Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 21 Health and Diseases

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Science Solutions Chapter 21 Health and Diseases Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer:

 

Question 1. Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline. The component causing this could be:
(a) Nicotine
(b) Tannic acid
(c) Curcumin
(d) heptin
Answer: (a) Nicotine
In simple words: Nicotine is a substance in tobacco that makes your body release more adrenaline. Adrenaline is a hormone that makes you feel excited or stressed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember nicotine is the primary addictive and stimulatory compound in tobacco, directly impacting the adrenal glands.

 

Question 2. World 'No Tobacco Day' is observed on _____.
(a) May 31
(b) June 6
(c) April 22
(d) October 2
Answer: (a) May 31
In simple words: People all over the world celebrate 'No Tobacco Day' on May 31st every year to tell everyone about the dangers of tobacco.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing important dates like 'No Tobacco Day' shows awareness of global health initiatives.

 

Question 3. Cancer cells are more easily damaged by radiations than normal cells because they are:
(a) Different in structure
(b) Non-dividing
(c) Starved mutation
(d) Undergoing rapid division
Answer: (d) Undergoing rapid division
In simple words: Cancer cells grow and divide very quickly compared to healthy cells. Because they are always dividing, they are more sensitive to radiation, which damages dividing cells more easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key characteristic making cancer cells susceptible to radiation and chemotherapy is their uncontrolled and rapid cell division.

 

Question 4. Cancer of the lymph nodes and spleen?
(a) Carcinoma
(b) Sarcoma
(c) Leukaemia
(d) Lymphoma
Answer: (c) Leukaemia
In simple words: Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, which then impacts organs like lymph nodes and the spleen. It starts when the body makes too many abnormal white blood cells.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between carcinoma (epithelial tissue), sarcoma (connective tissue), and leukaemia/lymphoma (blood/lymphatic system) for accurate identification.

 

Question 5. Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to;
(a) Loss of memory
(b) Cirrhosis of liver
(c) State of hallucination
(d) Supression of brain
Answer: (b) Cirrhosis of liver
In simple words: Drinking too much alcohol over a long time badly damages the liver. This damage can lead to a serious liver disease called cirrhosis, where the liver becomes scarred and cannot work properly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cirrhosis of the liver is a severe, irreversible outcome of long-term alcohol abuse, highlighting alcohol's direct impact on organ health.

 

Question 6. Coronary heart disease is due to
(a) Streptococci bacteria
(b) Inflammation of pericardium
(c) The weakening of heart valves
(d) Insufficient blood supply to heart muscles.
Answer: (d) Insufficient blood supply to heart muscles.
In simple words: Coronary heart disease happens when the blood vessels that bring blood to the heart muscle get narrow or blocked. This means the heart doesn't get enough oxygen, which causes problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that coronary heart disease primarily stems from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to plaque buildup in arteries.

 

Question 7. Cancer of the epithelial cells is called:
(a) Leukemia
(b) Sarcoma
(c) Carcinoma
Answer: (c) Carcinoma
In simple words: Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in epithelial cells. These cells cover the outer and inner surfaces of the body, like skin, lungs, and stomach lining.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer, originating in epithelial tissues that line organs and body surfaces.

 

Question 8. Metastasis is associated with _____.
(a) Malignant tumour
(b) Benign tumour
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Crown gall tumour
Answer: (a) Malignant tumour
In simple words: Metastasis is when cancer cells break away from the original tumor and spread to other parts of the body. This only happens with malignant (cancerous) tumors, not benign (non-cancerous) ones.

🎯 Exam Tip: The ability to metastasize is a defining characteristic that distinguishes malignant (cancerous) tumors from benign (non-cancerous) growths.

 

Question 9. Polyphagia is a condition seen in:
(a) Obesity
(b) Diabetes mellitus
(c) Diabetes insipidus
(d) AIDS
Answer: (b) Diabetes mellitus
In simple words: Polyphagia means feeling very hungry all the time, even after eating. It is one of the main signs of diabetes mellitus, a condition where the body has trouble using sugar for energy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the "3 Ps" of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).

 

Question 10. Where does alcohol effect immediately after drinking?
(a) Eyes
(b) Auditory region
(c) Liver
(d) Central nervous system
Answer: (d) Central nervous system
In simple words: When a person drinks alcohol, it quickly enters the bloodstream and goes straight to the brain and spinal cord, which make up the central nervous system. This is why a person feels dizzy or loses coordination very soon after drinking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant, meaning its effects are almost immediate on brain function and coordination.

 

II. State whether True or False, if false write the correct statement:

 

Question 1. AIDS is an epidemic disease.
Answer: False – AIDS is a pandemic disease
In simple words: AIDS is a pandemic because it affects people all over the world, not just in one area. An epidemic is when a disease spreads quickly in a specific region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between 'epidemic' (widespread in a community) and 'pandemic' (widespread globally) when classifying diseases.

 

Question 2. Cancer causing genes are called Oncogenes.
Answer: True
In simple words: Oncogenes are special genes that, when they are not working correctly, can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. They play a big role in the development of many cancers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes through mutations, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

 

Question 3. Obesity is characterized by tumour formation.
Answer: False - Obesity is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat.
In simple words: Obesity means having too much body fat, which can lead to health problems. It is not about tumors, but about the amount of fat stored in the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: While obesity can increase cancer risk, it is primarily defined by excessive fat accumulation, not tumor formation directly.

 

Question 4. In leukemia both WBCs and RBCs increase in number.
Answer: False – In leukemia only WBC increases in number.
In simple words: Leukaemia is a type of cancer where the body makes too many abnormal white blood cells (WBCs). This overproduction crowds out healthy red blood cells (RBCs) and other blood cells, leading to their decrease, not an increase.

🎯 Exam Tip: The hallmark of leukemia is the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells, which suppresses the production of other blood cells.

 

Question 5. Study of cause of disease is called etiology.
Answer: True
In simple words: Etiology is the scientific study of what causes diseases. It helps us understand why and how certain illnesses happen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Etiology is a fundamental concept in medicine, crucial for understanding disease mechanisms and developing treatments.

 

Question 6. AIDS is not transmitted by contact with a patient's clothes.
Answer: True
In simple words: AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which does not spread through casual contact like touching clothes. It is transmitted through specific body fluids.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact, air, water, or sharing food/clothes, to combat common misconceptions.

 

Question 7. Type 2 diabetes mellitus results due to insulin deficiency.
Answer: False – Type 2 diabetes mellitus results due to insulin resistance.
In simple words: In Type 2 diabetes, the body usually still makes insulin, but the cells don't use it properly. This is called insulin resistance. In Type 1, the body doesn't make enough insulin at all.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish Type 1 (insulin deficiency) from Type 2 (insulin resistance) diabetes for accurate understanding.

 

Question 8. Carcinogens are cancer causing agents.
Answer: True
In simple words: Carcinogens are substances or agents that can cause cancer. These can be chemicals, radiation, or even certain viruses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide examples of carcinogens like tobacco smoke, UV radiation, and asbestos to make the concept tangible.

 

Question 9. Nicotine is a narcotic drug.
Answer: False - Nicotine is a stimulant.
In simple words: Nicotine, found in tobacco, makes the body more alert and increases heart rate, acting as a stimulant. Narcotic drugs typically cause drowsiness and pain relief.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that stimulants increase alertness and activity, while narcotics primarily cause drowsiness and reduce pain, with nicotine falling into the stimulant category.

 

Question 10. Cirrhosis is associated with brain disorder.
Answer: False - Cirrhosis is associated with liver disorder.
In simple words: Cirrhosis is a very serious condition where the liver is badly scarred and damaged. It is a liver disease, not a brain disorder.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that cirrhosis is a progressive liver disease, often caused by chronic alcohol abuse or hepatitis, leading to liver failure.

 

III. Expand the following abbreviations:

 

Question 1. IDDM – Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
In simple words: IDDM is a type of diabetes where a person's body does not make insulin, so they need to take insulin injections to manage their blood sugar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognise that "Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus" refers to Type 1 diabetes, where the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing cells.

 

Question 2. HIV – Human Immuno deficiency Virus
Answer: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
In simple words: HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, which is what fights off infections and diseases. Over time, it can lead to AIDS.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on 'Immunodeficiency' in the expansion, as it explains how the virus weakens the body's ability to fight illness.

 

Question 3. BMI – Body Mass Index
Answer: Body Mass Index
In simple words: BMI is a number that uses a person's weight and height to tell if they are underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. It is a simple way to check body fat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that BMI is a screening tool, not a diagnostic one, and should be considered alongside other health indicators.

 

Question 4. AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Answer: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
In simple words: AIDS is a very serious condition that can happen when HIV has severely damaged the body's immune system. It means the body can no longer fight off many infections.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term "Syndrome" indicates a collection of symptoms and diseases that occur as a result of a weakened immune system due to HIV.

 

Question 5. CHD – Coronary Heart Disease
Answer: Coronary Heart Disease
In simple words: CHD is a heart condition where the main blood vessels that bring blood to the heart become narrow, making it hard for the heart to get enough oxygen and nutrients.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that "Coronary" refers to the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle itself, hence its importance in heart health.

 

Question 6. NIDDM – Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
In simple words: NIDDM is a type of diabetes where the body either doesn't make enough insulin or doesn't use it well. People with NIDDM often don't need insulin injections at first.

🎯 Exam Tip: This abbreviation refers to Type 2 diabetes, often manageable with lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes later, insulin.

 

IV. Match the following:

 

Question. Match the following:

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (i)
C. (ii)
D. (iii)
E. (iv)
In simple words: Sarcoma is cancer of connective tissue, while carcinoma is cancer of epithelial tissue like the stomach lining. Polydipsia means feeling very thirsty, and polyphagia means feeling very hungry, both common in diabetes. Myocardial infarction is when the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, connect definitions to terms carefully, especially for disease types and their associated symptoms or characteristics.

 

V. Fill in the blanks:

 

Question 1. Cirrhosis is caused in liver due to excessive use of _____.
Answer: alcohol
In simple words: Drinking too much alcohol over a long time can seriously damage the liver and cause a condition called cirrhosis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Alcohol abuse is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, emphasizing the importance of moderation or abstinence.

 

Question 2. A highly poisonous chemicals derived from tobacco is _____.
Answer: nicotine
In simple words: Nicotine is a very harmful chemical found in tobacco that makes it addictive and causes many health problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: While tobacco contains many harmful chemicals, nicotine is specifically responsible for its addictive properties.

 

Question 3. Blood cancer is called _____.
Answer: Leukaemia
In simple words: Leukaemia is the medical name for cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, where blood cells are made.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect "blood cancer" directly with "leukaemia" as the common term for this type of malignancy.

 

Question 4. Less response of a drug to a specific dose with repeated use is called _____.
Answer: Drug tolerance
In simple words: When a person uses a drug many times, their body can get used to it. This means they need a larger dose to feel the same effect, which is called drug tolerance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Drug tolerance can lead to increased dosages and potential addiction, a crucial concept in pharmacology.

 

Question 5. Insulin resistance is a condition in ........... diabetes mellitus.
Answer: Type 2
In simple words: Insulin resistance is a key problem in Type 2 diabetes mellitus, where the body's cells don't respond well to insulin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate insulin resistance (Type 2) from insulin deficiency (Type 1) for a clear understanding of diabetes types.

 

VI. Analogy type questions. Identify the first words and their relationship and suggest a suitable word for the fourth blank:

 

Question 1. Communicable: AIDS: Non communicable: _____.
Answer: Cancer
In simple words: AIDS is a communicable disease, meaning it can spread from person to person. Cancer, on the other hand, is generally a non-communicable disease, meaning it does not spread from one person to another.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the difference between communicable (infectious, transmissible) and non-communicable (chronic, non-transmissible) diseases.

 

Question 2. Chemotherapy: Chemicals: Radiation therapy: _____.
Answer: Radiation
In simple words: Chemotherapy uses powerful chemicals to treat cancer. Similarly, radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the therapy type to its primary agent, e.g., 'chemo' for chemicals and 'radiation' for radiation therapy, in cancer treatment.

 

Question 3. Hypertension: Hypercholesterolomia: Glycosuria: _____.
Answer: Hyperglycemia
In simple words: Hypertension means high blood pressure, and hypercholesterolemia means high cholesterol. Glycosuria means sugar in the urine, which is a sign of hyperglycemia, meaning high blood sugar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember prefixes like 'hyper-' mean "high" or "excessive," which helps in understanding medical terms for elevated levels.

 

VII. Answer in a Sentence:

 

Question 1. What are psychotropic drugs?
Answer: Drugs which act on the brain and alter behaviour, consciousness, power of thinking and perception are called psychotropic drugs.
In simple words: Psychotropic drugs are medicines that change how the brain works, affecting a person's mood, thoughts, and how they see things.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining psychotropic drugs, focus on their action on the brain and their impact on mental functions like behavior and perception.

 

Question 2. Mention the diseases caused by tobacco smoke.
Answer: Lung cancer, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, emphysema and hypoxia are diseases caused by tobacco smoke.
In simple words: Smoking tobacco can cause serious lung diseases like lung cancer, bronchitis (swollen breathing tubes), emphysema (damaged air sacs), and even make tuberculosis worse. It also reduces oxygen in the body, leading to hypoxia.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a range of respiratory diseases caused by tobacco smoke to show comprehensive knowledge of its harmful effects.

 

Question 3. What are the contributing factors for Obesity?
Answer: The social, behavioural, psychological, metabolic and cellular factors are the contributing factors of obesity.
In simple words: Obesity is caused by many things working together, including how people live their lives (social and behavioural factors), their thoughts and feelings (psychological factors), how their body uses energy (metabolic factors), and even what happens inside their cells (cellular factors).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that obesity is a complex condition influenced by a combination of environmental, lifestyle, psychological, and biological factors.

 

Question 4. What is adult – onset diabetes?
Answer: In adult-onset diabetes, insulin production by the pancreas is normal and target cells do not respond to insulin.
In simple words: Adult-onset diabetes, also known as Type 2 diabetes, usually starts later in life. In this type, the body makes insulin, but the cells don't use it properly.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key point for adult-onset (Type 2) diabetes is insulin resistance, where cells ignore insulin's signal, not a lack of insulin production.

 

Question 5. What is metastasis?
Answer: The cancerous cell migrates to distant parts of the body to affect new tissues. This process is called metastasis.
In simple words: Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from where they started to other parts of the body, forming new tumors. It is a sign that the cancer is advanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Metastasis is a critical characteristic of malignant tumors and indicates the cancer's ability to spread aggressive diseases.

 

Question 6. How does insulin deficiency occur?
Answer: Insulin deficiency occurs by the destruction of Beta-cells of the pancreas and blood glucose levels are increased (hyperglycemia).
In simple words: Insulin deficiency happens when the Beta-cells in the pancreas, which make insulin, are destroyed. This means the body can't produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specify the Beta-cells of the pancreas as the source of insulin, and their destruction as the cause of insulin deficiency in Type 1 diabetes.

 

VIII. Short Answer Questions:

 

Question 1. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus occurs?
Answer: AIDS virus is present in urine, tears, saliva, breast milk and vaginal secretions. The virus is transmitted by the infected patient, who comes in contact with the blood of a healthy person. HIV/ AIDS is not transmitted by touch or any physical contact. It spreads through contact with body fluids or blood. HIV is generally transmitted by

• Sexual contact with an infected person.
• Use of contaminated needles or syringes.
• By the transfusion of contaminated or infected blood or blood products.
• From infected mother to her child through the placenta.

In simple words: HIV spreads through certain body fluids, mainly by unprotected sex, sharing dirty needles, getting infected blood transfusions, or from a mother to her baby during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It does not spread through casual touch.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing HIV transmission, focus on specific body fluids and activities that facilitate transfer, while clarifying that casual contact does not transmit the virus.

 

Question 2. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell?
Answer:

In simple words: Normal cells know when to stop growing and listen to signals from other cells, repairing themselves or dying when needed. Cancer cells, however, grow endlessly, ignore these signals, and do not self-repair or die, leading to uncontrolled growth and tumors.

🎯 Exam Tip: The fundamental difference between normal and cancer cells lies in their ability to control growth, respond to signals, and undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis).

 

Question 3. Differentiate between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Answer:

In simple words: Type 1 diabetes often starts in childhood and always needs insulin because the body makes none. Type 2 diabetes usually starts later in life, is often linked to weight, and might be managed with diet, pills, or sometimes insulin, as the body still makes some insulin but does not use it well.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the age of onset, role of insulin (deficiency vs. resistance), and primary treatment methods to distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

 

Question 4. Why is a dietary restriction recommended for an obese individual?
Answer: Low calorie, normal protein, vitamins and minerals, restricted carbohydrate, mid-fat, high fibre diet can prevent overweight. Calorie restriction for weight reduction is safe and most effective. A low-calorie diet accompanied by moderate exercise will be effective in causing weight loss. Meditation, Yoga and Physical activity can also reduce stress-related to overeating.
In simple words: For obese individuals, eating a controlled diet with fewer calories, less fat and sugar, but plenty of fiber, vitamins, and protein is important to lose weight safely. This helps prevent overweight and can be made more effective with regular exercise and activities like yoga to manage stress that causes overeating.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the multi-faceted approach to managing obesity, combining dietary changes with physical activity and stress management for sustainable results.

 

Question 5. What precautions can be taken for preventing heart diseases?
Answer: Diet management: Reduction in the intake of calories, low saturated fat and cholesterol-rich food, low carbohydrates and common salt are some of the dietary modifications. Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is essential. Increase in the intake of fibre diet, fruits and vegetables, protein, minerals and vitamin are required.
Physical activity: Regular exercise, walking and yoga are essential for bodyweight.
Addictive substance avoidance: Alcohol consumption and smoking are to be avoided.
In simple words: To prevent heart diseases, it is important to eat a healthy diet low in bad fats, salt, and sugar, but high in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and good fats. Regular exercise like walking or yoga helps keep a healthy weight. Also, avoiding alcohol and smoking is crucial.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the three pillars of heart disease prevention: diet, physical activity, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and excessive alcohol.

 

IX. Long Answer Questions:

 

Question 1. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic.
Answer: Measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic:
1. Education and Counselling: Education and proper counselling will help the alcoholics to overcome their problems and stress, to accept failures in their life.
2. Physical activity: Individuals undergoing Rehabilitation measures should be guided into healthy activities like reading, music, sports, yoga and meditation.
3. Seeking help from parents and peers: The affected individuals should seek help from parents and peers. This would help them to share their feeling of anxiety of wrongdoing and get rid of the habit.
4. Medical assistance: Individuals should seek help from psychologists, and psychiatrists, to get relieved from this condition and to lead a relaxed and peaceful life.
In simple words: To help an alcoholic, they need education and counseling to deal with life's challenges. Doing healthy activities like sports or yoga helps them recover. Support from family and friends is important so they can talk about their feelings and break bad habits. Finally, getting help from doctors like psychologists can help them feel better and live a peaceful life.

🎯 Exam Tip: When addressing addiction recovery, include a holistic approach encompassing psychological support, social re-integration, healthy lifestyle changes, and professional medical guidance.

 

Question 2. Changes in lifestyle is a risk factor for occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Can it be modified? If yes, suggest measures for prevention.
Answer: The diseases that affect the heart and the blood vessels are called cardiovascular diseases. High blood cholesterol and high blood pressure are the major reason.
Yes, it can be modified by the following methods.
1. By maintaining the desirable blood cholesterol (level less than 200 mg/dl).
2. By following a good diet that includes an increase in the intake of fibre diet, fruits and vegetables, protein, minerals and vitamins. Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid.
3. By doing physical activities like regular exercise, walking and yoga.
4. By avoiding alcohol and smoking.
In simple words: Cardiovascular diseases, which affect the heart and blood vessels, are often caused by things like high cholesterol and blood pressure. Good news is, many of these lifestyle factors can be changed! We can prevent these diseases by keeping cholesterol below 200 mg/dl, eating a healthy diet full of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and good fats, and avoiding too many bad fats. Regular exercise like walking and yoga is also important, as is staying away from alcohol and smoking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that lifestyle modifications are highly effective in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases, focusing on diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful habits.

 

X. Higher Order Thinking Skills: (HOTS)

 

Question 1. What is the role of fat in the cause of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Atherosclerosis is the condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the build-up of plaque (fatty streak to a fibrous form) around the artery wall, leading to the narrowing of blood vessels. It leads to Ischemia (deficient blood supply to the heart muscle) and myocardial infarction (death of the heart muscle tissue) occur. This disease disrupts the flow of blood around the body, posing the risk of serious complications.
In simple words: Fat plays a big part in atherosclerosis, a disease where arteries get narrow and hard. This happens because fatty stuff, called plaque, builds up on the inside walls of the arteries. This buildup stops blood from flowing properly, which can mean the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood (ischemia) and can even lead to a heart attack.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the process of atherosclerosis by detailing how fatty plaques accumulate in arteries, leading to narrowed blood vessels, reduced blood flow, and serious heart complications.

 

Question 2. Eating junk food and consuming soft drinks results in health problems like obesity, still children prefer. What are the suggestions you would give to avoid children eating junk food/ consumption of soft drinks?
Answer: 1. Get them involved in Planning healthy meals shopping.
2. Make them understand the risk factors of eating junk food.
3. Help them understand the importance of eating low caloric food and to avoid junk food as junk food and soft drinks have high calorie.
4. To maintain the correct BMI.
In simple words: To help children avoid junk food and soft drinks, parents can involve them in planning and shopping for healthy meals. It is important to teach them about the health risks of junk food and how high-calorie foods can lead to problems like obesity. Encouraging a balanced diet helps maintain a healthy Body Mass Index (BMI).

🎯 Exam Tip: Suggest practical, engaging strategies for parents to promote healthy eating habits in children, focusing on education, involvement, and demonstrating benefits.

 

Question 3. Regular physical exercise is advisable for normal functioning of the human body. What are the advantages of practicing exercise in daily life?
Answer: The advantages of practicing exercise in daily life are as follows:

• Practicing exercise daily in our life makes us feel happier.
• It helps us with weight loss.
• Exercises are good for the muscles and bones.
• It can increase our energy level.
• It can reduce the risk of chronic pain and chronic diseases.
• It can keep our skin, brain, health and memory.
• Exercises can help with relaxation and quality sleep.

In simple words: Doing exercise every day has many benefits. It makes us happy, helps us lose weight, and strengthens our muscles and bones. It also gives us more energy, lowers our chances of long-term pain and diseases, keeps our skin and brain healthy, and helps us relax and sleep better.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing benefits of exercise, cover physical, mental, and preventative aspects to show a comprehensive understanding of its importance.

 

Question 4. A leading weekly magazine has recently published a survey analysis which says that number of AIDS patient in the country is increasing day by day. The report says that the awareness among the people about AIDS is still very poor. You are discussing the magazine report in your class and a team of your class decides to help people to fight the dreadful disease.
(a) What problem you face when trying to educate the people in your village near by your school?
(b) How do you overcome the problem?
Answer: (a) Many people are ignorant and not ready to discuss about the sexually transmitted disease like AIDS.
(b) Awareness to be created on the dreadful effects of AIDS and HIV.
In simple words: (a) When trying to teach people in the village about AIDS, a big problem is that many don't know much about it and are uncomfortable talking about a sexually transmitted disease. (b) To fix this, we need to create awareness about the serious dangers of AIDS and HIV, helping people understand why it's important to talk about it openly and safely.

🎯 Exam Tip: In addressing sensitive public health issues like AIDS, acknowledge social stigmas and advocate for clear, respectful education to promote understanding and prevention.

 

XI. Value-Based Questions:

 

Question 1. Once a person starts taking drugs or alcohol it is difficult to get rid of the habit. Why?
Answer: It is difficult to get rid of the habit because they feel a strong urge to keep taking a drug or alcohol as they become dependent. It reaches the brain through the bloodstream. The persons fully dependent on drug or alcohol and they cannot live without drugs, which we call drug dependence.
In simple words: It is very hard to stop using drugs or alcohol once someone starts because their body and mind become dependent on them. These substances quickly reach the brain and change how it works, making the person feel a very strong need to keep taking them and unable to function normally without them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the concept of 'dependence'—both physical and psychological—to explain why breaking drug or alcohol habits is extremely challenging.

 

Question 2. Men addicted to tobacco lead to oxygen deficiency in their body. What could be the possible reason?
Answer: Smoking increases carbon monoxide content in blood and reduces the concentration of haem-bound oxygen. This causes O₂ deficiency in the blood.
In simple words: When men addicted to tobacco smoke, the smoke puts carbon monoxide into their blood. This gas takes the place of oxygen in the blood, attaching to red blood cells where oxygen should go. Because carbon monoxide is picked up more easily than oxygen, the body ends up with less oxygen, causing an oxygen deficiency.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke binds irreversibly with hemoglobin, reducing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity and leading to hypoxia.

 

Question 3. Name any three foods that are to be avoided and included in the diet of a diabetic patient. Why should it be followed?
Answer: The foods that are to be avoided in the diet of a diabetic patient, are all processed grains, french fries, packaged snacks high in salt and carbohydrates, white bread and white flour. Foods that are to be included in the diet of diabetic patients are Brown rice, whole wheat bread, whole-grain cereal, oatmeal, millet and vegetables.
In simple words: Diabetic patients should avoid processed foods like white bread, french fries, and sugary snacks because they raise blood sugar quickly. Instead, they should eat healthy foods like brown rice, whole wheat bread, oats, millet, and lots of vegetables. This helps keep their blood sugar stable and improves overall health.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diabetic diets, prioritize complex carbohydrates, high fiber, and whole foods while limiting simple sugars and processed items to maintain stable blood glucose levels.

 

Question 4. Suggest an awareness campaign to improve people's HIV knowledge and behaviour?
Answer: Creating awareness campaign and educating people on the consequences of AIDS. Persons with HIV/AIDS should not be isolated from the family and society.
In simple words: To improve people's understanding and behavior regarding HIV, we should create campaigns that teach everyone about what AIDS is and what happens if someone gets it. It's also important to make sure people know that those with HIV/AIDS should not be treated differently or kept away from their families and community.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that effective HIV awareness campaigns should not only educate about prevention but also combat stigma and promote social inclusion for those affected.

I. Choose the correct answer:

 

Question 1. Which is cancerous tumour?
(a) Benign tumour
(b) Malignant tumour
(c) Lymphoma
(d) All the options
Answer: (b) Malignant tumour
In simple words: A malignant tumour is a type of growth that is cancerous. Unlike benign tumours, malignant ones can spread to other parts of the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that malignant tumours are dangerous because they can spread (metastasize), while benign tumours usually do not spread and are less harmful.

 

Question 2. The elevated blood glucose level is termed as
(a) Glycosuria
(b) Hyperglycemia
(c) Polyphagia
(d) Hypoxia.
Answer: (b) Hyperglycemia
In simple words: When there is too much sugar in your blood, it is called hyperglycemia. This can happen if your body does not make enough insulin or cannot use it well.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding terms like hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is crucial for questions about diabetes.

 

Question 3. Treatment of cancer is:
(a) Surgery
(b) Radiation
(c) Chemotherapy
(d) All the options
Answer: (d) All the options
In simple words: Cancer can be treated in many ways, including surgery to remove the tumour, radiation to kill cancer cells, and chemotherapy which uses medicines to stop cancer growth. Often, doctors use a mix of these treatments.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing cancer treatments, make sure to mention at least three common methods: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

 

Question 4. The fatty streak, plaque leads to the narrowing of blood vessels lead to
(a) Ischemia
(b) Psychotherapy
(c) Emphysema
(d) Atherosclerosis.
Answer: (d) Atherosclerosis.
In simple words: When fat and cholesterol build up inside blood vessels, they form plaques. This makes the vessels narrower and harder, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which can block blood flow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Atherosclerosis is a key term to associate with plaque buildup in arteries and is a major cause of heart disease.

 

Question 5. The best diagnosis of cancer is done by:
(a) Biopsy
(b) X-ray
(c) Microscopic examination by body fluids
(d) Any of these
Answer: (a) Biopsy
In simple words: A biopsy is often the best way to check for cancer. It involves taking a small sample of tissue from the body to examine under a microscope. This helps doctors see if cancer cells are present.

🎯 Exam Tip: While X-rays and fluid tests can show signs, a biopsy is typically needed to confirm a cancer diagnosis by looking directly at cells.

 

Question 6. Tobacco chewing results in:
(a) Mouth cancer
(b) Lung cancer
(c) Bone cancer
(d) Leukaemia
Answer: (a) Mouth cancer
In simple words: Chewing tobacco directly affects the mouth, leading to a high risk of mouth cancer. The harmful chemicals in tobacco damage the cells in the mouth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific tobacco habits to the types of cancer they primarily cause. Chewing tobacco is strongly associated with oral (mouth) cancer.

 

Question 7. Addiction of tobacco is due to:
(a) Histamine
(b) Nicotine
(c) Tyrosine
(d) Caffeine
Answer: (b) Nicotine
In simple words: Nicotine is a substance found in tobacco that makes it addictive. When people use tobacco, nicotine quickly enters their brain and creates a feeling of pleasure, which makes them want to use it again and again.

🎯 Exam Tip: Nicotine is the primary chemical responsible for addiction in all tobacco products, so remember this key connection.

 

Question 8. A factor responsible for cirrhosis of liver is:
(a) vitamins
(b) fats and oils
(c) alcoholism
(d) sugar
Answer: (c) alcoholism
In simple words: Cirrhosis is a serious liver disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. Drinking too much alcohol over a long time is a main cause of this condition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Excessive alcohol consumption is directly linked to liver damage, particularly conditions like cirrhosis.

 

Question 9. Which is related to tobacco addiction?
(a) Gastric and duodenal ulcers
(b) Bronchitis
(c) Emphysema
(d) All the options
Answer: (d) All the options
In simple words: Tobacco addiction can harm many parts of the body. It can lead to stomach ulcers, breathing problems like bronchitis and emphysema, and many other health issues.

🎯 Exam Tip: Tobacco use affects nearly every organ system, so be prepared to list multiple health problems when asked about its effects.

 

Question 10. Alzheimer's disease affects:
(a) childhood
(b) adolescent
(c) young people
(d) elderly people
Answer: (d) elderly people
In simple words: Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that mainly affects older adults. It causes memory loss and problems with thinking and behavior.

🎯 Exam Tip: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition primarily associated with aging, distinguishing it from developmental or childhood disorders.

 

Question 11. HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying:
(a) (3-Lymphocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Helper-t-Lymphocytes
(d) Thrombocyte
Answer: (c) Helper-t-Lymphocytes
In simple words: HIV attacks specific immune cells in the body called Helper T-lymphocytes. These cells are very important for fighting off infections, so when they are destroyed, the body's ability to protect itself weakens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that HIV targets Helper T-cells (CD4+ cells), which are crucial for the immune system's function, leading to immunodeficiency.

 

Question 12. ELISA test is used for detection of:
(a) Antibodies
(b) Viral diseases
(c) AIDS
(d) All the options
Answer: (c) AIDS
In simple words: The ELISA test is a common way to check for AIDS. It looks for antibodies that the body makes when it has the HIV virus. ELISA is a screening test that detects specific antibodies in the blood.

🎯 Exam Tip: While ELISA detects antibodies (a) and is used for viral diseases (b), its most well-known application is in screening for HIV infection, which causes AIDS (c).

II. State whether True or False, if false write the correct statement:

 

Question 1. Insulin administration is necessary for Type-2 diabetes.
Answer: False – Insulin administration is necessary for Type-1 diabetes.
In simple words: People with Type-1 diabetes must take insulin because their bodies do not make any. For Type-2 diabetes, insulin might be needed, but it's not always the first treatment, as the body still makes some insulin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate clearly between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes, especially regarding insulin dependency. Type-1 requires insulin, while Type-2 often starts with lifestyle changes and oral medications.

 

Question 2. Hypoxin is decrease of oxygen in body tissue.
Answer: True
In simple words: Hypoxia means that the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen. This can happen for many reasons, like breathing problems or issues with blood flow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the prefix "hypo-" (meaning under or deficient) in medical terms; for example, hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoglycemia (low sugar).

 

Question 3. International Day against drug abuse and Illicit trafficking is on June 5th.
Answer: False - International Day against drug abuse and Illicit trafficking is on June 26th.
In simple words: This important day, which aims to raise awareness about drug problems, is actually celebrated on June 26th each year, not June 5th.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with dates for international observances, as these are often tested exactly as they are.

III. Expand the following abbreviations:

 

Question 1. POCSO – Protection Of Children from Sexual Offences
Answer: POCSO - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences.
In simple words: POCSO is a law made to protect children from sexual crimes. It stands for the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences.

🎯 Exam Tip: When expanding abbreviations, ensure all words are correctly spelled and capitalized as per standard usage.

 

Question 2. WHO – World Health Organisation
Answer: WHO - World Health Organisation.
In simple words: WHO is an important global group that works to make sure everyone around the world is healthy. It stands for World Health Organization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure precise spelling and capitalization for all words in the expanded form of an abbreviation, especially for international organizations.

 

Question 3. CVD – Cardio Vascular Disease
Answer: CVD - Cardio Vascular Disease.
In simple words: CVD refers to health problems that affect the heart and blood vessels. It means Cardio Vascular Disease.

🎯 Exam Tip: Many health terms use abbreviations; knowing "cardio" means heart and "vascular" means blood vessels helps in understanding CVD.

 

Question 4. ELISA – Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbert Assay
Answer: ELISA - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
In simple words: ELISA is a special lab test that helps doctors find certain substances in the blood, like antibodies for infections. It is a common method for detecting many different diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: The hyphen in "Enzyme-Linked" and "Immunosorbent" are key details for the full form of ELISA.

 

Question 5. NC PCR – National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
Answer: NC PCR - National Commission for Protection of Child Rights.
In simple words: This is a group set up by the government to make sure children's rights are protected across the country. It works to ensure the welfare and safety of all children.

🎯 Exam Tip: The full form of NC PCR highlights its role as a national body dedicated to child protection and rights.

 

Question 6. LDL – Low Density Lipo protein
Answer: LDL - Low-Density Lipoprotein.
In simple words: LDL is a type of fat and protein found in the blood. It's often called "bad cholesterol" because high levels can lead to heart problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to include the hyphen in "Low-Density Lipoprotein" and associate LDL with "bad" cholesterol that can contribute to heart disease.

IV. Match the following:

 

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (i)
C. (ii)
D. (iii)
E. (iv)
In simple words: This matching exercise helps connect types of cancer and health conditions with their descriptions. Sarcoma is a cancer of connective tissues, carcinoma is a type of cancer, polydipsia is feeling very thirsty, polyphagia is feeling very hungry, and a heart attack (myocardial infarction) happens when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, eliminate obvious pairs first. Understand the core meaning of each term to make accurate matches, especially in biology and health.

V. Fill in the blanks:

 

Question 1. Child helpline number is ..........
Answer: 1098
In simple words: The number to call for help with children's issues is 1098. This helpline is available for children in need.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important helpline numbers as they often appear in questions related to social health and safety.

 

Question 2. Psychotropic drugs are also called as ..........
Answer: mood altering drug
In simple words: Psychotropic drugs are also known as mood-altering drugs because they can change how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. They affect the brain's chemistry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that "psychotropic" means affecting the mind or behavior, so "mood-altering" is a fitting synonym.

 

Question 3. .......... is powdered tobacco taken through nose.
Answer: Sniffing
In simple words: Sniffing is when powdered tobacco is inhaled through the nose. This way of using tobacco can also be very harmful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sniffing is a specific method of tobacco use, distinct from chewing or smoking, and has its own associated health risks.

 

Question 4. Body Mass Index = \( \frac{ \text{weight in kg} }{ \text{height in m}^2 } \)
Answer: \( \frac{ \text{weight in kg} }{ \text{height in m}^2 } \)
In simple words: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a way to see if a person's weight is healthy for their height. You calculate it by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the exact formula for BMI, including the units (kg for weight, m for height squared), as it's a standard measure of health.

 

Question 5. Insulin resistance is a condition in ........... diabetes mellitus.
Answer: Type 2
In simple words: Insulin resistance, where the body's cells don't respond well to insulin, is a key feature of Type 2 diabetes. This means the body has trouble using sugar from food for energy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Insulin resistance is a hallmark of Type 2 diabetes, while Type 1 involves the body not producing enough insulin.

 

Question 6. Desirable level for blood cholesterol is ...........
Answer: Less than 200 mg/dl
In simple words: To stay healthy, the amount of total cholesterol in your blood should be less than 200 milligrams per deciliter. Keeping cholesterol levels low helps prevent heart problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the desirable range for blood cholesterol is important for understanding cardiovascular health. Always remember the unit "mg/dl".

 

Question 7. The study of cancer is called ...........
Answer: Concology
In simple words: The study of cancer, including its causes, development, and treatment, is called oncology. Doctors who specialize in cancer are called oncologists.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term "oncology" comes from the Greek word "onkos," meaning "tumor" or "mass," which helps to link it to the study of cancer.

 

Question 8. World Aids Day is observed on ...........
Answer: December 1st
In simple words: World AIDS Day is celebrated every year on December 1st. It is a day dedicated to raising awareness about AIDS and showing support for those living with HIV.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to remember the exact date for World AIDS Day, as such specific facts are often tested.

 

Question 9. The condition of suppressing the body's defence mechanism is .............
Answer: AIDS
In simple words: When the body's natural way of fighting off sickness (its immune system) becomes very weak, this condition is known as AIDS. It means the body can no longer defend itself well against infections.

🎯 Exam Tip: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) specifically refers to the advanced stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely compromised.

VI. Analogy type questions. Identify the first words and their relationship and suggest a suitable word for the fourth blank:

 

Question 1. Sarcoma: Skin cancer :: Leukaemia: ..........
Answer: Blood Pressure
In simple words: Sarcoma is a type of skin cancer. Following this pattern, leukaemia is a type of blood cancer. Therefore, "Blood cancer" is the fitting fourth term.

🎯 Exam Tip: For analogy questions, identify the relationship between the first pair (type of cancer and its location/nature) and apply the same relationship to the second pair.

 

Question 2. Diabetes: Increase in blood glucose :: Obesity: ..........
Answer: Increase in body weight
In simple words: Diabetes is linked to an increase in blood glucose (sugar). Similarly, obesity is directly linked to an increase in body weight. Both conditions involve excess levels in the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate the conditions to their primary defining characteristic: diabetes to high blood sugar and obesity to excessive body weight.

VII. Answer in a word or sentence:

 

Question 1. Name some of the risk factors for illness and early death.
Answer: Some risk factors for illness and early death include smoking cigarettes, alcohol addiction, drug use, eating high-fat and cholesterol-rich diets, consuming too much junk food, and not getting enough physical activity. These habits can severely impact long-term health. Some of these habits directly damage organs over time.
In simple words: Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, using drugs, eating unhealthy food, and not exercising are things that make people sick and can cause them to die early.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing risk factors, try to categorize them (e.g., lifestyle choices, diet, activity level) to ensure a comprehensive answer.

 

Question 2. What is neoplasm?
Answer: A neoplasm is an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells, resulting in a mass of cells also known as a tumour. This growth happens even when the body doesn't need new cells. It can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
In simple words: Neoplasm means a new, abnormal growth of cells that forms a lump or tumour in the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define neoplasm by focusing on "uncontrolled cell proliferation" and its synonym "tumour." Mentioning both benign and malignant types adds completeness.

 

Question 3. Why sharing of injection needles between two individuals is not recommended?
Answer: Sharing injection needles between two people is very dangerous because it can easily transmit harmful pathogens. These include viruses like HIV (which causes AIDS) and Hepatitis B, which can cause serious diseases. Using a clean, new needle for each person prevents the spread of these infections.
In simple words: Sharing needles is bad because it can spread bad germs like HIV and Hepatitis B from one person's blood to another, making them very sick.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the direct transmission of blood-borne pathogens (like HIV and Hepatitis B) as the key reason to avoid sharing needles.

 

Question 4. What does child helpline provides?
Answer: A child helpline provides support from a social worker who can assist children in need. They help by offering essential services like providing food, shelter, and protection to ensure a child's safety and well-being. These services are vital for vulnerable children.
In simple words: A child helpline gives help through social workers who can provide food, a safe place to stay, and protection for children who need it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing child helpline services, focus on the core provisions: social worker assistance, food, shelter, and protection.

 

Question 5. Define physical abuse.
Answer: Physical abuse of a child is defined as any action that causes physical harm. This includes actions like threatening, beating, kicking, and hitting the child. It is a severe form of maltreatment.
In simple words: Physical abuse means hurting a child's body on purpose, like hitting, kicking, or beating them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that physical abuse involves actions causing physical harm and provide concrete examples like hitting or kicking.

 

Question 6. Who is a drug addict?
Answer: A drug addict is a person who has become very used to taking a drug for a long time. They feel a strong need to keep taking the drug and find it difficult to stop using it. This continuous use forms a dependency.
In simple words: A drug addict is someone who uses a drug so much and for so long that they cannot stop taking it easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the two main aspects of addiction: prolonged use leading to habituation and the difficulty in stopping the drug use.

 

Question 7. What are addictive drug?
Answer: Addictive drugs are substances that change a person's physical, biological, psychological, or social behavior. They do this by stimulating, depressing, or disturbing the normal functions of the body and mind. These changes make a person crave the drug and become dependent on it.
In simple words: Addictive drugs are substances that change how a person's body and mind work, making them want to keep using the drug.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define addictive drugs by their effect on behavior and body functions, leading to dependency. Focus on the core mechanism of altering mental or physical states.

 

Question 8. How does sexually abused children show symptoms of genital injury, abdominal pain, frequent urinary infection and behavioural problems.
Answer: Sexually abused children may show physical signs such as genital injury, as well as internal discomfort like abdominal pain and frequent urinary infections. Beyond physical symptoms, they often exhibit significant behavioral problems. These children may also experience emotional distress.
In simple words: Children who have been sexually abused can show signs like injuries in private areas, stomach pain, many urine infections, and changes in their behavior.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing signs of abuse, include both physical (genital injury, abdominal pain) and behavioral symptoms, as both are crucial indicators.

 

Question 9. What are the symptoms of heart diseases?
Answer: Symptoms of heart diseases can include shortness of breath, headaches, tiredness, dizziness, and chest pain. Other signs may involve swelling in the legs and gastrointestinal disturbances. Early detection of these symptoms is very important for proper treatment.
In simple words: Signs of heart disease include trouble breathing, headaches, feeling tired, dizzy, chest pain, swollen legs, and stomach problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: For heart disease symptoms, list a variety of signs, including chest pain (angina), breathlessness, and fatigue, as they cover common presentations.

 

Question 10. What is Glycosuria?
Answer: Glycosuria is a condition where excessive glucose (sugar) is excreted in the urine. This usually happens when the blood glucose levels are too high for the kidneys to reabsorb all the sugar, often seen in diabetes. The kidneys are unable to filter out all the sugar efficiently.
In simple words: Glycosuria means there is too much sugar in a person's urine. This usually happens when blood sugar levels are very high.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect "glycosuria" directly to "glucose in urine" and its common association with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

VIII. Short Answer Questions:

 

Question 1. What are the objectives of POCSO?
Answer: The objectives of the POCSO Act, 2012, are primarily:
(i) To protect children from serious offences like sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography.
(ii) To set up special courts for quickly trying cases related to these offenses. This ensures justice is served without long delays.
In simple words: POCSO is a law that aims to protect children from sexual abuse, harassment, and harmful images, and to make sure cases are handled fast in special courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state both main objectives: protection from specific sexual offenses and the establishment of fast-track courts.

 

Question 2. How is psychotherapy given to drug de addictive?
Answer: Psychotherapy is given to drug addicts through individual and group counseling sessions, led by psychologists and counselors. This treatment helps reduce the addict's stress, teaches them new ways to solve everyday problems, and promotes adequate diet, rest, and relaxation. The aim is to help them regain control over their lives.
In simple words: Psychotherapy helps drug addicts by giving them counseling, teaching them ways to handle problems, and encouraging a healthy lifestyle with good food, rest, and relaxation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the key components of psychotherapy for addiction: counseling (individual and group), stress reduction techniques, problem-solving skills, and a holistic approach to well-being.

 

Question 3. What is physical abuse? What does child abuse constitute?
Answer: Physical abuse of a child is defined as actions that cause physical harm, such as threatening, beating, kicking, and hitting a child. Child abuse, more broadly, includes all forms of physical or emotional mistreatment, sexual abuse, and exploitation. These actions can severely harm a child's health, survival, and proper development. It is crucial to address all forms of abuse for a child's well-being.
In simple words: Physical abuse means directly hurting a child's body. Child abuse is a wider term that includes physical harm, emotional hurt, sexual abuse, or using a child unfairly, all of which hurt their health and growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between physical abuse (specific actions causing bodily harm) and child abuse (a broader term encompassing various forms of harm, including emotional and sexual).

 

Question 4. How can we prevent smoking?
Answer: To prevent smoking, adolescents and older people need to understand the dangers of smoking and chewing tobacco. Proper counseling and medical assistance can greatly help an addict quit the habit. Education about the harmful effects can discourage starting.
In simple words: We can prevent smoking by teaching young people and adults about its dangers. Also, helping those who are addicted with counseling and medical support is important.

🎯 Exam Tip: Prevention strategies for smoking should include both awareness/education and support for existing addicts through counseling and medical help.

 

Question 5. What are the harmful effects of Alcohol?
Answer: Excessive alcohol consumption has several harmful effects:

• Prolonged use of alcohol can depress the nervous system, acting as a sedative and pain-relieving substance.
• It can cause nerve cell damage, leading to mental or physical disturbances.
• There can be a lack of coordination in body organs.
• Blurred or reduced vision often results, potentially leading to road accidents.
• Alcohol can cause dilation of blood vessels, which affects the heart's normal functioning.
• Liver damage is common, leading to a fatty liver which progresses to cirrhosis.
• Ultimately, the body loses control and consciousness, leading to various health complications.

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to widespread damage throughout the body, affecting multiple systems.
In simple words: Too much alcohol can harm the brain and nerves, make you lose coordination, blur your vision, hurt your heart, and damage your liver, leading to serious health problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing the harmful effects of alcohol, try to cover different body systems: nervous system (brain, coordination), senses (vision), cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels), and liver (cirrhosis).

 

Question 6. How can we control and prevent diabetes?
Answer: Controlling and preventing diabetes involves several management options, depending on the type and severity of the condition. These include dietary adjustments, using hypoglycemic drugs, insulin injections, and regular exercise. The main goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose levels normal. A balanced diet and active lifestyle are key to prevention.
In simple words: We can control and prevent diabetes by eating healthy food, taking medicines or insulin if needed, and exercising regularly. The main aim is to keep blood sugar levels normal.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diabetes control and prevention, emphasize a multi-pronged approach: diet, exercise, medication (including insulin), and the overarching goal of maintaining normal blood glucose levels.

IX. Long Answer Questions:

 

Question 1. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic.
Answer: To help overcome the problems of an alcoholic, several measures can be taken:

• **Education and Counseling:** Providing proper education and counseling can help alcoholics understand their problems and manage stress. It also helps them accept failures in life and build coping mechanisms.
• **Physical Activity:** Encouraging individuals to engage in healthy physical activities like reading, listening to music, sports, yoga, and meditation. These activities can promote mental and physical well-being.
• **Seeking Help from Parents and Peers:** Affected individuals should seek support from their parents and peers. This helps them share their feelings of anxiety and guilt, which can aid in breaking the habit. Support from family is crucial for recovery.
• **Medical Assistance:** Professional help from psychologists and psychiatrists is essential. Medical assistance helps individuals get relief from their condition and enables them to lead a relaxed and peaceful life.

These combined approaches provide comprehensive support for recovery.
In simple words: To help alcoholics, we need to teach them about their problems and offer counseling. They should also do healthy activities like sports and yoga. Getting help from family and doctors, like psychologists, is also very important to overcome the addiction.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about overcoming addiction, remember the holistic approach: education/counseling, physical activity, social support (family/peers), and professional medical/psychological assistance.

 

Question 2. Changes in lifestyle is a risk factor for occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Can it be modified? If yes, suggest measures for prevention.
Answer: Diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels are called cardiovascular diseases. High blood cholesterol and high blood pressure are major risk factors. Yes, lifestyle changes can be modified to prevent these diseases through the following methods:

• **Maintain Desirable Blood Cholesterol:** Keep blood cholesterol levels below 200 mg/dl to reduce plaque buildup in arteries. This is a critical step in prevention.
• **Follow a Good Diet:** Eat a healthy diet that includes more fiber-rich foods, fruits, vegetables, protein, minerals, and vitamins. A diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids is especially beneficial.
• **Engage in Physical Activities:** Regularly incorporate physical activities such as exercise, walking, and yoga into daily life to strengthen the heart and maintain a healthy weight.
• **Avoid Alcohol and Smoking:** Refrain from consuming alcohol and smoking, as both significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

These modifications can dramatically lower the risk of heart disease.
In simple words: Lifestyle changes like unhealthy eating and not moving much can cause heart and blood vessel diseases. Luckily, we can change these habits by eating healthy, exercising, and avoiding alcohol and smoking to prevent these problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing cardiovascular disease prevention, focus on actionable lifestyle modifications: diet (cholesterol control, fiber-rich foods), physical activity, and avoiding harmful substances like alcohol and tobacco.

 

Question 3. What are Carcinogen? Write a note on carcinogenic agents.
Answer: Cancer-causing agents are called carcinogenic agents or carcinogens. They are substances or agents that can cause cancer. These agents can be grouped into physical, chemical, ionizing radiations, and biological agents. Each type interacts with the body in different ways to promote abnormal cell growth.

• **Physical Irritants:** Heavy smoking is known to cause lung cancer, as well as cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Chewing betel and tobacco can also cause oral cancer. Excessive exposure to sunlight can lead to skin cancer due to UV radiation damage.
• **Chemical Agents:** Various chemicals can induce cancer, including nicotine, caffeine, products from burning coal and oil, pesticides, asbestos, nickel, certain dyes, and artificial sweeteners. These chemicals interfere with cellular processes, leading to mutations.
• **Radiations:** Ionizing radiations such as X-rays, gamma-rays, and radioactive substances can cause DNA damage, which can lead to cancer. Non-ionizing radiations like UV rays also contribute to DNA damage and cancer development.
• **Biological Agents:** Certain cancer-causing viruses are known as oncogenic viruses. These viruses can integrate their genetic material into host cells, altering normal cell growth and division, thus leading to cancer.

Understanding these agents is key to cancer prevention.
In simple words: Carcinogens are things that cause cancer. They can be physical things like too much sun, chemicals like nicotine or asbestos, radiation like X-rays, or even some viruses. Each of these can damage our cells and make them grow abnormally.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining carcinogens, classify them into physical, chemical, radiation, and biological categories, and provide at least one specific example for each type.

XI. Value-Based Questions:

 

Question 1. Adolescence is a vulnerable phase of mental and physiological development in an individual. They are more prone to addiction at this age.
(a) Give two reasons for addiction in adolescence.
(b) Mention two preventive measures.
Answer:
(a) Peer pressure and changing moods are two reasons why teenagers might get addicted. During this phase, young people are very influenced by their friends and their own emotions.
(b) Educating them and providing good guidance are two ways to help prevent addiction.
In simple words: Teenagers can get addicted because of friends' influence and changing emotions. We can help by teaching them and giving good advice.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing youth issues, remember to highlight both social (peer pressure) and emotional (mood swings) factors, as well as practical preventive measures like awareness and counseling.

 

Question 2. A person in your locality has been diagnosed with AIDS. People in your locality want him to leave the colony for fear of the spread of AIDS.
(a) List the ways AIDS virus is transmitted.
(b) Give two suggestions to prevent it.
Answer:
(a) The AIDS virus is mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person or by getting infected blood through transfusions. It is important to understand how it spreads to avoid misinformation.
(b) To prevent the spread, two key suggestions are promoting safe sexual practices and carefully screening all blood in blood banks for HIV before it is used for transfusions.
In simple words: AIDS spreads through unprotected sex and infected blood. We can stop it by promoting safe sex and testing all blood before transfusions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on factual transmission methods and community-level prevention strategies. Avoid discussing isolation or discrimination, as it is a value-based question about societal understanding and prevention.

XII. Assertion and Reasoning:

 

Question 1. Assertion: All drugs act on the brain. Reason: Drugs disturb the functioning of the body and mind.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
In simple words: The assertion states that all drugs affect the brain. The reason explains that drugs disrupt the normal function of both the body and mind. This reason correctly explains why drugs interact with the brain.

🎯 Exam Tip: For Assertion-Reason questions, first check if both statements are individually true. Then, see if the Reason logically explains the Assertion. If the Reason gives the 'why' behind the Assertion, then it is a correct explanation.

 

Question 2. Assertion: Excretion of excess glucose in urine is observed in a person with diabetes mellitus. Reason: Pancreas is unable to produce sufficient quantity of insulin.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
In simple words: The assertion says people with diabetes have too much sugar in their urine. The reason says the pancreas cannot make enough insulin. Both are true statements about diabetes. However, while related, the inability to produce insulin leads to high blood sugar, which *then* leads to sugar in urine, so the reason is not a direct, immediate explanation for the assertion itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that even if both Assertion and Reason are true, the Reason must directly and logically explain the Assertion for option (a) to be correct. If they are related but the Reason does not explain the 'why' of the Assertion, then option (b) is likely the answer.

 

Question 3. Assertion (A): Cancer is a contagious disease. Reason (R): It is transmitted from a patient to a healthy person by casual contact.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
In simple words: Cancer is not a disease that can spread from one person to another through simple contact. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth, not by infection. So, both the idea that it is contagious and that it spreads casually are wrong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be clear on common misconceptions. Cancer is a non-communicable disease, meaning it does not spread from person to person. Its causes are often internal or environmental, not infectious.