RBSE Solutions Class 9 Information Technology Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer

Textbook Questions Solved

I. Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which Unit is used to receive input from user in a computer system:
(a) CPU
(b) CU
(c) Input Unit
(d) Output Unit
Answer: (c) Input Unit
In simple words: The Input Unit is the part of a computer that takes information from the user. It acts like the computer's ears and eyes, allowing it to get data from us.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that input units are how humans talk to computers, so devices like keyboards and mice are key examples.

 

Question 2. In a computer system, set of Instructions is known as:
(a) Program
(b) Data
(c) Information
(d) All of these
Answer: (a) Program
In simple words: A program is simply a list of commands that tell the computer what to do. These instructions are followed step-by-step to complete a task.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that programs are the core of how computers operate, turning raw instructions into actions.

 

Question 3. In a computer system what represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e. the components that can be seen and touched:
(a) Software
(b) Hardware
(c) Program
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Hardware
In simple words: Hardware refers to all the parts of a computer that you can physically touch. It includes things like the keyboard, monitor, and the computer's internal components.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish clearly between hardware (physical parts) and software (programs) as they are fundamental computer concepts.

 

Question 5. Which type of computer is used at Petrol Pumps:
(a) Digital Computer
(b) Analog Computer
(c) Main Frame Computer
(d) Super Computer
Answer: (b) Analog Computer
In simple words: Petrol pumps use analog computers because they measure continuous physical changes, like the flow of fuel. These computers work with data that changes smoothly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that analog computers handle continuous data (like temperature or pressure), while digital computers handle discrete data (like numbers).

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What are the major/basic functional components of a computer?
Answer: The main functional parts of a computer are:
1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Output Unit
These three units work together to allow a computer to take in data, process it, and then show the results.
In simple words: A computer mainly has an Input Unit (to take data), a Central Processing Unit (to think), and an Output Unit (to show results).

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing these three basic components is crucial for describing a computer's overall functionality.

 

Question 2. List a few example of Input Devices.
Answer: Some examples of input devices include a Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Screen, and OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) readers. These devices help us give information to the computer.
In simple words: Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Screen, and OMR are examples of devices used to put information into a computer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always give specific examples when asked to list types of devices.

 

Question 4. What are the equivalent Decimal Number of following Binary Numbers: 10,110, 111,1011, 1100 and 1110
Answer: The decimal numbers equivalent to the given binary numbers are:
Binary 10 is Decimal 2
Binary 110 is Decimal 6
Binary 111 is Decimal 7
Binary 1011 is Decimal 11
Binary 1100 is Decimal 12
Binary 1110 is Decimal 14
Converting binary to decimal involves multiplying each digit by powers of 2.
In simple words: You change binary numbers (made of 0s and 1s) into our usual decimal numbers. For example, binary 10 is 2, binary 110 is 6, and binary 1110 is 14.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice binary-to-decimal conversion by remembering that each binary digit (bit) represents a power of two.

 

Question 5. What is the equivalent binary no of the following decimal no- 23.45?
Answer: The binary number for decimal 23.45 is \( (10111.011100)_2 \). To get this, convert the whole number and fractional part separately.
In simple words: The decimal number 23.45 is written as \( (10111.011100)_2 \) in binary language.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to convert the integer part and the fractional part of a decimal number to binary separately.

 

Question 6. What is the extended form of ATM?
Answer: The extended form of ATM is Automatic Teller Machine. This machine helps people get cash and do banking without a human teller.
In simple words: ATM means Automatic Teller Machine.

🎯 Exam Tip: For abbreviations, always provide the full, correct phrase.

 

Question 7. Which technology is used for Digital Computers?
Answer: Digital computers use technology that works with Digital or Binary digits. This means they understand information in the form of 0s and 1s.
In simple words: Digital computers use binary digits (0s and 1s) to work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight "binary digits" as the key concept for digital computer technology.

 

Question 8. Give an example of Super Computer.
Answer: An example of a Super Computer is PARAM. Supercomputers are very powerful and are used for complex tasks.
In simple words: PARAM is a super computer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name a specific, well-known example when asked for one.

 

Question 9. What is extended form of ALU?
Answer: The extended form of ALU is Arithmetic Logic Unit. This unit performs calculations and makes decisions in a computer.
In simple words: ALU means Arithmetic Logic Unit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the full forms of common computer abbreviations.

 

Question 10. Give name of any two operating system
Answer: An example of an operating system is:
1. Single User Operating System
Operating systems manage all the computer's resources and programs. While this source lists only one, many others exist.
In simple words: An operating system is software that helps run your computer. A "Single User Operating System" is one type.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be ready to name specific operating systems like Windows, macOS, or Linux, not just categories.

 

Question 1. What is Computer?
Answer: A computer is an electronic machine that takes information (input), processes it based on given instructions, and then provides useful results (output). It is a versatile tool for many tasks.
In simple words: A computer is an electronic device that takes information in, works on it using rules, and gives us meaningful results.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining "computer," always mention its three core functions: input, processing, and output.

 

Question 2. What is a program?
Answer: A program is a set of instructions. These instructions tell a computer exactly what to do, step-by-step, to achieve a specific goal.
In simple words: A program is a list of commands that a computer follows.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on "set of instructions" as the key phrase for defining a program.

 

Question 3. List the characteristics of a computer?
Answer: The important characteristics of a computer are:

• Speed: Computers can perform tasks very quickly.
• Reliability: They are consistent and work without errors.
• Accuracy: Computers give precise and correct results.
• Versatility: They can do many different types of tasks.
• Storage capacity: They can hold a large amount of information.
• Diligence: Computers can work continuously for long hours without getting tired or losing focus.

These features make computers very useful in many areas of life.
In simple words: Computers are fast, reliable, accurate, can do many things, store a lot of data, and work without getting tired.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing characteristics, briefly explain each point to show full understanding.

 

Question 4. What are the limitations of a computer?
Answer: The main limitations of a computer are:

• No Intelligence: A computer does not have its own thinking ability. It needs clear instructions for every single step it performs.
• Dependency on Power: Since a computer is an electronic machine, it needs a continuous supply of electricity to work. This makes it dependent on power sources.
• Lack of Decision Power: Computers cannot make their own decisions. They only follow the rules they are given and do not have an "IQ" or ability to think like humans.

Understanding these limits helps us use computers smartly.
In simple words: Computers cannot think on their own, they need electricity to work, and they cannot make decisions without being told what to do.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that while computers are powerful, they lack human-like intelligence, creativity, and self-sufficiency.

 

Question 6. Difference between Hardware and Software.
Answer:
Software: Computer software is a collection of programs and procedures. It tells a computer how to do different kinds of tasks. Software makes the hardware more useful and directs the computer to do things like taking input, processing data, and showing output.
A software can be divided into two main types:
1. System Software
2. Application Software.
Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that you can see and touch. It includes all the tangible components.
Examples of Hardware are:
1. Input devices - like a keyboard and mouse.
2. Output devices - like a printer and monitor.
3. Secondary storage devices - like a Hard disk, CD, and DVD.
4. Internal components - like the CPU, motherboard, and RAM.
Both hardware and software are necessary for a computer to function.
In simple words: Hardware is the physical parts of a computer you can touch, like the keyboard. Software is the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do, like games or word processors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear definitions and examples for both hardware and software, emphasizing that software is intangible instructions and hardware is the physical machine.

 

Question 7. What is RAM and ROM? Also give Extended form of these.
Answer:

RAM is used for active work, while ROM stores essential startup instructions. They both play crucial roles in how a computer operates.
In simple words: RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary memory where the computer actively works. ROM (Read Only Memory) is permanent memory that holds important instructions like how to start up.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the full form, volatility, and read/write capabilities for both RAM and ROM in your answer.

 

Question 8. What is Application software? Why is it required?
Answer: Application software is a collection of programs designed by programmers to perform specific tasks for users. This software needs system software to run on a computer. Users can operate these programs even without knowing how to code. Application software is required for various tasks, such as managing inventory, booking airline or railway tickets, handling payroll systems, banking operations, and university management. It helps users do everyday tasks easily.
In simple words: Application software is like apps on your phone or computer; it helps you do specific jobs, like writing a letter or making a booking. We need it to perform tasks that are useful for us.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define application software by its task-specific nature and provide several clear examples of its use cases.

 

Question 9. List the features of Super computer.
Answer: Features of a Super computer include:
1. It is an extremely fast computer, capable of carrying out hundreds of millions of instructions every second. Its processing power is immense.
2. It is used to store very large amounts of data, essential for complex computations.
3. It is a multi-user computer system, meaning many people can use it at the same time for different tasks.
Examples of supercomputers are PARAM, CRAY, and CDC. These computers solve highly complex problems.
In simple words: Super computers are very fast, can store huge amounts of data, and many users can work on them at once. They are used for very big and hard calculations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the speed, data capacity, and multi-user capability as primary features, and include a few well-known examples.

 

Question 10. What is the significance of translator?
Answer: A translator is important because it converts a user's language (like English) into machine language or binary language (0s and 1s). Computers only understand binary, so translators make it possible for us to communicate with them using languages we understand.
In simple words: A translator helps computers understand us by changing our language into their special binary code (0s and 1s).

🎯 Exam Tip: The core function of a translator is language conversion; specify "user's language" to "machine/binary language."

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What are the uses of computers in various fields?
Answer: Computers are widely used in many fields due to their speed, accuracy, reliability, and ability to handle various tasks. They have become an integral part of many organizations and industries:

• Business: Computers are essential in all businesses for tasks like calculating payroll, managing finances, and tracking inventory. Their speed and accuracy make them very valuable.
• Banking: Banks use computers for managing transaction records, financial documents, and providing online banking services. They enable faster, more convenient, and secure transactions.
• Insurance: Insurance companies use computers to keep up-to-date records of clients and policies. They help manage policy details, payment schedules, and benefits.
• Education: Computers are crucial in education for teaching, maintaining student records, and facilitating online learning. Computer knowledge is often needed for job opportunities.
• Marketing:
  • Advertising: Professionals create graphics, write ads, and print materials using computers to promote products effectively.
  • At Home Shopping: Computers make online shopping possible by providing access to product information and allowing customers to place orders directly.
• Health Care: Hospitals, labs, and clinics use computers to keep patient records, manage medicines, and diagnose various diseases using specialized machines (e.g., ECG, CT scans).
• Engineering Design: Computers are extensively used in engineering for tasks like Computer-Aided Design (CAD). This helps in creating and modifying images and designs, for example, for buildings in 2D and 3D.
• Military: Computers are widely used in defense for controlling modern tanks, missiles, and weapons systems. They are also used in various computerized control systems.
• Communication: Computers have simplified communication through the internet and email. Messages, ideas, pictures, or speeches can be sent quickly and clearly to anyone in the world.
• Government: Computers play a significant role in government work, including preparing budgets, managing sales tax and income tax departments, calculating male/female ratios, computerizing voter lists, driving license systems, PAN card processing, and weather forecasting.

Computers streamline operations across almost every sector, improving efficiency and data management.
In simple words: Computers are used everywhere! In business for payroll, in banks for money, in schools for learning, in hospitals for patients, in the military for weapons, and in government for many tasks like managing taxes and making budgets. They make everything faster and easier.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing uses in various fields, provide at least one specific example for each field to demonstrate practical understanding.

 

Question 2. List the features of computer in details.
Answer: The detailed characteristics of a computer are:

• High Speed: Computers are extremely fast devices. They can perform a huge amount of calculations very quickly, often in microseconds or even picoseconds. A computer can do millions of calculations in seconds, which would take a human many months.
• Accuracy: Besides being fast, computers are also very accurate. Their calculations are almost 100% error-free. Errors usually happen only if the input data is wrong.
• Storage Capacity: Computers can store many different types of data, such as images, videos, text, and audio. This vast storage allows for easy access and retrieval of information.
• Diligence: Unlike humans, computers do not get bored, tired, or lose focus. They can work continuously for long periods with the same speed and accuracy without making mistakes.
• Versatility: A computer is a very flexible machine that can solve many different kinds of problems. It might be solving a complex science problem one moment and helping someone play a game the next.
• Reliability: Computers are reliable machines because their modern electronic parts are designed to last long and work well. They are built for easy maintenance.
• Automation: Computers are automatic machines. Once a program is given and stored in memory, the computer can control its own execution of tasks without human interaction.
• Reduction in Paper Work: Using computers for data processing in organizations greatly reduces the need for paper. Information stored in electronic files can be quickly retrieved, minimizing the problem of managing large numbers of physical documents.

These features collectively make computers powerful and efficient tools.
In simple words: Computers are very fast and accurate, store lots of data, and can do many different jobs without getting tired. They are reliable, work automatically, and help reduce paper use.

🎯 Exam Tip: For each feature, provide a brief explanation of how it benefits computer users or operations.

 

Question 3. Explain various parts of computer with Block Diagram.
Answer: A computer system has several key parts that work together to process information. While a block diagram would visually represent these, here are the main components and their functions:

• Input Unit: This part takes data and instructions from the user. It converts human-readable input into a form the computer can understand.
• Output Unit: This part shows the processed results (output) to the user. It converts machine-understandable results into human-readable form.
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often called the "brain" of the computer, the CPU carries out all processing operations. It has three main sub-parts:
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): This unit performs all mathematical calculations (like addition, subtraction) and logical comparisons (like checking if one number is greater than another).
  • Control Unit (CU): This unit manages and coordinates all the operations of the computer's parts. It does not process data itself but directs the flow of data and instructions. Its functions include controlling data transfer, coordinating units, interpreting instructions, and communicating with input/output devices.
• Memory or Storage Unit: This unit stores instructions, data, and intermediate results. It provides information to other computer units when needed and is also called internal storage or main memory. Its size impacts the computer's speed and capability. Memory is broadly categorized into primary and secondary memory. Its functions include storing data/instructions for processing and holding final results before output.

All these units are interconnected and work in harmony to perform computing tasks efficiently.
In simple words: A computer has input (like keyboard), output (like screen), and a Central Processing Unit (CPU) which is like the brain. The CPU has parts like the ALU (for math and logic) and Control Unit (to manage everything). There's also memory to store information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe each part clearly, focusing on its role in the overall input-process-output cycle. Mentioning the CPU's sub-units (ALU and CU) adds detail.

 

Question 4. List the features of super computer PARAM.
Answer: PARAM is a series of supercomputers developed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India. Key features of PARAM supercomputers include:

• High Speed and Bandwidth: PARAM supercomputers are known for their very high speed and large data transfer capacity (bandwidth) with low delay (latency).
• Research Applications: These computers are used for complex research tasks in fields such as space exploration, bioinformatics, weather forecasting, analyzing seismic data, aeronautical engineering, scientific data processing, and pharmaceutical development.
• Educational Connectivity: PARAM systems can link educational institutions, like the Indian Institutes of Technology, through national knowledge networks.
• Future Development: The PARAM series is a significant step towards creating even more powerful petaflop-range supercomputers in India in the future.

These features highlight PARAM's role in advanced computing and scientific research.
In simple words: PARAM supercomputers, made in India, are very fast and good at handling big data. They are used for science research like weather prediction and space studies. They also connect colleges and help build future supercomputers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a specific supercomputer like PARAM, mention its origin, primary applications, and key performance characteristics.

 

Question 6. Why memory is compulsory in computer? Explain types of memory.
Answer: Memory is a very important part of a computer. Without memory, a computer would be almost useless because it needs a place to hold information to work. Memory helps in saving and getting back data. How well a computer performs depends a lot on how big its memory is.
Memory in a computer is divided into the following types:

• Volatile Memory (Primary Memory): This type of memory loses its stored information when the power is turned off.
  • Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is called primary storage because it allows random access to any memory location to store and retrieve data. It's also known as read/write memory. Data and instructions in RAM are temporary and disappear when the computer is turned off.
• Non-Volatile Memory (Secondary Memory): This type of memory keeps its information even when the power is off.
  • Read Only Memory (ROM): ROM stores programs and data permanently. It holds standard processing programs from manufacturers, like the basic input/output program needed to start the PC. Data in ROM can only be read by the CPU and cannot be changed.
  • PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): This is a type of primary memory where programs can be stored on a PROM chip. Once written, the programs cannot be changed or erased, even without power.
  • EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EPROM chips can be reprogrammed by erasing previously stored information. When in use, information can only be read.
• Cache Memory: This is a small, very fast memory located between the CPU and the main memory. It helps reduce the speed difference between the CPU and slower main memory. Cache stores frequently used programs or data to make the computer run faster.
• Registers: These are special, small memory units within the CPU. They temporarily store data and instructions with very high speed to assist the CPU in processing data and moving it between different computer units.

The combination of these memory types ensures a computer can function effectively and store information both temporarily and permanently.
In simple words: Memory is needed because a computer must store information to work. There are different types: temporary memory (like RAM, which clears when the computer is off) and permanent memory (like ROM, which keeps data). Other types like Cache make the computer faster, and Registers help the CPU process quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain why memory is necessary, then describe each memory type with its full form (if applicable), its volatility, and its primary function in the computer system.

 

Question 6. Why memory is compulsory in computer? Explain types of memory.
Answer: Memory is a vital part of a computer. Without it, a computer is barely useful. Memory helps in saving and getting back data. The performance of the computer system relies on its memory size. Memory is broadly divided into several types:
(i) Memory is of the following types:
(a) Primary Memory / Volatile Memory.
(b) Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory.

• Random Access Memory (RAM): This is the main storage, also called read/write memory. It's called random access because you can pick and use any memory spot directly to save or get data. Data and instructions stored in RAM are temporary and disappear when the computer turns off. Memories that lose content without power are called volatile memories.
• Read Only Memory (ROM): This is another type of memory in the computer. It stores programs and data permanently. ROM is made of ICs inside the PC. It stores standard programs from manufacturers to run the computer. The CPU can only read ROM; it cannot change it. Basic input/output programs are stored here to check and start equipment connected to the PC when turned on. Memories that keep their content even without power are called non-volatile.
• PROM: This is Programmable Read Only Memory. Unlike ROM, you can store a program on a PROM chip, but once written, it cannot be changed or erased.
• EPROM: This is Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It solves the problem of PROM and ROM because its stored information can be erased and reprogrammed. When EPROM is in use, information can only be read.
• Cache Memory: The CPU works very fast, much faster than the main memory. To prevent the CPU from slowing down, a small, fast memory chip called cache is placed between the CPU and main memory. Cache memories are quicker than regular RAM and store programs or data that are used often. This makes the main memory seem faster and bigger. Cache memory is expensive, so its size is usually kept small.
• Registers: These are special memory units the CPU uses to process data and instructions quickly and move data between different parts of the computer at high speed. They store data temporarily and act as directed by the control unit.
• Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tapes are used in large computers like mainframes to store a lot of data for a long time. They are also used in PCs like cassettes. Storing data on tapes is cheap. Tapes are made of magnetic material that stores data permanently. They can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film, 500 to 1200 meters long, coated with magnetic material.
• Magnetic Disk: Magnetic disks work similarly to gramophone records; they are circular and coated with magnetic material. They spin very fast inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both sides of the disk in invisible concentric circles called tracks. Information is recorded as tiny magnetic spots (1 bit for presence, 0 bit for absence). Data on a disk can be read many times without being erased. If you write new data, the old data is erased and new data is recorded. For example, a floppy disk.
• Optical Disk: With new applications and software needing more memory, optical disks were developed to store large amounts of data.
Optical disks can be divided into the following categories:
(a) Compact Disk / Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
(b) Write Once, Read Many (WORM)
(c) Erasable Optical Disk
In simple words: Computers need memory to work, and there are different types. Some memories, like RAM, are temporary and fast. Others, like ROM and hard drives, store data permanently. Each type helps the computer save and get information in its own way.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining memory types, clearly differentiate between volatile (temporary) and non-volatile (permanent) storage, and provide a common example for each.

 

Question 7. Explain Binary number system with an appropriate example.
Answer: The binary number system is a base-2 system, which means it uses only two digits: 0 and 1. This system is how computers understand and store information. Each position in a binary number represents a power of 2. For example, the rightmost digit is \( 2^0 \), the next is \( 2^1 \), and so on. If a binary number has \( x \) positions after the decimal point, the leftmost fractional digit represents \( 2^{-1} \), then \( 2^{-2} \), and so on, up to \( 2^{-x} \) for the last position.
Characteristics of the binary number system are as follows-
1. Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
2. Also called base 2 number system.
3. Each position in a binary number represents a \( 0 \) power of the base (2). For example, \( 2^0 \).
4. The last position in a binary number represents an \( x \) power of the base (2). For example, \( 2^x \) where \( x \) represents the last position.

For example, the binary number \( 10101_2 \) is equal to \( 21_{10} \) in decimal. The notation \( 10101_2 \) is sometimes simply written as 10101, but the subscript 2 clearly shows it's a binary number.
In simple words: The binary system is how computers count, using only 0 and 1. Each spot in a binary number means a power of two, which helps convert it into our regular decimal numbers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting binary to decimal, remember to multiply each digit by the corresponding power of 2, starting from \( 2^0 \) for the rightmost digit.

 

Question 8. Convert following binary numbers into decimal number :
(a) 00111
(b) 11001
(c) 1010.001
(d) 111.11
Answer:
(a) \( (00111)_2 = 0 \times 2^4 + 0 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 \)
(b) \( (11001)_2 = 1 \times 2^4 + 1 \times 2^3 + 0 \times 2^2 + 0 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 25 \)
(c) \( (1010.001)_2 = 1 \times 2^3 + 0 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 0 \times 2^0 + 0 \times 2^{-1} + 0 \times 2^{-2} + 1 \times 2^{-3} = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.125 = 10.125 \)
(d) \( (111.11)_2 = 1 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 + 1 \times 2^{-1} + 1 \times 2^{-2} = 4 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 7.75 \)
In simple words: To change binary numbers to regular decimal numbers, multiply each binary digit by the right power of 2. Add all these results together to get the final decimal number. Remember to use negative powers for digits after the decimal point.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the position of each bit, especially for fractional parts, as this determines the power of 2 you need to multiply by.

 

Question 9. Convert following hexadecimal numbers into binary number :
(a) FF
(b) ABC
(c) CD42
(d) F329
Answer:
(a) FF
Step-1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent:
\( (F)_{16} = (15)_{10} = 1111_2 \)
\( (F)_{16} = (15)_{10} = 1111_2 \)
Step-2: Put all digits together:
\( (1111 \ 1111)_2 \)

(b) ABC
Step-1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent:
\( (A)_{16} = (10)_{10} = 1010_2 \)
\( (B)_{16} = (11)_{10} = 1011_2 \)
\( (C)_{16} = (12)_{10} = 1100_2 \)
Step-2: Put all digits together:
\( (1010 \ 1011 \ 1100)_2 \)

(c) CD42
Step-1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent:
\( (C)_{16} = (12)_{10} = 1100_2 \)
\( (D)_{16} = (13)_{10} = 1101_2 \)
\( (4)_{16} = (4)_{10} = 0100_2 \)
\( (2)_{16} = (2)_{10} = 0010_2 \)
Step-2: Put all digits together:
\( (1100 \ 1101 \ 0100 \ 0010)_2 \)

(d) F329
Step-1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent:
\( (F)_{16} = (15)_{10} = 1111_2 \)
\( (3)_{16} = (3)_{10} = 0011_2 \)
\( (2)_{16} = (2)_{10} = 0010_2 \)
\( (9)_{16} = (9)_{10} = 1001_2 \)
Step-2: Put all digits together:
\( (1111 \ 0011 \ 0010 \ 1001)_2 \)
In simple words: To change a hexadecimal number to a binary number, simply convert each single hexadecimal digit into its four-digit binary equivalent. Then, combine all these 4-digit binary numbers together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that each hexadecimal digit corresponds to exactly four binary bits. Practice the 0-15 hexadecimal to 4-bit binary conversions for speed and accuracy.

 

Question 10. Convert following binary numbers into hexadecimal number:
(a) 1110 1000
(b) 1010 1111 0110
(c) 1100 1011
(d) 1000 1011 1101 0110
Answer:
(a) \( (1110 \ 1000)_2 = (E8)_{16} \)
(b) \( (1010 \ 1111 \ 0110)_2 = (AF6)_{16} \)
(c) \( (1100 \ 1011)_2 = (CB)_{16} \)
(d) \( (1000 \ 1011 \ 1101 \ 0110)_2 = (8BD6)_{16} \)
In simple words: To change binary numbers to hexadecimal, group the binary digits into sets of four, starting from the right. Then, convert each group of four binary digits into its single hexadecimal equivalent.

🎯 Exam Tip: When grouping binary digits, if the leftmost group doesn't have four digits, add leading zeros to complete it. This ensures correct conversion to hexadecimal.

Additional Questions Solved

1 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a computer?
(a) Reduces paper work
(b) Less storage capacity
(c) Accuracy
(d) Speed
Answer: (b) Less storage capacity
In simple words: Computers are known for having a lot of storage, not less. So, "less storage capacity" is not something a computer is known for.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying non-characteristics, think about what computers are generally good at or known for (speed, accuracy, large storage) and pick the opposite.

 

Question 3. Mathematical operations, such as addition subtraction are performed by:
(a) CU
(b) CPU
(c) MU
(d) ALU
Answer: (d) ALU
In simple words: The ALU is like the calculator inside the computer; it does all the math and logical comparisons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the full form of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) as it directly tells you its primary functions: arithmetic and logic operations.

 

Question 4. The final output available to a user on the monitor is known as
(a) Hardcopy
(b) Software
(c) Softcopy
(d) Bytes
Answer: (c) Softcopy
In simple words: When you see something on a computer screen, it's called a softcopy because it's not printed on paper.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between softcopy (digital, on-screen) and hardcopy (physical, printed) when describing output forms.

 

Question 5. Which of the following is not a part of a CPU?
(a) MU
(b) ALU
(c) VDU
(d) CU
Answer: (c) VDU
In simple words: VDU stands for Visual Display Unit, which is another name for a monitor. It's an output device, not a part of the CPU itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the main components of the CPU (ALU, CU, Registers, sometimes MU for Memory Unit) and recognize external devices like VDU as separate from the CPU.

 

Question 7. The process of converting unorganized data into meaningful information according to user's instructions is called
(a) Input
(b) Storage
(c) Output
(d) Processing
Answer: (d) Processing
In simple words: Processing is the step where the computer takes raw data and changes it into something useful and organized.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the data processing cycle: Input (raw data) -> Processing (transformation) -> Output (meaningful information).

 

Question 8. Unorganized raw facts and figures given to a computer are collectively called
(a) ROM
(b) Information
(c) Output
(d) Data
Answer: (d) Data
In simple words: Raw, unorganized facts that you put into a computer are simply called data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between 'data' (raw facts) and 'information' (processed and meaningful data) – it's a fundamental concept in computing.

 

Question 9. The basic organization of a computer does not consist of
(a) Keyboard
(b) Input unit
(c) Output unit
(d) CPU
Answer: (a) Keyboard
In simple words: While a keyboard is commonly used, it's a specific input device, not a core functional unit like the Input Unit, Output Unit, or CPU which are essential for a computer's basic organization.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about 'basic organization', think of the essential functional blocks (Input Unit, CPU, Output Unit, Memory Unit), not specific peripheral devices like a keyboard.

 

Question 11. In which form is the data represented in Digital computers?
(a) Analog form
(b) Decimal form
(c) Binary form
(d) Octal form
Answer: (c) Binary form
In simple words: Digital computers use binary form, which means they only understand 0s and 1s, to represent all data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Digital computers process discrete signals (on/off), which are best represented by the binary system (0 and 1).

 

Question 12. Which of the following category is not included in Micro computers?
(a) Tablet PC
(b) Laptop computer
(c) Super computer
(d) Handheld devices
Answer: (c) Super computer
In simple words: Microcomputers are small personal computers like laptops and tablets, while supercomputers are very large and powerful machines used for complex tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the hierarchy of computers: Micro, Mini, Mainframe, Super. Microcomputers are personal devices, distinct from powerful supercomputers.

 

Question 13. A computer is not able to
(a) Think
(b) Reduce usage of paper
(c) Reduce manpower
(d) Increase efficiency
Answer: (a) Think
In simple words: Computers can do many things, but they cannot think or make decisions on their own without human instructions.

🎯 Exam Tip: A key limitation of computers is their lack of intelligence or the ability to make independent decisions; they follow programmed instructions.

 

Question 14. Data is stored in computers in the form of-
(a) Characters
(b) Numbers
(c) Binary digits
(d) All of the options
Answer: (c) Binary digits
In simple words: No matter what kind of data it is – letters, numbers, pictures – a computer stores it all as binary digits (0s and 1s).

🎯 Exam Tip: Reinforce the understanding that all forms of digital information are ultimately broken down and represented as binary code inside a computer.

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is a computer?
Answer: A computer is an electronic device that takes in information (input), processes it following a set of rules (instructions), and then provides useful results (output). This helps it perform various tasks quickly and accurately.
In simple words: A computer is a machine that takes in data, follows instructions to work on it, and then gives you results.

🎯 Exam Tip: In your definition, include "electronic device," "input," "process (instructions)," and "output (meaningful)."

 

Question 2. List the characteristics of a computer?
Answer: The characteristics of a computer are:
1. Speed: Computers can do tasks very quickly.
2. Reliability: They work consistently without breaking down often.
3. Accuracy: They perform calculations and operations with high precision.
4. Versatility: Computers can be used for many different tasks.
5. Storage capacity: They can save large amounts of data.
6. Diligence: Computers can work for long hours without getting tired or losing focus.
7. The capability to move data quickly from one place to another.
In simple words: Computers are fast, accurate, reliable, can do many things, store a lot of information, work for a long time without mistakes, and move data quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing characteristics, aim for at least five key points like speed, accuracy, storage, versatility, and diligence, as these cover the core strengths of computers.

 

Question 3. Distinguish between data and information.
Answer: Data refers to raw, unorganized facts and figures. It is the input that goes into an information system. For example, a list of numbers like 10, 20, 30 is data. Information, on the other hand, is organized facts that have meaning and context. It is the output from an information system. So, when the numbers 10, 20, 30 are presented as "Student scores: Math 10, Science 20, English 30", it becomes information.
In simple words: Data is like raw ingredients; information is the cooked meal. Data is just facts, while information is those facts made useful and meaningful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that data is raw input and information is processed, meaningful output. Giving a simple example for each can earn extra marks.

 

Question 4. What are the major/basic functional components of a computer?
Answer: The major basic functional components of a computer are:
1. Input Unit: This part takes in data and instructions from the user.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the "brain" of the computer that processes data.
3. Output Unit: This part shows the processed results to the user.
In simple words: A computer's main parts are for putting things in (Input Unit), thinking (CPU), and showing results (Output Unit).

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the fundamental functional blocks: Input, CPU (often considered as one core unit for basic understanding), and Output. Acknowledge the importance of memory unit as well.

 

Question 5. What do you mean by an input?
Answer: Input refers to the raw data and instructions that a user enters into a computer system. This data then goes through a process, often supported by storage, to become useful information. For example, typing text using a keyboard is a form of input.
In simple words: Input is simply the information or instructions that we put into a computer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define input as raw data and instructions, emphasizing its role as the starting point of any computer operation.

 

Question 6. What is the computing process?
Answer: The computing process describes how a computer handles data, typically shown as a cycle: Input -> Process -> Output. It starts with data going in, then the computer works on that data using instructions, and finally, it gives out a result. This cycle explains how raw data becomes meaningful information.
In simple words: The computing process is how a computer takes in data, works on it, and then shows a result.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the three main stages: Input, Process, and Output, showing their sequential flow to illustrate the computing process.

 

Question 7. What is the basic language of a computer?
Answer: The basic language that a computer understands is called machine language. This language is made up of binary codes, which are sequences of 0s and 1s. This is because computers operate on electrical signals that are either on (1) or off (0).
In simple words: The computer's basic language is machine language, which is just 0s and 1s.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "machine language" and "binary codes (0s and 1s)" as the core components of a computer's fundamental language.

 

Question 8. Why machine language is known as binary language?
Answer: Machine language is also known as binary language because a computer only understands instructions written in binary codes, which are composed of just two digits: 0 and 1. These 0s and 1s represent the two states of electrical signals (off or on) within the computer's circuits, making it the most fundamental way for a computer to process information.
In simple words: Machine language uses only 0s and 1s, which is what "binary" means, so it's called binary language.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect machine language directly to the binary system (0s and 1s) and the concept of electrical states within the computer's hardware.

 

Question 9. What are the basic computer processing operations?
Answer: A computer can perform four basic operations to process data:
1. Input/output operations: Getting data in and showing results out.
2. Logical operations (known as comparison operations): Comparing data to make decisions.
3. Storage and retrieval operations: Saving data and getting it back when needed.
4. Data manipulation and calculation-related operations: Doing math and changing data.
In simple words: Computers basically do four things: take in/give out data, compare things, save/get data, and do calculations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Group the operations into the four key categories: Input/Output, Logic, Storage/Retrieval, and Arithmetic/Manipulation, as these cover the full scope of processing.

 

Question 11.. What were the major developments in the first generation of computers?
Answer: The major developments in the first generation of computers include:
1. The use of Vacuum tubes for circuitry. These tubes were large and consumed a lot of power.
2. Magnetic drums for memory to store programs. Magnetic drums were an early form of non-volatile memory.
In simple words: The first computers used big vacuum tubes for their parts and magnetic drums to save programs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on vacuum tubes (main component) and magnetic drums (memory) as the defining technologies of the first generation.

 

Question 12. Write how the second generation computers were made more reliable than the first generation computers?
Answer: The transistor was the key development for second-generation computers. Transistors were much better than the vacuum tubes used in the first generation. They allowed computers to be smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. In addition, second-generation computers started using assembly language instead of machine language, making them easier to program. This shift greatly improved their stability and reduced errors compared to the earlier models.
In simple words: Second-generation computers used transistors, which made them smaller, faster, cheaper, and much more dependable than the old vacuum tube computers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight "transistors" as the core innovation for reliability and also mention their impact on size, speed, and cost compared to vacuum tubes.

 

Question 13. Write major innovations of third generation computers.
Answer: The major innovations of third-generation computers are:
1. Integrated circuits: These small chips combined many transistors and electronic components, making computers even smaller and faster.
2. Usage of input and output devices interfaced with an operating system: This allowed computers to handle multiple tasks at once and interact with users more easily through dedicated input/output hardware managed by system software.
In simple words: Third-generation computers brought integrated circuits (tiny chips) and improved how input/output devices worked with operating systems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key points for the third generation are Integrated Circuits (ICs) and the introduction of operating systems to manage I/O, indicating a move towards more complex and user-friendly systems.

 

Question 14. What are the different types of computer available?
Answer: The following types of computers are available:
1. Supercomputer: These are extremely fast computers that can do hundreds of millions of instructions per second. They store huge amounts of data and are often multi-user systems. Examples include PARAM, CRAY, CDC. Supercomputers have very large storage capacity and computing speeds much faster than other computers. They are used for complex numerical problems in science and engineering, like weather analysis.
2. Mainframe computer: These computers have large storage capacities and very high processing speeds. They can support many users at once, like for ATM transactions, and act as central host computers in distributed systems. Examples are IBM 370, S/390.
3. Minicomputer: These are medium-sized computers, more powerful than microcomputers, often designed for multiple users (parallel processing). They are more expensive than microcomputers and are used as web servers or for complex design tasks. Examples: Digital Alpha, Sun Ultra.
4. Microcomputer (Personal Computer): These are the smallest general-purpose processing systems. Older PCs used 8-bit processors, while current ones use 64-bit processors with much higher speeds. Examples: IBM PCs, APPLE computers. Microcomputers can be classified into two types:
(a) Desktops: These are not easily carried around.
(b) Portables: These can be used while traveling. Different portable computers are:
    i. Laptop: Similar to desktops but smaller and more expensive, weighing 3 to 5 kg.
    ii. Notebooks: As powerful as desktops but smaller and lighter than laptops (2 to 3 kg), and more costly.
    iii. Palmtop (Hand held): Also called Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). They are small, fit in hands, and can do word processing, spreadsheets, handwriting recognition, games, faxing, and paging. They are less powerful than desktops. Example: 3com palmV.
    iv. Wearable computer: Very small computers worn on the body, with less processing power, used in fields like medicine (e.g., pace makers to correct heart rhythm).
In simple words: Computers come in different sizes and power levels: supercomputers are the strongest, mainframes are large for many users, minicomputers are medium-sized, and microcomputers are small personal ones like laptops and tablets.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing types of computers, categorize them by size, power, and common usage, providing an example for each category if possible.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Write any two characteristics and limitations of a computer.
Answer: Characteristics:
(i) Speed: A computer works at an amazing speed. A task that takes a normal person many hours can be done by a computer in a fraction of a second.
(ii) Accuracy: A computer performs its tasks with very high accuracy. It does not make mistakes unless the input itself is wrong. This high precision makes them suitable for critical applications.

Limitations:
(i) No Intelligence: A computer has no IQ like humans. It needs specific instructions for every step and cannot think on its own.
(ii) Dependency on Power: A computer is an electronic machine and relies on electricity to function. This dependency can make it costly to run and maintain.
In simple words: Computers are super fast and always accurate. But they can't think by themselves and need constant power to work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Choose distinct characteristics (e.g., speed, accuracy) and limitations (e.g., no intelligence, power dependency) that highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of computers.

 

Question 2. Briefly explain the application of computers in the field of banking and library.
Answer: Banking: In the banking sector, computers offer many services to customers. Using online banking, people can check their past transactions and current balance. Money can be sent between accounts anywhere in the world. Internet banking also allows people to use ATMs or debit cards for shopping, buying tickets, paying bills for services like electricity and phone, and setting up fixed deposits.
Library: Computers help libraries manage records of when books, encyclopedias, and CDs are borrowed and returned. They also make it easier to search for a specific book and provide access to many magazines and journals online. This makes finding and managing resources much more efficient.
In simple words: In banks, computers help with online banking, money transfers, and paying bills. In libraries, they help keep track of books and find information easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: For each field, provide at least two specific examples of how computers are used, focusing on efficiency and access (e.g., online transactions, record-keeping).

 

Question 3. What do you mean by the statement 'computers work diligently'?
Answer: The statement 'computers work diligently' means that, unlike humans, computers do not get bored, tired, or lose focus. They can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy for very long periods without any errors. This consistent and unwavering performance is what is meant by diligence in the context of computers.
In simple words: When we say computers work "diligently," it means they keep working steadily and accurately for a long time without getting tired or making mistakes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining "diligence," emphasize the computer's ability to perform repetitive tasks consistently, without boredom, fatigue, or loss of accuracy.

 

Question 4. Which type of computer has become obsolete in terms of operational principle and which type is mostly in use today?
Answer: Based on their operational methodology, computers are mainly classified into three types: Analog, Digital, and Hybrid.
The Analog computer is largely obsolete today. It worked by using continuously changing physical quantities for calculations, providing approximate results because it dealt with constantly varying values. It could not perform complex problems with high precision.
Digital computers are mostly in use today. They work on the principle of binary digits (0s and 1s). They can solve complex problems and give very accurate and fast results. Digital computers are widely used in design, research, and data processing. Their ability to handle discrete data makes them highly precise.
Hybrid computers combine features of both Analog and Digital computers and are also in use today for specific tasks that require both types of processing.
In simple words: Analog computers are old and not used much anymore because they gave less exact results. Today, Digital computers are used the most because they are fast and very accurate. Hybrid computers, which mix both, are also used.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that analog computers are obsolete and digital computers are prevalent, briefly explaining why (approximate vs. precise results).

 

Question 5.. What are the steps a computer CPU undergoes to complete a cycle of operation?
Answer: The CPU (Central Processing Unit) goes through a specific cycle of operations to complete a task:
1. Fetch instruction from the memory: The CPU first gets the next instruction from the computer's memory.
2. Decode the instruction and organize the decoded information: The CPU then figures out what the instruction means and prepares the necessary data.
3. Executing the instruction: The CPU performs the task or calculation specified by the instruction.
4. Displaying the result of the processing: Finally, the CPU makes the result available, often by sending it to an output device like a monitor.
In simple words: The CPU works in steps: it first gets an instruction, then understands it, carries it out, and finally shows the result.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the four stages of the CPU cycle: Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store (or Display), as these are the fundamental operations for any computation.