Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 Anticolonial Movements and the Birth of Nationalism

 

Question 1. Which one of the following was launched by Haji Shariatullah in 1818 in East Bengal?
(a) Wahhabi Rebellion
(b) Farazi Movement
(c) Tribal uprising
(d) Kol Revolt
Answer: (b) Farazi Movement
In simple words: The Farazi Movement was started by Haji Shariatullah in 1818 in East Bengal. This movement focused on social and religious reforms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to link key figures like Haji Shariatullah to the specific movements they founded to score well.

 

Question 2. Who declared that “Land belongs to God” and collecting rent or tax on it was against divine law?
(a) Titu Mir
(b) Sidhu
(c) Dudu Mian
(d) Shariatullah
Answer: (c) Dudu Mian
In simple words: Dudu Mian said that land belongs to God, and it was wrong to collect rent or tax on it. He believed everyone should have equal access to land.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions about historical declarations, ensure you correctly identify the person who made the statement, as specific names are crucial.

 

Question 3. Who were driven out of their homeland during the process of creation of Zamins under Permanent Settlement?
(a) Santhals
(b) Titu Mir
(c) Munda
(d) Kol
Answer: (a) Santhals
In simple words: The Santhals were forced to leave their homes when the Permanent Settlement created new landownership rules. They lost their traditional lands because of these changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that the Permanent Settlement system, while aiming to stabilize land revenue, often led to the displacement of indigenous communities like the Santhals.

 

Question 4. Find out the militant nationalist from the following.
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Justice Govind Ranade
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal
(d) Romesh Chandra
Answer: (c) Bipin Chandra Pal
In simple words: Among the options, Bipin Chandra Pal was known for his strong, active approach to nationalism. He believed in more forceful methods to achieve India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to distinguish between moderate and militant nationalists in India's freedom struggle by recalling their methods and ideologies.

 

Question 5. When did the Partition of Bengal come into effect?
(a) 19 June 1905
(b) 18 July 1906
(c) 19 August 1907
(d) 16 October 1905
Answer: (d) 16 October 1905
In simple words: The Partition of Bengal officially started on October 16, 1905. This event divided the large Bengal province into two parts, causing much protest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific dates for major historical events like the Partition of Bengal is key for accuracy in history exams.

 

Question 6. What was the context in which the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act was passed?
(a) Kol Revolt
(b) Indigo Revolt
(c) Munda Rebellion
(d) Deccan Riots
Answer: (c) Munda Rebellion
In simple words: The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act was passed after the Munda Rebellion. This act was meant to protect the land rights of tribal people in the Chotanagpur region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the cause-and-effect relationship between tribal rebellions and the British government's legislative responses, like the Tenancy Acts.

 

Question 7. Who set up the first Home Rule League in April 1916?
(a) Annie Basant
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Tilak
Answer: (d) Tilak
In simple words: Bal Gangadhar Tilak established the first Home Rule League in April 1916. This league worked to get self-government for India within the British Empire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that two Home Rule Leagues were formed, with Tilak starting his slightly earlier than Annie Besant's.

 

Question 8. Who drew the attention of the British to the suffering of Indigo cultivation through his play Nil darpan?
(a) Dina Bandhu Mitra
(b) Romesh Chandra Dutt
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) Birsa Munda
Answer: (a) Dina Bandhu Mitra
In simple words: Dina Bandhu Mitra wrote the play "Nil Darpan" to show how badly indigo farmers were treated. His play helped bring attention to their struggles under British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: When questions relate literature to social issues, recall the author and their work that highlighted a specific problem, such as the plight of indigo cultivators.

 

II. Fill in the Blanks

 

Question 1. Robert Clive was financially supported by ....................... the moneylenders of Bengal.
Answer: Robert Clive was financially supported by Jagat Seth the moneylenders of Bengal.
In simple words: Jagat Seth, a rich moneylender in Bengal, gave money to Robert Clive. This support helped Clive in his military and political actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the financial backing of key historical figures, especially from local powerful groups like moneylenders, provides important context.

 

Question 2. ....................... was an anti-imperial and anti-landlord movement which originated in and around 1827.
Answer: The Wahhabi rebellion was an anti-imperial and anti-landlord movement which originated in and around 1827.
In simple words: The Wahhabi rebellion, starting around 1827, was a movement against both British rule and powerful landlords. It aimed to bring about social and religious changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect movements with their core characteristics; for example, the Wahhabi rebellion was both anti-British and anti-landlord.

 

Question 3. The major tribal revolt which took place in Chotanagpur region was .......................
Answer: The major tribal revolt which took place in Chotanagpur region was Kol revolt.
In simple words: The Kol revolt was a big uprising of tribal people in the Chotanagpur area. They fought against unfair rules and exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify specific tribal revolts with their respective regions, as this detail is often tested.

 

Question 4. The ....................... Act, restricted the entry of non-tribal people into the tribal land.
Answer: The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, restricted the entry of non-tribal people into the tribal land.
In simple words: The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act stopped people who were not tribal from buying or entering tribal lands. This law was made to protect the tribal communities' rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognise how British laws sometimes aimed to protect tribal land rights, even if their overall impact was mixed.

 

Question 5. Around 1854 activities of social banditry were led by .......................
Answer: Around 1854 activities of social banditry were led by Birsingh.
In simple words: Birsingh led groups of people who acted like "social bandits" around 1854. These groups often took from the rich to help the poor, seen as a form of rebellion against authorities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember individuals who led forms of resistance, even if they are described as 'social banditry', as they represent local challenges to authority.

 

Question 6. The British Commander of Kanpur killed by the rebels during the 1857 .......................
Answer: The British Commander of Kanpur killed by the rebels during the 1857 Major General Hugh Wheeler.
In simple words: During the 1857 revolt, Major General Hugh Wheeler, the British commander in Kanpur, was killed by the rebels. This shows the intense nature of the uprising.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the key figures and places involved in the 1857 Revolt helps to understand the impact and spread of the uprising.

 

Question 7. Chota Nagpur Act was passed in the year .......................
Answer: Chota Nagpur Act was passed in the year 1908.
In simple words: The Chota Nagpur Act became law in 1908. It was a legal measure designed to protect the land rights of tribal communities in the Chotanagpur region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the year of the Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, as it is a significant legal landmark for tribal rights.

 

Question 8. W.C. Bannerjee was elected the president of Indian National Congress in the year .......................
Answer: W.C. Bannerjee was elected the president of Indian National Congress in the year 1885.
In simple words: W.C. Bannerjee was chosen as the first president of the Indian National Congress in 1885. This was the founding year of the organization, a key step in India's freedom struggle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the first president and the founding year of the Indian National Congress, as these are fundamental facts.

 

III. Choose the Correct Statement

 

Question 1.
(i) The Company received Rs 22.5 million from Mir Jafar and invested it to propel the industrial revolution in Britain.
(ii) Kols organized an insurrection in 1831-1832, which was directed against government officers and moneylenders.
(iii) In 1855, two Santhal brothers, Sidhu and Kanu, led the Santhal Rebellion.
(iv) In 1879, an Act was passed to regulate the territories occupied by the Santhals.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: Statements (ii) and (iii) are correct. The Kols rebelled against officers and moneylenders, and the Santhal Rebellion was led by Sidhu and Kanu in 1855. Statement (i) is incorrect as the amount and its specific impact on the Industrial Revolution are debatable, and statement (iv) refers to an act in 1872, not 1879.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "choose the correct statement" questions, evaluate each statement individually for historical accuracy, dates, and key figures before selecting the best option.

 

Question 2.
(i) Dudu Mian laid emphasis on the egalitarian nature of Islam and declared that "Land belongs to God".
(ii) According to the Doctrine of Lapse, new territories under the corrupt Indian rulers were to be annexed.
(iii) The British officials after the suppression of 1857 Revolt were given power to judge and take the lives of Indians without due process of law.
(iv) One of the causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857 was many of the Indian princes and zamindars remained loyal to the British.
(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (i), (iii) and are correct
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer: (c) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (iii), and (iv) are correct. Dudu Mian promoted equality and said land belongs to God. After the 1857 Revolt, British officials gained unfair power over Indians' lives, and many Indian rulers stayed loyal to the British, which weakened the revolt. Statement (ii) is incorrect because the Doctrine of Lapse was for rulers without natural heirs, not specifically "corrupt" rulers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the specific conditions and justifications of British policies, such as the Doctrine of Lapse, to avoid common misconceptions.

 

Question 3.
(i) One of the most significant contributions of the early Indian Nationalists was the formulation of an economic critique of colonialism.
(ii) The early Congress leaders stated that religious exploitation in India was the primary reason for the growing poverty.
(iii) One of the goals of the moderate Congress leaders was to achieve Swaraj or self-rule.
(iv) The objective of the Partition of Bengal was to curtail the Bengali influence and weaken the nationalist movement.
(a) (i) and (iii) are correct
(b) (i), (iii), and (iv) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (b) (i), (iii), and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (iii), and (iv) are correct. Early nationalists analyzed how British rule harmed India's economy. Moderate Congress leaders aimed for self-rule, and Bengal was partitioned to reduce Bengali influence and weaken nationalism. Statement (ii) is incorrect; early Congress leaders primarily focused on economic exploitation and political reforms, not religious exploitation as the main cause of poverty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about the stated goals and objectives of different nationalist groups and British policies, as subtle differences can change the correctness of a statement.

 

Question 4. Assertion (A): Under colonial rule, for the first time in Indian history, government claimed a direct proprietary right over forests. Reason (R): Planters used intimidation and violence to compel farmers to grow indigo.
(a) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are wrong
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(d) A is wrong and R is correct.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are wrong
In simple words: Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect. The British did not claim direct ownership over all forests for the first time in Indian history. Also, the reason about planters forcing indigo cultivation, while true, does not explain why the government would claim proprietary rights over forests.

🎯 Exam Tip: In assertion-reason questions, first check if Assertion (A) is true, then if Reason (R) is true. Finally, check if R is the *correct explanation* for A. All three steps are essential.

 

Question 5. Assertion (A): The Revolt of 1857 was brutally suppressed by the British army. Reason (R): The failure of the rebellion was due to the absence of Central authority.
(a) Both A and R are wrong
(b) A is wrong and R is correct
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(d) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
In simple words: Both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion. The British army indeed put down the 1857 Revolt with great force, and a main reason for the revolt's failure was that the rebels lacked a strong central leader or plan. This lack of unity made it easier for the British to suppress them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating assertion-reason pairs, look for a logical cause-and-effect relationship. A lack of central authority (R) directly explains *why* the suppression (A) was successful.

 

IV. Match the Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii) Titu Mir
B. (iv) Ranchi
C. (i) Lucknow
D. (v) Bihar
E. (ii) Peshwa Baji Rao II
In simple words: This match correctly pairs historical figures and events with their related places or leaders. Titu Mir was involved in the Wahhabi Rebellion, the Munda Rebellion was centered in Ranchi, Begum Hazrat Mahal led in Lucknow, Kunwar Singh in Bihar, and Nana Sahib was associated with Peshwa Baji Rao II.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it is helpful to first match the pairs you are most confident about, then deduce the remaining ones.

 

V. Answer the Following Questions Briefly

 

Question 1. How are the peasant uprisings in British India classified?
Answer: During British rule, there were about a hundred peasant uprisings. These can be grouped into different types: Restorative rebellions, Religious movements, Social banditry, and Mass insurrections. These categories help us understand the various reasons and forms of peasant resistance.
In simple words: Peasant uprisings in British India are put into groups like rebellions to restore old ways, religious movements, acts of social banditry, and large-scale uprisings.

🎯 Exam Tip: When classifying historical events, remember the different motivations and characteristics that distinguish one category from another.

 

Question 2. Name the territories annexed by the British under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer: Under the Doctrine of Lapse, the British took over several territories. These included Satara, Sambalpur, parts of Punjab, Jhansi, and Nagpur. This policy allowed the British to annex states when their rulers died without a natural male heir.
In simple words: The British took over places like Satara, Sambalpur, Punjab, Jhansi, and Nagpur using the Doctrine of Lapse rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific examples of annexed territories is crucial when explaining the impact of policies like the Doctrine of Lapse.

 

Question 3. What do you mean by drain of wealth?
Answer: The "drain of wealth" refers to the continuous transfer of resources and wealth from India to Britain without India receiving anything valuable in return. India became a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods, with British capital invested in India, but the profits mostly went back to Britain. This made India economically weaker over time.
In simple words: "Drain of wealth" means India's money and resources were constantly taken by Britain without fair payment.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining key economic terms like 'drain of wealth', explain both the process and its negative impact on India.

 

Question 4. Explain the concept of constructive swadeshi?
Answer: Constructive Swadeshi was a method that rejected the moderate approach of simply asking the British for reforms. Instead, it focused on self-help and building India's own strength. This included setting up Swadeshi industries, national schools, arbitration courts, and various community programs in villages. It was largely non-political in its direct actions, aiming to uplift Indian society and economy from within.
In simple words: Constructive Swadeshi was about building India's own industries, schools, and local systems. It focused on self-reliance instead of just asking the British for changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the contrast between 'constructive' and 'political' swadeshi, focusing on the self-help and institution-building aspects.

 

Question 5. Highlight the objectives of Home Rule Movement.
Answer: The Home Rule Movement had clear goals. Its main objectives were to gain self-government for India while remaining part of the British Empire, to achieve dominion status which is a political position with self-rule, and to use non-violent, constitutional methods to reach these goals. The movement aimed to empower Indians to govern themselves.
In simple words: The Home Rule Movement wanted India to govern itself like other British dominions. It aimed to do this peacefully, following legal methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the twin goals of self-government (Home Rule) and the constitutional means advocated by the movement.

 

Question 6. Summarise the essence of Lucknow Pact.
Answer: The Lucknow Pact, which happened in 1916, was an agreement between the Congress Party and the Muslim League. Both parties agreed that India should get self-government as soon as possible. As a sign of goodwill, the Congress leaders accepted the idea of separate electorates for Muslims. This agreement brought a new feeling of excitement and unity among the people for the freedom struggle.
In simple words: The Lucknow Pact in 1916 was an agreement between Congress and the Muslim League. They both agreed to work for India's self-government and Congress accepted separate elections for Muslims.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the key aspects of the Lucknow Pact: the unity between Congress and the Muslim League and the acceptance of separate electorates.

 

VI. Answer All the Questions Under Each Caption

 

Question 1. Deccan Riots
(a) When and where did the first recorded incident of rioting against the moneylenders in the Deccan appear?
Answer: The first recorded incident of rioting against moneylenders in the Deccan happened in May 1875. It took place in Supa, a village located near Poona. This event marked the beginning of widespread unrest among peasants against economic exploitation.
In simple words: The first riots against moneylenders in the Deccan happened in May 1875, in a village called Supa near Poona.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be specific about the location and date for historical events like the Deccan Riots to ensure accuracy.

 

(b) What was the right given to moneylenders under a new law of the British?
Answer: Under a new British law, moneylenders were given the right to take possession of and auction off the mortgaged land belonging to farmers who could not pay their debts. This law put farmers in a very difficult position, often leading to them losing their land.
In simple words: A new British law allowed moneylenders to take and sell the land of farmers who couldn't repay their loans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific rights granted to moneylenders and their direct impact on the peasantry when discussing land-related laws.

 

(c) What did it result in?
Answer: This new law led to land being transferred from farmers, who cultivated it, to those who did not work the land. This caused a big change in who owned land and created more economic problems for the actual cultivators.
In simple words: The new law caused land to move from farmers to people who did not farm, changing who owned the land.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the socio-economic consequence: land ownership shifting from cultivators to non-cultivating classes.

 

(d) Against whom was the violence directed in the Deccan riots?
Answer: In the Deccan riots, the violence was mainly directed against Gujarati moneylenders. These moneylenders were seen as the cause of the peasants' financial hardship and land loss.
In simple words: During the Deccan riots, people were angry at and attacked Gujarati moneylenders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific group targeted in the violence, which was often linked to economic grievances.

 

Question 2. The Revolt of 1857
(a) Who assaulted his officer, an incident that led to the outbreak of 1857 Revolt?
Answer: Mangal Pandey assaulted his officer, an event that is widely considered to have sparked the outbreak of the 1857 Revolt. His act of defiance became a symbol for the uprising.
In simple words: Mangal Pandey attacked his officer, which was a key moment that started the 1857 Revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mangal Pandey is a pivotal figure in the initial phase of the 1857 Revolt; remember his action and its immediate consequence.

 

(b) Who was proclaimed the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan in Delhi?
Answer: The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan (Emperor of India) in Delhi. This was a symbolic move by the rebels to unite under a historical figure.
In simple words: The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was declared the Emperor of India in Delhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the symbolic importance of proclaiming Bahadur Shah II as emperor; it aimed to give legitimacy and unity to the revolt.

 

(c) Who was the correspondent of London Times to report on the brutality of the 1857 revolt?
Answer: The correspondent of the London Times who reported on the brutality of the 1857 revolt was William Howard Russell. His writings provided a vivid account of the events to the British public.
In simple words: William Howard Russell was the London Times reporter who wrote about the harsh events of the 1857 revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize figures who documented historical events, as their accounts offer valuable perspectives.

 

(d) What did the Queen's proclamation say on matters relating to religion?
Answer: The Queen's proclamation assured the Indian people that the British government would not interfere with their traditional institutions and religious matters. This was an attempt to calm anxieties after the 1857 Revolt, which was partly fueled by fears of religious intervention.
In simple words: The Queen's message promised Indians that the British government would not meddle with their religions or old traditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Queen's Proclamation of 1858 was a significant policy shift; recall its key promises, especially regarding religious non-interference.

 

Question 3. Indian National Congress
(a) What were the techniques adopted by the Congress to get its grievances redressed?
Answer: The Congress adopted several peaceful techniques to address their concerns. They relied on appeals, petitions, and sending delegations to British authorities. These methods were aimed at persuading the British government through reasoned arguments and formal requests.
In simple words: Congress used appeals, written requests (petitions), and sent groups (delegations) to the British to sort out their problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the 'three Ps' often associated with early Congress methods: Prayers, Petitions, and Protests (or Persuasion/Propaganda in the early context).

 

(b) What do you know of Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate?
Answer: The Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate refers to three prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress: Lala Lajpat Rai from Punjab, Bal Gangadhar Tilak from Maharashtra, and Bipin Chandra Pal from Bengal. These three were known as militant nationalists and played a crucial role in promoting a more assertive approach to the freedom struggle.
In simple words: Lal-Bal-Pal was a group of three important leaders: Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal. They were strong nationalist leaders who wanted more aggressive actions for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the full names and regions of the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate, as they represent the extremist faction of the Congress.

 

(c) Where was the first session of Indian National Congress held?
Answer: The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay (now Mumbai). This historic meeting in 1885 marked the beginning of a unified national political movement.
In simple words: The first meeting of the Indian National Congress took place in Bombay.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the venue of the first INC session, as it's a foundational fact in Indian modern history.

 

(d) How did the British respond to the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer: The British responded to the Swadeshi Movement with brutal force. They severely suppressed the movement, hanging revolutionaries, cracking down on the press, and arresting and imprisoning prominent leaders for long periods. Their aim was to crush the nationalist spirit and maintain control.
In simple words: The British put down the Swadeshi Movement very harshly. They hanged leaders, stopped newspapers, and arrested many important people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the use of repressive measures by the British in response to nationalist movements like Swadeshi.

 

VII. Answer in Detail

 

Question 1. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer: The Great Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising against British rule in India, triggered by several factors.
(i) The British policy of annexing territories, like through the Doctrine of Lapse, created unhappiness among Indian rulers. The British presented themselves as supreme, leading to resentment among local rulers who were declared corrupt or inept.
(ii) Many territories such as Satara, Sambalpur, parts of Punjab, Jhansi, and Nagpur were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse, angering numerous Indian rulers who lost their states.
(iii) Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British army faced unfair treatment regarding salary and promotions, being paid much less than European soldiers. They also felt disrespected and experienced racial abuse from their British superiors.
Consequences:
(i) India became a direct colony of the British Crown, governed by the Parliament, which meant a transfer of power from the East India Company to the British government.
(ii) Queen Victoria declared that the British government would no longer interfere with Indian traditions and religions, and Indians would be included in government services. This aimed to reassure the people.
(iii) The Indian army saw significant changes; the number of Indian soldiers was reduced, and they were prevented from holding important ranks.
(iv) Recruitment policies shifted, with fewer soldiers taken from Rajputs, Brahmins, and North Indian Muslims. Instead, more soldiers were recruited from groups like the Gorkhas, Sikhs, and Pathans, to create a more loyal and diverse army.
In simple words: The 1857 Revolt happened because British policies angered Indian rulers and soldiers felt unfairly treated. After the revolt, India came under direct British rule, the Queen promised not to interfere with religions, and the Indian army was reorganized.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing major revolts, ensure you cover both the political, economic, and social causes, and the significant administrative, military, and social consequences.

 

Question 2. How did the people of Bengal respond to the Partition of Bengal (1905)?
Answer: The people of Bengal responded strongly to the Partition of Bengal in 1905, leading to widespread protests across India and beginning a new phase of the nationalist movement.
1. Lord Curzon became the Viceroy of India in 1899.
2. Curzon used harsh measures to weaken local self-government, restrict higher education, and silence the press.
3. The partition was planned to stop political activities against British rule in Bengal by dividing Hindus and Muslims.
4. It was clearly stated that the main goal of the partition was to reduce Bengali influence and weaken the nationalist movement.
5. Bengal was divided into two parts: West Bengal for Bengali Hindus and East Bengal for Muslims.
6. The 1905 Partition caused huge protests everywhere in India, starting a new phase of the Indian National Movement.
7. Instead of dividing people, the partition actually united the people of Bengal.
8. Thousands of people marched in Calcutta streets, singing "Bande Mataram."
9. The partition led to the boycott of British goods and boosted the Swadeshi movement.
In simple words: The Partition of Bengal in 1905 led to huge protests, boycotts, and a new phase of nationalism. Instead of dividing, it united the Bengali people against British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the immediate and long-term reactions of the people, including protests, boycotts, and the resulting strengthening of nationalist sentiments, as these illustrate the impact of British policies.

 

Question 3. Attempt a narrative account of how Tilak and Annie Besant by launching Home Rule Movement sustained the Indian freedom struggle after 1916?
Answer:
(i) The Indian National Movement was revitalised and became more active during the Home Rule League Movement, which lasted from 1915 to 1918. Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant were the main leaders of this movement. This period saw a rise in political activity and demands for greater self-governance.
(ii) The main goal of the Home Rule Movement was for India to achieve self-government while remaining part of the British Empire. This meant Indians would have more control over their own country's affairs.
(iii) Tilak established the first Home Rule League in April 1916. Later, in September 1916, after many requests from her supporters, Annie Besant decided to form her own Home Rule League, even without the direct support of the Congress. Both leagues worked separately to achieve their common goal.
(iv) The Home Rule Leagues used various methods to spread their message and gain support. They did this through newspapers, public speeches, large meetings, educational talks, discussions, and travelling across the country to promote self-government.
(v) Both leagues were very successful in attracting many young people and expanding the movement into rural areas. This helped to broaden the base of the freedom struggle.
In simple words: Tilak and Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement to get self-rule for India. They used meetings and speeches to gather support from many young people and in villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing nationalist movements, always include the key leaders, their objectives, the methods they employed, and the impact they had on the freedom struggle.

 

Question 1. Identify the Acts passed in British India from 1858 to 1919, with a brief note on each.
Answer:
**Government of India Act (1858):**
1. This Act was passed to end the East India Company's rule and transfer power directly to the British Crown. This was a major shift in how India was governed.
2. The British Governor-General's position was changed to Viceroy of India, who then became the direct representative of the British Monarch. This symbolized the direct control of the Queen or King.
**Indian Council Act - 1892:**
1. The British Parliament made several changes to how the legislative council was set up and how it worked. It increased the number of extra members allowed to represent both central and provincial regions.
2. These members were given the right to ask questions about the budget. This was a small step towards more Indian involvement.
3. This Act laid the groundwork for a parliamentary system in India. It introduced some elements of representative government.
4. This Act is considered an important moment in India's constitutional development. It set the stage for future reforms.
**Indian Council Act of 1909:**
1. This Act is commonly known as the Minto-Morley Reforms. It aimed to introduce some administrative changes and give Indians limited participation.
2. This Act directly brought in the idea of elected members for imperial and local legislative councils. This gave Indians a voice in law-making, though limited.
3. It increased Indian involvement in British governance, but this involvement was kept very limited. It was a cautious move towards Indian participation.
**Montagu-Chelmsford Reform (1919):**
1. The British Parliament passed this Act to allow more Indians to take part in the authoritarian and popularly responsible parts of the British Indian provinces. This meant more local control.
2. The reforms recommended in the report by the Secretary of State for India were included in this Act. These recommendations were key to shaping the new policies.
3. This Act promised slow and steady progress for India towards self-government. It was meant to be a step-by-step transfer of power.
**Dyarchy (1919):**
1. This Act created a dual government system for the provinces of British India. One part was answerable, and the other was not. This divided administrative responsibility.
2. It was the first time a democratic principle was introduced into the executive branch of British administration. This was a significant move towards giving power to elected representatives.
3. Indians were also given the chance to be involved in legislative work. This increased their role in making laws.
4. The portfolio system was introduced. This system assigned specific areas of responsibility to individual members of the executive council.
In simple words: British India saw several Acts like the Government of India Act and Indian Council Acts between 1858 and 1919. These laws slowly gave Indians more say in how the country was run and moved towards self-government, though often in limited ways.

🎯 Exam Tip: When outlining various Acts, remember to state the year, a key feature or two (e.g., transfer of power, elective principle), and the general impact on Indian governance. Use bullet points for clarity.

 

Question 2. Mark the important centres of 1857 Revolt on an outline map.
Answer:Answer: (a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: The first, second, and fourth statements are correct. They describe how educated Indians reacted to Western ideas, how traditional groups wanted old systems back, and how new land rules changed farming life.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating multiple statements, carefully read each point to understand if it aligns with the historical facts. Look for keywords that suggest correctness or inaccuracy.

 

Question 2.
(i) The commercialisation of forest led to the disintegration of the traditional tribal system.
(ii) The usury and forcible eviction of tribals from their land led to the resentment of kols.
(iii) The pushed out santhals were forced to rely on the moneylenders for their
(iv) Santhals felt secured under the British.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (i), (ii)-and(iii) are correct
(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: The statements that are true are (i), (ii), and (iv). This means selling forest products commercially broke down tribal systems, moneylenders angered the Kols by taking their land, and the Santhals actually felt safe under British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to negative statements or conditions like "felt secured" to verify if they are factually correct in the given historical context.

 

Question 3.
(i) The British annexed more territories through two major policies.
(ii) Indian sepoys accepted the new dress code and overseas service.
(iii) Before loading into Enfiled Rifle the cartridges had to be bitten off.
(iv) The Indian Sepoys felt humiliated and racially abused by their seniors.
(a) (i) and (iii) are correct
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (iii), and (iv) are correct. The British did take over more land with two main policies. Sepoys had to bite cartridges coated with animal fat, which was against their religious beliefs. Also, Indian sepoys felt insulted and abused by their British officers because of their race.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key events leading to revolts, like the controversial Enfield rifle cartridges, as they often appear in questions about causes of rebellion.

 

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Under colonial rule, for the first time in Indian history, government claimed a direct proprietary right over forests.
Reason (R): Planters used intimidation and violence to compel farmers to grow indigo.
(a) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are wrong
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(d) A is wrong and R is correct.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
In simple words: Both the assertion (A) and the reason (R) are true statements. The British government did claim direct ownership of forests for the first time. It is also true that planters forced farmers to grow indigo using threats. However, the reason about indigo farming does not explain why the government claimed ownership of forests.

🎯 Exam Tip: For assertion-reason questions, first check if both statements are true individually. Then, determine if the reason directly explains the assertion. A common mistake is choosing "correct explanation" when the two facts are unrelated.

 

Question 5.
Assertion (A): India extended its support to the British in world war I. Reason (R): Hoping for the attainment of self – Government after the war.
(a) A is correct R is wrong.
(b) Both A and R are wrong.
(c) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: Both the assertion (A) and the reason (R) are correct, and the reason explains the assertion well. India helped the British during World War I because Indian leaders hoped that after the war, Britain would grant India self-rule or independence. This hope was a major factor in their support.

🎯 Exam Tip: In assertion-reason questions, always connect the two statements with "because" to see if the reason logically explains the assertion. This helps verify if R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Samacheer Kalvi.Guide

 

IV. Match The Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii) Titu Mir
B. (iv) Ranchi
C. (i) Lucknow
D. (v) Bihar
E. (ii) Peshwa Baji Rao II
In simple words: This match connects various rebellions and leaders with their respective locations or associated figures. Titu Mir led the Wahhabi Rebellion, the Munda Rebellion was linked to Ranchi, Begum Hazrat Mahal was active in Lucknow, Kunwar Singh was a leader from Bihar, and Nana Sahib was associated with Peshwa Baji Rao II.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the key leaders, movements, and their regions to accurately match such historical events. Flashcards can be very helpful for this.

 

Question 3. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (ii) Islamic preacher
B. (v) Raj Mahal Hills
C. (iv) 1831-32
D. (i) Act of 1855
E. (vi) Farazi Movement
In simple words: This match shows important connections: Bir Singh was an Islamic preacher. The Santhals were connected to the Raj Mahal Hills. The Kol's insurrection happened in 1831-32. The Santhal Pargana was established by an Act in 1855. Titu Mir was associated with the Farazi Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: When matching historical terms, focus on direct associations like leaders with movements, groups with regions, or events with dates to ensure accuracy.

 

Question 3. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (ii) 1885
B. (v) 1866
C. (i) 1884
D. (iii) 1852
E. (vi) 1919
F. (vii) 1870
In simple words: This table links important Indian associations and reforms with their founding years. The Bombay Presidency Association was formed in 1885, the East India Association in 1866, the Madras Mahajana Sabha in 1884, the Madras Native Association in 1852, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were in 1919, and the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was formed in 1870.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the formation dates of key organizations and acts helps in understanding the timeline of the Indian freedom struggle and nationalist movements.

 

Samacheer Kalvi.Guide

 

V. Answer The Following Question Briefly

 

Question 1. What caused huge loss of revenue in Bengal?
Answer: The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb had given the East India Company the right to trade without paying duties. However, officials of the company also started private trade and stopped paying duties on their own goods. This practice led to a significant loss of revenue for the province of Bengal. It was a major source of conflict between the Company and the Nawab of Bengal.
In simple words: Company officials traded privately without paying taxes, even though they only had permission for company trade. This caused Bengal to lose a lot of money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific reasons for revenue loss, such as misuse of trade privileges, as this was a key factor in the economic exploitation of Indian regions.

 

Question 2. Mention some of the issues of peasants that added to the sense of resentment against the British.
Answer: Several issues made peasants angry at the British:
1. The British introduced new land ownership rules where land became private property.
2. The collection of land revenue was very strict and demanding.
3. Non-tribal people started taking over tribal lands.
4. Christian missionaries interfered with the social and religious life of local people. These points all contributed to the widespread anger among the peasants.
In simple words: Peasants were angry because of new private land rules, harsh tax collection, outsiders taking their tribal lands, and Christian missionaries interfering with their customs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that changes in land policy, revenue collection, and religious interference were significant causes of discontent and revolts among the rural population.

 

Question 3. Why did the Battle of Plassey become famous?
Answer: The Battle of Plassey became famous because it marked the first major victory for the East India Company in India. This victory in 1757 was a turning point, allowing the British to establish their political power and control in Bengal, which eventually led to their dominance over a large part of India. It was a pivotal moment in British colonial expansion.
In simple words: The Battle of Plassey is famous because it was the East India Company's first big win in India, helping them start ruling the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Battle of Plassey is a crucial event in Indian history; know its date and significance as the beginning of British political supremacy.

 

Question 4. What were the reasons for tribal resistance?
Answer: Tribal resistance arose for several key reasons:
1. Under British colonial rule, the government claimed direct ownership of all forest lands for the first time.
2. The commercial exploitation of forests led to the destruction of the traditional tribal way of life.
3. Non-tribal people like contractors, moneylenders, and land grabbers increasingly moved into tribal areas.
4. All this led to widespread loss of ancestral tribal land and forced tribal people to move from their homes. These actions directly threatened tribal livelihoods and culture, sparking resistance.
In simple words: Tribal people resisted because the British took over their forests, outsiders entered their lands, and they lost their traditional homes and ways of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing tribal resistance, always highlight issues related to land, forests, and cultural interference as primary motivators for their uprisings.

 

Question 5. What were the grievances of the company regarding the Nawabs of Bengal?
Answer: The East India Company had several complaints against the Nawabs of Bengal. The company claimed that the Nawabs' demands were unfair and were harming their trade. They believed that trade could only be successful if the duties (taxes) were removed. The company also thought that to expand their trade, they needed to make their settlements bigger, buy more villages, and rebuild their forts. They saw the Nawabs as hindering their economic expansion.
In simple words: The company complained that Bengal's Nawabs stopped their trade with unfair demands, wanted taxes removed, and needed more land and bigger forts to grow their business.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the "grievances" were often pretexts used by the British to justify their territorial expansion and political interference.

 

Question 6. Name the early leaders who criticized about colonial economy.
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranade, and Romesh Chandra Dutt were prominent early leaders who strongly criticized the colonial economy. They clearly argued that the prosperity of the British was based on India's economic and political control. They concluded that colonialism itself was the main barrier to India's economic development, bringing attention to the drain of wealth from India to Britain.
In simple words: Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranade, and Romesh Chandra Dutt were important early leaders who said that the British economy was bad for India. They believed British rule stopped India from getting rich.

🎯 Exam Tip: These leaders are key figures in the "economic critique of colonialism"; remembering their names is important for questions on early nationalist thought.

 

Question 7. Which battle did Robert Clive fight in 1757 and against whom?
Answer: In 1757, Robert Clive fought the Battle of Plassey. He fought this battle against Siraj-ud-daulah, who was the Nawab of Bengal at that time. This battle was a significant event that helped the British gain more power in India.
In simple words: Robert Clive fought the Battle of Plassey in 1757 against Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to remember the key players and date of the Battle of Plassey as it's a foundational event for British rule in India.

 

Samacheer Kalvi.Guide

 

VI. Answer All The Questions Under Each Caption

 

Question 1. Political causes for the Revolt of 1857.
(a) Who introduced subsidiary Alliance?
Answer: Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance. This policy required Indian rulers to accept British forces in their territory and pay for them, losing much of their sovereignty.
In simple words: Lord Wellesley brought in the Subsidiary Alliance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Lord Wellesley as the architect of the Subsidiary Alliance, a major policy that increased British control over Indian states.

 

Question 1. Political causes for the Revolt of 1857.
(b) Name the policy introduced by Lord Balhousie.
Answer: Lord Dalhousie introduced the policy of "Doctrine of Lapse". This policy allowed the British to annex the territories of any Indian princely state if its ruler died without a male heir, bypassing traditional adoption rights.
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie started the "Doctrine of Lapse" policy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Doctrine of Lapse as a key annexation policy by Lord Dalhousie, contributing significantly to discontent among Indian rulers.

 

Question 1. Political causes for the Revolt of 1857.
(c) What was the order issued by the British against the Mughal emperor?
Answer: The British Government ordered that the Mughal emperor had to give up his ancestral palace and the Red Fort. This order was a symbolic blow to the Mughal authority and its historical significance, further undermining their position.
In simple words: The British told the Mughal emperor to leave his old palace and the Red Fort.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that actions against the Mughal emperor were deliberate attempts to dismantle symbols of Indian sovereignty and assert British supremacy.

 

Question 1. Political causes for the Revolt of 1857.
(d) Why did Nana Saheb develop a grudge against the British.
Answer: Nana Saheb developed a grudge against the British because they stopped his pension. He was the adopted son of the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, and after his father's death, the British refused to continue the pension, causing him financial hardship and resentment.
In simple words: Nana Saheb was angry because the British stopped his pension money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pensions and successions were frequent points of contention, often sparking anger among Indian royals and contributing to widespread anti-British sentiment.

 

Question 2. Great Rebellion of 1857
(a) What was the biggest challenge witnessed by the British in 1857?
Answer: The biggest challenge faced by the British in 1857 was the Great Rebellion, which involved both Indian sepoys (soldiers) and civilians. This widespread uprising was a severe threat to British rule in India.
In simple words: The British faced a huge challenge in 1857 from a big rebellion by both Indian soldiers and common people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 1857 Revolt (Great Rebellion) was not just a sepoy mutiny but also involved significant civilian participation, making it a larger threat to British authority.

 

Question 2. Great Rebellion of 1857
(b) What was witnessed by both sides during the revolt?
Answer: Both the British and the Indian rebels witnessed unprecedented violence during the revolt. This means there was extreme and never-before-seen brutality from both sides, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. Such intensity made the revolt particularly brutal and memorable in history.
In simple words: Both the British and the rebels saw very extreme violence during the uprising, which had never happened before.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the nature of the 1857 Revolt, emphasizing the intense and widespread violence from both sides highlights its severity.

 

Question 2. Great Rebellion of 1857
(c) What were the causes of the revolt?
Answer: The main causes of the revolt included:
1. The British annexation policies in India, which took over many Indian states.
2. The British insensitivity towards Indian cultural beliefs and traditions. This disregard often led to clashes and anger among the people. Both these factors fueled widespread resentment, leading to the rebellion.
In simple words: The revolt happened because the British took over many Indian states and did not respect Indian culture or feelings.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing causes for the 1857 Revolt, focus on political (annexation) and socio-religious factors as these were critical triggers.

 

Question 2. Great Rebellion of 1857
(d) What was the people's opinion on the new regulations of the British.
Answer: The people always had a suspicion regarding the intention behind the British's new regulations. They believed that these new rules were meant to serve British interests rather than benefit the Indian population. This deep mistrust made people wary and resistant to British authority.
In simple words: People always suspected that the British's new rules had bad intentions and were not for their benefit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that distrust towards British policies was a constant undercurrent, fueled by a perception that new regulations aimed at exploitation or control rather than welfare.

 

Samacheer Kalvi.Guide

 

Question 3. Wahhabi Rebellion in Barasat
(a) Who led the Wahhabi Rebellion? Write a few lines about him.
Answer: Titu Mir, an Islamic preacher, led the Wahhabi Rebellion. He was greatly influenced by Wahhabi teachings, which advocated for a purer form of Islam. Titu Mir became a key figure among the Muslim peasants, who were often oppressed by the zamindari system. He worked to unite these peasants against both the zamindars and British rule, fighting for their rights and religious freedom.
In simple words: Titu Mir, an Islamic preacher, led the Wahhabi Rebellion. He inspired Muslim peasants to fight against unfair landowners and British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about leaders, remember their full name, their role (e.g., preacher, reformer), and the core idea or cause they represented.

 

Question 3. Wahhabi Rebellion in Barasat
(b) How did this movement acquire an anti-Hindu complexion?
Answer: The Wahhabi Rebellion acquired an anti-Hindu nature because most of the landlords (zamindars) who oppressed the Muslim peasants were Hindus. This made the movement appear to be against Hindus, even though its primary aim was to fight against oppression and not specifically target a religious group. The class conflict over land became intertwined with religious identity.
In simple words: Most landlords who oppressed the peasants were Hindu, so the Wahhabi Rebellion started looking like it was against Hindus, even if that wasn't its main goal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that historical conflicts often had complex roots, where economic and social grievances sometimes took on a religious appearance due to existing social structures.

 

Question 3. Wahhabi Rebellion in Barasat
(c) what happened on 6 November 1831?
Answer: On 6 November 1831, Titu Mir launched his first major attack in the town of Pumea. Immediately after this attack, he boldly declared freedom from British Rule. This marked a significant escalation of the rebellion, as Titu Mir openly challenged British authority.
In simple words: On November 6, 1831, Titu Mir attacked Pumea and then declared independence from British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific dates for key events, like this attack and declaration, helps in providing precise historical answers.

 

Question 3. Wahhabi Rebellion in Barasat
(d) How did the British respond to this rebellion?
Answer: The British responded to the rebellion by sending a large number of troops to Narkelberia. During the conflict, Titu Mir and many of his soldiers were killed in the struggle. This strong military response brutally suppressed the Wahhabi Rebellion and ended Titu Mir's resistance.
In simple words: The British sent many soldiers, and Titu Mir and his men were killed in the fighting, which crushed the rebellion.

🎯 Exam Tip: The British consistently used overwhelming military force to suppress uprisings, a common pattern in their colonial administration.

 

Question 4. Peasant and Tribal Resistance
(a) What was the nature of the resistance against the British rule emerged in rural India?
Answer: In rural India, a more aggressive form of resistance against British rule emerged. This resistance was often spontaneous and driven by local grievances, rather than being centrally organized. It reflected the deep discontent of peasants and tribals facing exploitation and loss of traditional rights under colonial policies.
In simple words: In rural areas, people fought back against the British in a much stronger and more aggressive way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Characterize rural resistance by its spontaneous, aggressive, and localized nature, often directly reacting to immediate grievances like land dispossession or excessive taxes.

 

Question 4. Peasant and Tribal Resistance
(b) Who revolted against the British in rural areas?
Answer: In rural areas, the traditional elite (like local chiefs and zamindars who felt their power was threatened) along with peasants and tribal communities revolted against the British. These groups, though sometimes with differing motives, united against the common enemy who disrupted their established ways of life and exploited their resources.
In simple words: Old leaders, farmers, and tribal people in the villages revolted against the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the broad spectrum of participants in rural revolts, including both traditional elites and common villagers, indicating widespread discontent.

 

Question 4. Peasant and Tribal Resistance
(c) What did they seek for?
Answer: They sought for the restoration of the pre-colonial order, meaning they wanted to bring back the system that existed before the British arrived. Their goal was not to remove the British entirely from India, but to undo the changes that the British had introduced and return to their traditional rights and customs. This was a desire for stability and a return to familiar structures.
In simple words: They wanted to bring back the old ways that existed before the British came, not necessarily to kick the British out completely.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between seeking a return to old systems (pre-colonial order) and demanding complete independence, as motivations varied among different resistance movements.

 

Question 4. Peasant and Tribal Resistance
(d) What was the outlook of the tribals on British?
Answer: The tribal people began to see the British as invaders and encroachers. They viewed the British policies and presence as a direct threat to their traditional forest-based livelihoods, land rights, and unique cultural identity. This perception fueled their strong resistance and deep mistrust towards the colonial administration.
In simple words: Tribal people saw the British as enemies who were invading their lands and taking over their resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that for tribals, the British represented an external force disrupting their self-sufficient way of life, leading to a strong sense of grievance and resistance.

 

Samacheer Kalvi.Guide

 

VII. Answer In Detail

 

Question 1. Enumerate the cause for the failure of the Great Revolt of 1857.
Answer: The Great Revolt of 1857 failed for several reasons:
**Administrative changes:**
1. A key reason was the lack of unity among Indians. Many different groups fought for their own reasons.
2. A large number of Indian rulers and big zamindars (landowners) did not join the rebellion, staying loyal to the British.
3. Other Indian rulers who did not support the movement remained neutral, not helping either side.
4. Educated Indians also did not support the revolt, viewing it as backward.
5. The British used telegraph and postal communication effectively for quick military actions and sending reinforcements. This greatly helped them coordinate their response.
6. The rebellious soldiers had old, traditional weapons and lacked modern war materials.
7. Their weapons were no match for the advanced arms of the British forces.
8. The revolt did not spread to all parts of North India.
9. Indian leaders like Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, and Rani Lakshmi Bai were not as skilled as the British generals.
10. The revolt started too early, and preparations were incomplete.
11. The organization and planning among the rebels were very poor.
12. Indian leaders were brave but lacked a unified command and discipline.
13. The revolutionaries did not have a common goal or idea.
14. Muslims wanted to restore Mughal rule, while Hindus wanted the Peshwa Raj to return. This difference in goals weakened their unity.
15. The British used their "Divide and Rule" policy to stop many Indian rulers from joining forces.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt failed because Indians were not united, many local rulers didn't join, the British had better communication and weapons, and the rebels lacked good planning and common goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: To answer effectively, categorize the causes of failure into military, leadership, unity, and strategic weaknesses of the rebels, and the strengths of the British.

 

Question 2. What was the objective of the partition of Bengal (1905) and what was its result?
Answer: The main objective of the Partition of Bengal in 1905 was to divide the Hindu-Muslim population and weaken the growing nationalist movement. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy, aimed to curb Bengali influence and reduce anti-British political activities. He openly stated that the partition would reduce Bengali speakers to a minority in a divided Bengal and assured Muslims of unity in the new East Bengal province.
**Answer (Continued):**
**Result:**
1. Curzon believed the partition would create divisions based on religion among the Bengali people.
2. Instead, the partition united the people of Bengal against British rule.
3. Vernacular newspapers played a big role in creating a sense of proud Bengali identity.
4. The day of partition (October 16, 1905) was declared a day of mourning.
5. Thousands of people took baths in the River Ganga and marched through Calcutta singing "Bande Mataram."
6. This led to widespread protests across India, starting a new phase of the Indian National Movement.
7. The partition also caused the boycott of British goods and the Swadeshi movement, promoting Indian-made products.
In simple words: The British divided Bengal to break Hindu-Muslim unity and weaken nationalists. But this plan failed; instead, it united Bengalis, leading to protests and the Swadeshi movement, strengthening Indian nationalism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the British aim (divide and rule) and the unexpected outcome (increased unity and nationalism) when discussing the Partition of Bengal. The Swadeshi movement is a crucial result to mention.

 

Question 3. Attempt a narrative account of how Tilak and Annie Besant by launching Home Rule Movement sustained the Indian freedom struggle after 1916?
Answer: The Home Rule Movement, led by Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant from 1915 to 1918, helped revive and radicalize the Indian National Movement.
(i) This movement aimed for self-government within the British Empire using constitutional methods, like Canada or Australia.
(ii) Tilak set up the first Home Rule League in April 1916. Annie Besant started her own League in September 1916 after her followers repeatedly asked, without Congress support. Both leagues worked separately.
(iii) The Home Rule Leagues spread their message widely through newspapers, speeches, public meetings, lectures, and discussions, advocating for self-governance.
(iv) They successfully enrolled many young people and expanded the movement into rural areas, making it a broader national effort. This momentum was crucial in keeping the freedom struggle active and pushing for reforms after 1916.
In simple words: Tilak and Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement to get self-government for India after 1916. They used speeches and writings to gather many young people and spread the message, keeping the fight for freedom alive and strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about the Home Rule Movement, remember to mention both Tilak and Besant, their independent leagues, their common goal of self-government, and the methods used to popularize the movement.

 

Question 4. What were the main objectives and key demands of Indian National Congress?
Answer: The main objectives of the Indian National Congress were to develop and strengthen feelings of national unity among Indians and ensure loyalty to Britain. They aimed to create a shared Indian identity while seeking reforms within the British system. Over time, their demands grew more assertive, reflecting the changing political landscape.
Some of the key demands were:
1. To create legislative councils at both provincial (state) and central levels, giving Indians a say in lawmaking.
2. To reduce military spending, as a large part of India's budget went to the British army.
3. To hold civil service exams in India as well as in England, allowing more Indians to join the administration.
4. To promote Indian industries and end unfair taxes (tariffs) and excise duties on Indian goods.
5. To extend trial by jury, ensuring fairer judicial processes.
6. To increase the number of elected members in the legislative council, giving Indians more representation.
7. To bring about police reforms.
8. To reduce "Home Charges" (expenses incurred by the British government in England on behalf of India).
9. To reconsider harsh forest laws that affected tribal communities.
10. To separate judicial (judging) and executive (governing) functions to ensure justice.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress wanted to unite Indians and stay loyal to Britain, while also asking for more Indian representation in government, less military spending, fair exams, support for Indian industries, and better laws for justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing the demands of the INC, categorize them (e.g., administrative, economic, political) to present a clear and comprehensive answer. Mentioning their dual objective of unity and loyalty to Britain is important for the early phase.