RBSE Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 India’s Relations with Neighbouring Countries

 

Question 1. In 1950, which Nepalese emperor came to India to seek refuge?
(a) Prithvi Narayan Shah
(b) King Tribhuvan
(c) Shamsher Bahadur
(d) Giija Prasad Koirala
Answer: (b) King Tribhuvan
In simple words: King Tribhuvan of Nepal came to India in 1950 looking for a safe place to stay.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key dates and the individuals involved in important historical events, especially those related to international relations.

 

Question 3. Which principles were founded by Nehru to make India-China relations cordial?
(a) Peace Principles
(b) Border Principles
(c) Panchsheel Principles
(d) Non-alignment Principles
Answer: (c) Panchsheel Principles
In simple words: Nehru established the Panchsheel Principles to ensure friendly relations and understanding between India and China.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the core tenets of the Panchsheel agreement and its historical context in India-China relations.

 

Question 4. The cause of tension in the Indo-Pak relations is:
(a) Tibet problem
(b) Dam problem
(c) Kashmir dispute
(d) Afghanistan dispute
Answer: (c) Kashmir dispute
In simple words: The main reason for disagreements between India and Pakistan has always been the issue of Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the long-standing core issues that create tension between neighboring countries, such as territorial disputes.

 

Question 5. Which article of Indian constitution provides special status to Kashmir?
(a) 356
(b) 352
(c) 360
(d) 370
Answer: (d) 370
In simple words: Article 370 in the Indian Constitution gave a special kind of status to Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with important articles of the Indian Constitution, especially those related to specific states or regions.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 2. Name the countries which have a common border with India.
Answer: India shares its borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. These countries are its immediate neighbors.
In simple words: India shares borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Afghanistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the list of India's neighboring countries and their geographical locations.

 

Question 3. When did the famous treaty between India and Nepal take place?
Answer: The well-known 'Peace and Friendship Treaty' between India and Nepal was signed in the year 1950. This treaty established strong ties between the two nations.
In simple words: India and Nepal signed their important 'Peace and Friendship Treaty' in 1950.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key historical treaties and their dates are important for understanding international relations. Remember the names and years of such agreements.

 

Question 4. Who is considered the founder of Modern Nepal?
Answer: Prithvi Narayan Shah is recognized as the founder of modern Nepal. He played a key role in unifying different small states into one country.
In simple words: Prithvi Narayan Shah is known as the founder of modern Nepal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the founders or key figures in the history of neighboring countries helps in understanding their national identity.

 

Question 5. Who was given shelter by India in 1959? Who considered it an hostile activity?
Answer: On March 31, 1959, the Dalai Lama, who is the religious leader of Tibet, was given shelter by India. China viewed this action as an unfriendly act and considered it hostile.
In simple words: India gave shelter to the Dalai Lama in 1959, and China saw this as an unfriendly move.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the significance of India's role in providing asylum to foreign leaders and its implications for international relations.

 

Question 6. What is river Brahmputra called in its Chinese part?
Answer: In its Chinese part, the river Brahmaputra is called Yarlung Tsangpo. This is its name before it enters India.
In simple words: The Brahmaputra River is called Yarlung Tsangpo in China.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing geographical names and their variations across borders is important in political geography.

 

Question 7. When did P.M. Mr Narendra Modi make his Chinese visit?
Answer: Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited China from May 14-16, 2015. This visit aimed to strengthen ties between the two nations.
In simple words: P.M. Narendra Modi visited China from May 14 to 16, 2015.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep updated on key diplomatic visits and agreements between India and its neighboring countries.

 

Question 8. How many agreements were made in his Ahmedabad visit in September 2014 by Chinese President, Xi Jinping?
Answer: During Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Ahmedabad in September 2014, three agreements were made. These agreements focused on various areas of cooperation.
In simple words: Chinese President Xi Jinping signed three agreements in Ahmedabad in September 2014.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember significant diplomatic events and the number of agreements signed to show understanding of bilateral relations.

 

Question 10. How much amount does Pakistan spend on terrorist activities?
Answer: Pakistan spends more than 8% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on activities related to terrorism. This is a significant portion of its national income.
In simple words: Pakistan uses over 8% of its country's money for terrorist activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of statistics related to national security and global issues, especially concerning neighboring countries.

 

Question 11. How much amount does India spend on her border security?
Answer: India spends approximately 9 thousand crore rupees each year on its border security. This large amount is necessary to protect its frontiers.
In simple words: India spends about 9,000 crore rupees every year to keep its borders safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the financial commitment countries make towards national security and defense spending.

 

Question 12. When did Pakistan invade India for the first time?
Answer: Pakistan invaded India for the first time on October 22, 1947. This event marked an early conflict between the newly formed nations.
In simple words: Pakistan first invaded India on October 22, 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Important historical dates of conflicts are crucial for understanding the history of India-Pakistan relations.

 

Question 13. How much land of Kashmir is under Pakistan's occupation?
Answer: Approximately 32,000 square miles of Kashmir's land is currently under Pakistan's occupation. This area is often referred to as Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK).
In simple words: Pakistan occupies about 32,000 square miles of Kashmir's land.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the geographical facts and figures related to disputed territories to answer accurately.

 

Question 14. Why was the war of 1971 erupted?
Answer: The 1971 war started because the Bengalis in East Pakistan faced severe torture, which caused about 1 crore refugees to seek shelter in India. On December 3, 1971, Pakistani aircraft bombed Indian air bases, leading to the outbreak of the war.
In simple words: The 1971 war began because of the harsh treatment of Bengalis in East Pakistan, which made many refugees come to India, and then Pakistan bombed Indian air bases.

🎯 Exam Tip: For historical events, always identify the root causes and the immediate triggers that led to conflicts.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is the strategic importance of Nepal on India's north east border?
Answer: Nepal holds great strategic importance for India, especially on its northeast border. In 1956, President Dr. Rajendra Prasad stated during his visit to Nepal that any threat to Nepal's peace and security directly impacts India's peace and security. He emphasized that Nepal's friends are India's friends, and Nepal's enemies are India's enemies. This highlights Nepal's role as a crucial buffer state and a key part of India's defense strategy.
In simple words: Nepal is very important for India's safety on its northeast side. India believes that if Nepal is in danger, India is also in danger.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing strategic importance, always mention how a country's location or political situation affects its neighbors' security and policies.

 

Question 2. In 1959, what treaty was made by China with Nepal?
Answer: In 1959, Nepal's Prime Minister visited China and invited the Chinese Premier. During this visit, an agreement was signed between China and Nepal regarding the Everest summit, which India heavily criticized. India considers Nepal strategically important, believing any attack on Nepal would threaten India's security. India was concerned about China's growing presence in Tibet and increasing closeness with Nepal, which was not seen as favorable to India's interests. Later, despite India's warnings, Nepal's King Mahendra signed another agreement with China to build the Kathmandu-Lhasa road, further increasing India's security concerns.
In simple words: In 1959, China and Nepal signed an agreement about Mount Everest, which India didn't like. Later, Nepal also agreed with China to build a road from Kathmandu to Lhasa, which worried India more.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note how agreements between neighboring countries can influence regional power dynamics and the security concerns of other nations.

 

Question 3. What assurance was given to Nepal by P.M. Narendra Modi on his visit to Nepal?
Answer: Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Nepal on August 3-4, 2014, and gave several assurances. He addressed Nepal's constitutional and legislative assemblies, visited Pashupatinath Temple, and launched the 'Pashupatinath Express' bus service between Kathmandu and Delhi. India also provided Rs. 550 crores for the construction of Nepal's National Police Academy and handed over an advanced light Helicopter Mark-III to the Nepalese Army. After an earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015, India launched 'Operation Maitri' to provide quick relief to thousands of people. During his visit, P.M. Modi encouraged Nepal to revive past strong relations, and the Nepalese people warmly welcomed him.
In simple words: During his 2014 visit to Nepal, P.M. Modi offered support for infrastructure, defense, and disaster relief, encouraging stronger ties. He also inaugurated a bus service and visited a temple.

🎯 Exam Tip: Details of diplomatic gestures, aid, and specific projects demonstrate the nature of bilateral relations. Include names of projects or amounts where relevant.

 

Question 4. Describe India's contribution to Nepal's economy.
Answer: India has significantly contributed to Nepal's economy. In December 1991, India proposed creating an India-Nepal foundation in memory of V.H. Koirala, a great patriot. Both countries agreed to establish joint industries in industrial zones. India provided economic support for building a medical college in Birat Nagar, setting up a telephone exchange in Rangoli, and renovating railway lines. These efforts aim to boost Nepal's development and strengthen economic ties between the two nations.
In simple words: India has helped Nepal's economy by suggesting a foundation, setting up joint industries, building a medical college, and improving telephone and railway services.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing economic contributions, list specific projects or areas of cooperation to illustrate the extent of support.

 

Question 5. What is the main cause of Madheshi movement in Nepal?
Answer: The main cause of the Madheshi movement in Nepal stems from historical neglect and discrimination. The Madhesh region, a 500 km belt along the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh borders, is home to half of Nepal's population. This area is largely poor and underdeveloped, inhabited by people of backward classes and Indian origin, including Maithil, Bhojpuri, and Avadhi speakers. Nepal's ruling class consistently overlooked these communities. In the new constitution, Maoist leaders ensured their own majority in Parliament by considering population distribution, which led to the Madheshi leaders launching a movement. The Nepali government initially opposed this, blocking the India-Nepal border. However, with India's support, the Maoists eventually made new agreements with the Madheshi people, giving them opportunities in Parliament and other areas for their upliftment.
In simple words: The Madheshi movement in Nepal happened because the Madheshi people, who live near the Indian border and are often of Indian origin, felt ignored and discriminated against by Nepal's government, especially after a new constitution was made.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on identifying the social, political, and economic factors that lead to protest movements, especially discrimination and representation issues.

 

Question 6. Which three agreements were made by China with the Gujarat government?
Answer: During Chinese President Xi Jinping's three-day visit on September 17, 2014, three agreements were signed between the Gujarat government and China in the presence of P.M. Modi. These agreements aimed to boost cooperation between the two regions:
1. The first agreement focused on Gujarat's development, similar to projects in Gwangjhu.
2. The second agreement was associated with Ahmedabad's development, also in line with the Gwangjhu model.
3. The third agreement concerned the development of an industrial park near Vadodara.
In simple words: During Xi Jinping's 2014 visit, China and Gujarat signed three agreements to develop Gujarat and Ahmedabad, and to build an industrial park near Vadodara.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for multiple points, present them clearly as a numbered or bulleted list for better readability and to ensure all parts of the question are answered.

 

Question 7. Write a short note on Indo-Chinese trade.
Answer: Indo-Chinese trade is significant, with China being India's number one trading partner. However, India's trade position in China is much lower, ranking tenth. China is more technologically advanced than India and serves as the world's largest market with abundant cheap labor. While economic partnership with China is beneficial, India needs to work towards balancing the trade deficit. In times of global economic slowdown, maintaining trade continuity with China is important for India. Many examples, from food security to energy security, highlight China's strong economic position and influence.
In simple words: China is India's top trade partner, but India's trade with China is much less important to China. China is strong in technology and has a big market. India needs to balance this trade better.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing trade relations, include key statistics (like ranking of partners) and current trends to provide a comprehensive overview.

 

Question 8. What are the three major disputes of India with China?
Answer: India has three main disputes with China:

• Border Dispute: The 'Mac Mohan' line, certified during British rule, was recognized by both countries but never fully accepted by China. This led to China's attack on India in 1962 under the guise of a border dispute. Despite many talks and summits, a permanent solution remains elusive.


• Tibet Dispute: India accepted Tibetan sovereignty as part of China, which was seen as a mistake by many. In 1956, the young Dalai Lama came to India, expressing his unwillingness to return to Tibet. After facing severe oppression from communist China, the Dalai Lama sought refuge in India with his supporters in 1959. China considered this a hostile act.


• Water Dispute: China is engaged in an ambitious project to divert water from south to north, constructing a large dam on the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo in China) in the high mountains. This project aims to ensure China's water safety but has raised concerns about water availability and environmental impact for the entire Indian subcontinent.

In simple words: The three main problems India has with China are the undecided border, the issue of Tibet and the Dalai Lama taking shelter in India, and disputes over sharing river water from the Brahmaputra.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly categorize and explain each dispute, providing a brief historical context for a complete answer.

 

Question 9. How did Russia became our ally due to Chinese conflicts?
Answer: In China, Mao Zedong's implementation of his communist agenda was seen as utopian. India, on the other hand, offered a more practical and realistic development path, focusing on a peaceful mixed economy and democratic choice, not guerrilla warfare. Because of China's aggressive and expansionist stance, the Soviet Union (Russia) leaned towards India. Russia and China also had border disputes, so Russia chose to support India to maintain regional balance. This alignment strengthened India and Russia's friendship.
In simple words: Russia became India's friend because China's aggressive policies worried Russia, which also had border issues with China. India's peaceful and democratic approach appealed to Russia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how international conflicts and differing political ideologies can lead to new alliances and shifts in global power dynamics.

 

Question 11. What was decided in Tashkent agreement?
Answer: The Tashkent Agreement was signed on January 10, 1966, to resolve tensions after the April 1965 India-Pakistan war over the Rann of Kutch. The war stopped on September 4, 1965, following an appeal from the security council, with a ceasefire declared on September 22. To ease the situation, Soviet P.M. invited Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Indian P.M. Lal Bahadur Shastri for talks in Tashkent. The agreement aimed for India and Pakistan to maintain peace, but it required India to return all territories it had captured from Pakistan, despite the sacrifices of its soldiers and the significant expenditure during the war.
In simple words: The Tashkent Agreement, signed in 1966 after the 1965 India-Pakistan war, aimed to restore peace, but India had to give back territories it had won from Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing agreements, include the date, key participants, and the main outcomes or decisions made.

 

Question 12. Why is Pakistan called the headquarters of terrorism?
Answer: Pakistan is often called the headquarters of terrorism because it has played a major role in promoting terrorism and extremism globally. Decades of internal conflict in Afghanistan led to many refugees fleeing to Pakistan, where they were then involved in infiltrating Kashmir. Pakistan's support for terrorism against India was clearly shown by the 1993 Mumbai bomb blast. Due to political reasons, global powers sometimes ignored Pakistan's role in spreading and supporting terrorism. There is no doubt that Pakistan has become a central hub for terrorists.
In simple words: Pakistan is often called a hub for terrorism because it has supported and spread terrorist activities, especially in Kashmir, and its role in events like the 1993 Mumbai bomb blast confirms this.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples or events to support claims when explaining complex geopolitical issues like the rise of terrorism.

 

Question 13. What measures were taken by P.M. Narendra Modi to improve bi-lateral relations with Pakistan?
Answer: P.M. Narendra Modi made efforts to improve relations with Pakistan. On Christmas, December 25, 2015, he made a surprise visit to Lahore to wish Nawaz Sharif on his birthday and to bless his granddaughter on her marriage, hoping to improve ties. However, these hopes were shattered a week later, on January 1, 2016, when Pakistan launched a terrorist attack in Pathankot, India. This incident made P.M. Modi's attempts to improve relations between the two countries unsuccessful, highlighting the continued challenges in bilateral ties.
In simple words: P.M. Modi tried to improve relations with Pakistan by visiting Lahore in 2015, but a terrorist attack in Pathankot in 2016 made his efforts fail.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on specific diplomatic actions taken by leaders and how external events can impact the success of such initiatives.

 

Question 14. What was Pakistan's intention behind its attack in Mumbai and Pathankot?
Answer: Pakistan's intentions behind the terrorist attacks in Mumbai (November 26, 2008) and Pathankot (January 2, 2016) were clear:
1. To cause significant damage to Mumbai, India's economic hub.
2. To create chaos and instability across the country.
The Mumbai attack by Pakistani terrorists resulted in 164 deaths and 304 injuries, creating widespread fear. In Pathankot, the Pakistan-backed terrorists attacked an airforce station to destroy defense equipment and challenge India's armed forces. They aimed to destroy helicopters and fighter planes stationed at the airbase.
In simple words: Pakistan attacked Mumbai and Pathankot to harm India's economy, create unrest, destroy defense equipment, and challenge India's military power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing conflicts, always identify the specific objectives or intentions of the parties involved, especially in acts of aggression.

 

Question 15. What action was taken by India against Pakistan on violation of human rights?
Answer: India took action against Pakistan for human rights violations in Balochistan Province. Balochistan, located in western Pakistan, was merged with Pakistan by the British government in 1947. However, since the 1970s, the region has been demanding separation, with many residents identifying as being originally from Syria. Balochistan faces severe issues like economic and regional inequality, lack of development, and educational backwardness, leading to significant unrest. The Pakistani army ruthlessly suppressed these demands, treating the people inhumanly, with thousands disappearing or being killed. This oppression troubled Pakistan internationally. India raised the issue of human rights violations in Balochistan at the United Nations Human Rights Council to garner international support for the Baloch people.
In simple words: India raised concerns at the UN Human Rights Council about Pakistan's harsh treatment of people in Balochistan, where many have been killed or disappeared due to their demands for separation and better conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the context of human rights issues, including historical background and specific actions taken by international bodies or other nations.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What are the conflicts in the relations between India and Nepal? What are the causes of this tension?
Answer: India and Nepal have long-standing, deep, and cultural ties that are unique. However, after China gained control over Tibet, its interest in Nepal grew, leading to concerns for India's security. China's efforts to influence Nepal against India have caused bitterness in relations. The major causes of tension include:
(i) Trade and Transit Treaty: In 1989, India refused to renew the trade and transit treaty with Nepal after its completion, leading to stricter border fees and checks. India expected Nepal to honor the 1950 peace and friendship treaty, which granted citizens equal rights in living, owning property, participating in industries, and moving between countries. While these rights were initially upheld, Nepal banned Indians from applying for work permits after 1967.
(ii) Agreements with Communist China: Nepal made several agreements with communist China, ignoring India's interests. These agreements were seen as hostile to India. Chinese activities in Nepal were often destructive and anti-Indian. Nepal's agreement with China to build the Lhasa-Kathmandu road was a clear hostile move, and the initial agreement regarding Mount Everest was seen as a deception against India.
(iii) Nepal's Demand for 'Peace Zone': Nepal has requested to declare itself a 'Peace Zone.' India views this as a hostile step, arguing that if Nepal is a 'Peace Zone,' the entire subcontinent should also be one. India considers this an insinuation that India poses a danger to Nepal. Nepal's primary goal in seeking 'Peace Zone' status is to minimize India's influence and special position, which Nepal perceives as an obstacle to its national identity.
(iv) Madheshi Movement: The Madhesh region, a backward area along the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh borders, houses half of Nepal's population. This community has historically faced discrimination from the Nepali government. Their neglect led to a movement that blocked the India-Nepal border, disrupting essential supplies like gas, petrol, and medicine from India. India reluctantly supported the Madheshis by opening the border, which caused further tension between the countries.
(v) Other Causes: Despite deep cultural ties, several other factors contribute to distrust:
1. India is concerned about terrorists and smugglers taking shelter in Nepal.
2. Nepal complains about India's profit-driven businessmen.
3. India suspects Nepal's closeness with China and Pakistan, while Nepal asserts its right to choose its friends and enemies independently.
In simple words: India and Nepal have conflicts because China is increasing its influence in Nepal, leading to disputes over trade treaties, Nepal's agreements with China, Nepal's request to be a 'Peace Zone', issues with the Madheshi movement, and concerns about terrorists and Nepal's close ties with China and Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: For long answers on complex geopolitical issues, use clear sub-headings or bullet points to organize your points effectively and ensure all aspects of the question are covered.

 

Question 2. Why is China's interest considered a hindrance in Indo-Nepalese relations? Why has China special interest in Nepal?
Answer: Nepal, situated in the Himalayas, is a small buffer state between India and China. Its unique geographical position led Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of modern Nepal, to describe it as "a bloomed flower between two rocks," emphasizing the need for cordial relations with both Chinese and Indian rulers.
China's growing interest in Nepal is seen as a hindrance to Indo-Nepalese relations for several reasons:

• China's Hold on Tibet: From a political standpoint, China is important to India. After China's occupation of Tibet, Nepal's strategic importance in the relationship between India and China increased. India's security, particularly in the north, heavily relies on Nepal's security, making India naturally concerned about China's influence in Tibet.


• Mount Everest Agreement: In 1959, Nepal's P.M. Koirala visited China and invited Chinese Premier Chou-en Lai to Nepal. They signed an agreement about Mount Everest's peak, which was seen as a move to challenge India's influence.


• Indo-Chinese War of 1962: During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, which stemmed from a border dispute, China attacked India. Instead of supporting India, Nepal adopted a policy of neutrality, which raised doubts in India about Nepal's stance.

While both India and Nepal have made efforts to improve relations and signed various agreements, China's interference in Nepal continues to raise concerns for India. China's special interest in Nepal is seen as a hostile act against India, as Chinese activities in Nepal have often been destructive and anti-Indian. The agreements between China and Nepal are viewed as a tactic against India. China's growing ties with India's neighbors are perceived as a threat to India's security, making Nepal's increasing interest in China a strategic move by China against India.
In simple words: China's interest in Nepal hurts India-Nepal relations because Nepal is a buffer state between them. China wants to use Nepal to challenge India, as seen in China's control over Tibet, agreements about Mount Everest, and Nepal's neutral stance during the 1962 India-China war.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing a country's strategic interest, link it to geographical location, historical events, and regional power dynamics.

 

Question 3. Critically evaluate the relations between India and Nepal.
Answer: Nepal acts as a buffer state between India and China. Historically, Nepal has tried to maintain good relations with both countries. From Nepal's perspective, this approach is understandable. However, after China's occupation of Tibet, Nepal's importance to India's security increased, making China's growing closeness to Nepal a concern for India. Nepal's leaning towards China is aimed at securing itself, but China's increasing friendship with India's neighbors often raises doubts about its intentions, which frequently appear to be part of a strategy against India.
India and Nepal have shared very cordial relations since the beginning, but recently, Nepal's attitude towards India has become more assertive. Several factors contribute to this tension, including:

• The 1950 treaty between India and Nepal.


• River water disputes.


• Issues with profit-making Indian businessmen in Nepal.

India also has grievances against Nepal, such as smugglers and terrorists seeking refuge there, and Nepal's increasing closeness to China. Nepal argues that India cannot dictate its choice of friends and enemies, which is a valid point from its perspective. However, India's suspicions regarding China and Pakistan are natural. In such a situation, Nepal cannot expect full help and support from India.
Historical Background:
In the 1950s, India and China shared cordial relations with the slogan 'Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai.' India, as the first democratic country, recognized the People's Republic of China and helped it gain a seat in the UN Security Council. India also accepted China's sovereignty over Tibet and signed the Panchsheel agreement. However, China's sudden attack on India in 1962, despite the 'Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai' sentiment, shocked everyone. The war had several outcomes:
1. India was isolated in the non-aligned Asian community.
2. India's economic development plans were disrupted.
3. India's ability to play an effective international role was diminished.
Present Situation:
Despite talks to resolve border disputes, obstacles remain. China occupies 50,000 square km of the Himalayas and Aksai Chin in Ladakh, maintaining an expansionist policy that pressures India from all sides. China's aggressive stance led India to lean towards the Soviet Union. Water disputes are another major conflict. While efforts have been made since 1975 to improve relations through dialogue and agreements, and leaders like P.M. Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping have exchanged visits, China's support for India's permanent membership in the UN Security Council has not materialized, creating an uncomfortable and doubtful position for India.
China is India's largest trading partner, but India holds the 10th position in China's trade. India needs to balance this trade, especially during economic downturns. China's technological advancement, large market, and cheap labor give it a strong position globally. Recent diplomatic exchanges, like Xi Jinping's 2014 visit to India and P.M. Modi's 2015 visit to China, led to several agreements. While relations are slowly improving, resolving the border dispute is crucial for a lasting positive impact on international and regional politics.
In simple words: India and Nepal's relations are complex. Nepal, a small country between India and China, wants to keep good ties with both, but China's growing influence worries India. Historical issues like trade treaties, water disputes, and Nepal's neutrality in the 1962 war have caused tension. While recent visits by leaders like Modi and Xi Jinping have led to some improvements, major issues like border disputes and China's lack of support for India in international forums still create doubt.

🎯 Exam Tip: For critical evaluations, present both sides of the relationship (positive and negative), discuss historical context, and analyze current challenges and future prospects.

 

Question 6. What is Chinese's position as major factor of Indian foreign policy?
Answer: China's position is a significant factor in Indian foreign policy, characterized by both cooperation and tension. The relationship can be understood through the following points:

• Initial Relations: In earlier times, India and China shared very cordial relations. India supported the Chinese communist revolution of 1949, recognized China politically, and helped it gain UN membership. This early cooperation was a cornerstone of India's foreign policy.


• Tension on Tibet: When China occupied Tibet in 1950, India accepted China's sovereignty over the region. However, this decision has often been debated, particularly after the Dalai Lama sought refuge in India in 1959. This event strained relations and became a source of ongoing tension.

China's growing influence and its actions in the region, such as its close ties with Pakistan and its stance on territorial disputes, directly impact India's foreign policy decisions. India must carefully navigate its relationship with China, balancing economic partnerships with national security concerns, making China a constant and central element in India's diplomatic strategy.
In simple words: China is a big part of India's foreign policy. While India and China had good relations initially, disputes over Tibet and China's growing regional power have created tension, making it crucial for India to carefully manage this relationship.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining a country's position in foreign policy, always consider historical context, specific events, and the ongoing diplomatic challenges that shape the relationship.

 

Question 7. Kashmir is the centre of conflict in the relations between India and Pakistan. On this basis, write how the conditions in Kashmir were disturbed due to Pakistan?
Answer: Among the problems in India-Pakistan relations, Kashmir has been the main issue that continued after partition. According to Alec Michael, the Kashmir problem is not just about land or water; it is a matter of national prestige for both countries.
(i) Start of the problem:
After India and Pakistan gained independence, Kashmir became a point of contention. The British government had allowed princely states to join either India or Pakistan. While many states made their decision, the rulers of Hyderabad, Junagarh, and Kashmir delayed. Hyderabad and Junagarh issues were resolved, but the Kashmir problem remains.
(ii) Specific status of Kashmir:
Kashmir is located on India's northwest border and connects both India and Pakistan. In 1947, the majority of Kashmir's population was Muslim, but its ruler, Hari Singh, was Hindu. He did not make an immediate decision to merge with either country in August 1947.
(iii) India sent its army to Kashmir under the condition that a referendum would be held after the war to decide Kashmir's future as part of India.
(iv) Security Council solution attempts:
Pakistan, angered by India's decision, increased infiltration into Kashmir, turning the region into a war zone. On January 1, 1948, India complained to the UN Security Council, which then appointed a commission. This commission suggested ways to stop the war and reach a compromise. After long negotiations, a ceasefire was declared. On January 1, 1949, it was decided that the final merger of Kashmir would be based on a referendum as per the commission's agreement. This led to Pakistan taking control of an area of 32,000 square miles with a population of 7 lakh, which Pakistan called "Azad Kashmir".
(v) Indo-Pak war of 1965:
In April 1965, Pakistani army battalions entered the Rann of Kutch and took control of several areas, which was a planned invasion. From August 4-5, thousands of Pakistani guerrillas entered Kashmir. War started on September 4. The UN Security Council appealed for peace, and the war ended on September 22, 1965. The Tashkent Agreement was signed on January 4, 1966.
(vi) Pakistan's liability:
Kashmir's situation continues to worsen because of Pakistan's uncooperative attitude. India has tried to resolve the issue through negotiation, even though Pakistan has raised it on international platforms and ignored UN decisions. Pakistan has become a hub for terrorist activities in Kashmir. It is concerning that Pakistan has received support from some global powers, making the situation very complex. Lasting peace requires a change in Pakistan's intentions. India will not allow Pakistan to further alienate Kashmir or fulfill its unjust agenda.
In simple words: Kashmir has been the main reason for problems between India and Pakistan since partition. Pakistan's actions, like sending fighters and supporting terrorists, made the situation worse. Despite international efforts and wars, the issue remains unsolved, leading to conflict and Pakistan taking control of some parts of Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing complex historical conflicts, always structure your answer chronologically and use clear headings or bullet points to present key events and their impacts.

 

Question 8. To trouble India, Pakistan is increasing its relations with our neighbours. What is the effect on India of all this?
Answer: In the 1980s and 1990s, Pakistan received financial aid and military equipment from the USA and China. These countries aimed to counter Soviet expansion in South Asia by supplying modern anti-tank missiles like the F-15, F-16, and F-16c fighter jets. This worried India because China also cannot be fully trusted.
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is very important for China-Pakistan relations. However, India opposes it because it passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. Reports suggest Pakistan might acquire nuclear submarines from China. Pakistan has also allowed China to set up a naval base at Gwadar Port.
Pakistan supported the establishment of democracy and the monarchy in Nepal, and a trade agreement was made between them in 1982. Pakistan also has trade and diplomatic ties with Sri Lanka and Myanmar, exporting military equipment and providing training. This shows Pakistan's strategic presence in regions near India's northeast, east (Myanmar), south (Sri Lanka), and west.
Pakistan's strategy aims to encircle India from all sides. This constant pressure significantly increases India's defense spending.
In simple words: Pakistan gets help from countries like the USA and China, including military gear, which worries India. Projects like CPEC passing through disputed areas and military ties with neighbors like Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar are ways Pakistan tries to challenge India. This forces India to spend a lot more money on its defense.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on specific examples of Pakistan's foreign policy actions and how they directly impact India's security and regional standing.

 

Question 9. Write an essay on the P.M. Mr Narendra Modi's Pakistan foreign policy.
Answer: On May 24, 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi took his oath with a positive approach towards Pakistan, inviting PM Nawaz Sharif to the ceremony. It was hoped that talks would restart. However, after Pakistan's High Commissioner met with separatist Hurriyat leaders, foreign secretary-level talks scheduled for August 25, 2014, were canceled. During the 18th SAARC conference in Kathmandu (November 26-27, 2014), no formal talks took place between Modi and Sharif.
PM Modi made another effort to improve relations by visiting Lahore on Christmas (December 25, 2015) to wish Sharif on his birthday and bless his granddaughter's marriage. There was hope for better ties. But these hopes were shattered a week later, on January 1, 2016, when Pakistan carried out a terrorist attack in Pathankot, India. In this situation, PM Modi's efforts to improve relations remained unsuccessful.
Following this, Indian forces conducted a surgical strike in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, destroying many terrorist training camps in retaliation. Pakistan's actions forced PM Modi to adopt a tough stance. For the first time, on August 15, 2016, it was announced from the Red Fort that talks with Pakistan would only be about the Kashmir area it had illegally occupied. The Prime Minister also raised concerns about human rights violations in Balochistan. India adopted a more assertive approach. After this, Pakistan made inappropriate statements against India and continued cross-border intrusions and terrorist activities.
In simple words: PM Modi tried to make friends with Pakistan at first, inviting their leader to his oath and even visiting Lahore. But terrorist attacks like Pathankot and meetings with separatists stopped these peace efforts. India then took a tougher stand, including surgical strikes and demanding talks about Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, because of Pakistan's ongoing bad actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing foreign policy, detail both attempts at diplomacy and the reasons for their breakdown, including specific dates and events.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Other Important Questions

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which new country was born after India-Pak war of 1971?
(a) Bhutan
(b) Nepal
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Maldives
Answer: (c) Bangladesh
In simple words: After the war between India and Pakistan in 1971, the new country that was created is Bangladesh.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key outcome of the 1971 Indo-Pak war as the birth of Bangladesh, a significant event in South Asian history.

 

Question 2. Which agreement was signed with Pakistan by the then Indian Prime Minister, Lai Bahadur Shastri?
(a) Shimla agreement
(b) Indus water agreement
(c) Indo-Pak agreement
(d) Tashkent agreement
Answer: (d) Tashkent agreement
In simple words: The Tashkent agreement was signed by India's Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key agreements with the Prime Ministers who signed them, such as Shastri with Tashkent and Indira Gandhi with Shimla.

 

Question 3. In which year was Panchsheel agreement signed between India and China?
(a) 1954

🎯 Exam Tip: For dates of important agreements, commit them to memory as they are often direct recall questions.

 

Question 4. With which neighbouring country was the war of 1962 fought?
(a) Pakistan
(b) Bangladesh
(c) China
(d) Myanmar
Answer: (c) China
In simple words: India fought the 1962 war against its neighbor, China.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the year and the countries involved in major conflicts is crucial for historical context.

 

Question 5. When was Shimla agreement signed between India and Pakistan?
(a) June 28, 1971
(b) June 28, 1972
(c) July 3, 1971
(d) July 3, 1972
Answer: (d) July 3, 1972
In simple words: The Shimla agreement, an important treaty between India and Pakistan, was signed on July 3, 1972.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the Tashkent Agreement (1966) and the Shimla Agreement (1972) and their respective contexts.

 

Question 6. With which Indian state is the article 370 associated?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Bihar
(c) Manipur
(d) Tripura
Answer: (a) Jammu and Kashmir
In simple words: Article 370 of the Indian constitution was specifically related to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of special constitutional provisions and the states they applied to, as this is often tested in political science.

 

Question 7. With which country is Madheshi Movement associated?
(a) China
(b) India

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the regional movements within neighboring countries and their implications for India's foreign policy.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is the main element of Indian foreign policy?
Answer: The main elements of Indian foreign policy include fostering good faith with neighboring countries and maintaining friendly relations with all nations globally.
In simple words: India's foreign policy mostly focuses on being friendly and trusting with its neighbors and other countries around the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about core policy elements, use keywords like "good faith," "friendly relations," and "neighboring countries."

 

Question 2. Just after partition, which problems caused bitterness in the Indo-Pak relation?
Answer: Right after the partition, several issues led to difficult relations between India and Pakistan:
1. The Hyderabad dispute
2. The Junagarh dispute
3. The question of loan payment
4. River water dispute
5. The issue of refugees
6. The occupation of Kashmir
In simple words: After India and Pakistan split, they faced problems over Hyderabad, Junagarh, money, river water, refugees, and especially Kashmir, which made their relationship bad.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific points when detailing reasons for conflict; using numbers can help ensure you cover all necessary information.

 

Question 3. What is the most complicated problem between India and Pakistan?
Answer: The Kashmir problem remains the most complicated issue between India and Pakistan.
In simple words: The hardest problem between India and Pakistan is the issue of Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the central point of contention clearly and concisely.

 

Question 4. Who was the ruler of Kashmir at the time of partition?
Answer: Hari Singh was the ruler of Kashmir during the partition.
In simple words: Hari Singh was the king of Kashmir when India and Pakistan became separate countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key historical figures and their roles during significant events is important.

 

Question 5. Which country is called the headquarters of terrorism?
Answer: Pakistan is often referred to as the headquarters of terrorism.
In simple words: Pakistan is sometimes known as the main place for terrorism.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a direct factual recall; ensure accuracy regarding such sensitive classifications.

 

Question 6. In 1948, United Nations commission, appointed on Kashmir's problem, included the representations which

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that incomplete questions should prompt you to identify missing information or context, though your answer must only reflect what is asked.

 

Question 7. When did Pakistan give up its CENTO membership?
Answer: Pakistan gave up its CENTO membership in 1979.
In simple words: Pakistan left the CENTO group in the year 1979.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with the years of significant international alliances and their dissolution for countries in the region.

 

Question 8. When was Pakistan given the membership of Non-alignment movement?
Answer: Pakistan was given membership in the Non-Alignment Movement in 1979, during the Havana summit.
In simple words: Pakistan joined the Non-Alignment Movement at the Havana meeting in 1979.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year and the specific event (Havana summit) when Pakistan joined the Non-Alignment Movement.

 

Question 9. Which Indian P.M. inagurated the Delhi-Lahore-Delhi bus service?
Answer: Atal Bihari Vajpayee inaugurated the Delhi-Lahore-Delhi bus service in February 1999.
In simple words: Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee started the bus service between Delhi and Lahore in 1999.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect important diplomatic initiatives, like cross-border transport services, with the Prime Ministers responsible.

 

Question 10. Which Indian state has its separate constitution?
Answer: Jammu and Kashmir previously had its separate constitution.
In simple words: Jammu and Kashmir was the Indian state that used to have its own constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: While Article 370 has been revoked, understand its historical context and impact on Jammu and Kashmir's constitutional status.

 

Question 11. Which article of Indian constitution gives special rights to Kashmir?
Answer: Article 370 of the Indian Constitution provided special rights to Kashmir.
In simple words: Article 370 in the Indian Constitution gave special powers to Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link Article 370 directly to the special status of Kashmir for historical questions.

 

Question 12. When did conflict arise between India and Pakistan over the Rann of Kutch?
Answer: Conflict arose between India and Pakistan over the Rann of Kutch in April 1965.
In simple words: India and Pakistan had a fight over the Rann of Kutch area in April 1965.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the year and specific region of this conflict for historical accuracy.

 

Question 13. With whom and when was the Indus water treaty signed?
Answer: In 1966, a treaty was made between India and Pakistan.
In simple words: A treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in 1966.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the year and parties involved in significant water treaties to understand their historical context.

 

Question 15. Where was the Tashkent agreement made?
Answer: The Tashkent agreement was made in Tashkent, a city in the former Soviet Union. Lal Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan signed the agreement there.
In simple words: The Tashkent agreement was signed in Tashkent, a city that was part of the Soviet Union. India's Prime Minister Shastri and Pakistan's President Ayub Khan signed it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the location and the key leaders involved in the Tashkent Agreement.

 

Question 16. Write any two political results of wars of 1971 fought between India and Pak.
Answer: Here are two political results of the 1971 war between India and Pakistan:
1. The birth of Bangladesh as a new, independent country.
2. The Shimla Agreement was signed on July 3, 1972, between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
In simple words: The 1971 war led to two big things: Bangladesh became a new country, and India and Pakistan signed the Shimla agreement to try and make peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the immediate and long-term political consequences of major wars.

 

Question 17. What was the main cause of Kargil war?
Answer: The main cause of the Kargil War was Pakistan's occupation of some Indian territory near the Line of Control.
In simple words: The Kargil war started because Pakistan took over some Indian land near the border line.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific territorial dispute as the core reason for the Kargil War.

 

Question 18. When did Narendra Modi take oath as the Prime Minister of India?
Answer: Narendra Modi took oath as the Prime Minister of India on May 26, 2014.
In simple words: Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India on May 26, 2014.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the specific date of a Prime Minister's oath-taking for current affairs and historical context.

 

Question 19. When and by whom were the principles of Panchsheel declared?
Answer: The principles of Panchsheel were jointly declared on April 29, 1954, by Pt. Nehru and China's Premier Chou-en-Lai.
In simple words: Pt. Nehru of India and Chou-en-Lai of China announced the Panchsheel principles together on April 29, 1954.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year and the two key leaders who were instrumental in establishing the Panchsheel principles.

 

Question 20. Which religious leader of Tibet took shelter in India and when?
Answer: The Dalai Lama, the religious leader of Tibet, took shelter in India in 1959.
In simple words: The Dalai Lama, Tibet's spiritual leader, came to India for safety in 1959.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the Dalai Lama as the key figure and the year 1959 as crucial for understanding India-China-Tibet relations.

 

Question 22. Which foreign minister of contemporary India called his Chinese Visit 'Tohi Mission' in February 12, 1979.
Answer: Atal Bihari Vajpayee, India's foreign minister at that time, referred to his visit to China on February 12, 1979, as a 'Tohi Mission'.
In simple words: In 1979, India's foreign minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, called his visit to China a 'Tohi Mission'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific diplomatic terms or unique descriptions with the events and leaders involved.

 

Question 23. Which Indian P.M. announced the grant of E-Visa to Chinese citizens?
Answer: Narendra Modi, the Indian Prime Minister, announced the grant of E-Visa to Chinese citizens.
In simple words: Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that Chinese citizens could get electronic visas for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be updated on recent diplomatic and travel policy changes, especially those involving major neighboring countries.

 

Question 24. When was Nathu-La pass opened for Kailash Man Sarovar Yatra?
Answer: The Nathu-La pass was opened for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra in June 2015.
In simple words: The Nathu-La pass was opened in June 2015 for people to travel to Kailash Mansarovar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the opening dates of important pilgrimage routes or border passes is relevant for geography and current affairs.

 

Question 25. Which two agreements between China and Nepal were deemed hostile to India?
Answer: The two agreements between China and Nepal that were considered hostile to India are:
1. The agreement about Mount Everest.
2. The agreement to construct the Kathmandu-Lhasa Highway.
In simple words: India saw two agreements between China and Nepal as unfriendly: one about Mount Everest and another to build a highway connecting Kathmandu and Lhasa.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing regional relations, identify specific agreements that create geopolitical concerns for neighboring countries.

 

Question 26. Name any two Nepalese Projects funded by Indian aid.
Answer: Here are two Nepalese projects funded by Indian aid:
1. The Devighat hydroelectricity project.
2. The construction of 22 bridges in the Kohlapur-Mahakali area.
In simple words: India helped Nepal with money for two projects: the Devighat power project and building 22 bridges in the Kohlapur-Mahakali region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Illustrate India's role in regional development by citing specific aid projects in neighboring countries.

 

Question 28. Which Indian P.M. inaugurated the Pashupatinath express Kathmandu-Delhi passenger bus service, by showing green flag?
Answer: Narendra Modi, the Indian Prime Minister, inaugurated the Pashupatinath Express bus service between Kathmandu and Delhi by showing a green flag.
In simple words: Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially started the Pashupatinath Express bus service from Kathmandu to Delhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the leaders involved in launching significant cross-border connectivity projects.

 

Question 29. What is Nepal's psychology?
Answer: Nepal aims to develop its relations with both India and China by maintaining an equal distance, intending to satisfy China while balancing its ties.
In simple words: Nepal wants to have good relations with both India and China, keeping them equally important to keep China happy and to balance its friendships.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the foreign policy strategies of smaller nations, especially how they balance relations with larger neighbors.

 

Question 30. What kind of example is Nepal?
Answer: Nepal serves as an example of a buffer state.
In simple words: Nepal is an example of a buffer state, meaning it's a small country located between two larger, powerful countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define and provide examples of geopolitical terms like "buffer state" for clarity.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. After independence describe the facts showing military tension between India and Pakistan.
Answer: The following facts show military tension between India and Pakistan after independence:
1. Pakistan's unauthorized occupation of a part of Kashmir.
2. India and Pakistan spend 2.9% and 4.7% of their GDP, respectively, on defense.
3. Pakistan allocates more than 8% of its GDP to jihadi and terrorist activities, while India spends zero in this area.
4. India incurs an additional expenditure of 9000 crore Rs on border security, including the Siachen region.
5. There is constant tension due to cross-border smuggling of drugs, counterfeit currency, and weapons by Pakistan.
In simple words: After independence, military tension grew because Pakistan illegally took parts of Kashmir. Both countries spend a lot on defense, but Pakistan also funds terrorism. India spends extra on border security, and there's a problem with illegal cross-border activities like smuggling drugs and weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quantify military spending or security costs where figures are provided to support your answer effectively.

 

Question 2. Write a short note on Kashmir's problem?
Answer: After the 1948 war, Kashmir was divided into two parts: one known as Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK) and the other as the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Line of Control (LOC) separates these areas. Pakistan argues that Kashmir, with its Muslim majority, should belong to Pakistan based on the principles of partition. This viewpoint is strongly held by both sides. The problem remained unresolved even after the wars of 1965 and 1971. Although talks have been held to resolve the issue, the Kashmir problem continues to persist.
In simple words: The Kashmir problem started after the 1948 war, dividing it into Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir and India's Jammu and Kashmir, separated by the Line of Control. Pakistan believes Kashmir should be theirs because most people are Muslim. This disagreement has not been solved by wars or talks and remains a big issue.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining historical conflicts, clearly define key terms like POK and LOC, and provide the core arguments of each side.

 

Question 3. How did Bangladesh come into being? Or How and when was Bangladesh formed?
Answer: From 1947 to 1971, Bangladesh was known as East Pakistan, formed from partitioned parts of Bengal and Assam during British rule. The people of this region resented West Pakistan's dominance and the imposition of the Urdu language. They demanded fair representation in administration and equal political power. After the 1965 India-Pakistan war, the situation worsened, and Pakistan's dictators suppressed the public in East Pakistan, leading to growing dissatisfaction.
Under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's leadership, an autonomy movement began in East Pakistan. The region supported Mujibur Rahman, but Pakistan's General Yahya Khan tortured the Bengali people. Many people fled to India, creating a refugee crisis of up to 1 crore. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan's aircraft bombed Indian air bases, escalating into war. On December 14, 1971, General Niazi surrendered to India's General Jagjit Singh Arora, along with 93,000 soldiers and their weapons. This led to Bangladesh's independence.
In simple words: Bangladesh, once called East Pakistan, was formed after a war in 1971. People in East Pakistan were unhappy with West Pakistan's rule and language. Led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, they fought for freedom. After a lot of violence and a huge refugee crisis, India helped, leading to a war where Pakistan surrendered, and Bangladesh became an independent country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the historical context, key leaders, causes (language, autonomy), and the role of the 1971 war in the formation of Bangladesh.

 

Question 4. What do you know about the Panchsheel agreement?
Answer: In 1954, Chinese Prime Minister Chou-en-Lai visited India, where he and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the Panchsheel agreement, which included five principles for peaceful coexistence:
2. Do not attack each other.
3. Work together with mutual good faith.
4. Do not interfere in each other's internal affairs.
5. Follow the policy of peaceful coexistence, meaning that despite having different political ideas, countries should live together peacefully.
In simple words: The Panchsheel agreement was signed in 1954 by Indian Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Chou-en-Lai. It's a set of five rules for countries to get along peacefully, like not attacking each other, working with trust, and respecting each other's internal matters.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all principles of Panchsheel clearly and explain their significance in fostering international peace and cooperation.

 

Question 5. Why did the Dalai Lama take shelter in India? What is China's attitude towards Tibet
Answer: The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. When China occupied Tibet in 1950, many Tibetans opposed it. In 1956, during a visit to India, the Dalai Lama expressed his unwillingness to return to Tibet. Pt. Nehru sent him back to avoid offending China. However, troubled by China's oppression, Tibet revolted in 1958, which the Chinese army brutally suppressed. As the situation worsened, the Dalai Lama sought shelter in India in 1959. China opposed this move, viewing Tibet as an integral part of its territory.
In simple words: The Dalai Lama, Tibet's spiritual leader, came to India for safety in 1959 because China had taken over Tibet and was oppressing its people. China was angry about this, as it considers Tibet its own territory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the key events that led to the Dalai Lama seeking asylum and China's reaction, highlighting the political sensitivities involved.

 

Question 6. How did Tibet become the issue of tension between India and China?
Answer: Historically, Tibet has been a point of dispute between India and China. China had intermittently claimed administrative control over Tibet, while Tibet also experienced periods of freedom. In 1950, China occupied Tibet, but most Tibetans resisted. In 1958, an armed revolt against Chinese rule began in Tibet, which the Chinese army suppressed. Following this, the Tibetan religious leader, the Dalai Lama, crossed the border into India and sought refuge in 1959. India granted him shelter, which China considered a hostile act.
During the 1950s and 1960s, many Indian political leaders, including socialist parties and Jan Sangh, supported Tibet's freedom. China declared Tibet an "Autonomous Tibet Area" and considered it an integral part. However, Tibetans do not accept this claim. A large number of Chinese people settled in Tibet, which Tibetans opposed. Tibet denies the Chinese claim of autonomy, believing that China aims to destroy its traditional culture and religion to spread communism.
In simple words: Tibet became a tension point when China took it over in 1950. Many Tibetans, including the Dalai Lama, resisted and later fled to India for safety in 1959, which China saw as an unfriendly act. India's support for Tibet's freedom and China's efforts to control Tibet and change its culture, despite calling it "autonomous," have created ongoing problems between India and China.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the historical context of Tibet's status, China's actions, the Dalai Lama's role, and India's response to explain why Tibet is a source of tension.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 30 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What do you know about India-China relations? Describe in detail.
Answer: Since ancient times, India and China have had friendly relations. However, after India's independence, Sino-Indian relations experienced many ups and downs. India has always viewed China as a close friend, and their relations were strong in cultural and trade areas. The study of India-China relations covers both the friendly phases and periods of strain.
(i) India's outlook:
From the beginning, India has wished for friendship with China. During the freedom struggle, Nehru clearly wrote that "China would have friendship with India." When communist rule was established in China under Mao Tse Tung, India strengthened its friendly relations. From 1947 to 1959, relations between India and China were boosted by several factors:
1. India's recognition of communist China.
2. India's role in helping China gain membership in the UNO.
3. The Panchsheel agreement between both countries.
4. Cooperation on the Korean question.
(ii) Indian Policy on Tibet:
For centuries, China has claimed control over Tibet. When the communist government was formed in 1956 in the Khampa area, a revolt started against Chinese rule. This revolt continued until 1959. The Chinese government suppressed it on March 31, 1959. The Dalai Lama received political asylum in India with his followers. Later, China blamed India, and relations soured.
(iv) China's deceptive step:
Despite showing a peaceful policy, India proposed to resolve the border question with China on May 10, 1962. However, China attacked India on October 20, 1962, when India was unprepared for war.
(v) Negligent attitude towards India:
In 1965, when war broke out between India and Pakistan, China supported Pakistan and declared India the aggressor. China warned India to stop construction on the Sikkim border. India disregarded this warning because its stance was just. China then became silent and, in 1971, used its influence in the UNO with the USA to declare India an aggressor by passing a proposal.
(vi) India-China relations in changing situation:
India and China are major powers in Asia. However, relations between them have not been consistently cordial over the past 25 years. Both countries, particularly India, have tried to improve relations with Beijing. Yet, Chinese leaders suggested to Indian journalists that if India accepted Chinese control in the Ladakh area, they would consider the international border to be the Line of Control in the eastern sector. India did not accept this. On November 20, 2006, the Chinese President visited India.
This visit helped improve relations. Through tourism, 2007 was celebrated as the India-China Friendship Year. Zintao proposed a new Panchsheel for economic relations between India and China and advised adherence to its five principles to improve relations.
After the Modi government came to power, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India on September 17, 2014, and signed 12 agreements. Then, from May 14-16, 2015, PM Modi visited China and signed 24 agreements worth 10 billion dollars. Relations are slowly improving. If the border dispute is resolved, it will have a far-reaching impact on international and regional politics.
In simple words: India and China have a long history, sometimes friendly, sometimes tense. India initially supported China's recognition and UN membership. But China's actions, like the 1962 war, support for Pakistan, and the issue of Tibet, created distrust. Despite these challenges, both countries have made efforts to improve ties through agreements and leader visits, hoping for better relations in the future.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer chronologically, detailing both the periods of cooperation (e.g., Panchsheel) and conflict (e.g., 1962 war, Tibet issue) to provide a comprehensive overview.

 

Question 2. Write a note on India's relations with its neighbouring countries (specially Pak, China and Nepal).
Answer: India has consistently aimed to maintain friendly and constructive relations with its neighboring countries.
(i) India and Pakistan:
India and Pakistan were formed in 1947 during partition. Soon after independence, the Kashmir issue arose, leading to war, where Pakistan was defeated. After the 1965 war and the 1966 Tashkent Agreement, followed by the 1971 war and the 1972 Shimla Agreement, both nations sought peace. However, efforts failed, and Pakistan continued cross-border jihadi activities, leading to frequent intrusions and terrorist acts.
In short, the Kashmir problem remains a permanent issue between India and Pakistan. Pakistan's religious extremism often fuels hostile behavior. Pakistan's internal conditions, marked by political instability (army rule), illiteracy, unemployment, and poverty, create a threat to India.
(ii) India and Nepal:
Nepal, a buffer state in the Himalayas, is the world's only Hindu nation with a democratic, secular ruling system. Nepal wants to maintain good relations with both India and China, which is understandable given its location. After China's occupation of Tibet, Nepal's political significance for India increased, as India's northern security depends on Nepal's security. The invisible international border between India and Nepal remains intact. Nepalese citizens are recruited into the Indian army. However, Nepal's current attitude towards India is becoming unfriendly, mainly due to:
- The 1950 India-Nepal treaty.
- River water disputes.
- Profit-seeking Indian businessmen.
- India's support for Nepal's monarchy and its views on Maoists.
India also faces issues such as smugglers and terrorists seeking refuge in Nepal, and Nepal's increasing closeness to China. India's perspective needs to change. While India's doubts about China and Pakistan are justified, future relations cannot be solely based on past memories. A shift in outlook is essential given the changing situation.
(iii) India and China:
In the 1950s, India-China relations were cordial, but a sudden attack by China in 1962 revealed China's true intentions. China never accepted the Mac Mohan Line between India and China. Other disputes persist, including river water issues, the Tibet issue, and China's expansionist policies. India's firm stance against Pakistan serves as a clear indication of this.
In simple words: India tries to have good relations with its neighbors. With Pakistan, the main problem is Kashmir, leading to conflicts and cross-border terrorism. With Nepal, relations are affected by its role as a buffer state between India and China, water disputes, and Nepal's increasing ties with China. With China, relations were initially friendly but soured after the 1962 war and disputes over borders and Tibet, showing China's aggressive policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing India's relations with multiple neighbors, organize your answer by country, highlighting both points of cooperation and conflict for each.