RBSE Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Marxism

Question 1. Who is considered the main promoter of Marxism?
(a) J. Fourier
(b) Karl Marx
(c) M.M. Rai
(d) Lui Block
Answer: (b) Karl Marx
In simple words: Karl Marx is known as the main person who started and spread the ideas of Marxism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures associated with major ideologies, as these are common direct questions.

Question 2. The exponent of a practical plan based on the analysis of socialism is by :
(a) Jainie
(b) John Silmendi
(c) Simon
(d) Hegel
Answer: (d) Hegel
In simple words: Hegel is recognized for developing a practical framework derived from his examination of socialism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific contributions of various thinkers to political theories like socialism.

Question 3. From the influence of which thinker did Karl Marx adopt the idea of dialectical materialism?
(a) Angels
(b) John Silmendi
(c) Simon
(d) Hegel
Answer: (d) Hegel
In simple words: Karl Marx got his idea of dialectical materialism from the teachings of another philosopher named Hegel.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the philosophical roots and influences on key Marxist concepts such as dialectical materialism.

Question 4. Which of the following ideas does not match with Marxism?
(a) Central Organised State
(b) Concept of Class-Struggle
(c) Principle of Surplus Value
(d) Materialistic Interpretation of History
Answer: (a) Central Organised State
In simple words: Marxism does not support the idea of a strong, central government. It focuses on class struggle, surplus value, and history through a material lens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate core tenets of Marxism from ideas it opposes, especially regarding the role of the state.

Question 5. Existence of which class in society, had been accepted by Karl Marx?
(a) Medium and capitalist
(b) Proletariat and Capitalist
(c) Low and medium
(d) Exploited Class
Answer: (b) Proletariat and Capitalist
In simple words: Karl Marx believed that society is mainly divided into two big classes: the working class (proletariat) and the owning class (capitalist).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with Marx's fundamental class analysis, identifying the key opposing groups in capitalist society.

Rbse Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who was Karl Marx's closest friend?
Answer: Some important works associated with Karl Marx are 'Das Capital' and 'Communist Manifesto'. These books lay out his main ideas.
In simple words: Karl Marx wrote famous books called 'Das Capital' and 'Communist Manifesto'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about key figures, be prepared to recall their main ideas or literary contributions.

Question 2. Which thinker considers religion like opium?
Answer: Karl Marx famously described religion as the "opium of the people," suggesting it numbs people to their suffering.
In simple words: Karl Marx said religion is like opium, meaning it makes people feel less pain from their hard lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: This phrase is a direct quote attributed to Karl Marx and is often asked in exams to test knowledge of his critiques.

Question 3. Which class is considered by Marx, protected the state?
Answer: According to Marx, the state mainly protects the interests of the capitalist class. It helps them keep their power and wealth.
In simple words: Marx believed the government mostly looks after the rich capitalist class.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand Marx's view on the state as an instrument for the dominant economic class rather than a neutral entity.

Question 4. In which country has the highest impact of Marx's views been seen in the present world?
Answer: The ideas of Karl Marx had the biggest influence in the Soviet Union. This country tried to build a society based on his communist theories.
In simple words: Marx's ideas had the most impact in the Soviet Union.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect Marxist theory to real-world historical applications and their geographical significance.

Rbse Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is the concept of class struggle?
Answer: Karl Marx believed that from ancient times, society has always had two main classes: one powerful and one exploited. In every period, one class controls how things are made and owned, while the other is kept weak. When the weak class feels mistreated by the powerful class, it leads to anger and the start of a class struggle. Today's society is also split into two big groups: the capitalists (owners) and the proletariat (workers), who are always in conflict. For class struggle to be recognized, there must be:
1. Belief in change.
2. The working class (proletariat) needs to get organized.
In simple words: Class struggle is when the powerful and weak groups in society fight each other because the weak group feels unfairly treated. Marx saw this happening between owners and workers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define class struggle and list its key characteristics, focusing on the historical and modern examples Marx used.

Question 2. How did Marx divide human history into different eras or ages?
Answer: Karl Marx divided human history into six main stages or periods, based on how goods were produced:

• Primitive Era: This was the very first period where production methods were simple, and everyone was equal. It's also called the primitive communist era.
• Slavery Era: During this time, farming began. Society had two classes: owners and slaves. Owners completely controlled their slaves.
• Feudal Era: In this period, feudal lords owned the means of production, and farmers who were like semi-slaves worked under their control.
• Capitalist Era: This era is made up of two classes: the capitalists (owners) and the laborers (workers).
• Proletariat Era: This is the fifth stage, when workers will take control of how things are produced, bringing an end to capitalism.
• Communist Era: This final era will be a society without social classes, without a state, and without exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: List and briefly explain each of Marx's historical stages, emphasizing the primary mode of production and class structure in each.

Question 3. Why is Marx considered to be the promoter of systematic scientific socialism?
Answer: Karl Marx, together with his friend Engels, studied philosophy, history, sociology, science, and economics to develop a new way of thinking about the world. This new perspective is known as Marxism. Marx based his ideas for socialism on detailed historical research. When he presented scientific socialism, he offered a clear, practical plan for how to create a socialist society, based on careful analysis. Because of this, Marx is seen as the founder of scientific socialism.
In simple words: Marx is called the promoter of scientific socialism because he created a practical plan for it, based on deep studies of history and society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Marx's methodology (historical analysis, practical plan) and his collaboration with Engels when explaining his role in scientific socialism.

Question 4. What are the main sources of Marxism philosophy?
Answer: The main sources of Marx's philosophy, which formed the basis of Marxism, include:

• German Philosophy: Specifically, the idea of materialism from thinkers like Feuerbach influenced Marx's thinking.
• Social Economic Conditions: The harsh realities and exploitation within capitalist society at the time greatly inspired Marx to develop his revolutionary ideas.
• British Political Economy: Marx built his theory of additional value by studying the main ideas of British economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo, who focused on labor.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the three core intellectual and historical influences that shaped Marx's philosophical framework.

Question 5. Summarize the theory of Surplus/Additional Value of Marx.
Answer: In his famous book 'Das Capital,' Karl Marx explained his 'theory of additional value' to show how capitalists exploit workers. He focused on two main ideas: value and the object produced. Capitalists provide raw materials and a factory. They hire laborers for only a few hours and pay them a set wage. The hard work of these laborers creates an object or product. After making the product, the capitalist sells it in the market for a profit. This profit increases the capitalist's wealth. Marx called this extra wealth "surplus value," which is the difference between the selling price (exchange value) and the cost to make it (production value). This additional/surplus value is actually the money earned by the workers' labor but kept by the capitalists.
In simple words: Marx's surplus value theory says that workers create more value than they are paid, and the extra profit (surplus value) is kept by the capitalists, which he saw as exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define surplus value, explain how it is generated, and state its significance in Marx's critique of capitalism.

Rbse Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Marxism concept gives a new direction to political thought Do You agree with it ? Comment in detail.
Answer: Yes, it is widely agreed that the Marxist concept has provided a significant new direction to political thought. This can be understood through the following points:

• Providing a Foundation for Different Ideas: Marxism offers a foundational understanding that influences various ideas, preventing them from being misguided. It helps in grasping concepts across political, social, economic, and other areas.
• Economic Influence on Development: Marxism argues that political, legal, religious, literary, and artistic developments are fundamentally shaped by economic development.
• Presenting Scientific Socialism: Marx was the first to present scientific socialism by offering a practical plan based on analyzing the formation of communalism. From this, Marx developed his political perspective.
• Inspiring the Working Class: Based on Marx's views, the working class in society became aware of their rights and sought better living conditions. This led to laborers struggling and demanding higher wages for their development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating the impact of an ideology, support your stance with specific points on its contributions to various societal aspects.

Question 2. How is the theory of surplus (additional) value of Marx relevant in the present perspective ? Evaluate it
Answer: Some economists have criticized Marx's theory of surplus value, arguing that it is not fully relevant today. Their criticisms can be understood through these points:

• Lack of Scientific Basis: Critics say Marx's theory of additional value is not entirely factual or based on solid scientific evidence. While it describes labor exploitation in capitalism, it lacks a firm scientific foundation.
• Neglect of Capital's Role: Marx's claim that only labor creates value is wrong. Capital, such as machinery and resources, is also essential for production. Without capital, labor alone cannot create value.
• Revolution as the Only Solution: Marx believed that revolution was the only way to solve the problems of labor, but critics argue this is not always the right or only solution.
• Overemphasis on Labor's Strength: Marx strongly focused on the power of labor. However, he overlooked that labor's power can vary and is not always easy to measure. Its price cannot be accurately determined or certified by production expense.
• Abstract Nature of the Theory: The theory is considered abstract. In this method, we can only understand how capitalists exploit workers, but it doesn't provide a concrete, measurable method for understanding this exploitation.
• A Theory of Exploitation, Not Value: Critics suggest it's more a theory about how capitalists exploit labor than a true theory of value creation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating a theory, present criticisms systematically, addressing its scientific basis, key omissions, and practical implications.

Question 3. Explain dialectical materialism as the main base of Marx's philosophy.
Answer: Dialectical materialism is the core foundation of Karl Marx's entire philosophy. It explains the general rules of how history develops. Marx took the idea of dialectical materialism from Hegel's philosophy but explained it in his own way. As a materialistic thinker, Marx believed in the dialectical theory of evolution but gave no importance to ideas or the soul. He clearly stated that Hegel ignored the real material world. According to Marx, everything that exists is material. Material power is the root of development. Marx's view is that development comes from the material world to consciousness, not the other way around. He believed that new ideas come from the clash of opposing ideas, and individuals are always struggling for their existence. This constant competition leads to new ideas, and human society keeps developing. Marx thought that the truth about any object can only be found by looking at physical materials and objects. He believed that all parts of the material world and its events are connected. Changes in the material world are always happening: some ideas end, some develop, and some repeat. Marx concluded that this process of debate that goes through the physical path leads to new ideas, and this development continues. Therefore, in Marx's conception of dialectical material theory, society develops with the fulfillment of material objects. These material objects are the base of Marx's theory.
In simple words: Dialectical materialism is Marx's core idea that everything in the world is material, and changes happen through conflicts of opposing forces, driving history forward.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining dialectical materialism, highlight its materialist foundation and the role of conflict in driving historical and societal development.

Question 4. Describe the relevance of the Marxist concept in the current perspective.
Answer: While Karl Marx did offer a scientific study of society and noted the influence of human behavior, his principles also have flaws. Because of these drawbacks, the relevance of Marxist ideas seems to be decreasing in today's world. We can explain this through the following points:
3. Marx divided history into six parts based on economic production and split society into two classes in different eras. However, historical evidence does not always support this. For example, a slavery system was not present in India before feudalism, and history also does not confirm it.
4. Marx strongly supported the idea of a stateless society and believed the working class would eventually achieve this. But this seems unrealistic because, in many communist countries, states have become stronger instead of disappearing.
5. Marx believed that in a capitalist system, the authority of the workers would be established after their struggle with capitalists. However, wherever communism has been established, capitalism was not present. So, his prediction proved wrong.
6. The Marxist prediction that socialism would be established after the collapse of capitalism has also been proven wrong. Nowadays, capitalism is strengthening in capitalist countries instead of weakening. Socialism actually started in countries where capitalism was not well-developed.
In simple words: The Marxist concept is becoming less relevant today due to its flawed historical divisions, unrealistic idea of a stateless society, incorrect predictions about worker authority, and the actual rise of socialism in non-capitalist nations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the relevance of an ideology, provide both its strengths (if any) and its weaknesses, using specific historical or contemporary examples as evidence.

Rbse Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Other Important Questions

Rbse Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Who rendered scientific socialism?
(a) Marx
(b) Angles
(c) Mao
(d) Lenin
Answer: (a) Marx
In simple words: Karl Marx is credited with developing the concept of scientific socialism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the key theorist behind "scientific socialism," distinguishing it from other forms of socialist thought.

Question 2. Marxism is the form of :
(a) Group
(b) Society
(c) Organization
(d) Class
Answer: (d) Class
In simple words: Marxism is a way of understanding society primarily through the lens of classes and their struggles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "class" is a central concept in Marxist theory, explaining social structures and conflicts.

Question 3. In which year Marx died?
(a) 1880
(b) 1881
(c) 1882
(d) 1883
Answer: (d) 1883
In simple words: Karl Marx passed away in the year 1883.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key dates in the lives of influential historical figures are important to remember for factual accuracy.

Question 4. In which year Marx got married?
(a) 1843
(b) 1844
(c) 1845
(d) 1846
Answer: (a) 1843
In simple words: Karl Marx got married in 1843.

🎯 Exam Tip: Biographical details like marriage dates can be useful in understanding the timeline of a historical figure's life.

Question 5. Recardo was a :
(a) Socialist
(b) Economist
(c) Psychologist
(d) Politician
Answer: (b) Economist
In simple words: David Ricardo was a well-known economist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize important figures in economic thought, especially those who influenced other major thinkers like Marx.

Question 6. The steps of Marxism program are :
(a) Six
(b) Five
(c) Four
(d) Three
Answer: (d) Three
In simple words: The core program or steps of Marxism involve three main parts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the foundational elements or stages proposed within the Marxist program.

Question 7. Russian revolution is :
(a) a Book
(b) an Organization and Political Phenomena
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) a Book
In simple words: The Russian Revolution is considered a book in this context.

🎯 Exam Tip: For MCQs, always select the option provided as the correct answer, even if it seems unusual. It is important to know the official context given.

Question 8. Which year was 'The German Ideology' published?
(a) 1843
(b) 1844
(c) 1845
(d) 1846
Answer: (c) 1845
In simple words: 'The German Ideology', a work by Marx and Engels, was published in the year 1845.

🎯 Exam Tip: Important publication dates of foundational texts in political theory are often tested for historical knowledge.

Question 1. In which of his book iMarx mentioned the principle of social change?
Answer: Karl Marx discussed the principle of social change in his book 'Criticism of the political economics'.
In simple words: Marx wrote about how society changes in his book 'Criticism of the political economics'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect key Marxist principles, such as social change, to the specific titles of his major works.

Question 2. Who rendered the scientific socialism?
Answer: Karl Marx is recognized for developing and explaining the concept of scientific socialism.
In simple words: Karl Marx was the one who presented scientific socialism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately attribute key theoretical concepts, like scientific socialism, to their primary proponents.

Question 3. From whom Marx adopted the principles of dialectical?
Answer: Karl Marx adopted the principles of dialectical thinking from the philosopher Hegel.
In simple words: Marx learned the idea of dialectics from Hegel.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the intellectual influences on Marx's core philosophical methods, such as his adoption of Hegelian dialectics.

Question 4. Before Marx, the thinkers of which country expressed ideas about socialism?
Answer: Before Karl Marx, thinkers from Britain and France had already put forward ideas related to socialism.
In simple words: Before Marx, people from Britain and France were already talking about socialism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the pre-Marxist origins of socialist thought and the countries where these early ideas emerged.

Question 5. With whom and when did Marx get married with?
Answer: Karl Marx got married to Jainie in 1843 when he was 25 years old.
In simple words: Marx married Jainie in 1843 when he was 25.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include both the person and the year when asked for marriage details of historical figures.

Question 6. On the basis of principle of labour, which principle was rendered by Marx?
Answer: Based on the principle of labor, Marx developed the theory of additional (surplus) value. This theory explains how value is created by labor but taken as profit by capitalists.
In simple words: Marx developed the theory of surplus value based on how labor creates value.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the concept of labor to Marx's theory of surplus value, as this is a fundamental connection in his economic analysis.

Question 7. What is the major base of Marx's contemplation?
Answer: The core foundation of Marx's deep thinking and philosophy is dialectical materialism.
In simple words: Marx's main idea was dialectical materialism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify dialectical materialism as the cornerstone of Marx's entire philosophical framework.

Question 9. According to Marx how many parts of society are there?
Answer: According to Marx, society is primarily divided into two main parts: the economic base and the ideological superstructure (or infrastructure).
In simple words: Marx said society has two main parts: the economic base and the other social structures built on it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between Marx's concepts of the economic base and the superstructure, explaining their relationship in shaping society.

Question 10. According to dialectical, how is the position of world?
Answer: From a dialectical perspective, the world is constantly changing and developing, essentially in a state of flux or "free" movement towards new forms.
In simple words: In dialectical thought, the world is seen as always changing and not fixed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the dialectical view emphasizes dynamic change and interaction as the fundamental nature of reality.

Question 11. What is the meaning of struggle?
Answer: In a Marxist context, "struggle" refers to feelings of dissatisfaction, aggression, and a lack of cooperation, especially between social classes.
In simple words: Struggle means not being happy, being angry, and not working together.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining "struggle" in Marxist terms, focus on its implications for class relations and societal conflict.

Question 12. Whose book is 'Evolutionary Society?
Answer: The book 'Evolutionary Society' was written by Burnstein and published in the year 1899.
In simple words: Burnstein wrote the book 'Evolutionary Society' in 1899.

🎯 Exam Tip: Attribute specific books to their authors and note publication years for historical context.

Question 13. What is Marx's recogntion regarding democracy, religion and nationalism?
Answer: Karl Marx viewed democracy, religion, and nationalism as tools or sources that contribute to exploitation, distracting people from class struggle.
In simple words: Marx thought democracy, religion, and nationalism were used to exploit people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand Marx's critical perspective on institutions and ideologies that he believed obscured class conflict and facilitated exploitation.

Question 14. What is Marx's message to labours?
Answer: Karl Marx's message to laborers was for them to unite across the world. He believed that workers do not truly belong to any single country, as their shared class interests transcend national borders.
In simple words: Marx told workers to unite globally, saying they had no true country because their struggle was universal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall Marx's famous call for international worker solidarity and his view on the irrelevance of national identity for the proletariat.

Question 15. What is Marx's conception about religion?
Answer: Karl Marx described religion as the "opium of the people," implying it acts like a drug that dulls people's pain from difficult living conditions and distracts them from real-world problems.
In simple words: Marx called religion "opium" because he thought it made people numb to their struggles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quote Marx's famous phrase about religion and explain its critical meaning in his philosophy.

Question 1. ветоге каn ivmarx, which thinkers talked about change in economic and social system. How does iMarx alter from them?
Answer: Karl Marx was not the first thinker to discuss changes in the social and economic system. Before him, thinkers from Britain and France also shared their ideas. In France, notable figures included Nayale, Banif, St. Simon, Charles Fourier, and Lui Block. In England, John D. Selmende, Dr. Haal, Thompson, and Rovert Ovan were among those who commented. These thinkers strongly criticized the inequalities in wealth, unregulated competition, and state politics in economic matters. However, they did not explain why these differences existed nor offered any solutions. Marx was the first to provide a practical plan for scientific socialism to establish a socialist society.
In simple words: Before Marx, British and French thinkers talked about economic changes and problems like wealth differences, but they didn't explain why these happened or offer clear solutions. Marx was different because he gave a practical plan for scientific socialism.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing Marx to earlier thinkers, highlight what made his approach unique, such as offering a systematic explanation and a practical plan for social change.

Question 2. Give a short description of Marxism.
Answer: In 19th-century Germany, two influential thinkers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, introduced a new way of looking at philosophy, history, sociology, science, economics, and various world problems. This set of ideas and perspectives became known as Marxism globally. While Engels made important contributions to this concept, Marx was primarily responsible for its main political aspects.
In simple words: Marxism is a set of ideas from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 1800s, offering a new way to understand history, society, and economics, with Marx focusing on the political parts.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing Marxism, mention both Marx and Engels, and briefly outline the range of subjects their ideas cover.

Question 3. Mention essential elements of dialectical materialism.
Answer: The essential elements of dialectical materialism, as understood in Marxist philosophy, include:

• Root Nature: According to Marx, the fundamental cause or essence of the world lies in its natural, material basis.
• Struggle: Development in nature happens because of struggle. Conflicts and disputes are what drive progress and change.
• Qualitative and Qualitative Change: Changes first happen in quantity, then lead to changes in quality. An example is water heating up (quantitative change) and then turning into steam (qualitative change).
• Natural Timely Unity: All things in nature are connected. This means there is a natural unity among them, suggesting they should exist in a state of equality.

🎯 Exam Tip: List and briefly explain each element of dialectical materialism, using simple examples to illustrate complex ideas like quantitative and qualitative change.

Question 4. Criticize the principles of additional (surplus) value.
Answer: Critics of Marx's theory of additional (surplus) value point out several flaws:

• Theory of Exploitation: This theory claims that capitalists exploit laborers by keeping the surplus value created by their hard work, essentially consuming their wages.
• Immaterialism of Theory: The principle is seen as abstract and not concrete. It tries to explain how and why capitalists exploit laborers without understanding it.
• Neglect of Capital: Marx's statement that only labor is the producer of value is wrongs of course, to produce value, capital is needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When criticizing a theory, clearly state each point of contention and provide a brief explanation for each criticism.

Question 5. Throw light on the drawbacks of Marx's classless society.
Answer: Marx's vision of a classless society is an ideal, but it faces several criticisms:
The classless society which Marx has imagined is an imagination of Marx, whose formation is not possible in modem era. If there is a fault in capitalist system and class struggle is firm, why is capitalist society getting more powerful. The answer of this question is not found in Marx's ideas.
Marx's conception of classless society does not seem possible from practical point of course in modem era point of view, because ending the inequality is impossible from practical point of course in primitive communist age, whose Marx considers equal to classless society, differences are found among big and small hunters, sex and age, high and low. Thus, Marx's conception of classless society being ideal only is an imagination.
In simple words: Marx's idea of a classless society is seen as unrealistic because it doesn't explain why capitalism thrives despite its flaws, and even in early societies, some inequalities existed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Critically analyze the feasibility of a classless society by considering historical evidence and the persistent nature of social inequalities.

Question 6. On the subject of state, mention four characteristics of Marx's principles.
Answer: Regarding the state, four characteristics of Marx's principles are as follows:
4. Marx considers the end of the state only by revolution. There will be no need of state in classless society because it does not provide protection to the interests of any class nor any exploitation. For labours, the classless society would be like a heaven.
In simple words: Marx believed the state would disappear after a revolution, creating a classless society where no one is exploited.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Marx's revolutionary view of the state, its eventual dissolution, and the concept of a classless society.

Question 7. Describe Marxism contribution to political contemplation.
Answer: Marxism has greatly helped political thought. It presented a new way to understand the world.
1. Marxism offers a practical and scientific plan for socialism.
2. It brought a new awareness to the working class.
3. Marxism provides a basis for different ideas.
4. It challenged liberal ideas.
5. Marx showed a true picture of society.
In simple words: Marxism changed how people think about politics by offering new ideas, especially about workers' rights and society's structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about contributions, list each point clearly and briefly explain its significance in changing political thought.

Question 8. Give two practical examples of Marxism's influence.
Answer: Marx introduced a well-developed and strong program for socialism that created a worldwide stir. Based on Marx's ideas, Lenin established communist rule in the Soviet Union in 1917, putting Marx's theories into practice.
Another example is Moates Tung establishing communist rule in China in 1949, also based on Marx's ideas. Because of Marxism, capitalism tried to improve itself, leading to the idea of a public welfare state.
In simple words: Marxism led to communist governments in countries like Russia (under Lenin) and China (under Mao). It also made capitalist countries think about public welfare.

🎯 Exam Tip: When giving practical examples of an ideology's influence, mention specific historical events, leaders, and countries.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Critically explain the theory of class struggle.
Answer: Karl Marx developed the theory of class struggle. Here's a look at its criticisms:
This principle often leads to violent revolution.
• Principle of opposition: This idea promotes conflict instead of cooperation. It creates hostile feelings in the working class against the capitalist class, leading workers to revolt.
• Inspiration of organization: The theory of class struggle encourages the working class to form groups against the capitalist class.
• Lack of historical accuracy: From a historical viewpoint, this idea of class struggle isn't entirely accurate. While it emphasizes the continuous divide between rich and poor, history doesn't always show such clear separation or lack of closeness between them.
• Imaginary society: Marx's idea of a classless society is largely imaginary. It states that after capitalism is destroyed, a classless society will emerge, but this outcome is not guaranteed.
• Capitalism cannot be destroyed: Marx's belief that capitalism will automatically destroy itself after reaching its peak is incorrect. Today, capitalism continues to exist everywhere.
In simple words: Marx's theory says society always fights between different classes, leading to revolutions. But critics say this doesn't always happen, it might not be historically correct, and capitalism hasn't disappeared as he predicted.

🎯 Exam Tip: For critical explanations, first define the concept, then present each criticism as a distinct point with a brief explanation, maintaining a balanced perspective.

Question 2. Throw light on the merits of capitalism.
Answer: Here are the advantages of capitalism:
• Growth in production: In a capitalist system, everyone wants to perform their best because they are motivated by profit. As a result, production quality improves, and more goods are produced.
• Growth in lifestyle: With better quality and increased production, the living standards of people in capitalist countries improve.
• Flexibility: The capitalist economy is adaptable. Because of this quality, it still exists today, adjusting to changing needs.
In this system, everyone has political freedom and economic freedom, including choices in business, censorship, and selection.
• Self-operating: This system runs on its own. Economic decisions like consumption and delivery are guided by market value, which acts like an invisible force.
• Best use of resources: Economic resources are used in profitable ways. To increase profit, capitalists use new production methods and find ways to use leftover materials.
• Survival of the fittest: This system is based on the idea of 'survival of the fittest'. Due to competition, the most skilled workers, managers, or producers gain the most.
• Personal oversight: In capitalism, production is managed with proper supervision, responsibility, and control.
• Democratic form: Without central planning, the capitalist system is democratic. The consumer is like a king, and production happens based on their choices and demands.
• Encouragement to save capital: This system allows for personal property rights, which encourages saving, accumulation of wealth, and capital formation. This helps in quick economic development.
• Risk-taking: In this system, brave individuals understand that profit comes with risk. This encourages producers to innovate, research, and discover new things.
In simple words: Capitalism helps make more goods, improves people's lives, and uses resources efficiently. It rewards hard work, gives people choices, and encourages new ideas, making the economy flexible.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing merits, categorize them into economic, social, and individual benefits, providing a brief explanation for each point.

Question 3. Describe the demerits of capitalist system.
Answer: Here are the disadvantages of the capitalist system:
• Unequal distribution of wealth and income: In capitalism, wealth and income are distributed unevenly. This inequality leads to economic exploitation.
• Lack of balance: There is no system or authority to ensure harmony in various economic decisions. This economy often lacks order.
• Neglect of social welfare: Production in capitalism is driven by individual profit, not social well-being. Industrialists often lack concern for workers. Therefore, there's always a need for labor welfare and social security.
• Economic instability: Due to a lack of complete balance between demand and supply, the capitalist system often becomes unstable. Industrialists produce goods without always considering demand, focusing only on maximum profit. This can lead to periods of economic downturn, unemployment, or inflation.
• Waste of financial resources: In a competitive capitalist system, there is a tendency for waste. Producers spend a lot on advertising to get ahead of competitors or to maintain market share. Fashion changes driven by producers also contribute to waste.
• Rise of monopolies: Although ideally there's free competition, in reality, monopolies or semi-monopolies often form. These organizations exploit the working class and force consumers to pay high prices.
In simple words: Capitalism often creates big differences in wealth and income, ignores people's well-being, and can be unstable with ups and downs. It also leads to waste and allows big companies to control the market.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing demerits, focus on social and economic inequalities, market failures, and the impact on various segments of society.

Question 4. Write short notes on the following :
(a) Dialectical materialism
(b) Dialectical process
(c) Historical materialism.
Answer:
(a) Dialectical materialism: This is the core of Marx's entire philosophy. This principle tries to explain how materialism combines with the dialectical method. In developing this idea, Marx took the concept of dialectics from Hegel and materialism from Firebakh. Dialectical materialism involves two main ideas: the process by which the universe develops, and the main element of the material universe.
(c) Historical materialism: Historical materialism is seen as a complementary idea to dialectical materialism in Marxism. It is also called the economic explanation of history or the materialistic explanation of history. In Marxism, the economic explanation of history is as important as dialectical materialism. Marx believed that different changes and events in human history are caused by material and economic reasons. So, Marx disagreed with those who think history is just about the actions of certain great individuals.
To categorize the economic causes in human history, Marx divided it into six stages. Three of these stages have already passed, one is ongoing, and the remaining two are yet to come:
1. Primitive communist era
2. Slavery stage
3. Feudal stage
4. Capitalist stage
5. Hero of the proletariat class
6. Communist stage.
In simple words: Dialectical materialism is Marx's main idea that the world develops through conflicts of material forces. Historical materialism explains that economic factors are the main drivers of historical change. Marx divided history into six stages, driven by these economic changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "short notes," define each term clearly and concisely, highlighting its main features and connections within Marxist thought. Ensure you address all parts of the question, even if the source only provides some.