Samacheer Kalvi Class 11 Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany

11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy And Systematic Botany Text Book Back Questions And Answers

Part - A

Choose The Right Answer:

Question 1. The original specimen from which a description is written is known as Holotype. If this original specimen is missing, the new specimen selected to replace it is known as
(a) Holotype
(b) Neotype
(c) Isotype
(d) Paratype
Answer: (b) Neotype
In simple words: When the first sample (holotype) of a plant or animal is lost, a new one is chosen to take its place. This new replacement sample is called a neotype.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific terms for different types of specimens (holotype, isotype, neotype, paratype) and their roles in taxonomy, especially concerning missing original specimens.

Question 2. Phylogenetic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects,
(a) Comparative anatomy
(b) Number of flowers produced
(c) Comparative cytology
(d) Evolutionary relationships
Answer: (d) Evolutionary relationships
In simple words: Phylogenetic classification is liked best because it shows how different living things are related to each other through their history, like a family tree. It focuses on their shared ancestors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding evolutionary relationships is key to modern biological classification. Highlight how phylogenetic systems group organisms based on common ancestry.

Question 3. The taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune system of different taxa is termed as
(a) Chemotaxonomy
(b) Molecular systematics
(c) Sero taxonomy
(d) Numerical taxonomy
Answer: (c) Sero taxonomy
In simple words: Sero taxonomy looks at how similar or different organisms are by studying their immune systems. It checks the reactions of antibodies and antigens to classify them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different types of taxonomy (chemo-, sero-, numerical, molecular) based on the specific biological characteristics they use for classification.

Question 4. Which of the following is not a flowering plant with root nodules containing filamentous nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms?
(a) Crotalaria juncea
(b) Cycas revoluta
(c) Cice rarietinum
(d) Casuarina equisetifolia
Answer: (b) Cycas revoluta
In simple words: Among the options, Cycas revoluta is the one that does not have root nodules with special bacteria that help fix nitrogen from the air. It's a type of plant that uses a different method to get nitrogen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the "not" in the question. Identify plants known for nitrogen fixation through root nodules (like legumes) to correctly pick the exception.

Question 5. Flowers are weakly zygomorphic in
(a) Cerapegia
(b) Thevelia
(c) Datura
(d) Solanum
Answer: (c) Datura
In simple words: Datura flowers have a shape that is only slightly asymmetrical, meaning they can be divided into two equal halves in only one plane. This is called weakly zygomorphic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand floral symmetry terms like actinomorphic (radial symmetry) and zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry). Some flowers show variations or weak forms of these symmetries.

Two Marks

Question 1. What is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity
Answer: National gardens play several important roles in protecting the variety of life on Earth. They help conserve biodiversity by growing many different plant species, especially rare and endangered ones, outside their natural habitats. For example, the Great Banyan Tree in the Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata is a major attraction and a living example of conservation. These gardens also serve as places for research and education, showing visitors different plants and helping scientists study them.
In simple words: National gardens save different types of plants, especially rare ones, by growing them safely. They are also used for studying plants and teaching people about them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the role of national gardens, mention both their conservation efforts (ex-situ conservation) and their educational/research value. Provide a specific example if possible.

Question 2. Where will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup-shaped thalamus
Answer: Plants that have two cotyledons (seed leaves) and a cup-shaped thalamus would be placed under the Dicotyledonous group. Specifically, the cup-shaped thalamus is a special feature of the series Thalamiflorae, which belongs to the subclass Polypetalae. This placement helps in the orderly classification of plants based on their structural characteristics.
Polypetalae:
• Class
• Dicot
• Subclass
• Polypetalae
• Series
• Thalamiflorae
In simple words: Plants with two seed leaves and a cup-shaped part (thalamus) where the flower sits are put in the Dicotyledonous group, under a smaller group called Thalamiflorae within Polypetalae.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on linking specific plant features (like cotyledons and thalamus shape) to their correct taxonomic placement (class, subclass, series) for accurate classification answers.

Question 3. How do molecular markers work to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms?
Answer: Molecular markers, like RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA), are special tags found in the DNA of organisms. These markers help scientists find the relationships between different groups of living things at the DNA level. By comparing these markers, they can see how species have changed over a long time and discover their shared ancestors. This helps us understand the evolutionary history of organisms, revealing genetic connections that might not be obvious from physical appearance alone.
In simple words: Molecular markers are like DNA clues that show how organisms are related to each other. By comparing these DNA clues, scientists can learn about their family history and how they changed over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that molecular markers provide genetic evidence for evolutionary relationships, which can be more precise than morphological data alone. Mentioning DNA level is crucial.

Question 4. Give the F.D of Clutoria ternalia
Answer: The floral diagram of Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) visually represents the arrangement of its floral parts. It typically shows five sepals, five petals (one large standard, two wings, and two fused keel petals), and ten stamens (often 9 fused and 1 free, a diadelphous arrangement). The ovary is superior and monocarpellary. The diagram helps to understand the flower's structure and symmetry quickly.

In simple words: The floral diagram shows how the parts of a Clitoria ternatea flower are arranged. It includes the outer green leaves (sepals), the colored leaves (petals), the male parts (stamens), and the female part (ovary) in a circle.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing or describing floral diagrams, clearly label all whorls (calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium) and indicate their number, fusion, and relative positions.

Question 5. How will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members.
Answer: We can tell Solanaceae (like potato, tomato) apart from Liliaceae (like lily, onion) by looking at their different features, as they belong to Dicot and Monocot groups respectively. Solanaceae plants are dicots, while Liliaceae plants are monocots. Here’s a table comparing some key characteristics:

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating between plant families, always highlight key distinguishing features like the number of cotyledons, floral parts (pentamerous/trimerous), and vascular bundle arrangement. Using a comparative table is an excellent way to present the information clearly.

Part - B

11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy And Systematic Botany Additional Important Questions And Answers

Choose The Correct Answer:

Question 1. Who is called the father of Botany?
(a) Linnaeus
(b) Theophrastus
(c) Darwin
(d) Thales
Answer: (b) Theophrastus
In simple words: Theophrastus is known as the father of Botany because he was one of the first people to study and write about plants in a scientific way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Historical figures in science are important. Remember key contributors like Theophrastus for Botany and Linnaeus for classification.

Question 2. The latest ICBN was held at
(a) Cambridge – England
(b) Leningrad – Russia
(c) Shenzhen – China
(d) Rio-de genero – America
Answer: (c) Shenzhen – China
In simple words: The most recent meeting of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), which sets rules for naming plants, took place in Shenzhen, China.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep up-to-date with significant scientific congresses and their locations, especially those related to international codes for nomenclature.

Question 3. Who proposed the concept of "idos” or species?
(a) Theophrastus
(b) Stebbins
(c) Darwin
(d) Plato
Answer: (d) Plato
In simple words: The idea of "idos," which means a distinct form or kind, similar to what we call species today, was first suggested by the philosopher Plato.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that fundamental biological concepts often have roots in ancient philosophy, with terms like "idos" predating modern scientific definitions of species.

Question 4. The floral of Tamil Nadu Carnatic by K.M. Mathew (1983) and Flora of Madras Presidency by J.S Gamble and Fischer belong to
(a) Monograph
(b) Catalogue
(c) Flora
(d) Regional flora
Answer: (d) Regional flora
In simple words: The books describing all the plants found in a specific region, like Tamil Nadu Carnatic or Madras Presidency, are examples of regional floras. They list plants specific to that area.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between taxonomic aids: 'Flora' covers all plants of a region; 'Monograph' details a single taxon; 'Catalogue' lists plants with brief descriptions; 'Keys' help identify unknowns.

Question 5. Who first proposed the elementary rule of naming plants?
(a) A.P.de Candolle
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Alphonse de Candolle
(d) Simpson
Answer: (b) Linnaeus
In simple words: Carl Linnaeus was the first person to set down simple rules for how to name plants, using his binomial system (two-name system) that is still used today. This system helped organize plant classification greatly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linnaeus is a central figure in taxonomy. Remember his contribution to binomial nomenclature and setting basic rules for naming organisms.

Question 6. Botanical Garden of New South Wales is located at
(a) Brazil
(b) New York
(c) Sydney
(d) China
Answer: (c) Sydney
In simple words: The Botanical Garden of New South Wales, which is an important place for plant collections and research, is located in the city of Sydney, Australia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the locations of prominent botanical gardens, as they are significant centers for plant conservation, research, and education worldwide.

Question 7. 18th International Botanical congress was held at …………...
(a) Sydney
(b) Leningrad
(c) Melbourne
(d) London
Answer: (c) Melbourne
In simple words: The 18th International Botanical Congress, a big meeting for plant scientists from all over the world, was held in Melbourne, Australia. These congresses are important for making new decisions in plant science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the locations of major international scientific congresses, especially botanical ones, as they signify key moments in the field's development.

Question 8. Plants with incomplete flowers either a petalous or with undifferentiated calyx and corolla are placed under the sub class
(a) Heteromerae
(b) Monochlamydeae
(c) Bicarpellatae
(d) Monocotyledonae
Answer: (b) Monochlamydeae
In simple words: Plants that have flowers missing petals, or whose sepals and petals look the same (not distinct), are grouped into the subclass called Monochlamydeae. This is a classification based on flower structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Floral characteristics, especially the presence or absence of petals and distinct calyx/corolla, are fundamental for plant classification at higher taxonomic ranks like subclasses.

Question 9. Adolph Engler and Karl – A – Prantl are
(a) Americal taxonomists
(b) French taxonomists
(c) Chinese taxonomists
(d) German taxonomists
Answer: (d) German taxonomists
In simple words: Adolph Engler and Karl Prantl were famous German scientists who developed an important system for classifying plants, known as the Engler and Prantl system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key taxonomists with their nationality and significant classification systems (e.g., Engler and Prantl for a phylogenetic system, Linnaeus for artificial systems).

Question 10. …………... is a descriptive phrase of a plant.
(a) Vernacular name
(b) Binomial
(c) Polynomial
(d) Botanical name
Answer: (c) Polynomial
In simple words: A polynomial is a long, descriptive phrase or name used to describe a plant. Before the modern two-word naming system, plants often had these long polynomial names that highlighted several of their features.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical progression of plant naming: from descriptive polynomials to the more concise binomial nomenclature introduced by Linnaeus.

Question 11. The fruit is geocarpic in
(a) Vigna radiate
(b) Cablab purpuris
(c) Araehis hypogea
(d) Cicer arietinum
Answer: (c) Arachis hypogea
In simple words: Geocarpic means that the fruit develops underground. In Arachis hypogea, which is the peanut plant, the flowers grow above ground, but after fertilization, the ovary grows down into the soil to form the peanut.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Geocarpy" is a specific adaptation where fruits mature underground. Know key examples like the peanut (Arachis hypogea) to illustrate this concept.

Question 12. The term biosystematics was introduced by
(a) Chrispeels and Gartner
(b) Camp and Gilly
(c) Engler and Prantl
(d) Darwin
Answer: (b) Camp and Gilly
In simple words: The word "biosystematics," which involves studying living things to understand their relationships and evolution, was first used by scientists Camp and Gilly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the originators of important scientific terms. Camp and Gilly are notable for introducing 'biosystematics' to describe a holistic approach to classification.

Question 13. …………... are the tools for identifying unfamiliar plants.
(a) Flora
(b) Keys
(c) Monograph
(d) Catalogues
Answer: (b) Keys
In simple words: Keys are like special guides with a series of choices that help you figure out what an unknown plant is. You answer questions about the plant's features, and each answer leads you closer to its correct name.

🎯 Exam Tip: Taxonomic keys are practical tools. Understand how dichotomous keys work by presenting pairs of contrasting statements to narrow down identification.

Question 14. Most of the seeds are reniform in
(a) Fabaceae
(b) Solanaceae
(c) Asteraceae
(d) Liliaceae
Answer: (a) Fabaceae
In simple words: Many plants in the Fabaceae family, also known as the legume family, have kidney-shaped seeds. This is a common characteristic for many beans and peas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific characteristics like seed shape can help identify plants belonging to large families such as Fabaceae (legumes).

Question 15. Plants with incomplete flowers either petalous or with undifferentiated calyx and corolla are placed under
(a) Monocotyledonae
(b) Polypetalae
(c) Monochlamydeae
(d) Gamopetalae
Answer: (c) Monochlamydeae
In simple words: Plants whose flowers lack petals, or where the sepals and petals are not distinct and look similar, are categorized into the Monochlamydeae subclass. This group is defined by its simple floral structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reiterate the key feature of Monochlamydeae: flowers where the perianth (calyx and corolla) is either absent, single-whorled, or undifferentiated, meaning petals are often missing or indistinguishable from sepals.

Question 16. First modern botanical garden was established by …………...
(a) Theophrastus
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Luca Ghini
(d) Stebbins
Answer: (c) Luca Ghini
In simple words: The first modern botanical garden, which was used for teaching and scientific study of plants, was started by Luca Ghini. This marked a new era for plant science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Luca Ghini is recognized for establishing the first academic botanical garden in Pisa, Italy, marking a shift towards systematic plant study and collection.

Question 17. Phenology is the study
(a) Pollen grains structure
(b) Development of gametes
(c) Study of climate and weather on plants
(d) Study of functional aspects of plants
Answer: (c) Study of climate and weather on plants
In simple words: Phenology is the study of how changes in seasons and weather affect natural events in plants, like when they bud, flower, and lose leaves. It looks at the timing of these life cycles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Phenology focuses on the timing of recurring biological events in relation to environmental cycles, such as climate and seasons, which is crucial for understanding ecological responses to climate change.

Question 18. Tephrosia purpurea, Indigofera tinctoria are plants used as
(a) Biofuel or bioenergy
(b) Bio manure
(c) Biomedicine
(d) Biopesticides
Answer: (b) Bio manure
In simple words: Tephrosia purpurea and Indigofera tinctoria are plants that are commonly used as "green manure" or "bio manure." This means they are grown and then plowed into the soil to make it more fertile and add nutrients.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize plants that serve practical ecological or agricultural purposes beyond food, such as green manure for soil enrichment. Legumes often play this role due to nitrogen fixation.

Question 19. Carpels are obliquely placed in the family
(a) Fabaceae
(b) Solanaceae
(c) Liliaceae
(d) Malvaceae
Answer: (b) Solanaceae
In simple words: In the Solanaceae family, which includes plants like tomato and potato, the carpels (parts of the ovary) are often placed at an angle, not straight. This oblique position is a special feature of this plant family.

🎯 Exam Tip: The arrangement of carpels, especially an oblique placement, is a key diagnostic character for identifying members of the Solanaceae family. Remember this unique anatomical detail.

Question 20. Which series includes epigynous flowers with an inferior ovary?
(a) Heteromerae
(b) Disaflorea
(c) Inferae
(d) Thalanifloreae
Answer: (c) Inferae
In simple words: Flowers that are epigynous mean their ovary is located below where the other floral parts attach. The series Inferae is known to include these types of flowers with inferior ovaries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the terms related to ovary position: 'inferior ovary' is characteristic of epigynous flowers, where the floral parts are attached above the ovary. The series 'Inferae' specifically groups such plants.

II. Fill Up The Blanks In The Given Tabulation

Question 1. Name of the Taxonomist BOOK No. of plants
Answer: Here is the completed tabulation showing famous taxonomists, their works, and the number of plants they studied or classified:

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names of key taxonomists, their seminal works, and the approximate number of species they classified, as this demonstrates historical knowledge in botany.

Question 2. Taxon Definition Example
Answer: Here's the completed table defining different taxonomic ranks (taxa) and providing examples:

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each taxonomic rank (family, order, class, sub-division) based on the level of shared characteristics and provide a relevant botanical example for each to illustrate the concept.

Question 3.
(a) Brussels - Belgium 1935 Vienna Austria 20th I BC
(b) Cambridge - England 1975 Melbourne Australia 19th I BC
(c) Rio de janero - Brazil 1978 Tokyo Japan 25th I BC
(d) London - England 1975 Shangai China 24th I BC
Answer: (b) Cambridge - England 1975 Melbourne Australia 19th I BC
In simple words: The correct statement about an International Botanical Congress (IBC) is that the 19th IBC was held in Cambridge, England, in 1975, and then in Melbourne, Australia. Each IBC is a major event where botanists discuss new findings.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating multiple-fact options, ensure every part of the statement (location, year, and specific event number) is accurate to choose the correct answer.

III. Find Out The Correct Statement.

Question 1. Find out the Correct Statements the given below.
(a) Scientific Names are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation
(b) Cryptogams include non-flowering plants
(c) Linnaeus system of classification is known as the Natural system of classification
(d) According to APG IV Monocots contain 10 orders and 37 families
(I) a & b
(II) b & c
(III) c & d
(IV) a & d
Answer: (I) a & b
In simple words: Scientific names for plants are always treated as Latin, no matter where they originally came from. Also, cryptogams are indeed plants that do not produce flowers. These are fundamental rules in botany.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key definitions like cryptogams and the universal use of Latin in scientific naming to correctly identify true statements.

Question 2. Find out the correct statements from the given below
(a) Botanical name of chilly – Capsicum esculentum
(b) Ashwagandha is also known as Amukkura
(c) An alkaloid colchicine is got from Colchicum luteum
(d) Glycine max is the botanical name of the Soya bean
(I) a & b
(II) b & d
(III) a & c
(IV) c & d
Answer: (II) b & d
In simple words: Ashwagandha is also called Amukkura, and Glycine max is the scientific name for soya bean. Knowing the common and scientific names helps in clear communication about plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to scientific names and their correct common equivalents, as these are often used to test knowledge of plant identification.

IV. Assertion And Reason

Question 1. Assertion: Classification is essential in biology because there is a vast diversity of organisms to sort out and compare Reason: Unless they are organized into manageable Categories, It will be difficult for the identification
Answer: (A) Assertion and Reason correct. The reason is explaining Assertion
In simple words: The statement that classification is vital due to the many different organisms is true. The reason, which states that without organization, identifying organisms would be hard, also accurately explains why classification is needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: For Assertion-Reason questions, first check if both statements are true individually, then see if the reason directly explains the assertion.

Question 2. Assertion: Cronquist system of classification could not persist for a long time. Reason: The system is not very useful for identification and cannot be adopted in herbaria.
Answer: (d) Assertion correct but Reason not explaining Assertion
In simple words: The statement that the Cronquist system did not last long is correct. However, the reason given (that it's not useful for identification or herbaria) does not explain *why* it did not persist. Many scientific systems get updated as new information appears.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful to distinguish if the reason *explains* the assertion, or if it's just another true statement that is unrelated.

Question 3. Assertion : Monograph is a complete global account of a faxon of any rank family genus or species at a given time Reason: It has books of libraries rich in botanical litles.
Answer: (d) Assertion correct but Reason not explaining Assertion
In simple words: The assertion correctly defines a monograph as a full report on a specific group of organisms. But the reason that libraries have many botanical books doesn't explain what a monograph is or why it is important in taxonomy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the reason provides a direct cause-and-effect explanation for the assertion, not just related information.

Question 4. Assertion A: Chemotaxonomy is the scientific approach to the classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical constituents Reason R: Proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, and peptides, etc are the most studied chemicals in chemotaxonomy
Answer: (a) Assertion and Reason 'R' correct Reason is explaining Assertion
In simple words: Chemotaxonomy uses plant chemicals to classify them, which is true. The reason, stating that proteins and amino acids are common chemicals studied, directly supports and explains how this classification method works.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the reason defines or exemplifies the method described in the assertion, it usually explains the assertion well.

V. Match The Following And Find The Correct

Question 1. Name of Herbarium No. of specimens
(I) i) Presidency college Herbarium – Chennai
(II) ii) Central National Herbarium – Calcutta
(III) iii) Madras Herbarium – Coimbatore
(IV) iv) Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Reserach Institute Trivandrum
Match with:
A. 4,08,776
B. 30,500
C. 15,000
D. 2,00,000

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it's often helpful to match the most obvious pairs first to narrow down the options.

Question 2. Botanical Name Common Name
(I) Glycirrhiza glabra
(II) Withania somnifera
(III) Asperagus racemosus
Match with:
A. Thanneer Muttan
B. Athimaduram
C. Senkandal

🎯 Exam Tip: Always double-check the scientific and common names of important plants as they are frequently tested in botany.

VI. Choose The Wrong Answer

Question 1.
(i) Karyology – Study of Chromosomes
(ii) Palynology – Study of Pollen
(iii) Serology – Study of Antibiotics
(iv) Paleology – Study of Fossils
Answer: (iii) – Serology – Study of Antibiotics
In simple words: Serology is the study of serum and immune responses, not antibiotics. All the other options correctly define their respective scientific fields. Serology helps understand how our body fights diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying the wrong answer, carefully read each definition and recall the actual meaning of the scientific terms.

Question 2. Type Example
(i) Tree - Solanum violceum
(ii) Prickles on the Body of the plant – Solanum xantho carpum
(iii) Vines – Lycium sinensis
(iv) Herb – Solanum nigrum
Answer: (II) prickles on the body of the plant – body Solanum xantho carpum
In simple words: The statement about Solanum xantho carpum having prickles on its body is the incorrect one. This plant is known for its fruit, not for being prickly. Each plant has distinct features like being a tree, vine, or herb.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on specific plant characteristics and ensure they correctly match the given examples to find the false statement.

Question 3. Botanical Garden Major Attraction
(i) Nation Botanical Garden Lucknow – Germplasm collection & exsitu conversation
(ii) JNTBGRI Trivandrum (Kerala) – Bambusetum
(iii) National orchidarium Yercaud – Fernery
(iv) Indian Botanical Garden Kolkata – The great Banyan tree
Answer: (iii) National orchidarium Yercaud – Fernery
In simple words: The incorrect match here is saying that the National Orchidarium in Yercaud is mainly a Fernery. An orchidarium specializes in orchids. All other options correctly state the main attraction of their respective botanical gardens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific focus or major attractions of prominent botanical gardens, as this helps in identifying misstatements.

Question 4. Choose the right answer :
(i) Plants having Dome-shaped thalamus – Gamopetalae
(ii) Plants having Cup-shaped thalamus – Calyciflorae
(iii) Plants having epigynous flowers – Thalamiflorae
(iv) Plants with united petals & sepals – Inferae
Answer: (ii) Plants having cup-shaped thalamus Calyciflorae
In simple words: Plants with a cup-shaped thalamus are correctly placed under Calyciflorae. The thalamus shape is an important feature for classifying plants. This classification helps in understanding plant families better.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific features mentioned (like thalamus shape or flower type) and connect them accurately to their taxonomic groups.

VII. Match Correctly & Give The Correct Answer

Question 1.
(i) Systema Naturae – A. 1862-63
(ii) Philosophia botanica – B.1753
(iii) Species plantarum – C. 1735
(iv) General plantarum – D.1737

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the key works and their authors/dates in botanical history, as these are foundational knowledge.

Question 2.
(i) Library of British Museum – A. Revision
(ii) Malvaceae of India by T.K. Paul – B. Catalogue
(iii) Family of Lentibulariaceae by M.K. Janarthanam & Henry – C. Botanical Garden Lucknow
(iv) 500 species of rose hybrids – D. Monograph

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the differences between a catalogue, revision, monograph, and a botanical garden's specific collection to correctly match them.

Question 3.
(i) Butea Frondosa – A. Rose Wood
(ii) Sesbania grandiflora – B. Garden pea
(iii) Dalbergia latefolia – C. Flame of the forest
(iv) Pisum sativum – D. Agathe

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately linking scientific names to common names is a key skill, often requiring memorization of important examples.

Question 4. Common name Botanical name
(i) Rose wood – A. Pterocarpus dalbergioides
(ii) Red Sandal wood – B. Dalbergia latifolia
(iii) Padauk – C. Pterocarpus marsupium
(iv) Vengai – D. Pterocarpus santalinus

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise when matching common names of valuable timbers to their specific scientific names, as slight errors can lead to misidentification.

VIII. Find Out The True And False Statements From The Following And On That Basis Find The Correct Answer:

Question 1.
(i) The evolution & classification of flowering plants – Arthur cronquist
(ii) Origin of species – Engler & prantl
(iii) Philosophia botanica – Linnaeus
(iv) Theorie elementaire de-botanique – A.P. de. Candolle

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish correctly between the authors and titles of foundational works in botany and evolution.

Question 2. Find out the True and False statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer:
(i) Documents of all plant species in a given geographical area is known as – Monograph
(ii) These are often descriptive & poetic references to plants – Vernacular name
(iii) A complete global account of a taxon of any rank – Flora
(iv) Tools of Identification implemented by Computer – Polyclave key

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly understand the definitions of terms like monograph, flora, vernacular name, and identification keys to differentiate between true and false statements.

Question 1. Define Taxonomy.
Answer: Taxonomy is the scientific field that studies how organisms are classified. It includes the basic rules, principles, and steps for sorting and naming living things. It helps scientists organize the vast diversity of life.
In simple words: Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming living things according to a set of rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining a scientific term, state its core purpose and what it involves (principles, rules, procedures).

Question 2. What are the characteristics of a species
Answer: A species has several key features. Individuals within a species typically look like each other and can breed together to produce young that are also able to reproduce. They also share a common ancestor. For older, fossilized organisms, scientists identify them by looking at how they look physically and their body structures.
In simple words: A species is a group of organisms that look alike, can breed with each other to make fertile offspring, and come from a common ancestor.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the three main characteristics: morphological resemblance, sexual interbreeding producing fertile offspring, and common ancestry.

Question 3. Which is the lowest taxon in classification? Define.
Answer: The lowest taxon in biological classification is the species. A species is defined as a group of individual organisms that look very similar to each other. These individuals can also breed together and produce young that are able to have their own young. This ability to reproduce together keeps the species distinct.
In simple words: The lowest group in classification is the species. It includes similar individuals that can breed and have fertile babies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state "species" as the lowest taxon and provide a concise definition focusing on interbreeding and fertile offspring.

Question 4. Define Binomial Nomenclature.
Answer: Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming living things where each organism gets a two-part scientific name. Carolus Linnaeus introduced this system. The first part of the name is the genus, and the second part is the species. For example, for a mango, "Mangifera" is the genus and "indica" is the species. This naming method helps scientists around the world use the same names for the same organisms.
In simple words: Binomial nomenclature is a two-word naming system for plants and animals, where the first word is the genus and the second is the species.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention Carolus Linnaeus as the introducer and clearly explain the two parts (Genus and Species) of a binomial name.

Question 5. What are vernacular names? Give an example.
Answer: Vernacular names are the common names for plants and animals that people use in their local language. These are often different from scientific names and vary from place to place. For example, the tree *Albizia amara* L. is known as "Usilai" in South Tamil Nadu and "Thurinji" in North Tamil Nadu. These local names are helpful for everyday communication.
In simple words: Vernacular names are the local, common names of plants or animals, which can be different in various places. For example, *Albizia amara* is called Usilai or Thurinji.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a clear definition of vernacular names and ensure your example illustrates regional variations or common usage.

Question 6. Biosystematics Define & Give its objectives.
Answer: Biosystematics is a field that studies living things using experiments, ecological data, and chromosome analysis (cytogenetics). It helps us understand the relationships between different life forms. Its main goals are:

• To describe and understand the natural groups of plant species.
• To figure out how different groups of organisms evolved and their family tree.
• To use all kinds of modern data, not just how things look, for classification.
• To identify different groups like ecotypes and ecospecies as distinct biological categories.

🎯 Exam Tip: In the definition, highlight the multidisciplinary nature (experimental, ecological, cytotaxonomy). For objectives, focus on understanding natural communities, evolution, and using diverse data.

Question 7. What is the importance of serotaxonomy.
Answer: Serotaxonomy is important because it helps determine how similar different species, genera, and families are by studying their immune system reactions. It uses studies like antigen and antibody reactions in plants. These serological findings have helped scientists like Chrispeels and Garner to group plants, for example, assigning *Phaseolus aureus* and *Phaseolus mungo* under the genus *Vigna*. It gives a deeper insight into relationships than just looking at physical features.
In simple words: Serotaxonomy helps find out how closely related plants are by looking at their immune system reactions, like how they react to antigens and antibodies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing serotaxonomy, emphasize its use of immune reactions (antigen/antibody) and its role in revealing genetic relationships between taxa.

Question 8. When a neotype specimen is selected?
Answer: A neotype specimen is chosen as the official type specimen when the original type specimen (the holotypte) is lost or destroyed. It is chosen from a collection that was not part of the original materials. This ensures there's always a physical example to refer to for a species name.
In simple words: A neotype is picked as the main example specimen when the first original specimen is lost or cannot be found anymore.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specify that a neotype is chosen *only* when the original specimen is missing or destroyed, and it comes from a non-original collection.

Question 9. Define karyotaxonomy.
Answer: Karyotaxonomy is a method of classifying organisms by studying their chromosomes. This involves looking at the number of chromosomes, their size, their shape, and how they behave during cell division (meiosis). This knowledge has been very helpful in advanced biosystematic studies and in solving many problems related to plant classification. It gives detailed genetic insights.
In simple words: Karyotaxonomy classifies organisms by looking at the number, size, shape, and behavior of their chromosomes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the key aspects of chromosomes examined in karyotaxonomy: number, size, morphology, and behavior during meiosis.

Question 10. Differentiate Regional Flora from continental flora.
Answer:
1. Regional Flora: This refers to a list or description of plants found in a large specific geographical area or a botanical region. An example is the flora of Madras Presidency.
2. Continental Flora: This describes the plants found across an entire continent. The flora of Europaea is an example. The scope of the geographical area covered is the main difference.
In simple words: Regional flora covers plants in a specific area like a state, while continental flora covers plants found across a whole continent.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key difference lies in the geographical scope – "regional" refers to a specific area, while "continental" covers an entire continent.

Question 11. Write down the Aims of Chemotaxonomy.
Answer: The aims of chemotaxonomy are:

• To identify and use special plant chemical features (taxonomic characters) to improve how plants are currently classified.
• To use these chemical insights to better understand the evolutionary history and relationships (phylogeny) of plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: For aims, focus on "improving classification" and "enhancing phylogenetic knowledge" using chemical characteristics.

Question 12. Define Biosystematics
Answer: Biosystematics is a branch of biology that studies how different life forms are related. It uses an experimental, ecological, and cytotaxonomical approach to define these relationships. This field helps us understand the evolutionary trends and phylogenetic relationships among organisms.
In simple words: Biosystematics is the study of living things and their relationships, using different scientific methods to understand their evolution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of biosystematics (experimental, ecological, cytotaxonomy) and its focus on relationships and evolution.

Question 13. How Cronquist classified the angiosperms?
Answer: Arthur Cronquist classified flowering plants (angiosperms) into two main large groups. These groups are called Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida. Magnoliopsida generally includes dicots, while Liliopsida includes monocots. His system was widely used for a long time.
In simple words: Cronquist divided flowering plants into two big classes: Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the two main classes (Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida) into which Cronquist divided angiosperms.

Question 14. Why do we say that the development of fruit in Arachis hypogea is geocarpic?
Answer: The development of fruit in *Arachis hypogaea* (groundnut) is called geocarpic because of a unique process. After fertilization, the stalk of the ovary (called the stipe) grows longer and pushes the ovary down into the soil. Once buried, the ovary develops into a fruit underground. This protects the developing seeds.
In simple words: The fruit development of groundnut is geocarpic because its ovary grows into the soil after flowering and forms the fruit there.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the process clearly: ovary stipe grows after fertilization, pushes into the soil, and then the fruit develops underground.

Question 15. Distinguish between Stipule, Stipel and Pulvinus in the leaf of Fabaceae.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the location and function of each term: stipule at leaf base, stipel at leaflet base, and pulvinus as a swollen base for movement.

Question 16. Draw the structure of Papilionaceous Corolla of Fabacoae
Answer: The Papilionaceous Corolla (butterfly-like flower) of Fabaceae consists of five petals:

• Stand Petal (Vexillum): This is the largest, uppermost petal, often standing upright.
• Wing Petals (Alae): These are two side petals, one on each side, which are smaller than the vexillum.
• Keel Petals (Carina): These are the two lowest petals, often fused together, which enclose the stamens and pistil.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the names and positions of the three types of petals (vexillum, alae, carina) and their typical number (1, 2, 2 respectively).

Question 17. Differentiate between Phylloclade & Cladodo of Liliaceae.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: The key distinction is the length and number of internodes: phylloclades are multi-internode stems, while cladodes are typically single-internode structures.

Part - B

Question 19. Carpels are obliquely placed in the family
(a) Fabaceae
(b) Solanaceae
(C) Liliaceae
(d) Malvaceae
Answer: (b) Solanaceae
In simple words: The carpels in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family are uniquely positioned at an angle, which is a key identifying feature for this group.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing specific plant features like carpel placement can help distinguish between different plant families.

Question 20. Which series includes epigynous flowers with an inferior ovary?
(a) Heteromerae
(b) Disaflorea
(c) Inferae
(d) Thalanifloreae
Answer: (c) Inferae
In simple words: The series called Inferae is where you find flowers that have their ovary positioned below the other flower parts, like the petals and sepals.

🎯 Exam Tip: An "inferior ovary" means the ovary is situated below the attachment point of the sepals, petals, and stamens, which is a key characteristic for classification.

II. Fill up the blanks in the given Tabulation

Question 1. Name of the Taxonomist BOOK No. of plants
Answer: