Samacheer Kalvi Class 11 Commerce Solutions Chapter 14 Transportation

Exercise

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1. Transport removes the hindrance of
a. Time
b. Place
c. Person
d. Knowledge
Answer: (b) Place
In simple words: Transport helps overcome the problem of distance by moving people and goods from one location to another. It connects places that are far apart.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that transport solves issues related to distance, making goods and people accessible across different locations.

Question 2. Air consignment note is prepared in .................... forms
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
Answer: (c) Three
In simple words: An air consignment note, which is like a shipping document for air cargo, is usually made in three copies. Each copy serves a different purpose for the sender, carrier, and receiver.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the number of forms for key transport documents is important for understanding the documentation process.

Question 3. .................... is a document acknowledging the receipt of goods by a carrier.
a. Way bill
b. Consignment note
c. Charter
d. Bill of lading
Answer: (a) Way bill
In simple words: A waybill is a paper that says a carrier has received goods. It acts as proof that the goods were given to the carrier for transport.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the purpose of different transport documents, especially how a waybill confirms the carrier has taken possession of goods.

Question 4. Which is the fastest means of transport?
a. Rail
b. Road
c. Sea
d. Air
Answer: (d) Air
In simple words: Air transport, using airplanes, is the quickest way to move goods and people over long distances. It covers ground much faster than other methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the unique advantages and disadvantages of each transport mode to answer such comparison questions effectively.

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Define transport.
Answer: According to KK Saxena, the transport system works for the area it serves in the same way a candle lights up a dark room. This means transport provides essential services and connections, just as light brings clarity. It moves people and goods, making distant places accessible.
In simple words: Transport is like a candle in a dark room; it brings necessary services and connections to an area. It moves things and people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining a term, always include the key aspects of its function or purpose and, if applicable, a memorable analogy like the one provided.

Question 2. State any two services rendered by transport.
Answer:
• It helps to move people and materials from one place to another.
• It removes the problem of distance by connecting different locations. Transport is crucial for connecting markets and people.
In simple words: Transport moves people and goods. It also makes distant places closer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the fundamental functions of transport, such as movement and overcoming geographical barriers, when listing its services.

Question 3. Write any two advantages of water transport.
Answer:
1. Water transport is seen as the most affordable way to move goods compared to other methods. This cost-effectiveness is a major benefit for bulk cargo.
2. It is best suited for carrying very heavy loads over long distances.
In simple words: Water transport is cheap. It can also carry very heavy goods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that water transport's main advantages are its low cost and high capacity for heavy cargo, making it ideal for international trade.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What is a bill of lading?
Answer: A bill of lading is a paper that lists the rules and conditions for carrying goods. The shipping company issues it, and the ship's captain signs it. This document shows that the company has received the goods listed in it. It also acts as a proof of ownership for the goods. If the goods are in good condition, a "clean" bill of lading is given. If some packages are damaged, a "foul" or "clause" bill of lading is issued to note the damage. This distinction is important for insurance claims.
In simple words: A bill of lading is a document from a shipping company, signed by the captain. It shows the terms of carriage, confirms goods were received, and acts as a title document.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that a bill of lading serves multiple purposes: as a contract, a receipt, and a document of title, with its "clean" or "foul" status indicating the condition of goods.

Question 2. What is the charter party?
Answer: When a large amount of goods needs to be shipped, it is better to hire a whole ship or a big part of it. The agreement for this contract is called a 'Charter Party'. It can also be known as a 'Voyage Charter' (for a single trip) or 'Time Charter' (for a set period). The person who rents the ship is called the 'Charterer'. This person is then responsible to other parties for what the ship's master and crew do. Chartering allows for flexible and large-scale shipping.
In simple words: A charter party is an agreement to hire an entire ship or a large part of it for transport, usually for big shipments. The person who hires it is the 'Charterer'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that a charter party is a specialized contract for large-scale shipping, differing from standard cargo booking by giving the charterer more control over the vessel.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Explain different types of transport.
Answer: Transport can be broadly divided into three main types based on the medium used:
(a) **Land Transport:** This involves moving people and goods over land using vehicles. It is also known as 'Surface Transport'. Land transport includes several forms:
1. **Pack Animals:** Animals like horses, mules, donkeys, camels, and elephants are used to carry small loads in difficult areas such as hilly regions, forests, and deserts. These are effective in places without developed roads.
2. **Bullock Carts:** These are a common type of rural road transport in India, mainly used for goods and sometimes for passengers. They are simple and traditional.
3. **Road Transport:** This is a very important and powerful method for short and medium distances. Roads connect many places directly.
4. **Motor Lorries and Buses:** Since ancient times, people have worked to build roads and use wheeled vehicles to move people and materials. These modern vehicles are fast and efficient.
5. **Tramways:** These first appeared in the 19th century as a way of transport for big cities. Initially pulled by horses, they later became steam-powered and are now often run by electricity.
6. **Railway Transport:** The invention of the steam engine by James Watt changed transport around the world. Railways can carry heavy goods and many passengers over long distances quickly.
7. **Recent Trends in Transport:** Modern advancements include Metro Rail, Monorail, Bullet trains, Pipeline Transport, Conveyor Transport, Ropeway transport, and Hyperloop transport, offering specialized solutions.
(b) **Water Transport:** This uses water bodies like rivers, canals, lakes, and oceans. People have used water resources for economic, political, and military purposes for a long time. Water transport is often the most cost-effective for bulk goods.
1. **Inland Waterways:** These include rivers, canals, and lakes. They are also known as internal water transport.
2. **Ocean or Sea Transport:** This plays a big role in connecting countries for trade and cultural exchange. It includes:
(a) **Coastal shipping:** Transport along the coast of a country.
(b) **Overseas shipping:** Transport across oceans to other countries.
• **Liner:** Ships that sail on fixed routes with schedules.
• **Tramps:** Ships that do not have fixed routes or schedules, sailing only when there is enough cargo.
(c) **Air Transport:** This is the fastest and most expensive way to transport goods and people. Commercial air transport is now one of the most common ways to travel overseas. Domestic and international flights are examples of air travel. It is ideal for urgent and high-value cargo.
In simple words: Transport is divided into land, water, and air. Land transport uses roads and rails for local and long-distance travel. Water transport uses ships on rivers and oceans for heavy goods and international trade. Air transport uses planes for the fastest journeys.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining types of transport, provide specific examples for each category (e.g., pack animals for land, liners for water, domestic flights for air) to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding.

Question 2. Discuss the advantages of transport:
Answer: Transport offers many advantages that are vital for economic and social development:
• **Creates Place and Time Utility:** Transport makes goods available where and when they are needed. It helps overcome geographical distance and time gaps.
• **Increases Production Efficiency:** Production's main goal is consumption. A good transport system helps create both place and time utility, which boosts the demand for goods and their value. This makes production more effective and purposeful by linking producers to consumers.
• **Stimulates Wants and Variety of Goods:** By moving goods, transport increases the amount and type of products available to consumers. It helps bring items to regions where they cannot be made due to natural conditions. Without good transport, it would be hard to get the needed goods in a complex economy.
• **Develops and Expands Markets:** The main job of transport is to move goods physically around the world. This distribution must be easy, cheap, and fast. It allows markets to grow nationally and internationally. Effective distribution helps businesses reach more customers.
• **Helps in Price Stability:** Transport helps keep prices steady by moving goods to different parts of the country. This smooth distribution prevents shortages in one area and surpluses in another.
• **Aids Economic Growth:** Transport supports economic growth by moving raw materials, fuel, workers, and finished products. It also helps in moving capital and technical skills. This plays a big role in the growth of all industries, from farming to manufacturing.
• **Helps in Specialization and Mass Production:** Specialization means dividing a complex production process into many smaller tasks, where each person or group becomes an expert in one task. Transport helps extend this specialization to the international level, making mass production possible.
• **Encourages Innovation:** Transport gives producers many chances to create new and better products. It helps them reach wider markets and earn more profit, encouraging creativity and improvements in goods and services.
In simple words: Transport makes goods available everywhere, helps factories produce better, gives people more choices, and helps markets grow. It also stabilizes prices and helps the economy grow by moving raw materials and finished products, leading to new inventions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing advantages, categorize them (e.g., economic, social, utility) to show a structured understanding. Provide a concise explanation for each point, focusing on how transport facilitates it.

11th Commerce Guide Transportation Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1. Which one is not land transport?
(a) Pack animals
(b) Bullock cart
(c) Tramways
(d) Liner
Answer: (d) Liner
In simple words: A liner is a type of ship that travels on water, so it is not a form of land transport. Pack animals, bullock carts, and tramways all move on land.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between land, water, and air transport types by knowing specific examples for each category.

Question 2. .................... is a document prepared by the consignor, handed over to the carrier of goods, while transporting good through airways.
a) Promissory Note
b) Bill of Lading
c) Consignment Note
d) Airway Note
Answer: (d) Airway Note
In simple words: An airway note is a paper the sender gives to the airline when shipping goods by air. It acts as a contract for air transport.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that different modes of transport use specific documents (e.g., bill of lading for sea, airway note for air) to manage cargo shipments.

Question 3. Who is the inventor of the steam engine?
(a) James Watt
(b) Haney
(c) Wheeler
(d) Thomas
Answer: (a) James Watt
In simple words: James Watt is credited with improving the steam engine, which greatly changed how transport and industries worked. His innovations made the steam engine practical for widespread use.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing key historical figures and their inventions, especially those impacting major industries like transport, is often tested.

Question 4. .................... is an acknowledgment of receipt of goods for transport by the carrier.
a) Carrier bill
b) Receipt
c) Bill of Lading
d) Waybill
Answer: (d) Waybill
In simple words: A waybill is a document that confirms the carrier has received the goods for transport. It serves as an official receipt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between general receipts and specific transport documents like a waybill, which details the goods and carrier information.

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Write any two disadvantages of air transport.
Answer:
1. Air transport is very expensive. The costs for flights are usually too high for most common people.
2. Airplanes are not suitable for carrying very heavy or bulky loads. Their capacity is limited compared to ships or trains. This makes them less efficient for certain types of cargo.
In simple words: Air transport is very costly. Also, it cannot carry very heavy items easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the high cost and limited cargo capacity as the primary drawbacks of air transport when comparing it to other modes.

Question 2. What are Pack Animals?
Answer: Pack animals are animals like horses, mules, donkeys, camels, and elephants. People use them to carry small loads in hard-to-reach areas such as hilly tracks, forest regions, and deserts. They are a traditional and effective way of transport where modern vehicles cannot easily go.
In simple words: Pack animals are animals like horses or camels that carry small loads in difficult areas where roads are not good.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that pack animals are used in specific terrains where other forms of transport are impractical, highlighting their historical and regional importance.

Question 3. What do you mean by Ropeway transport?
Answer: Ropeway transport is a system that uses cables and suspended carriers (like cabins or buckets) to move people or goods. It is useful in places where building roads is difficult or too expensive, for example, in mountainous regions. This method helps overcome challenging terrain effectively.
In simple words: Ropeway transport uses ropes to move things or people, especially in mountains or places where roads are hard to build.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that ropeways are specialized transport solutions designed for challenging geographical conditions, offering an alternative when traditional infrastructure is unfeasible.

Question 4. What is Monorail?
Answer: A monorail is a type of train, but it runs on a single rail instead of two tracks. The train balances on top of this one rail. Monorails are often used in big cities to transport people, providing a unique and sometimes faster way to travel in urban areas. They are known for their modern design and efficiency in specific environments.
In simple words: A monorail is like a train that runs on a single track. It's often used in big cities to move people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key feature of a monorail is its single rail system; remember its primary use in urban settings for passenger transport.

Question 5. What are Domestic Flights?
Answer: Domestic flights are airplane trips that take off from one point and land at another point within the same country. These flights help people travel quickly between cities and regions inside their own nation. They are crucial for national connectivity.
In simple words: Domestic flights are airplane trips that start and end within the same country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define domestic flights by their geographical scope: within the national borders of a single country.

Question 6. What are International Flights?
Answer: International flights are airplane trips that start in one country and land in a different country. These flights allow people to travel across national borders and connect different parts of the world. They are essential for global travel and trade.
In simple words: International flights are airplane trips that travel from one country to another.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define international flights by their cross-border nature, differentiating them from domestic travel.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What do you mean by a common carrier?
Answer: A common carrier is a person or company whose business is to carry goods for hire for all people. They do this without favoring anyone and follow a fixed schedule on specific routes. They offer their transport services to everyone who needs them, without discrimination. This ensures fair access to transport services for the public.
In simple words: A common carrier is a business that transports goods for anyone who pays, following set rules and routes without bias.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key characteristics of a common carrier are offering services to the public indiscriminately, on set routes, and for a fee.

Question 2. Write a note on Indian Railway.
Answer: Indian Railway is one of the biggest railway organizations in the world. Its nationwide network is the fourth longest globally. The government of India owns and operates it. The railway system includes an operating route length of more than 65,000 kilometers. In 2013, this network carried about 8 billion passengers, which was the highest in the world. Indian Railways is a vital part of the country's infrastructure, connecting millions of people and goods daily.
In simple words: Indian Railway is a huge, government-owned railway system, ranking fourth longest in the world. It carries billions of passengers and goods, making it very important for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a national transport system like Indian Railways, include details on its size, ownership, and importance to the country.

Question 3. What is the difference between International Shipping and Overseas Shipping?
Answer: International shipping means moving goods between different countries. This can include trade between countries that are connected by land, like foreign trade between India and Bangladesh.
Overseas shipping specifically refers to moving goods where the package must cross an ocean. For example, international trade between India and South Africa would be overseas shipping. Thus, overseas shipping is a type of international shipping that involves crossing seas.
In simple words: International shipping is trade between any two countries. Overseas shipping is a type of international shipping where goods must cross an ocean.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate these terms by noting that "overseas" specifically implies crossing an ocean, while "international" is a broader term for trade between any two nations.

Question 4. Write a note on 'Air Rescuers'.
Answer: “Air Rescuers” was started in 1999 to provide top-quality patient transfer using air ambulances and high standards of care. They manage these services through Air Ambulance India. These essential air ambulance services are available in major Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Chennai. This service plays a critical role in emergency medical transport, especially for long distances.
In simple words: 'Air Rescuers' started in 1999 to provide air ambulance services for patient transfer. They operate in major Indian cities for emergency medical transport.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the establishment year, primary service (patient transfer via air ambulance), and key operating locations when discussing such an organization.

Question 5. What do you mean by Common Carrier?
Answer: A common carrier is a person or company that makes a business out of carrying goods for hire for any individual or organization. They do this without discrimination, meaning they offer their services to everyone equally. These carriers typically operate on set routes with fixed schedules. This ensures that everyone has access to transport services for their goods.
In simple words: A common carrier is a business that moves goods for anyone who pays, without favoring certain customers.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea of a common carrier is that they transport goods for the general public, not just specific clients, on a non-discriminatory basis.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1. What are all the advantages of Railway Transport?
Answer: Railway transport offers several key advantages:
• **Suitable for Heavy and Bulky Goods:** Railways are excellent for carrying very heavy and large goods over long distances. They can move much more cargo than road transport.
• **Long-Distance Travel with Unbroken Services:** Trains can provide continuous travel day and night for long distances without interruptions. This makes them reliable for connecting distant places.
• **Better Production and Safety:** Railways generally offer better protection and safety for goods compared to motor transport. Goods in closed wagons are kept safe from sun, rain, and other elements, reducing damage and spoilage.
• **Economical for Long Run with Initial Investment:** While building railways requires a large initial investment, their operating costs in the long run are often lower. This makes them a cheaper mode of transport, especially for high volumes over extended periods, with greater speed.
• **Regular Schedule and Unaffected Services:** Railways have fixed timing schedules and run throughout the year. Their services are generally not affected by rainy or sunny weather conditions, ensuring reliability regardless of the climate.
In simple words: Railways are good for carrying heavy and large goods over long distances, offering continuous service day and night. They protect goods well and are cheaper to operate in the long term, running on a fixed schedule in all weather.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on capacity (heavy/bulky goods), reliability (unbroken service, weather independence), and long-term cost-effectiveness when listing railway transport advantages.

Question 2. Write a note on Inland Waterways.
Answer: Inland waterways include rivers, canals, and lakes. This type of transport is also known as internal water transport. Rivers that are naturally deep enough for boats are called natural waterways. Canals and rivers that have been made suitable for navigation are categorized as 'Artificial Waterways'. Usually, small boats and steamers travel on rivers to carry people and goods. In places where rivers are deep enough, larger ships can also operate. Canals are human-made waterways, built for two main purposes: navigation (travel) and irrigation (watering crops). Inland waterways offer an economical and environmentally friendly way to move goods and people within a country.
In simple words: Inland waterways are rivers, canals, and lakes used for transport within a country. They are either natural (rivers) or man-made (canals) and carry people and goods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between natural and artificial inland waterways and explain their dual purpose for navigation and irrigation, emphasizing their role in internal transport.

Question 3. Explain the advantages of Inland Waterways?
Answer: Inland waterways offer several advantages:
• **Cheapest Mode of Transport:** It is considered the most affordable way to move goods compared to all other transport methods. This makes it very cost-effective for bulk items.
• **Smooth Carriage of Goods:** Goods are carried smoothly because there is no shaking or jolting during transit. This makes it very suitable for fragile goods like glassware and earthenware, helping prevent damage.
• **Most Suitable for Heavy Loads:** Inland waterways are ideal for carrying very heavy and bulky loads, which would be difficult or costly to transport by road or rail.
• **Lesser Pollution:** This mode of transport causes less pollution compared to road or air transport, making it more environmentally friendly.
• **Lower Initial Investment and Maintenance:** The initial money needed for river services and their ongoing costs are much lower compared to building and maintaining roads and railway lines. This provides a cost-effective infrastructure solution.
In simple words: Inland waterways are cheap and smooth for carrying goods, especially heavy and fragile items. They cause less pollution and need less money to set up and maintain than roads or railways.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the low cost, suitability for fragile and heavy goods, and environmental benefits when discussing the advantages of inland waterways.

Question 4. Explain the types of Ocean Transport:
Answer: Ocean transport is mainly divided into two types:
a) **Coastal shipping:** This is an important way to transport goods in countries with long coastlines. It is a cheap method for moving large and heavy cargo like coal, iron ore, and other raw materials between domestic ports within the same country. In India, coastal shipping trade is currently reserved only for Indian ships, boosting national maritime industry.
b) **Overseas shipping:** This means that passengers and goods have to cross the ocean to reach another country. For example, India exporting goods to America would involve overseas shipping. This category further includes:
• **Liners:** These are ships that sail on fixed routes and follow specific schedules, whether they have a full load or not. They call at defined ports at regular times. Their services are known for being regular, fast, and providing luxurious facilities for passengers. Liners are common for scheduled cargo and passenger services.
• **Tramps:** These are mainly cargo vessels that do not have set routes or timetables. They sail only when they get enough cargo and carry goods to almost any port. Tramps offer more flexibility in routing and scheduling depending on demand, unlike liners.
In simple words: Ocean transport includes coastal shipping (along a country's coast) and overseas shipping (across oceans to other countries). Overseas shipping has liners (fixed routes) and tramps (flexible routes for cargo).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define coastal and overseas shipping, and then elaborate on the sub-categories of overseas shipping (liners and tramps), highlighting their differences in routes and schedules.

Question 5. Explain the classification of Ocean-Going Ships:
Answer: Ocean-going ships can be classified into two main types: Liners and Tramps.
**Liner:**
An ocean liner is primarily a passenger ship used for transport across seas or oceans. Liners can also carry cargo or mail. They are sometimes used for other purposes, like pleasure cruises or as hospital ships. Liners sail on a fixed schedule, whether they are fully loaded or not. They follow specific routes with set places and times for stopping. The key features of liners are their regular service, good speed, and comfortable facilities for passengers.
**Tramps:**
Tramps are essentially cargo ships. They do not have set routes or follow any timetable. They only sail when they have enough cargo. Tramps sail at any time and carry goods to almost any port where they find business. They offer flexibility in routes and timing based on the availability of cargo, making them suitable for opportunistic shipping. This allows them to serve various ports based on demand.
In simple words: Ocean-going ships are divided into Liners and Tramps. Liners are mostly passenger ships with fixed routes and schedules. Tramps are cargo ships that sail without a fixed schedule, going wherever cargo is available.

🎯 Exam Tip: The crucial distinction between liners and tramps lies in their adherence to fixed routes and schedules versus flexible, cargo-dependent operations.

Question 6. What are all the major types of commercial ships?
Answer: The major types of commercial ships are designed for specific kinds of cargo or purposes:
• **General cargo ship:** These ships carry a wide variety of packaged goods like textiles, machinery, and food items. They are flexible and can handle diverse types of freight.
• **Oil vessels (Tankers):** These are specialized ships designed to transport large quantities of crude oil or refined petroleum products. They have specialized tanks to hold liquids.
• **Bulk carriers:** These ships transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, iron ore, and cement. They have large, open holds for efficient loading and unloading.
• **Passengers ships:** These vessels are primarily designed to carry people across water, ranging from short ferry rides to long ocean voyages.
• **Container ships:** These ships are specifically designed to carry standardized intermodal containers, making cargo handling very efficient and speeding up global trade.
• **Ferryboats:** These are vessels used for short-distance transport of passengers and sometimes vehicles across a body of water.
• **Auto carrier:** These ships are designed to transport automobiles, often with multiple decks to maximize capacity.
• **Tow and tug boats:** These smaller, powerful boats are used to push or pull other vessels, such as barges or large ships, into and out of harbors.
• **Specialized ships:** This category includes vessels designed for unique purposes, such as chemical tankers, LNG carriers, and research vessels.
• **Fishing vessels:** These are boats or ships used for commercial fishing operations, equipped with gear for catching, processing, and storing fish. Each type of commercial ship serves a specific role in global trade and maritime activities.
In simple words: Commercial ships include general cargo ships, oil tankers, bulk carriers, passenger ships, container ships, ferryboats, auto carriers, tugboats, specialized ships, and fishing vessels. Each type carries different kinds of goods or people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing ship types, mention both their general category (e.g., cargo, passenger) and the specific goods or function they are designed for.

Question 7. Explain any two documents used in Transportation:
Answer:
**Way Bill:** A waybill is a paper that shows a carrier has received goods for transport. The carrier gives this paper to the person sending or receiving the goods. It proves there is an agreement for the transport. It also acts like proof of ownership for the goods. The ownership of goods mentioned on a waybill can be passed to someone else by signing and giving them the waybill. If a waybill is lost, the person receiving the goods can still get them after signing a special promise document called an indemnity bond. This document helps to track packages and ensures their safe delivery.

**Railway Receipt:** A railway receipt is a paper given by the railway when they receive goods for transport. It works like a document of ownership for the goods. This receipt can be issued in the name of the sender or the receiver. The railway will only give the goods to the person who shows this receipt. If the railway receipt is lost, the person receiving the goods can still get them from the railway by signing an indemnity bond. The ownership shown on the receipt can be transferred by signing and handing it over to another party.
In simple words: Waybills and railway receipts are like tickets or proof that goods have been given to a transport company. They show who owns the goods and help make sure they reach the right person.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining documents like waybills and railway receipts, always mention their key functions: proof of receipt, evidence of contract, and document of title of goods.