of cybercrimes because they involve illegal activities using computers and networks. Each of these aims to harm users or steal information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cybercrimes encompass a wide range of illegal activities performed using digital means; understanding common examples helps in identifying them.

 

Question 7. _________ is a cybercrime.
a) Pharming
b) Piracy
c) Online financial transaction
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: Pharming and piracy are both illegal activities carried out using computer systems, making them types of cybercrime. Online financial transactions themselves are not cybercrimes, but they can be targeted by cybercriminals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating cybercrimes, consider if the activity involves illegal digital manipulation or exploitation of digital systems.

 

Question 8. Ethics means_________
a) What is wrong
b) What is Right
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Ethics involves deciding what is both right and wrong. It helps us understand good and bad choices in various situations, including computer use.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ethics is fundamentally about moral discernment, distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable actions, not just one side of the coin.

 

Question 9. _________ is a set of moral principles that rule the behavior of individuals who use computers,
a) Ethics
b) Cyber-Crime
c) Virus
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Ethics
In simple words: Ethics provides rules for how people should act, especially when using computers. These principles guide users to make responsible and honest decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining ethical concepts, ensure you highlight the aspect of guiding behavior and moral principles, particularly in the context of technology.

 

Question 10. An individual gains knowledge to follow the right behavior, using morals that are also known as _________
a) Ethics
c) Phishing
c) Hacking
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Ethics
In simple words: The understanding of right behavior, based on moral ideas, is called ethics. It helps individuals know how they should act responsibly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link 'morals' directly to 'ethics' to show their close relationship in guiding proper conduct in any field, including computing.

 

Question 11. _________ refer to the generally accepted standards of right and wrong in the society,
a) Piracy
b) Morals
c) Virus
d) None of these
Answer: (b) Morals
In simple words: Morals are the widely accepted rules about what is good and bad behavior in a community. They guide how people should treat each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate morals as individual or societal principles, while ethics is the philosophical study of those principles. Here, it refers to the principles themselves.

 

Question 12. _________ is a cyber world standard.
a) Do not use pirated software
b) Do not hack
c) Do not steal others' passwords
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: All these actions – avoiding pirated software, not hacking, and not stealing passwords – are important rules for good behavior in the digital world. Following these helps keep the internet safe and fair for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cyber world standards are rules that promote ethical and secure use of technology, protecting users and their data.

 

Question 13. _________ is a guidelines of computer ethics.
a) Honesty
b) Confidentiality
c) Respect
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: Honesty, confidentiality, and respect are all key rules for using computers in a good way. They help make sure everyone behaves properly and safely online.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing computer ethics, emphasize principles that promote respectful and responsible digital citizenship.

 

Question 14. _________ is a guidelines of computer ethics.
a) Professionalism
b) Obey the law
c) Responsibility
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: Professionalism, obeying laws, and taking responsibility are all important guidelines for ethical computer use. They ensure that people act legally and accountably in the digital world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Computer ethics includes broader societal values like adherence to laws and personal accountability in the digital sphere.

 

Question 15. Identify the correct statement from the following.
a) Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of an individual in a society.
b) Computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers by users.
c) An Ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right or wrong.
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: All the statements are true. Ethics are general moral rules, computer ethics are those rules specifically for using computers, and an ethical issue is when you have to choose between a right and wrong action.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the specific definitions of ethics, computer ethics, and ethical issues is crucial for complex questions that test definitional knowledge.

 

Question 16. Identify the correct statement from the following related to ethics.
a) Users should be truthful while using the internet.
b) Users should not share any important information with unauthorized people.
c) Each user should respect the privacy of other users.
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: All these actions are important for ethical behavior online. Users should always be honest, keep private information safe, and respect others' privacy when using the internet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the core principles of truthfulness, confidentiality, and respect for privacy as fundamental tenets of online ethics.

 

Question 17. Identify the correct statement from the following related to ethics.
a) Each user should maintain a professional conduct.
b) Users should strictly obey the cyber law in computer usage.
c) Each user should take ownership and responsibility for their actions
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: All these points are true for good behavior related to computer ethics. Users should act professionally, follow cyber laws, and be responsible for what they do online.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ethics in computing extends to professional behavior, legal compliance, and personal accountability, forming a comprehensive framework for digital interaction.

 

Question 18. Cybercrime is a(n) _________ crime.
a) Intellectual
b) White-collar
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Cybercrime is considered both an intellectual crime, meaning it requires smart thinking, and a white-collar crime, which means it is often non-violent and done for money. This shows its complex nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classifying cybercrime helps in understanding its nature; it involves intelligence and is often linked to financial or information-based motives, rather than physical violence.

 

Question 19. Harassing through online is called _________
a) Cyber Stalking
b) Cyber Harassment
c) Cyber torture
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Cyber Stalking
In simple words: Constantly bothering or threatening someone using the internet or other digital tools is known as cyber stalking. It is a serious form of harassment.

🎯 Exam Tip: While 'cyber harassment' is a general term, 'cyber stalking' specifically refers to the act of persistently harassing or monitoring someone online.

 

Question 20. _________ are malicious programs that can perform a variety of functions on user's computer activity without their permission.
a) Cyber Stalking
b) Malware
c) Antivirus
d) None of these
Answer: (b) Malware
In simple words: Malware is a general name for any bad software that can harm your computer or steal your information without you knowing. Viruses and worms are types of malware.

🎯 Exam Tip: Malware is an umbrella term for all types of malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojans, and spyware, designed to damage or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

 

Question 21. Malicious programs that can perform a variety of functions including _________ on user's Computer activity without their permission.
a) Encrypting or Deleting sensitive data
b) Stealing
c) Hijacking core computing functions
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: Malicious programs can do many harmful things, like hiding or erasing important data, stealing information, or taking over your computer's main tasks. They do all this without your permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about the functions of malicious programs, remember they aim to compromise data integrity, confidentiality, and system availability through various means.

 

Question 22. Overloading a system with fake requests so that it cannot serve normal legitimate requests is called _________
a) Cyber Stalking
b) Malware
c) Denial of service attack
d) None of these
Answer: (c) Denial of service attack
In simple words: A Denial of Service (DoS) attack makes a website or online service unavailable by flooding it with too many fake requests. This prevents real users from being able to use it.

🎯 Exam Tip: DoS attacks aim to disrupt service by overwhelming the target system's resources, making it inaccessible to its intended users.

 

Question 23. Manipulating data like changing the banking records to transfer money to an unauthorized account is called _________
a) Cyber Stalking
b) Malware
c) Denial of service attack
d) Fraud
Answer: (d) Fraud
In simple words: Changing records, like bank details, to illegally move money to someone who shouldn't have it is called fraud. This is a type of deception for personal gain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Fraud involves intentional deception to gain an unfair advantage, often financial, by manipulating data or systems.

 

Question 24. _________ means a person or program collects login and password information from a legitimate user to illegally gain access to others accounts.
a) Harvesting
b) Malware
c) Denial of service attack
d) Fraud
Answer: (a) Harvesting
In simple words: Harvesting is when someone secretly gathers personal information, like usernames and passwords, from others to get into their accounts without permission. This is a form of data theft.

🎯 Exam Tip: Data harvesting specifically refers to the collection of personal data, often credentials, for unauthorized access or other malicious purposes.

 

Question 25. _________ is a crime where the criminals impersonate individuals, usually for financial gain.
a) Harvesting
b) Identity theft
c) Denial of service attack
d) Fraud
Answer: (b) Identity theft
In simple words: Identity theft happens when criminals pretend to be other people, often by using stolen personal details, usually to get money or other benefits. They steal someone's identity to commit crimes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identity theft involves using another person's identifying information, often for financial gain, without their permission.

 

Question 26. _________ means stealing practical or conceptual information developed by another person or company.
a) Harvesting
b) Identity theft
c) Intellectual property theft
d) Fraud
Answer: (c) Intellectual property theft
In simple words: Intellectual property theft is taking someone else's ideas, inventions, or unique creations without permission. This includes stealing designs, written works, or software codes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind; its theft involves unauthorized use or copying of these creations, such as patents, copyrights, and trade secrets.

 

Question 27. _________ meant tricking people into believing something that is not true.
a) Harvesting
b) Scam
c) Intellectual property theft
d) Fraud
Answer: (b) Scam
In simple words: A scam is a dishonest plan designed to trick people into giving away money or information by making them believe false things. It often involves false promises.

🎯 Exam Tip: The essence of a scam is deception, leading individuals to believe falsehoods, usually to their detriment.

 

Question 28. Stealing tiny amounts of money from each transaction means _________
a) Salami slicing
b) Scam
c) Intellectual property theft
d) Fraud
Answer: (a) Salami slicing
In simple words: Salami slicing is a sneaky trick where a small, almost unnoticeable amount of money is taken from many different transactions. These tiny amounts add up over time for the thief.

🎯 Exam Tip: Salami slicing is characterized by its subtlety, where each individual theft is so small it goes unnoticed, making it a difficult crime to detect.

 

Question 29. Distribute unwanted e-mail to a large number of internet is termed as _________
a) Salami slicing
b) Scam
c) Intellectual property theft
d) Spam
Answer: (d) Spam
In simple words: Sending many unwanted emails to many people at once is called spam. These emails often try to sell things or spread bad links.

🎯 Exam Tip: Spam is unsolicited bulk electronic messages, usually commercial in nature, sent indiscriminately to multiple recipients.

 

Question 30. _________ a malicious practice in which communication is send from unknown source disguised as a source known to the receiver.
a) Salami slicing
b) Scam
c) Spoofing
d) Spam
Answer: (c) Spoofing
In simple words: Spoofing is a trick where someone sends a message that looks like it came from a trusted person or source, but it didn't. This can fool people into opening fake messages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Spoofing involves disguising communication from an unknown source to appear as if it originates from a trusted source, often to deceive the recipient.

 

Question 31. Software _________ is about the copyright violation of software created originally by an individual or an institution.
a) Piracy
b) Fraud
c) Theft
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Piracy
In simple words: Software piracy means illegally copying or using computer programs without paying for them or getting proper permission. It breaks the copyright rules of the software creator.

🎯 Exam Tip: Software piracy is a common intellectual property crime involving the unauthorized reproduction or distribution of copyrighted software.

 

Question 32. _________ includes stealing of codes / programs and other information illegally and creating duplicate copies by unauthorized means and utilizing this data either for one's own benefit or for commercial profit.
a) Piracy
b) Scam
c) Salami slicing
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Piracy
In simple words: Piracy involves illegally taking computer codes, programs, or information, making copies, and then using them for personal gain or to make money without permission. This goes against the law.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question describes the full scope of piracy, emphasizing illegal copying, distribution, and use of copyrighted digital content for personal or commercial gain.

 

Question 33. To prevent unauthorized access _________ is used.
a) Firewalls/ Intrusion Detection Systems
b) Virus and Content Scanners
c) Patches and Hotfixes
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: To stop people from getting into systems without permission, we use firewalls and intrusion detection systems, as well as virus scanners and software updates. All these tools work together to keep systems safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: A comprehensive security strategy to prevent unauthorized access involves multiple layers of defense, including network protection, threat detection, and regular system maintenance.

 

Question 34. IDS means. _________
a) Intrusion Detection Systems
b) Intrusion Defective Systems
c) Intrusion Direction Systems
d) Intrusion Detach Systems
Answer: (a) Intrusion Detection Systems
In simple words: IDS stands for Intrusion Detection Systems, which are tools that watch for bad activities on a computer network. They help find and flag any attempts to break into the system.

🎯 Exam Tip: IDS are critical security tools designed to monitor network traffic for suspicious activity and alert administrators of potential threats.

 

Question 35. _________ is intruding into a computer system to steal personal data without the owner's permission or knowledge.
a) Piracy
b) Hacking
c) IDS
d) None of these
Answer: (b) Hacking
In simple words: Hacking is the act of illegally getting into someone's computer system to take their personal information without them knowing or agreeing. It involves unauthorized access.

🎯 Exam Tip: Hacking specifically refers to unauthorized access to a computer system, often with the intent to steal data or cause damage.

 

Question 36. Steal a password is _________
a) Piracy
b) Hacking
c) IDS
d) None of these
Answer: (b) Hacking
In simple words: Stealing someone's password is a type of hacking, as it involves gaining unauthorized access to their digital accounts. This is a common method for criminals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Password theft is a direct form of hacking, as it gives attackers the keys to unauthorized access.

 

Question 37. _________ is where someone edits a program source so that the code can be exploited or modified.
a) Piracy
b) Hacking
c) Cracking
d) None of these
Answer: (c) Cracking
In simple words: Cracking means changing a program's original code so that it can be used in a way it wasn't meant to be, often for illegal purposes. This usually involves breaking software protections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cracking specifically involves modifying software code to bypass security, remove limitations, or enable unauthorized functionality, distinct from just gaining access (hacking).

 

Question 38. A cracker is called as a _________
a) Black hat
b) Dark side hacker
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: A cracker, who illegally modifies software or systems, is often called a "black hat" hacker or a "dark side hacker." These terms describe their malicious intent.

🎯 Exam Tip: The terms "black hat" and "dark side hacker" are informal but widely understood labels for individuals who engage in illegal or unethical hacking activities.

 

Question 39. Cracking means trying to get into computer systems in order to _________ data.
a) Steal
b) Corrupt
c) Illegitimately view
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: Cracking into computer systems is done to steal information, damage data, or look at private information without permission. It involves various harmful actions against data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cracking is a malicious activity aimed at compromising data in multiple ways: unauthorized access, theft, alteration, or destruction.

 

Question 40. A _________ is someone who breaks into someone else's computer system, often on a network, bypassing passwords or licenses in computer programs.
a) Cracker
b) Programmer
c) Server
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Cracker
In simple words: A cracker is a person who breaks into computer systems, often by getting around passwords or software licenses. They do this to gain unauthorized entry.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key differentiator for a cracker is their intent to bypass security mechanisms like passwords or licenses to gain unauthorized access, often for malicious purposes.

 

Question 41. Password cracking can be performed by _________
a) Using an automated program
b) Can be manually realized
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer: (c) Either A or B
In simple words: Passwords can be cracked either by using special computer programs that try many guesses or by someone manually trying to figure them out. Both methods are used to gain unauthorized entry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Password cracking methods range from brute-force automated attacks to more sophisticated social engineering or manual guessing techniques.

 

Question 42. IRC means _________
a) International Relay Chat
b) Internet Relay Chat
c) Internal Relay Chat
d) Internet Ready Chat
Answer: (b) Internet Relay Chat
In simple words: IRC stands for Internet Relay Chat, which is a system that allows many people to talk to each other in real-time online. It's a way for groups to communicate through text.

🎯 Exam Tip: IRC is an early form of online chat technology that still exists, facilitating text-based communication in chat rooms.

 

Question 43. The method that uses social engineering crackers is _________ guessing.
a) Password
b) Username
c) Website name
d) URL
Answer: (a) Password
In simple words: Social engineering often involves tricking people into revealing their passwords. Crackers use this method to guess or obtain sensitive login details.

🎯 Exam Tip: Social engineering primarily exploits human psychology to manipulate individuals into performing actions or divulging confidential information, with passwords being a primary target.

 

Question 44. Identify the correct statement from the following related with cracking.
a) It is a method of getting passwords and information using human weakness.
b) Crackers find your personal information from some personal data/facts to guess a password.
c) Crackers may send official e-mail requesting some sensitive information. It may look like a legitimate e-mail from bank or other official institution.
d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: All these statements correctly describe how crackers use social engineering to get information. They trick people by using human weaknesses, finding personal facts, and sending fake emails to steal passwords and other sensitive data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cracking through social engineering relies on deceiving individuals by exploiting trust, urgency, or lack of knowledge, often through phishing emails or pretexting.

 

Question 45. _________ is a collection of various technologies, processes and measures that reduces the risk of cyber attacks.
a) Cyber Security
b) Cyber Crime
c) Cyber Gateway
d) None of these
Answer: (a) Cyber Security
In simple words: Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems and networks from digital attacks. It uses different tools and rules to lower the chances of cyber-attacks happening.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cybersecurity is a holistic approach, encompassing technology, processes, and policies to protect information systems from cyber threats.

 

Question 46. ____________ protects organizations and individuals from computer based threats.
(a) Cyber Security
(b) Cyber Crime
(c) Cyber Gateway
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Cyber Security
In simple words: Cyber Security is like a shield that keeps businesses and people safe from online dangers. It helps to protect against harmful actions on computers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "Cyber Security" is the broad term for protection, while "Cyber Crime" refers to the harmful acts themselves.

 

Question 47. ____________ is a type of software designed through which the criminals gain illegal access to software and cause damage.
(a) Malware
(b) Piracy
(c) Cracking
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Malware
In simple words: Malware is bad software made to get into computers without permission and cause problems or harm. Think of it as software with bad intentions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Malware is an umbrella term for many types of harmful software; knowing its core purpose helps in identification.

 

Question 48. A ____________ is a small piece of computer code that can repeat itself and spreads from one computer to another by attaching itself to another computer file.
(a) Virus
(b) Piracy
(c) Cracking
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Virus
In simple words: A virus is a tiny program that copies itself and spreads by attaching to other files, like a biological virus spreading to other cells. It needs a "host" file to travel.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key characteristic of a virus is its need to attach to another program or file to spread and execute.

 

Question 49. ____________ is the most common virus.
(a) Trojan
(b) Melisa
(c) Sasser
(d) Code Red
Answer: (a) Trojan
In simple words: The Trojan virus is one of the most common types. It tricks people by looking like a helpful program.

🎯 Exam Tip: Trojan horses are famous for their deceptive nature, appearing useful while hiding malicious intent.

 

Question 50. A ____________ is a program that appears to perform one function but actually performs malicious activity when executed.
(a) Cracking
(b) Trojan virus
(c) Piracy
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Trojan virus
In simple words: A Trojan virus pretends to be something good or useful, but secretly does harmful things when you run it. This deception is its main trick.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the "Trojan" aspect refers to its disguise, not its method of spreading.

 

Question 51. ____________ can be installed on the computer automatically when the attachments are open, by clicking on links or by downloading infected software.
(a) Spyware
(b) Worms
(c) Ransomware
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Spyware
In simple words: Spyware can get onto your computer easily if you open bad attachments, click on risky links, or download infected programs. It hides and collects your data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that spyware often installs itself without obvious signs, making vigilance important when handling downloads and links.

 

Question 52. ____________ is a type of malicious program that demands payment after launching a cyber-attack on a computer system.
(a) Spyware
(b) Worms
(c) Ransomware
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Ransomware
In simple words: Ransomware is a harmful program that takes over your computer and demands money to give you back control. It's like a digital kidnapping of your files.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ransomware is characterized by its explicit demand for payment, often holding data hostage until paid.

 

Question 53. ____________ type of malware has become increasingly popular among criminals and costs the organizations millions each year.
(a) Spyware
(b) Worms
(c) Ransomware
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Ransomware
In simple words: Ransomware is very common now because criminals can make a lot of money from it. It causes big financial losses for businesses.

🎯 Exam Tip: The financial impact of ransomware is a key reason for its growing prevalence in cybercrime.

 

Question 54. ____________ is an example of social engineering.
(a) Phishing
(b) Pharming
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Phishing and Pharming are both ways that people are tricked using social engineering. They both aim to get your information by fooling you.

🎯 Exam Tip: Social engineering uses psychological manipulation to trick users, and phishing/pharming are prime examples.

 

Question 55. Phishing is a type of computer crime used to attack, steal user data, including login name, password and credit card numbers.
(a) Login name
(b) Password
(c) Credit card numbers
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Phishing tries to trick you into giving away any important personal details, like your username, password, or credit card numbers. It aims for all sensitive data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Phishing attempts to gather various types of sensitive personal data, not just one specific kind.

 

Question 56. ____________ occurs when an attacker targets a victim into opening an e-mail or an instant text message.
(a) Phishing
(b) Pharming
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Phishing
In simple words: Phishing happens when someone tries to trick you into opening a bad email or message. This is often the first step in a scam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Phishing relies on user interaction with a deceptive message to initiate an attack.

 

Question 57. ____________ is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent web sites without their knowledge or permission.
(a) Phishing
(b) Pharming
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Pharming
In simple words: Pharming is a trick where bad software sends you to a fake website even if you type the correct address. It secretly changes where your computer goes online.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pharming is distinct from phishing because it redirects traffic at a system level, often without the user clicking a link.

 

Question 58. Pharming has been called ____________
(a) Phishing without a trap
(b) Phishing with a trap
(c) Illegal access
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Phishing without a trap
In simple words: Pharming is sometimes called "phishing without a trap" because it works even if you don't click on a bad link. It diverts you directly to a fake site.

🎯 Exam Tip: This phrase highlights that pharming can be more insidious than phishing as it bypasses direct user interaction.

 

Question 59. ____________ is a cyber-attack intended to redirect a website's traffic to a fake site.
(a) Phishing
(b) Pharming
(c) Trojan
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Pharming
In simple words: Pharming is a type of online attack that sends you to a false website instead of the real one you wanted to visit. It's a way to trick you into sharing personal details on a fake site.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core function of pharming is to misdirect web traffic to fraudulent sites for malicious purposes.

 

Question 60. MITM stands for ____________
(a) Man In The Middle
(b) Malware In The Middle
(c) Move In The Middle
(d) Must In The Middle
Answer: (a) Man In The Middle
In simple words: MITM stands for Man In The Middle. This means someone is secretly listening to or changing the conversation between two people online.

🎯 Exam Tip: MITM attacks involve an attacker secretly intercepting and possibly altering communication between two parties.

 

Question 61. ____________ is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating With each other.
(a) Cyber
(b) Man-in-the-middle attack
(c) Cracking
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Man-in-the-middle attack
In simple words: A Man-in-the-middle attack is when an unauthorized person secretly gets between two people talking online. They can see and even change what is being said.

🎯 Exam Tip: The defining characteristic of a MITM attack is the attacker's ability to intercept and modify communication in real-time.

 

Question 62. MITM is also called as ____________
(a) Janus attack
(b) Junk attack
(c) Genious attack
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Janus attack
In simple words: Another name for a Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack is a Janus attack. This term refers to the Roman god Janus, who had two faces, representing the attacker's dual role in intercepting and forwarding communication.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing alternative names for cyber attacks can help in understanding different security contexts and discussions.

 

Question 63. A ____________ is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer memory (Hard drive) by the user's web browser while the user is browsing internet,
(a) Cookie
(b) MITM
(c) Cracking
(d) Piracy.
Answer: (a) Cookie
In simple words: A cookie is a small file a website sends to your computer to remember things about you. It helps websites recognize you when you visit again.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cookies are essential for many web functions like remembering login states or shopping cart contents.

 

Question 64. A ____________ cookie is also called as cookie.
(a) HTTP or Web
(b) Internet
(c) Browser
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Cookies are known by many names like HTTP cookies, web cookies, internet cookies, or browser cookies. They all mean the same small piece of data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that these terms are synonyms for the same concept of a small data file used by websites.

 

Question 65. ____________ can be used to remember arbitrary pieces of information that the user previously entered into form fields such as names, addresses, passwords, and credit card numbers.
(a) Cookie
(b) MITM
(c) Cracking
(d) Piracy
Answer: (a) Cookie
In simple words: Cookies can store details like your name or address you filled in before, so you don't have to type them again. This makes browsing faster and more convenient.

🎯 Exam Tip: While convenient, understand that storing sensitive information in cookies can pose a security risk if not handled properly.

 

Question 66. An anonymous user is called as ____________
(a) Hacker
(b) Malware
(c) Cracker
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Hacker
In simple words: An anonymous user who breaks into computer systems is commonly called a hacker. They gain access without permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: While "hacker" can sometimes refer to skilled programmers, in cybersecurity, it often implies unauthorized access and malicious intent.

 

Question 67. Who can access the cookie information and misuse it?
(a) Hacker
(b) Service provider
(c) Cracker
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Hacker
In simple words: A hacker is someone who might try to get hold of your cookie information and use it in a bad way. This is why securing your browser is important.

🎯 Exam Tip: Protecting cookies is crucial as they can contain sensitive session data that attackers can exploit.

 

Question 68. Web sites typically use cookies for the ____________ reason.
(a) To collect demographic information about who has visited the Web site.
(b) Sites often use this information to track how often visitors come to the site and how long they remain on the site.
(c) It helps to personalize the user's experience on the Web site.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Websites use cookies for many reasons, including gathering visitor details, tracking how long people stay, and making your experience more personal. They serve multiple purposes to improve browsing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cookies have diverse applications, ranging from basic site functionality to detailed user tracking and personalization.

 

Question 69. ____________ can help to store personal information about users so that when a user subsequently returns to the site.
(a) Cookie
(b) MITM
(c) Cracking
(d) Piracy
Answer: (a) Cookie
In simple words: Cookies store your personal information to help websites remember you. This makes your return visits faster and more customized.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cookies are fundamental for maintaining user state and personalizing experiences across multiple visits to a website.

 

Question 70. ____________ do not act maliciously on computer system.
(a) Virus
(b) MITM
(c) Cracking
(d) Cookie
Answer: (d) Cookie
In simple words: Cookies are generally harmless text files and do not cause damage to your computer. Unlike viruses or other attacks, they are not designed to be malicious.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that cookies, in themselves, are not malicious software but rather data storage mechanisms.

 

Question 71. ____________ are merely text files that can be deleted at any time.
(a) Cookies
(b) MITM
(c) Cracking
(d) Virus
Answer: (a) Cookies
In simple words: Cookies are simple text files, and you can remove them from your computer whenever you want. This gives you control over your browsing data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Regularly clearing cookies can help protect privacy and resolve certain website issues.

 

Question 72. ____________ cannot be used to spread viruses and they cannot access our hard drive.
(a) MITM
(b) Cookies
(c) Cracking
(d) Virus
Answer: (b) Cookies
In simple words: Cookies are not programs, so they cannot spread viruses or look at your computer's hard drive files. They only store simple information.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's important to distinguish between data files like cookies and executable code like viruses.

 

Question 73. A ____________ commonly establishes a block between a trusted internal computer network and entrusted computer outside the network.
(a) Firewall
(b) Cookie
(c) Hacking
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Firewall
In simple words: A firewall acts like a barrier that separates your safe computer network from the outside internet. It helps to keep unwanted visitors away.

🎯 Exam Tip: The primary role of a firewall is to control traffic and create a secure boundary between networks.

 

Question 74. Firewall category is ____________
(a) Network-based
(b) Host-based
(c) Either A or B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Either A or B
In simple words: Firewalls can be either network-based, protecting an entire system, or host-based, protecting a single computer. Both types are used for security.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the two main categories of firewalls helps in choosing the right security solution for different needs.

 

Question 75. ____________ firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LANs [Local Area Network], WANs [Wide Area Network] and intranets.
(a) Network-based
(b) Host-based
(c) Either A or B
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Network-based
In simple words: Network-based firewalls are placed at key points where different networks meet, like at the internet connection for a whole office. They protect many computers at once.

🎯 Exam Tip: Network-based firewalls are crucial for securing large-scale network infrastructures at their entry and exit points.

 

Question 76. ____________ firewalls are positioned on the network node itself.
(a) Network-based
(b) Host-based
(c) Either A or B
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Host-based
In simple words: Host-based firewalls are installed directly on each individual computer. This means each computer has its own personal security guard.

🎯 Exam Tip: Host-based firewalls provide an additional layer of security, protecting individual devices even within a secured network.

 

Question 77. The ____________ firewall may be a service as a part of the operating system or an agent application such as endpoint security or protection.
(a) Network-based
(b) Host-based
(c) Either A or B
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Host-based
In simple words: Host-based firewalls can be built into your computer's operating system or come as a separate security program. They work right on your device to keep it safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Modern operating systems often include built-in host-based firewalls for essential personal device protection.

 

Question 78. A ____________ acts as an intermediary between the end-users and a web server.
(a) Proxy server
(b) System software
(c) Node
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Proxy server
In simple words: A proxy server acts like a middleman between your computer and the internet. When you ask for a website, the proxy server gets it first, then passes it to you.

🎯 Exam Tip: Proxy servers can enhance security, privacy, and performance by mediating web requests.

 

Question 79. ____________ typically keep the frequently visited site addresses in its cache which leads to improved response time.
(a) Proxy servers
(b) System software
(c) Node
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Proxy servers
In simple words: Proxy servers remember websites you visit often, storing them in their memory. This makes those sites load much faster the next time you go to them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Caching by proxy servers is a common technique to reduce latency and bandwidth usage for frequently accessed content.

 

Question 80. ____________ is a process that ensures confidentiality that only authorized persons can access the information.
(a) Encryption
(b) Decryption
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Both encryption and decryption work together to keep information private. They make sure that only the right people can see the secret messages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Confidentiality is achieved through the combined use of encryption (making data unreadable) and decryption (making it readable again for authorized users).

 

Question 81. ____________ is the process of translating the plain text data (plaintext) into random and mangled data.
(a) Encryption
(b) Decryption
(c) Sampling
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Encryption
In simple words: Encryption is like scrambling a normal message (plaintext) into a secret code (ciphertext) so no one else can read it. It transforms clear data into a coded form.

🎯 Exam Tip: Encryption is the initial step in securing data, making it unintelligible to unauthorized parties.

 

Question 82. The encrypted text is called ____________
(a) Cybertext
(b) Cipher-text
(c) Secured text
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Cipher-text
In simple words: Once a message is encrypted, the jumbled-up, secret version is called cipher-text. It's the coded form of your original message.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cipher-text is the direct output of an encryption process and cannot be understood without the correct key.

 

Question 83. ____________ is the process of converting the cipher-text back to plaintext.
(a) Encryption
(b) Decryption
(c) Warping
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Decryption
In simple words: Decryption is the process of changing the secret code (cipher-text) back into a normal, readable message (plaintext). This is how the intended recipient reads the message.

🎯 Exam Tip: Decryption is the reverse of encryption, restoring the original data from its coded form.

 

Question 84. ____________ is done by cryptography.
(a) Encryption
(b) Decryption
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Cryptography is the study of secret codes and includes both how you scramble a message (encryption) and how you unscramble it (decryption). It is the science behind secure communication.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cryptography encompasses the entire suite of techniques for secure communication, including both encryption and decryption.

 

Question 85. In cryptography, a ____________ is a piece of information that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.
(a) Key
(b) Parameter
(c) Input
(d) Output
Answer: (a) Key
In simple words: In cryptography, a "key" is like a secret password that tells the coding machine how to scramble or unscramble a message. It's crucial for the encryption and decryption process.

🎯 Exam Tip: The security of a cryptographic algorithm heavily relies on the secrecy and strength of its key.

 

Question 86. Encryption has been used by ____________ to facilitate secret communication.
(a) Militaries
(b) Governments
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Both military forces and governments use encryption to send secret messages. This ensures their communication stays private and safe from enemies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Historically, encryption was primarily used by military and government entities for classified communications, but its use has broadened considerably.

 

Question 87. ____________ now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems.
(a) Encryption
(b) Sampling
(c) Warping
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Encryption
In simple words: Encryption is widely used today to keep information safe in everyday computer systems. It protects personal data for everyone, not just governments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Modern encryption is integral to securing online banking, messaging apps, and general internet browsing.

 

Question 88. ____________ is used to protect data in communication system.
(a) Encryption
(b) Sampling
(c) Warping
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Encryption
In simple words: Encryption keeps data safe when it is sent from one place to another. It ensures that only the right people can read the information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Data protection in communication systems is primarily achieved through strong encryption methods.

 

Question 89. Encryption used in
(a) Data being transferred via networks
(b) Mobile telephones
(c) Wireless microphones
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Encryption is a way to secure information. It is used when sending data over networks, for mobile phone calls, and with wireless microphones to keep them private. This helps protect all forms of digital communication.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that encryption is a fundamental security measure across various digital communication methods, ensuring privacy and data integrity.

 

Question 90. Encryption used in
(a) Wireless intercom systems
(b) Bluetooth devices
(c) Bank automatic teller machines
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Encryption makes data secret and safe. It is used in wireless intercoms, Bluetooth devices, and ATMs to protect conversations and transactions. It helps keep all these systems secure from unauthorized access.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing the widespread application of encryption in everyday technology can help illustrate its importance in maintaining security.

 

Question 91. Data should be __________ when transmitted across networks in order to protect against the network traffic by unauthorized users.
(a) Encrypted
(b) Translated
(c) Converted
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Encrypted
In simple words: Data should be encrypted when sent over networks. This protects it from unauthorized people who might try to see or use it. Encryption scrambles the data so only the right person can read it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keywords like "protect against unauthorized users" and "transmitted across networks" strongly point to encryption as the correct answer.

 

Question 92. There are __________ types of encryption schemes.
(a) three
(b) four
(c) two
(d) five
Answer: (c) two
In simple words: There are two main ways to encrypt data. These two methods are called symmetric key encryption and public key (or asymmetric) encryption. Each uses different key management strategies.

🎯 Exam Tip: The two primary types of encryption schemes are Symmetric Key and Public Key (Asymmetric) encryption.

 

Question 93. __________ is a encryption scheme.
(a) Symmetric Key encryption
(b) Public Key encryption
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
In simple words: Both Symmetric Key encryption and Public Key encryption are methods to keep data safe. They are two different ways to scramble and unscramble information. These methods form the foundation of secure communication.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that both symmetric and public key encryption are valid and widely used encryption schemes.

 

Question 94. __________ encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption.
(a) Symmetric Key
(b) Public Key
(c) Either A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Symmetric Key
In simple words: Symmetric Key encryption uses just one secret key. This single key is used to both scramble the message and unscramble it later. It is like using the same lock and key to secure and open a box.

🎯 Exam Tip: The defining feature of symmetric key encryption is the use of a single, shared secret key for both operations.

 

Question 95. In __________ encryption all authorized persons involved, have to exchange the key used to encrypt the data before they can decrypt it.
(a) Symmetric Key
(b) Public Key
(c) Either A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Symmetric Key
In simple words: In Symmetric Key encryption, everyone who needs to read the secret message must have the same key. This means they need to share the key first before any messages can be secured. Sharing this key securely is a critical challenge in this method.

🎯 Exam Tip: The requirement to exchange a single key among all parties is a key characteristic and a potential vulnerability of symmetric encryption.

 

Question 96. __________ encryption is also called Asymmetric encryption
(a) Symmetric Key
(b) Public Key
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Public Key
In simple words: Public Key encryption has another name: Asymmetric encryption. This is because it uses two different keys, not just one. One key is public and one is private, making it asymmetric.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "Public Key encryption" and "Asymmetric encryption" refer to the same concept of using a pair of different keys.

 

Question 97. __________ uses the concept of a key-value pair, a different key is used for the encryption and decryption process.
(a) Symmetric Key encryption
(b) Public Key encryption
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Public Key encryption
In simple words: Public Key encryption uses two different keys that work together. One key locks the data, and a different, related key unlocks it. This makes it very secure because the key for unlocking does not need to be shared widely.

🎯 Exam Tip: The use of a "key-value pair" where a different key is used for encryption and decryption is the core principle of Public Key (Asymmetric) encryption.

 

Question 98. __________ key is used in public key encryption.
(a) Private
(b) Public
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both A and B
In simple words: Public key encryption uses two keys: a public key and a private key. The public key is shared with everyone, but the private key is kept secret. Together, they make sure messages are secure and only the right person can read them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding that public key encryption involves *both* a public and a private key is crucial for grasping how it works.

 

Question 99. The __________ key is kept secret by the owner.
(a) Private
(b) Public
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Private
In simple words: The private key is a secret key that only the owner should know. It is used to unlock messages that were locked with the public key. Keeping it secret is very important for security.

🎯 Exam Tip: The "private" key must always be kept secret by its owner to maintain the security of public key cryptography.

 

Question 100. The __________ key is either shared amongst authorized recipients.
(a) Private
(b) Public
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Public
In simple words: The public key is the one that is shared with everyone. People use this key to lock messages that they want to send securely. This key does not need to be kept secret as it is only for encryption.

🎯 Exam Tip: The "public" key is designed to be openly distributed, allowing anyone to encrypt messages that only the holder of the matching private key can decrypt.

 

Question 101. The data encrypted with the recipient's __________ key can only be decrypted with the corresponding __________ key.
(a) Public, Private
(b) Private, Public
(c) Public, Protected
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Public, Private
In simple words: If someone encrypts data using another person's public key, only that person's private key can unlock it. This makes sure that only the intended receiver can read the message. This system ensures secure communication.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a core concept of asymmetric encryption: encryption with the public key can only be reversed by the corresponding private key.

 

Question 102. A digital certificate in a client-server model of communication is one of the example of __________
(a) Asymmetric Encryption
(b) Symmetric
(c) Either A or B
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Asymmetric Encryption
In simple words: A digital certificate helps prove who someone is online. It works using Asymmetric Encryption, which means it uses two different keys, a public one and a private one. This ensures trust and security in online interactions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Digital certificates are fundamentally built upon asymmetric encryption principles, using public and private keys to establish trust.

 

Question 103. A __________ is a package of information that identifies a user and a server.
(a) Signature
(b) Signal
(c) Certificate
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Certificate
In simple words: A certificate is like an ID card for a person or a website online. It contains special information that proves who they are. This helps users trust that they are connecting to the right place.

🎯 Exam Tip: A certificate's primary role is identity verification in digital communication, binding an identity to a public key.

 

Question 104. A certificate contains information such as __________
(a) An organization's name
(b) The organization that issued the certificate
(c) The users' email address and country and user's public key
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: A digital certificate holds many important details. These include the name of the company, who gave the certificate, and the user's email, country, and public key. All this information helps to confirm the identity of the user or server.

🎯 Exam Tip: Digital certificates contain a comprehensive set of identifying information to establish trust and authenticity.

 

Question 105. Digital signatures are can provide __________
(a) Assurances of evidence to origin
(b) Identity and status of an electronic document, transaction or message
(c) Acknowledging informed by the signer
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Digital signatures do many useful things. They prove where a document came from, show who sent it and if it was changed, and confirm the sender knows about the message. They ensure the integrity and authenticity of digital information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Digital signatures provide non-repudiation, integrity, and authenticity for electronic documents and transactions.

 

Question 106. __________ law is used to prevent cybercrime.
(a) Cyber Law or Cyber Space Law
(b) Information Technology Law
(c) Internet Law
(d) Either A or B or C
Answer: (d) Either A or B or C
In simple words: Laws like Cyber Law, Cyber Space Law, and Information Technology Law all help stop crimes on the internet. These laws provide rules and punishments for bad actions done using computers. They work together to make the internet safer for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: All these terms broadly refer to the legal framework governing online activities and addressing cybercrimes.

 

Question 107. In India Cyberlaw and IT Act 2000, modified in __________ are being articulated to prevent computer crimes.
(a) 2018
(b) 2008
(c) 1998
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) 2008
In simple words: In India, the Cyberlaw and IT Act, first created in 2000, was updated in 2008. These updates were made to help prevent more types of computer crimes. The laws aim to keep people and information safe online.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific years related to legal acts are factual details that need to be memorized carefully.

 

Question 108. EDI stands for __________
(a) Electronic Data Interchange
(b) Electronic Document Interchange
(c) Electronic Data Information
(d) Electrical Data Interchange
Answer: (a) Electronic Data Interchange
In simple words: EDI is short for Electronic Data Interchange. It is a way for computers to exchange business papers and information automatically. This helps companies send and receive things like orders and invoices very quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: EDI is a standardized method for electronic exchange of business documents between different computer systems.

 

Question 109. __________ is a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to using of the Internet.
(a) Cyberlaw
(b) Internet law
(c) Either A or B
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Either A or B
In simple words: Both Cyberlaw and Internet law are terms for rules that cover legal issues with using the internet. These laws deal with things like online privacy, digital crimes, and how businesses operate online. They define the legal boundaries of online activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: The terms "Cyberlaw" and "Internet law" are often used interchangeably to refer to the body of law governing the digital space.

 

Question 110. __________ of cybercrime remains unsolved.
(a) 75%
(b) 50%
(c) 25%
(d) 10%
Answer: (c) 25%
In simple words: It is said that about 25% of cybercrimes do not get solved. This means a quarter of online crimes never find a resolution. This highlights the challenges in tracking and punishing online criminals.

🎯 Exam Tip: While the exact percentage can vary, a significant portion of cybercrimes often go unsolved due to their complex nature and global reach.

 

Question 111. To protect the information follow __________
(a) Complex password setting can make your surfing secured.
(b) When the internet is not in use, disconnect it.
(c) Do NOT open spam mail or emails that have an unfamiliar sender.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: To keep information safe, you should use strong passwords, turn off the internet when not using it, and never open suspicious emails. These simple steps help protect your data and prevent cyber-attacks. Following multiple security practices is always best.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cyber hygiene involves a combination of best practices; a holistic approach is most effective for information security.

 

Question 112. Identify the correct statement from the following:
(a) Information security is the immune system in the body of business.
(b) Awareness is the key to security.
(c) When using anti-virus software, keep it up-to-date.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: All the statements are correct ways to think about and practice security. Information security protects a business, being aware of threats is crucial, and keeping antivirus software updated is essential. These are all important parts of staying safe online.

🎯 Exam Tip: Effective information security relies on a multi-faceted approach, encompassing technology, user awareness, and regular updates.

Part II Very Short Answers

 

Question 1. What is hacking?
Answer: Hacking means getting into a computer system without the owner's permission or knowledge. This often involves stealing private data, like passwords, or changing the system's contents. It can be for criminal reasons or sometimes just for fun, but it is always unauthorized. Hacking can cause serious damage and data breaches.
In simple words: Hacking is when someone breaks into a computer system without permission. They might steal information or change things inside.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the unauthorized access and intent (stealing/altering data) when defining hacking.

 

Question 2. What is cyber-crime?
Answer: Cyber-crime is any crime that involves computers and computer networks. These crimes are a growing danger to society as more people use the internet. They happen when criminals or careless individuals misuse the widespread use of the internet for illegal activities. Cybercrime can range from data theft to online harassment.
In simple words: Cybercrime is any crime that uses computers and the internet. It is a big problem caused by people using the internet wrongly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that cybercrime is any criminal activity facilitated by or targeting computer networks and systems.

 

Question 3. Mention any 2 reasons as to why the websites use cookies?
Answer: Websites use cookies for a couple of key reasons.
1. To collect information about who visits the website. This helps sites understand their audience better.
2. To make the website experience more personal for the user. For example, remembering login details or shopping cart items. Cookies are small data files that store user preferences and browsing history.
In simple words: Websites use cookies to gather visitor information and to make your experience on the site more personal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state two distinct and common uses of cookies, focusing on data collection and personalization.

 

Question 4. What are the types of Cybercrime?
Answer: Cybercrimes are many kinds of illegal activities done using computers. Some major types include:
1. **Hacking:** Breaking into computer systems.
2. **Phishing:** Tricking people to get their personal information.
3. **Viruses:** Malicious software that harms computer systems.
4. **Identity Thefts:** Stealing someone's personal details for gain.
5. **Pharming:** Redirecting users to fake websites.
6. **Online Financial Transactions:** Frauds related to money transfers online.
7. **Piracy:** Illegally copying and distributing software or media.
These different types show how cybercriminals target various aspects of digital life.
In simple words: Cybercrimes include hacking (breaking into systems), phishing (tricking people), viruses (harmful software), identity theft, pharming (fake websites), online money fraud, and piracy (illegal copying).

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a clear list of cybercrime types, giving a brief description for each to demonstrate comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 5. Define software piracy.
Answer: Software piracy means illegally copying or using computer programs without permission from the person or company that made them. It is a violation of copyright rules. This includes stealing the program's code, making many copies without authorization, and using this copied software for personal gain or business profit. Software piracy is a serious offense that harms software developers.
In simple words: Software piracy is illegally copying or using computer programs without paying for them or getting permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define software piracy as copyright violation involving unauthorized copying, distribution, or use of software.

 

Question 6. What are the standards in the cyber-world?
Answer: In the cyber-world, there are certain important rules, or standards, that people should follow. These include:

• Do not use pirated software, meaning do not use software you have not paid for.


• Do not use other people's accounts without permission.


• Do not steal passwords from others.


• Do not try to hack into computer systems.

These standards help to ensure fair and safe use of the internet. Following them helps create a more secure online environment for everyone.
In simple words: In the online world, it is important to not use copied software, not use other people's accounts or passwords, and not hack.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific ethical guidelines that promote responsible and secure behavior in the digital realm.

 

Question 7. What are the core issues in computer ethics?
Answer: The main problems in computer ethics come from how we use the internet and computers. These issues include protecting personal privacy online, dealing with copied content, distributing digital things without permission, and how users interact with websites and software. These are crucial areas where moral principles guide technological use. For example, how our data is used by social media companies is a big ethical concern.
In simple words: Core issues in computer ethics are about privacy, copying online content, sharing digital stuff without permission, and how we interact with websites and software.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on privacy, intellectual property, unauthorized access, and responsible interaction as key ethical concerns in computing.

 

Question 8. What are the changes in society due to the internet?
Answer: The internet has brought many big changes to society:

• The world has become like a global village, where people from different places can easily connect.


• The internet is a great benefit for individuals and for many businesses and organizations.


• Online shopping (e-Commerce) has grown very popular, helping businesses reach many customers quickly.

The internet has transformed how we communicate, work, and learn, making the world much smaller and more connected. These changes have brought both opportunities and new challenges.
In simple words: The internet has made the world a global village, greatly benefited people and businesses, and made online shopping very popular.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the internet's impact on global connectivity, economic opportunities, and everyday convenience.

 

Question 9. What are the roles of computer ethics?
Answer: Computer ethics helps set the rules for using computer technology. It includes the procedures, values, and practices that guide how people use computers and related subjects. The goal is to ensure that computer use does not harm anyone or go against moral beliefs of individuals, organizations, or society. It addresses issues like data privacy and intellectual property.
In simple words: Computer ethics gives rules for using computers properly. It makes sure that using technology does not cause harm or go against what is right.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define computer ethics as the moral principles and practices that govern responsible computer use.

 

Question 10. What is the difference between ethics and computer ethics?
Answer: Ethics and computer ethics are similar but have different focuses:

• **Ethics:** This is a set of general moral principles that guide how any individual acts in society. It is about what is right and wrong in all parts of life.


• **Computer Ethics:** This is a specific set of moral principles that focus on how people should use computers. It deals with ethical problems that come up because of computer technology.

So, computer ethics is a branch of general ethics, tailored to the digital world. Both aim to ensure people act responsibly and morally.
In simple words: Ethics are general rules for good behavior, while computer ethics are specific rules for good behavior when using computers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between general ethical principles and their specific application in the context of computing technology.

 

Question 11. What is cybercrime? Give an example.
Answer: Cybercrime is a type of white-collar crime that involves using computers or the internet to commit illegal acts. These criminals use their intelligence to manipulate computer systems for their benefit. For example, illegally transferring money through the internet is a common cybercrime. This shows how digital tools can be used for financial fraud.
In simple words: Cybercrime is a smart crime done using computers, like stealing money online.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define cybercrime as an intellectual, white-collar crime involving computer manipulation, and provide a clear example.

 

Question 12. How to prevent unauthorized access?
Answer: To stop people from getting into systems without permission, several tools and methods are used. These include Firewalls, which guard networks; Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), which spot suspicious activities; Virus and Content Scanners, which find and remove harmful software; and Patches and Hotfixes, which repair security weaknesses. Using these tools together creates a strong defense against unauthorized access. For example, a firewall acts like a security guard at the entrance of a building.
In simple words: We can stop unauthorized access by using firewalls, intrusion detection systems, virus scanners, and security updates.

🎯 Exam Tip: List key security mechanisms like firewalls, IDS, and regular updates as essential for preventing unauthorized access.

 

Question 13. What is social engineering? Give an example.
Answer: Social engineering is a tricky method where criminals exploit human weaknesses to gain access to computer systems or sensitive information. They do this by making people click on bad links or by getting physical access to computers through clever tricks. Phishing and pharming are two common examples. Phishing might involve fake emails that look real to steal login details. Social engineering relies on manipulation rather than technical exploits.
In simple words: Social engineering tricks people to get information or access, often by making them click bad links. Phishing is an example of this.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain social engineering as psychological manipulation to gain access, citing phishing and pharming as prime examples.

 

Question 14. What are Cookies?
Answer: A cookie is a small piece of information that a website sends to your computer. It is stored on your computer's hard drive by your web browser while you are browsing the internet. Cookies have various names like HTTP cookie, web cookie, Internet cookie, or browser cookie. They help websites remember you and your activities, like remembering items in a shopping cart.
In simple words: Cookies are small data bits websites send to your computer to remember things about you while you browse.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define cookies as small data pieces stored by browsers to remember user information, crucial for personalized web experiences.

 

Question 15. What are the types of encryption?
Answer: There are two main ways to encrypt information, which means turning it into a secret code. These two types of encryption schemes are:

• **Symmetric Key encryption:** This method uses only one key for both scrambling (encrypting) and unscrambling (decrypting) the message.


• **Public Key encryption:** Also called asymmetric encryption, this method uses two different keys: one public key for encryption and one private key for decryption.

These two approaches provide different security benefits and are used in various situations depending on the communication needs.
In simple words: The two types of encryption are Symmetric Key (uses one key for everything) and Public Key (uses two different keys).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list and briefly explain the distinction between symmetric and public key encryption based on their key usage.

 

Question 16. What is a certificate?
Answer: A certificate is like a digital identity card that provides information about a user or a server. It contains important details such as the name of the organization, the organization that issued the certificate, the user's email address, their country, and their public key. This information helps confirm the identity and ensures trust in online communications. For example, when you visit a secure website, a certificate verifies its identity.
In simple words: A certificate is like an ID card for a user or a server online. It holds information like names, who gave it, and public keys to prove identity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that a certificate is a package of identifying information used to verify the authenticity of users or servers.

 

Question 17. What is a digital certificate?
Answer: A digital certificate is a special electronic document used in online communication to prove identity.

• It is a key part of how trust is established in a client-server model of communication.


• It is also an example of Asymmetric Encryption, meaning it uses a pair of keys (public and private) for security.

Digital certificates are crucial for securing online transactions and websites, ensuring data remains confidential. When you see a padlock icon in your browser, it is using a digital certificate.
In simple words: A digital certificate is an online ID used in secure communication. It works like Asymmetric Encryption, using two keys.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect digital certificates directly to client-server communication and asymmetric encryption to show their functional foundation.

 

Question 18. What is a digital signature?
Answer: A digital signature is a mathematical method used to check the authenticity and integrity of digital documents or messages. It is based on asymmetric cryptography, using a private key to sign and a public key to verify. It provides proof of the origin, identity, and status of an electronic document, transaction, or message. It also confirms that the signer has acknowledged the content, much like a handwritten signature confirms a physical document. This ensures that the message has not been altered since it was signed.
In simple words: A digital signature is an electronic mark that proves who sent a message and that it has not been changed. It uses a special code that acts like a fingerprint.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key aspects of a digital signature are its basis in asymmetric cryptography and its ability to provide assurance of origin, identity, and integrity.

 

Question 19. Write a note on Cyberlaw or Internet law.
Answer: Cyberlaw, also known as Internet law, is a set of legal rules that deal with issues related to using the internet. It covers a wide range of topics, including online privacy, data security, intellectual property rights in the digital space, electronic transactions, and the prevention of cybercrimes. These laws help to create a safe and regulated online environment for individuals and businesses. This legal framework evolves constantly as technology advances.
In simple words: Cyberlaw or Internet law is a set of rules for legal issues on the internet. It covers privacy, security, and online crimes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that Cyberlaw encompasses all legal aspects of internet usage, ensuring regulation and protection in the digital realm.

 

Question 20. Write about IT Act 2000.
Answer: The IT Act 2000 is a law passed in India to give legal power to electronic transactions and other forms of electronic communication. This act helps people and businesses use digital methods, like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), for formal agreements. It aims to make online dealings legally binding and secure. The act provided a legal framework for e-commerce and digital signatures in India.
In simple words: The IT Act 2000 is an Indian law that makes online transactions and digital communication legally valid.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the IT Act 2000 primarily focuses on providing legal recognition for electronic transactions and communications in India.

Part III Short Answers 3 Marks

 

Question 1. What are the guidelines of ethics?
Answer: Generally, computer users should follow these ethical guidelines:

• **Honesty:** Users should always be truthful when using the internet.


• **Confidentiality:** Users should not share important information with people who are not allowed to see it.


• **Respect:** Each user should respect the privacy of others.


• **Professionalism:** Users should act professionally in all their online activities.


• **Obey The Law:** Users must strictly follow cyber laws when using computers.


• **Responsibility:** Each user should take ownership and responsibility for their online actions.

These guidelines help ensure a safe, respectful, and legal online environment. Adhering to these principles is key for digital citizenship.
In simple words: Computer users should be honest, keep things private, respect others, act professionally, obey cyber laws, and be responsible for their actions online.

🎯 Exam Tip: For ethical guidelines, list and briefly describe the key principles like honesty, confidentiality, respect, and responsibility.

 

Question 2. Write a short note on ethics.
Answer: Ethics is about knowing what is wrong and what is right. It is a set of moral principles that guide how people behave, especially when using computers. Individuals learn these rules to act properly. These morals are generally accepted standards of right and wrong in society. In the cyber world, there are also specific rules, such as:
1. Do not use software that you have not paid for (pirated software).
2. Do not use other people's computer accounts without their permission.
3. Do not steal passwords from others.
4. Do not try to hack into computer systems.
Ethics helps create a fair and just society both offline and online.
In simple words: Ethics means knowing right from wrong, and it guides how people use computers. It includes rules like not using pirated software or stealing passwords.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define ethics broadly, then narrow it down to cyber-specific rules, including examples like anti-piracy and avoiding unauthorized access.

 

Question 3. Write a note on unauthorized access.
Answer: Unauthorized access happens when someone gets into a website, program, server, service, or another system without permission. This often happens by breaking into a legitimate user account. For example, if someone tries to guess a password or username for an account that isn't theirs and then gets in, that is considered unauthorized access. This can compromise privacy and data security.
In simple words: Unauthorized access means getting into a computer system or account without permission, often by guessing a password.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining security terms, always explain both the action and the consequence. Use clear examples to illustrate your point.

 

Question 4. What are cyber-attack and cybersecurity?
Answer: Cyber attacks are actions primarily aimed at causing significant damage to a computer system or stealing important information from individuals or organizations. They can disrupt services, compromise data, or even extort money. Cybersecurity, on the other hand, is a combination of various technologies, processes, and measures designed to reduce the risk of cyber attacks and protect organizations and individuals from computer-based threats. It acts as a shield against digital dangers.
In simple words: A cyber attack tries to harm computers or steal data, while cybersecurity uses tools and rules to protect computers from these attacks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the aggressive nature of a cyber-attack and the defensive nature of cybersecurity. Providing a simple purpose for each helps to show understanding.

 

Question 5. What is phishing? Explain with a suitable diagram.
Answer: Phishing is a type of computer crime where criminals try to trick users into giving away personal data, like login names, passwords, and credit card numbers. This usually happens when an attacker persuades a victim to open a malicious email or instant message. The attacker uses phishing to spread harmful links or attachments that can gather sensitive login details from the victims. It's a social engineering tactic that exploits human trust.
In simple words: Phishing is when scammers trick people with fake emails or messages to steal their personal information like passwords or bank details.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diagram questions, ensure your drawing is simple, clear, and accurately represents the concept. Label all key components and show the flow with arrows.

 

Question 6. What is Pharming? Explain with suitable diagram.
Answer: Pharming is a deceptive practice where malicious code is put on a personal computer or server. This code then redirects users to fake websites without their knowledge or permission, even if they type the correct website address. It is sometimes called "phishing without a trap" because it doesn't require the user to click a malicious link. This cyber-attack aims to send a website's traffic to a fraudulent site. Pharming bypasses typical email filters, making it a dangerous threat.
In simple words: Pharming uses bad software to send you to a fake website instead of the real one, even if you type the correct address.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the key difference between phishing and pharming: phishing requires user interaction (clicking a link), while pharming directly redirects traffic without user action.

 

Question 7. What do you mean by Man In The Middle attack or Janus attack? Illustrate in a diagram.
Answer: A Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack, also known as a Janus attack, is when an attacker secretly intercepts and possibly changes the communication between two parties who believe they are talking directly to each other. For example, if Alice wants to talk to Bob, Mallory (the attacker) might secretly get in between their conversation. Mallory can then listen to their messages or even change them before they reach the other person. This attack compromises the confidentiality and integrity of the communication.
In simple words: A Man-in-the-Middle attack is when a hacker secretly gets between two people talking online to listen in or change their messages without them knowing.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing diagrams for MITM attacks, clearly label the three parties involved (two communicating, one attacker) and use lines to show the intercepted communication path. The example scenario helps illustrate the concept.

 

Question 5. Write down the points to be noted to be safe from cybercrime.
Answer: To stay safe from cybercrime and protect your information, remember these key points:
1. Always use a strong and complex password. This makes your online activities much safer.
2. Disconnect from the internet when you are not using it. This helps to prevent unwanted access.
3. Never open spam emails or messages from people you do not know. These often contain harmful links.
4. Keep your anti-virus software updated regularly. This ensures it can protect you from the newest threats.
In simple words: Use strong passwords, go offline when not needed, avoid suspicious emails, and keep your antivirus updated to stay safe from online crimes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing safety tips, focus on actionable advice that is easy to understand and implement. Use bullet points or numbered lists for clarity.

 

Question 9. Explain the working of the Proxy Server.
Answer: A proxy server acts as a middleman between you (the end-user) and the internet (a web server). When you try to access something online, your computer first sends the request to the proxy server. The proxy server then looks at your request, checks if it's allowed, and then forwards it to the actual web server. It can also store copies of frequently visited websites in its memory, called a cache. This helps websites load faster because the proxy server can deliver the content without needing to ask the original web server again. Proxy servers offer benefits like anonymity, security, and improved performance.
In simple words: A proxy server sits between your computer and the internet. It takes your requests, checks them, sends them to the website, and can even save pages to make browsing faster.

🎯 Exam Tip: A clear step-by-step explanation of the request and response flow through the proxy server, along with its caching function, is crucial for full marks. Include a basic diagram to visualize the process.

 

Question 10. How to prevent cybercrime?
Answer: To protect your information and stay safe from cybercrime, follow these important guidelines:
• Always create and use strong, complex passwords. This makes it harder for others to guess your login details.
• When you are not actively using the internet, disconnect your device. This reduces the time your system is exposed to online threats.
• Be careful not to open spam emails or any messages from unknown senders. Such messages often contain harmful links or attachments that can lead to cyber-attacks.
• Keep your anti-virus software and operating system updated. Regular updates provide the latest security patches against new cyber threats.
In simple words: To avoid online crime, use strong passwords, unplug from the internet when not in use, avoid suspicious emails, and keep your security software updated.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing prevention methods, ensure the advice is practical and covers different aspects of digital security, from personal habits to software maintenance.

 

Part IV

Explain in Detail

 

Question 1. List the computer crimes and their functions.
Answer: Computer crimes, also known as cybercrimes, are illegal activities that involve computers and networks. Here are some common types of computer crimes and what they involve: