RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 The Concept of the State and Sovereignty

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 The Concept of the State and Sovereignty

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Who has given the best definition of the state?
Answer: Dr. Garner's definition of the state is widely considered to be the most comprehensive and accurate.
In simple words: Many people believe Dr. Garner's idea of what a state is, is the best one.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about definitions, always remember to name the specific scholar or authority if provided in the text.

 

Question 2. Write any two differences between state and government.
Answer:
• A state is an abstract idea, but the government is a concrete (physical) group of people.
• A state lasts forever, but governments can change over time.
In simple words: The state is a concept you can't touch, while the government is the actual people in power. The state stays, but governments come and go.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on keywords like 'abstract vs. concrete' and 'permanent vs. changeable' to highlight the core differences.

 

Question 4. Write the elements of state.
Answer: A state has four main parts:
• Population: The people living in it.
• Fixed Territory: A clearly defined land area.
• Government: The system that rules the people.
• Sovereignty: The supreme power within its borders.
In simple words: A state needs people, land, a government, and its own supreme power to make decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the four key elements of a state: people, territory, government, and sovereignty. These are crucial for understanding statehood.

 

Question 5. Rousseau supported which theory of origin of state?
Answer: Rousseau strongly supported the social contract theory when discussing how the state came to be.
In simple words: Rousseau believed the state started because people agreed to live together under certain rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link Rousseau's name directly to the Social Contract Theory for accurate recall in exams.

 

Question 6. Who has written ‘Two Treatises of Government'?
Answer: The famous work ‘Two Treatises of Government' was written by John Locke.
In simple words: John Locke wrote the book called ‘Two Treatises of Government'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key authors and their works is essential in political science; associate John Locke with 'Two Treatises of Government'.

 

Question 7. Who is the propounder of theory of General Will?
Answer: Rousseau is known as the creator of the theory of General Will.
In simple words: Rousseau developed the idea of the "General Will."

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Rousseau is the key figure associated with the concept of the General Will.

 

Question 8. How many features does sovereignty have?
Answer: Sovereignty has six main features:
1. Absoluteness: It is total and without limits.
2. Universality: It applies to everyone and everything within the state.
3. Inalienability: It cannot be given away or transferred.
4. Permanence: It lasts as long as the state exists.
5. Indivisibility: It cannot be broken into parts.
6. Exclusiveness: Only one supreme power can exist within a state.
In simple words: Sovereignty has six qualities: it's absolute, for everyone, can't be given away, lasts forever, can't be divided, and there can only be one.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all six features clearly and provide a brief explanation for each to demonstrate complete understanding.

 

Question 9. Sovereignty is of how many types ?
Answer: Sovereignty is mainly of two types:
• Internal sovereignty: The state's supreme power over its own people and groups.
• External Sovereignty: The state's independence from outside control.
In simple words: Sovereignty has two kinds: power inside the country and freedom from outside power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between internal and external sovereignty, explaining what each means for a state.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Questions

 

Question 1. Explain the usefulness of state.
Answer: Humans are social creatures who naturally want to live in groups. A state is an organized community of people living in a defined area, under an organized government, and free from outside control. The state is very important because it makes sure laws are followed in society. It helps people live better lives and has the right to expect everyone to obey its rules. The state acts as a guiding force, managing society through its government. It punishes those who break laws and uses the government to carry out its decisions and maintain peace.
In simple words: The state helps people live together in peace by making and enforcing laws. It is essential for an organized and better life, punishing those who do not follow the rules and keeping order.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the state's role in law enforcement, social control, and maintaining peace to explain its usefulness.

 

Question 2. Which are the theories of origin of state?
Answer: It is quite challenging to pinpoint exactly when and how the state first began. Over time, many political thinkers have offered different ideas and theories about its origin. While no single theory is universally accepted as completely true, each one offers important insights. These theories explain the relationship between rulers and those they rule, shed light on early political thoughts, and provide different perspectives that can be compared. The main theories about the origin of the state include:
• Divine Origin Theory
• Social Contract Theory
• Force Theory
• Patriarchal and Matriarchal Theories
• Historical or Evolutionary Theory
In simple words: Many ideas exist about how states started, like theories about God's will, social agreements, power struggles, family structures, or gradual changes over time. Each idea helps us understand how states might have formed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing theories, briefly mention why each is important or what main idea it proposes, even if not fully accepted.

 

Question 3. What is the theory of social contract of the origin of state?
Answer: The social contract theory of the state is a very old idea that suggests the state was created by an agreement among people, not by divine power. This theory views the state as a human-made institution, not something that relies on force or divine right. Evidence of social contracts can be found in ancient Indian texts like 'Shanti Parva' of the 'Mahabharata,' where it's explained that the state was formed by human effort and public consent, not by divine power. Acharya Chanakya also supported this idea. This theory can also be found in Jain and Buddhist writings, as well as in Western literature. Ancient Greek scholars initially discussed it, and later, thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau developed it more systematically.
In simple words: The social contract theory says that the state began when people willingly agreed to form a society and government, instead of it being made by God or by force. This idea is very old and was discussed by thinkers in both India and the West.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention that the social contract theory emphasizes human agreement and free will as the basis for the state's formation, contrasting it with divine power or force.

 

Question 4. Explain briefly the theory of divine origin of state.
Answer: The Divine Origin of State theory is the oldest and most imaginary idea about how states began. It claims that the king is a representative of God and is only answerable to God, not to the people. This theory supports absolute monarchy, stating that people must always obey the king, as disobeying him is a sin against God. According to this view, the state is not a human creation but is directly or indirectly made by God. Early supporters included ancient Jewish thinkers, and it was also accepted in Greece, Rome, China, and Egypt. Ancient Indian texts like Manusmriti and 'Shanti Parva' in 'Mahabharata' also mention that the state was created by God.
In simple words: This old theory says God created the state and chose the king. It means people must always obey the king because he rules for God, and going against him is like going against God.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that the divine origin theory views the state as a divine creation and the ruler as God's representative, making obedience a religious duty.

 

Question 5. Explain the different definitions of Sovereignty.
Answer: The English word 'Sovereignty' comes from the Latin word 'Suprenus,' meaning 'Supreme Power.' So, sovereignty refers to the highest authority. It is a vital part of a state, being one of its four essential elements. Many scholars have given different definitions of sovereignty:
1. Jellinek: Sovereignty is the state's unique quality that allows it to be legally bound only by its own will, not by any other power.
2. Prof. Grotius: Sovereignty is the supreme political power held by someone whose actions are not controlled by others and whose decisions cannot be overturned.
3. Duguit: Sovereignty is the state's commanding power, representing the will of the nation organized within the state. It is the right to issue unconditional commands to everyone in the state's territory.
4. Laski: Sovereignty means the state is legally supreme over all individuals or groups and holds ultimate power.
5. Woodrow Wilson: Sovereignty is the everyday power to create and enforce laws.
6. Willoughby: Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state. Based on these definitions, sovereignty is the ultimate power of a state, which can be both internal and external and theoretically cannot be limited.
In simple words: Sovereignty means the top power of a state. Different experts define it as the state's ability to make its own rules, have final say, and control everyone within its borders without outside interference.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining sovereignty, refer to its origin (supreme power) and include at least two distinct scholarly definitions to show depth of knowledge.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Define state and explain its different elements?
Answer: The state is a central concept in Political Science, though its meaning can vary. The English word 'State' comes from the Latin 'Status,' which originally referred to an individual's social standing but later evolved to mean the social standing of an entire society. Scholars define the state in various ways:
• Bluntscelli: "The state is a politically organized people of a definite territory."
• Burgess: "The state is a particular portion of mankind viewed as an organized unit."
• Laski: "State is an organized society that is divided between rulers and ruled and has supremacy on the other organizations coming under its limits."
• Woodrow Wilson: "The state is a people organized for law within a definite territory."
• Garner: "The state as a concept of Political Science and public law is a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent or nearly so of external control and possessing an organized government to which greater body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.”
• Oppenheimer: "When the persons living in a country live under the control of their sovereign government then there a state is established."
• Bodin: "The state is an association of families and their common possession governed by supreme power and by reason."
• Willoughby: "State is that society of people which has such a power that has full control on persons and groups within its limits but itself is free of all controls."

The essential elements of a state are:
1. Population: A state needs people to exist. There is no fixed number, but a community with many people bound by unity is fundamental. Uninhabited land cannot form a state.
2. Fixed Territory: A state must have a defined geographical area. While the size can vary greatly (like Russia vs. Vatican City), a permanent territory is crucial. There might not be complete agreement on the exact limits or boundaries.
3. Government: This is the third key element. The government is the body through which the state expresses and carries out its will. It makes and enforces laws and includes the legislature, executive, and judiciary. The government can be central or local, and its form can vary (e.g., parliamentary or presidential).
4. Sovereignty: This is considered the soul of the state. Sovereignty means the supreme power, both internally (over its citizens and organizations) and externally (independence from foreign control). Without sovereignty, a state cannot truly exist. It also distinguishes a state from other organizations. If a state loses its sovereignty due to internal conflicts or external attacks, it loses its existence.
In simple words: A state is a group of people living on a piece of land, with a government that has the highest power over them. Many smart people have different ways to describe a state, but they all agree it needs people, land, a government, and supreme power. Without these four things, it's not a true state.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining the state, provide a concise definition and then elaborate on each of the four elements (population, fixed territory, government, sovereignty) with a brief explanation for full marks.

 

Question 2. Explain the divine theory of origin of state.
Answer: The Divine Origin Theory is the oldest idea about how the state came to be. It says that God created the state and appointed kings to rule on His behalf. This theory can be found in ancient Indian and Western writings. For example, ancient Indian thinkers believed God created the state, and kings were divine. The 'Manusmriti' and 'Shanti Parva' from 'Mahabharata' support this. In the West, early Jews, Greeks, and Romans also believed in this theory, seeing kings as God's representatives. In ancient Egypt, kings were even seen as sons of the Sun-God.

Basic elements of this theory are:
1. The state is a creation of God for the good of the people.
2. The king is God's representative, answerable only to God.
3. Obeying the king is a religious duty; opposing him is a sin against God.
4. The public has no right to challenge a tyrant; God will punish wrongdoers.
5. The king is above all laws and is the lawmaker.
6. The king's orders are laws, and his actions are always considered just.
7. No earthly power can limit the king's will.
8. Royal power is inherited, meaning the king's son becomes the heir.
9. Showing anger towards the government or calling its actions unfair is a sin.

Criticism of Divine Theory:
1. Unscientific: This theory relies on religious belief, not logic.
2. Against Democracy: It supports absolute rule and goes against democratic ideas, as kings often used it to increase their own power.
3. Religious: In modern times, many people don't strongly believe in God or religion, making this theory less relevant.
4. Conservative: It discourages public welfare because opposing the king is seen as a crime against God.

Importance of Divine Theory:
Even though it doesn't correctly explain the state's origin, this theory was important. It helped bring peace and order to early, chaotic societies and taught people to obey rules and have discipline. It was the first attempt to explain the state's origin in a structured way, laying the groundwork for other theories. While not accurate today, it played a role in maintaining peace and order in the past.
In simple words: The Divine Origin Theory says God made the state and chose kings to rule. People had to obey kings as if obeying God. This old idea helped keep peace long ago but is not believed much today because it doesn't fit with democracy or science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer with a clear explanation, list of elements, criticism points, and historical importance. This shows a balanced understanding of the theory.

 

Question 3. Explain the Social contract theory of origin of State.
Answer: The Social Contract Theory is a very important idea about the state's origin. It suggests that the state is not a divine creation or a result of a long natural process. Instead, it argues that the state came about from a mutual agreement or 'contract' made by individuals. Before the state, people lived in a 'state of nature.' This period is described differently by various scholars; some say it was ideal, others say it was chaotic and unsafe. Over time, people felt the need for a state, so they made a contract among themselves to create one.

Explanation of Social Contract Theory:
1. Contract in Ancient India: Evidence of this theory appears in ancient Indian texts. The 'Shantiparva' of 'Mahabharata' describes a time without a state, leading to disorder. People then made a contract and chose 'Manu' as their ruler. Acharya Chanakya also supported this idea.
2. Contract theory in Western Countries: Greek sophist scholars first proposed this theory in the West. They believed the state originated from an agreement among people. Plato and Aristotle, however, saw the state as a natural part of society, not artificial.
3. Contract Theory in Modern Times: Many European scholars from the 16th to 18th centuries, including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, developed this theory in detail.
• According to Thomas Hobbes: Before the state, humans were selfish and constantly fought. The fear of death made them form a social contract to create an organized society.
• According to John Locke: People lived peacefully in a natural state, following natural laws. However, without a clear authority to interpret and enforce these laws, they entered a social contract to create a state.
• According to Rousseau: In the state of nature, people lived simply and freely, but as population grew, conflicts increased. To restore peace, they formed a social contract, creating a "general will" and thus the state.

Decline of Contract Theory: The theory faced criticism from the 18th century onward. Scholars like David Hume, Luthiway, Bentham, and Bluntschli raised objections, arguing against various aspects of the theory.
In simple words: The Social Contract Theory says people created the state by agreeing to live together under rules, moving from a 'state of nature' to an organized society. Thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau each had different ideas about this original agreement and why people made it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the social contract theory, outline the core idea and then briefly summarize the perspectives of key thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau to show a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 4. Explain the Historical or Evolutionary Theory of Origin of State.
Answer: The Historical or Evolutionary Theory is considered the most scientific and logical explanation for the origin of the state. Unlike other theories (divine origin, force, social contract, patriarchal, and matriarchal theories) which are based on assumptions, this theory states that the state was not created at a specific point in time. Instead, it developed gradually over centuries through a natural evolutionary process.

The process of state evolution was not uniform; it varied across different times and places. This theory views the state as a natural and inevitable organization that grew as society, culture, civilization, and science advanced. Many factors contributed to the state's development, including:
1. Natural Social Tendency: Humans are naturally social and political animals. Their tendency to live in groups led to the formation of the state. The need to resolve conflicts among individuals in society also pushed for the creation of a sovereign organization.
2. Blood Relation: In ancient times, blood ties (family) fostered feelings of unity and organization. As families grew into castes and clans, society developed, eventually forming states.
3. Religion: Religion played a crucial role, similar to blood relations, in uniting early humans and societies. Rituals for ancestors and the worship of natural powers (like Earth, Sun, Fire) created a sense of shared identity and reverence, which became a basis for the state.
4. Force: The transition from a social system to a political one often involved wars. As personal property grew through agriculture and business, conflicts arose to protect it. People began to accept the leadership of powerful individuals for security, leading to the state's origin through force or conflicts.
In simple words: The Evolutionary Theory says the state wasn't created all at once, but grew slowly over a long time, like a plant. It developed because humans naturally live in groups, families formed, religion brought people together, and sometimes stronger groups used force to create order.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that the Evolutionary Theory is a gradual process, not a sudden event, and list the contributing factors (social nature, blood relations, religion, and force) as its key pillars.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Objective Type Questions

 

Question 1. Who among the following scholars has considered state as an organization?
(a) Burgess
(b) Woodrow Wilson
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Aristotle
Answer: (d) Aristotle
In simple words: Aristotle believed that a state acts like a living body with different parts working together, just like an organization.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying a scholar's view, remember key terms associated with them. Aristotle saw the state as a natural, organised entity.

 

Question 2. "State as an organised unit, is a special part of human power.” Whose is this statement?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Hall
(c) Cicero
(d) Burgess
Answer: (d) Burgess
In simple words: Burgess said that a state is an organized group of people that uses human power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Direct quotes require memorization of the scholar associated with them. Pay attention to unique phrases in each definition.

 

Question 3. Mandatory element of state is:
(a) Executive
(b) Judiciary
(c) Sovereignty
(d) Legislature
Answer: (c) Sovereignty
In simple words: The most important part of any state is its sovereignty, which means having the highest power within its borders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the four essential elements of a state: population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Sovereignty is often considered the most crucial.

 

Question 5. Third important element of state is:
(a) Legislature
(b) Population
(c) Fixed Territory
(d) Government
Answer: (d) Government
In simple words: After population and fixed land, the government is the third key part needed to form a state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing the elements of a state in order (population, territory, government, sovereignty) helps recall them accurately.

 

Question 6. Sovereignty is:
(a) Supreme power of state
(b) Majority
(c) Public opinion
(d) All of the options
Answer: (a) Supreme power of state
In simple words: Sovereignty means the top or highest power that a state has over everyone and everything inside its borders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define sovereignty as the ultimate authority. This distinguishes a state from other organizations.

 

Question 7. People of which of the following country considered king as God?
(a) England
(b) India
(c) Spain
(d) Egypt
Answer: (d) Egypt
In simple words: In ancient Egypt, people believed their king was a god or connected to gods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the divine origin theory with historical examples like ancient Egypt and India where rulers were seen as divine representatives.

 

Question 9. Divine theory of origin of state considers king as the representative of:
(a) Public opinion
(b) Sovereignty
(c) God
(d) All of the options
Answer: (c) God
In simple words: The divine theory says that kings rule because God chose them to represent Him.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea of the divine origin theory is that the state and its ruler get their power directly from God.

 

Question 10. 'Origin and development of state is through force'. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state?
(a) Divine theory
(b) Social contract
(c) Evolutionary
(d) Force theory
Answer: (d) Force theory
In simple words: The idea that states came into being because stronger groups forced weaker ones to obey them is called the force theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the force theory, which emphasizes power, and other theories like divine origin (God's will) or social contract (people's agreement).

 

Question 11. 'Justice is nothing but benefits of powerful'. Whose are these thoughts?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Sophist
(c) Threcimax
(d) Plato
Answer: (c) Threcimax
In simple words: Thrasymachus believed that what is called "justice" is simply whatever benefits those who are strong and in charge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the key ideas and statements associated with important political philosophers. Thrasymachus's view on justice is often linked to realism and power dynamics.

 

Question 13. Who is the writer of 'History of politics'?
(a) Jacques
(b) Voltaire
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Brunelleschi
Answer: (a) Jacques
In simple words: The book 'History of Politics' was written by Jacques.

🎯 Exam Tip: For authors and their works, direct recall is essential. Make a list of important books and their writers.

 

Question 14. Who is considered the father of Russian communism?
(a) Lenin
(b) Marx
(c) Hobbes
(d) Rousseau
Answer: (a) Lenin
In simple words: Lenin is seen as the main person who started and led Russian communism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between Karl Marx (theorist of communism) and Vladimir Lenin (leader of the first communist state).

 

Question 15. 'State is a developed form of families'. The scholars who believe this thought follow which theory?
(a) Evolutionary theory
(b) Force theory
(c) Patriarchal/Matriarchal theory
(d) Divine origin theory
Answer: (c) Patriarchal/Matriarchal theory
In simple words: The idea that states grew from families, either led by fathers (patriarchal) or mothers (matriarchal), belongs to these theories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how family structures (patriarchal and matriarchal) are linked to the early development of social and political organization in these theories.

 

Question 16. 'State is a man - made organization'. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state?
(a) Social contract theory
Answer: (a) Social contract theory
In simple words: The social contract theory says that people willingly created the state, rather than it being made by God or force.

🎯 Exam Tip: Social contract theory views the state as a human creation based on agreement, contrasting with divine or natural origins.

 

Question 17. 'Ruler is not a part of contract, he is its result'. Whom is this statement related to?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Locke
(c) Hobbes
(d) Plato
Answer: (c) Hobbes
In simple words: Hobbes believed that the ruler was not part of the agreement (contract) that created the state, but rather the ruler was a consequence of that agreement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate Hobbes's view (ruler above the contract) from Locke's (ruler part of the contract) and Rousseau's (general will as sovereign).

 

Question 18. 'Men were uncivilized and brutal in the state of nature but they were also the best in nature'. Whose is this statement?
(a) Locke
(b) Rousseau
(c) Hobbes
(d) Aristotle
Answer: (b) Rousseau
In simple words: Rousseau called early humans "noble savages," meaning they were wild but good in their natural state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Rousseau's concept of the "noble savage" to distinguish his view of human nature from Hobbes's (selfish) and Locke's (reasonable).

 

Question 19. 'State is a result of long evolutionary development'. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state?
(a) Evolutionary theory
(b) Force theory
(c) Divine origin theory
(d) Contract theory
Answer: (a) Evolutionary theory
In simple words: The evolutionary theory says that states did not just appear suddenly but grew and changed over a long time.

🎯 Exam Tip: The evolutionary theory focuses on the gradual development of the state through various social factors over centuries, not a single event.

 

Question 20. "Sovereignty is that supreme power over people and public that is not controlled by laws.” Aforesaid
Answer: Jean Bodin
In simple words: Jean Bodin defined sovereignty as the highest power in a state, which is not limited by any laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Bodin's definition highlights the absolute and unlimited nature of sovereignty, a core concept in political science.

 

Question 21. Who is the writer of the book titled 'The Republic'?
(a) Laski
(b) Rousseau
(c) Woodrow Wilson
(d) Jean Bodin
Answer: (d) Jean Bodin
In simple words: The famous book 'The Republic' was written by Jean Bodin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful not to confuse classic texts. While Plato also wrote a work titled 'The Republic', in the context of theories of sovereignty and given Jean Bodin as an option, this refers to Bodin's work on the state.

 

Question 22. Characteristic of Sovereignty is:
(a) Absoluteness
(b) Universality
(c) Exclusiveness
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Sovereignty means the state's power is absolute (unlimited), universal (applies to all), and exclusive (no other power shares it).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key characteristics of sovereignty: permanence, exclusiveness, inalienability, absoluteness, and universality.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is the definition of state as given by Laski?
Answer: According to Laski, "A state is an organized society that is divided between those who rule and those who are ruled, and it has the highest power over other groups within its boundaries."
In simple words: Laski said a state is an organized group with rulers and ruled people, and it holds the most power over other groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: When quoting definitions, ensure accuracy. Laski's definition highlights the hierarchy and supreme authority of the state.

 

Question 2. Write the literal meaning of word 'state'.
Answer: The word 'state' comes from the Latin word 'Status'. It first meant the social standing of an individual but later came to mean the social standing of the whole society. In political science, it now refers to a politically organized community. In a different context, the source mentions that Rajasthan is not considered a state because it lacks sovereignty.
In simple words: The word 'state' comes from the Latin word 'Status', meaning social standing. It refers to a politically organized group of people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the etymology of political terms helps in grasping their core meaning and historical development.

 

Question 4. What is government?
Answer: Government is the part of the state that carries out and expresses the state's decisions and desires. It acts like the working agent for the state.
In simple words: Government is the group that runs the state and makes its decisions happen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the 'state' (the overall concept, a larger entity) and 'government' (the agency that acts for the state).

 

Question 5. Write names of organs of state.
Answer: The three main parts, or organs, of a state are:
• Executive
• Legislature
• Judiciary.
In simple words: The three main parts of a state are the executive (who carries out laws), the legislature (who makes laws), and the judiciary (who interprets laws).

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the three branches of government and their functions is fundamental to understanding how a state operates.

 

Question 6. Write the meaning of sovereignty.
Answer: Sovereignty means the supreme or highest power within a state. It is the ultimate authority that allows a state to govern itself without external control.
In simple words: Sovereignty means the state has the highest power and can rule itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that sovereignty is about supreme and independent authority, both internally and externally.

 

Question 7. Write two differences between state and government.
Answer: Two differences between state and government are:
• The state is an idea or concept, while the government is a real group of people.
• The state lasts forever, but governments can change.
In simple words: A state is an abstract idea, while a government is a concrete group. States are permanent, but governments change.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the state is a broader, more enduring concept, while the government is the specific, changeable administrative body.

 

Question 8. Write two differences between state and society.
Answer: Two differences between state and society are:
• The state is only about politics, but society includes all parts of human life like economic, social, cultural, and religious aspects.
• The state is formed through a defined process and has specific elements (like territory and government), while society is a wider, more natural gathering of people that existed before the state.
In simple words: The state focuses on political rule, while society covers all human interactions. Society existed before the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that society is a broader concept of human interaction, while the state is a more specific, politically organized form of community.

 

Question 10. Which are the half-historical and half speculative theories of origin of state?
Answer: The half-historical and half-speculative theories about the origin of the state include:
• Patriarchal theory
• Matriarchal theory.
In simple words: Theories that mix history and guesswork about how the state started are the patriarchal and matriarchal theories.

🎯 Exam Tip: These theories are called 'half-historical' because they use some historical observations about family structures but also speculate a lot about early societal development.

 

Question 11. Write the other name of historical theory of origin of state.
Answer: The historical theory of the origin of the state is also known as the Evolutionary theory.
In simple words: The historical theory is also called the evolutionary theory of how the state began.

🎯 Exam Tip: The terms 'historical' and 'evolutionary' are often used interchangeably for the theory that views state development as a gradual process.

 

Question 12. Which is the oldest theory of origin of state?
Answer: The oldest theory of the origin of the state is the Theory of Divine origin of state.
In simple words: The oldest idea about how states began is the Divine origin theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the Divine Origin Theory as the earliest and most traditional explanation for the state's emergence, based on religious beliefs.

 

Question 13. Write the names of two scriptures is which state was considered as a creation of God.
Answer: Two scriptures where the state was seen as created by God are:
• Manusmriti
• Mahabharata.
In simple words: Manusmriti and Mahabharata are two old books that say God created the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cite relevant religious texts like Manusmriti and Mahabharata when discussing the divine origin theory in an Indian context.

 

Question 14. Write any two basic features of divine theory of origin of state.
Answer: Two basic features of the divine theory of the origin of the state are:
• It states that God created the state for the good of people.
• It says that the king is God's representative and is only accountable to God, not to the public.
In simple words: This theory says God made the state and the king is God's chosen helper, answering only to God.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the direct divine intervention and the king's accountability to God, which are central tenets of this theory.

 

Question 16. Write two bases of criticism of divine origin theory.
Answer: Two bases for criticizing the divine origin theory are:
• It goes against democracy because it gives all power to the king and says people cannot question him.
• It is not suitable for modern states where people have rights and often don't believe in divine rule.
In simple words: This theory is criticized because it doesn't support democracy and doesn't fit with modern ideas about how governments should work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Critiques of the divine origin theory often center on its anti-democratic nature and lack of scientific/logical basis.

 

Question 17. Write the merits of divine theory of origin of state.
Answer: The divine theory of the origin of the state helped to maintain peace and order in early societies by removing confusion and unrest. It created a sense of obedience to authority.
In simple words: The divine theory helped create peace and order in old societies by encouraging people to obey rulers.

🎯 Exam Tip: While often criticized today, remember that the divine origin theory historically played a role in establishing order and authority in nascent states.

 

Question 18. Sovereignty is absolute, autocratic, supreme and unlimited, this happens as per God's wish. This assumption is related to which theory?
Answer: This assumption is related to the Theory of Divine origin of state.
In simple words: The idea that the ruler's power is absolute and comes from God's will is part of the Divine origin theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: The idea of unlimited, God-given power for the sovereign is a direct link to the divine origin theory.

 

Question 19. Which form of government is considered the best by divine origin theory?
Answer: Monarchy is considered the best form of government by the divine origin theory.
In simple words: The divine origin theory believes that rule by a single king (monarchy) is the best way to govern.

🎯 Exam Tip: The divine origin theory naturally supports monarchy, as it is based on the idea of a single ruler chosen by God.

 

Question 20. Which theory of origin of state considered state not as man-made but as God – created organization?
Answer: The Theory of Divine origin of state considered the state as a God-created organization, not man-made.
In simple words: The Divine origin theory says the state was created by God, not by people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key differentiator for the divine origin theory is the belief in a divine rather than a human origin for the state.

 

Question 29. Write the names of any two supporters of Matriarchal theory.
Answer: Two supporters of the Matriarchal theory are McLinnen and Morgan. This theory suggests that the state originated from societies where mothers were the head.
In simple words: McLinnen and Morgan are two scholars who supported the idea that states grew from societies where women were in charge.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for supporters of a theory, name at least two prominent figures to show broader knowledge.

 

Question 30. Write any two features of Matriarchal theory.
Answer: Two features of the Matriarchal theory are:

• Mother was considered the head of the family.
• Marital relations were often unstable.

This theory describes a societal structure where family leadership and property inheritance were passed through the female line.
In simple words: In this theory, the mother was the family head, and marriages were not always stable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on clear, distinct characteristics when describing features of a theory to avoid overlap and ensure precision.

 

Question 31. Write any two criticisms of matriarchal theory.
Answer: Two criticisms of matriarchal theory are:

• This theory is not based on strong historical evidence.
• It ignores many complex elements that contributed to the evolution of the state.

Critics argue that it oversimplifies how societies and states developed, focusing too narrowly on one aspect.
In simple words: This theory is criticized because it doesn't have much historical proof and doesn't consider all the many things that helped states grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: For criticisms, aim to present points that highlight logical flaws or lack of evidence in the theory.

 

Question 32. Write two features of patriarchal theory.
Answer: Two features of patriarchal theory are:

• In older times, the family was the basic unit of society, not individuals.
• The custom of marriage was common and followed certain rituals.

This theory suggests that the state developed from families where the father or oldest male was the absolute head.
In simple words: This theory says that families were the main groups long ago, and marriage was a well-known custom.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing theories, ensure you clearly differentiate their core features, like the role of the head of the family in patriarchal versus matriarchal societies.

 

Question 33. Social contract theory considers state a result of which thing?
Answer: Social contract theory considers the state to be a result of a mutual contract made by individuals. It does not see the state as a divine organization or a natural development.
In simple words: The social contract theory says the state was created when people agreed to form a society, not by God.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea of social contract theory is the deliberate agreement among people, not a divine or natural formation.

 

Question 35. Which community of scholars in ancient Greece propounded the social contract theory?
Answer: The Sophist community of scholars in ancient Greece first put forward the social contract theory. They believed that the state was formed by agreement among people.
In simple words: The Sophists in ancient Greece first talked about the social contract idea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to link early philosophical ideas to their originators or schools of thought.

 

Question 36. Name the scholars who propounded systematically the theory of social contract.
Answer: The scholars who systematically developed the social contract theory were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. They each offered detailed explanations of this theory.
In simple words: Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau are the main thinkers who systematically explained the social contract theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: These three philosophers are central to understanding the systematic development of social contract theory.

 

Question 37. Write any two features of social contract theory given by Thomas Hobbes.
Answer: Two features of social contract theory by Thomas Hobbes are:

• The contract was made mutually among individuals.
• The king or ruler was not part of this contract, but its outcome or result.

Hobbes believed that people agreed to give up some freedom to a sovereign for security, and this sovereign was established by, but not bound by, the contract.
In simple words: Hobbes said people made a contract with each other, and the ruler was created by this contract but wasn't part of the agreement itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Hobbes's view on the ruler's exclusion from the contract is a key distinction from other social contract theories.

 

Question 38. Who is the propounder of social contract theory which gave two contracts?
Answer: John Locke is the propounder of the social contract theory that involved two contracts. He suggested one contract among people to form society and another between society and government.
In simple words: John Locke's social contract theory includes two agreements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate Locke's two-contract system from Hobbes's single contract and Rousseau's concept of general will.

 

Question 39. How has John Locke explained human nature?
Answer: John Locke explained human nature positively. He thought that people are naturally endowed with good virtues like love, sympathy, compassion, cooperation, and charity. They are capable of reason and living peacefully.
In simple words: John Locke believed people are naturally good, kind, and reasonable, having feelings like love and helpfulness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the different views on human nature (Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Rousseau) is crucial for comparing their theories of the state.

 

Question 40. Write any two features of contract theory of John Locke.
Answer: Two features of John Locke's contract theory are:

• He believed that man naturally possesses virtues like love, compassion, and cooperation.
• The state of nature, according to Locke, was generally peaceful and guided by natural laws and reason.

These positive assumptions about human nature shaped his idea of a limited government.
In simple words: Locke thought people were naturally good and lived peacefully in nature, guided by common sense.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the positive aspects of Locke's human nature and state of nature to distinguish his theory.

 

Question 42. Differentiate between the views of Hobbes and Rousseau about human nature before the origin of state?
Answer: Hobbes believed that before the state existed, human nature was unsocial, selfish, and prone to conflict. People lived in a state of constant war. In contrast, Rousseau thought that humans in the state of nature were good, free, and self-reliant, living simply and peacefully.
In simple words: Hobbes saw humans as selfish and always fighting in nature, while Rousseau believed they were naturally good and free.

🎯 Exam Tip: This comparison is fundamental. Hobbes's "nasty, brutish, and short" life contrasts sharply with Rousseau's "noble savage" in the state of nature.

 

Question 43. Political awareness was related to which theory of origin of state?
Answer: Political awareness is related to the Evolutionary theory of the origin of state. This theory suggests that the state developed gradually over centuries due to various factors, including growing political consciousness among people.
In simple words: The idea that people slowly became more politically aware is part of the Evolutionary theory of how states began.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Evolutionary theory highlights gradual development through multiple factors, including human awareness and social changes.

 

Question 44. What was oldest and closest unit of blood relations?
Answer: The oldest and closest unit based on blood relations was the family. The family played a key role in the early development of society and eventually the state.
In simple words: The family was the first and most basic group of people connected by blood.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the family unit as the foundational social structure in historical theories of state origin.

 

Question 45. Which rituals of religion prevailed in early society?
Answer: In early society, two main religious rituals that prevailed were:

• Funeral ceremonies to honor the dead.
• Worship of natural powers, like the sun, earth, or fire.

These rituals helped bind communities together and provided a sense of order.
In simple words: People in early societies had funeral ceremonies and prayed to natural forces.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing early societies, always include elements like religion and family as key organizing principles.

 

Question 46. According to Historical or evolutionary theory, what was responsible for changing social system to political system?
Answer: According to the Historical or Evolutionary theory, various factors like natural social tendencies, blood relations, religion, force, and political awareness were responsible for changing the social system into a political system. It was a gradual and complex process.
In simple words: Many things like family ties, religion, power, and people becoming more aware politically helped society turn into a state.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Evolutionary theory is multifaceted; remember to mention several contributing factors for a complete answer.

 

Question 48. Write the names of any two Greek states.
Answer: Two famous Greek states were Athens and Sparta. These city-states had different political systems and cultures but were both significant in ancient Greece.
In simple words: Athens and Sparta are two examples of states from ancient Greece.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for examples of historical entities, name well-known ones that represent different aspects, if applicable.

 

Question 49. Write the names of any two political thinkers of ancient Greece who propounded many important theories related to Political Science.
Answer: Two political thinkers from ancient Greece who developed important theories related to Political Science were Plato and Aristotle. They laid much of the groundwork for Western political thought.
In simple words: Plato and Aristotle were two key thinkers in ancient Greece who came up with many important political ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Plato and Aristotle are foundational figures in political philosophy; always include them when discussing ancient Greek political thought.

 

Question 50. What is the most important element of state?
Answer: Sovereignty is considered the most important element of the state. It represents the supreme power within a state's territory, free from external control.
In simple words: The most important part of a state is sovereignty, which means it has the highest power and no other country can control it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sovereignty is unique to the state and distinguishes it from other associations; highlight its supremacy.

 

Question 51. What do you understand by sovereignty?
Answer: Sovereignty means the supreme power of the state. It has two main types: internal sovereignty, which is supreme power over its citizens, and external sovereignty, which means independence from outside control.
In simple words: Sovereignty is the highest power a state has. It means the state is in charge inside its borders and is free from outside control.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining sovereignty, always clarify its dual nature: internal (within the state) and external (among states).

 

Question 52. Explain the meaning of Internal sovereignty.
Answer: Internal sovereignty means that the state has full control and supreme power over all its individuals and organizations within its own territory. This gives the state the right to punish anyone who disobeys its laws.
In simple words: Internal sovereignty means the state has the highest power over everyone and everything inside its own country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Internal sovereignty is about the state's ultimate authority over its own people and institutions.

 

Question. What is external sovereignty?
Answer: External sovereignty means that a state is not under the control of any other foreign state or international organization. Every state has the right to make its own business treaties and military alliances, defining its own foreign policy.
In simple words: External sovereignty means a country is independent and can make its own decisions without other countries telling it what to do.

🎯 Exam Tip: External sovereignty emphasizes a state's independence and its ability to conduct foreign relations freely.

 

Question 54. 'Sovereignty is supreme will of state'. Whose is this statement?
Answer: The statement "Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state" is attributed to Willoughby. This definition highlights sovereignty as the ultimate decision-making power of the state.
In simple words: Willoughby said that sovereignty is the highest decision-making power of a state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Attributing quotes to the correct scholars demonstrates precise knowledge of political theory.

 

Question 55. Write the names of four scholars who propounded the traditional theory of sovereignty.
Answer: Four scholars who contributed to the traditional theory of sovereignty are Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and John Austin. They each explored the nature and source of supreme authority in the state.
In simple words: Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and John Austin are four thinkers who developed the old ideas about sovereignty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be ready to name key theorists associated with major political concepts like sovereignty.

 

Question 56. Write the name of the book written by Jean Boddin.
Answer: The book written by Jean Bodin is titled 'The Republic'. In this work, he extensively discussed the concept of sovereignty.
In simple words: Jean Bodin wrote a book called 'The Republic'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key texts by influential political philosophers adds depth to your answers.

 

Question 57. Write any two features of sovereignty.
Answer: Two key features of sovereignty are:

• Absoluteness: Sovereignty is absolute and unlimited, not dependent on any other power.
• Universality: Sovereignty applies to all individuals and organizations within the state's jurisdiction.

These features underline its supreme and all-encompassing nature.
In simple words: Sovereignty is absolute, meaning it's unlimited, and universal, meaning it applies to everyone in the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly defining characteristics like absoluteness and universality helps convey a strong understanding of sovereignty.

 

Question 58. What is the meaning of Exclusiveness?
Answer: Exclusiveness, as a feature of sovereignty, means that there cannot be two supreme authorities or sovereigns within a single state. If there were two, it would lead to division and destroy the state's unity.
In simple words: Exclusiveness means that only one supreme power can exist in a state; there cannot be two.

🎯 Exam Tip: The principle of exclusiveness reinforces the idea that sovereignty must be undivided to maintain state unity.

 

Question 59. Write any two aspects (kinds) of sovereignty.
Answer: Two aspects or kinds of sovereignty are Nominal and Real Sovereignty, and Legal Sovereignty. Nominal sovereignty refers to a ruler with theoretical power, while real sovereignty refers to the actual power holder. Legal sovereignty is the power to make and enforce laws.
In simple words: Two types of sovereignty are nominal (power in name) and real (actual power), and legal (power to make laws).

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the theoretical and practical aspects of power when discussing different kinds of sovereignty.

 

Question 50. Who is called legal sovereign?
Answer: The supreme power within a country that has the authority to make laws is called the legal sovereign. In many democratic countries, this power rests with the parliament or legislative body.
In simple words: The legal sovereign is the highest authority in a country that can make laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identify the legal sovereign as the body or person empowered to create and amend laws.

 

Question 51. What is meant by political sovereign?
Answer: Political sovereign refers to the collective influence of voters and other groups within a state that shape and affect public opinion. This influence ultimately forms the basis of the legal sovereign's power.
In simple words: Political sovereign means the power of the public, like voters and public opinion, that guides who makes the laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Political sovereignty is the informal, underlying power of the people that influences the formal legal sovereign.

 

Question 52. Who is De - jure sovereign?
Answer: The De-jure sovereign is the one who legally possesses the right to administer and issue supreme orders. According to law, this individual or body has the right to govern and expect obedience from the people.
In simple words: The De-jure sovereign is the person or group who legally has the right to rule and give orders.

🎯 Exam Tip: De-jure refers to what is lawful or rightful, contrasting with De-facto, which refers to actual power.

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Write any five differences between state and government.
Answer: Five differences between state and government are:

1. State is abstract, Government is concrete: The state is an idea, while the government is a visible group of people.
2. State is complete, government is its part: The state is the whole, and the government is just one component of it.
3. Membership of state is compulsory, not of government: Everyone born in a state is a member, but joining the government is a choice.
4. State has sovereignty, government does not: The state holds supreme power, but the government acts on behalf of the state.
5. Territory is compulsory for state, not government: A state needs a fixed land area, but a government can sometimes exist without one (like an exiled government).

In simple words: A state is an idea, complete, and has supreme power and land, while a government is a real group of people, part of the state, and doesn't always need its own land.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on distinct, contrasting points when differentiating between concepts like state and government for clarity.

 

Question 2. Explain the difference between state and society.
Answer: The differences between state and society are:

1. Difference related to system: The state is a political system, focusing on governance and order, while society is a social system, encompassing all human interactions. The state helps society maintain peace.
2. Difference of sovereignty: The state always possesses sovereignty, meaning supreme power and the ability to enforce laws and punish disobedience. Society, however, does not have sovereignty.
3. Society is prior to state: Society existed before the state, as humans are naturally social animals. The state emerged later from society's needs.
4. Difference of Territory: A fixed territory is essential for a state, defining its boundaries. For society, a fixed territory is not strictly necessary, as social groups can be spread across different areas.

The state deals with political aspects, whereas society covers all human life aspects like economic, cultural, religious, and social interactions.
In simple words: A state is about politics, has supreme power, and needs a territory. Society is about all human interactions, came before the state, and doesn't strictly need a fixed territory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each concept before comparing, ensuring you cover key differentiating factors like sovereignty and origin timeframes.

 

Question 3. Explain the development of Divine origin theory of origin of state.
Answer: The Divine Origin Theory is the oldest explanation for the state's beginning. It claims that God created the state and appointed rulers to govern on His behalf. Evidence for this theory can be found in ancient Indian and Western literature.
Western Thinking: Early supporters included the Jews, whose scriptures stated that God appointed kings. The Greeks and Romans also accepted this idea, believing God indirectly ruled. In ancient Egypt, kings were seen as sons of the Sun-God. Christian beliefs in Europe also held that God created the state and appointed kings.
Indian Philosophy: Ancient Indian thinkers also believed that God created the state. Texts like the Manusmriti and 'Shanti Parva' in the Mahabharata mention the divine origin of the state.
In simple words: The Divine Origin Theory says God made the state and chose kings to rule. This idea was found in old writings from India and the West, where many cultures believed their leaders were from God.

🎯 Exam Tip: To show a comprehensive understanding, provide examples from both Eastern and Western thought when explaining the historical development of theories.

 

Question 4. Write the main elements of divine origin theory.
or
Write the main assumptions of divine origin theory.
Answer: The main elements or assumptions of the Divine Origin Theory are:

1. The state is an organization created by God for the betterment of people.
2. The king is God's representative and is only answerable to God, not to the public.
3. It is the religious duty of the public to obey the king; opposing him is a sin against God.
4. The public has no right to oppose a tyrant, as God Himself will punish him for his wrongdoings.
5. The king is above all laws; he creates laws, but laws do not control him.
6. The king's orders are law, and his actions are always just and kind.
7. No earthly power can limit the king's will or authority.
8. Royal power is inherited, meaning the king's son becomes his heir.
9. Expressing dissatisfaction with the government's power or criticizing its actions is considered a sin.

In simple words: This theory believes God created the state, and the king is God's chosen representative. People must obey the king without question because his power is from God, and he is above all laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing assumptions, ensure each point clearly explains a core tenet of the theory without ambiguity.

 

Question 5. Write the importance of divine origin theory.
Answer: Although the Divine Origin Theory doesn't correctly explain the state's origin today, it held importance in its time for:

• Establishing peace and harmony in ancient chaotic societies.
• Developing feelings of obedience and discipline among people.
• Explaining the influence of religion in the development of the state.
• Being the first systematic attempt to explain the state's origin, thus laying the groundwork for other theories.

In simple words: This theory was important long ago because it helped keep peace, made people obey rules, showed religion's role in government, and was the first detailed idea about how states began.

🎯 Exam Tip: Even for outdated theories, understanding their historical significance and the context in which they arose is important.

 

Question 6. Explain the place of divine origin theory in present context.
Answer: In the present context, the Divine Origin Theory is not considered suitable because:

1. It is meaningless for many people today who do not believe in God or religion, as the theory's foundation is religious belief.
2. It goes against democratic values, as it considers the king accountable only to God, not the public, and does not allow people to oppose royal power. This makes it unreasonable and illogical in a democratic society.

In simple words: This theory isn't suitable today because many people don't believe in God in the same way, and it goes against democracy where leaders are chosen by and answer to the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating a historical theory in a modern context, refer to current societal values like democracy and secularism.

 

Question 8. State the importance of force theory of origin of state.
or
Explain the importance of force theory in present scenario.
Answer: The Force Theory, despite its criticisms, still holds importance:

• It explains the significant role force played in the state's origin and development.
• It highlights that a state's complete stability relies on force, meaning it cannot survive without a strong defense and internal order.
• It shows that police forces are necessary for internal peace, and a strong military is crucial for protection against foreign attacks.
• It explains how different aspects of force, like economic and political power, contribute to state formation.

In simple words: This theory shows that power and strength were very important in starting and keeping a state safe, both inside and from outside threats.

🎯 Exam Tip: Even if a theory is criticized, acknowledge any valid contributions it made to understanding state formation.

 

Question 9. Explain the main assumptions of matriarchal theory.
or
Write the main features of matriarchal theory of origin of state.
Answer: The main assumptions or features of the matriarchal theory of state origin are:

1. Blood relations could only be traced through the mother.
2. The mother was considered the head of the family and owned the household.
3. Females had control over property and power; the family head was female.
4. After the mother's death, property was divided among her daughters, not her sons.
5. The mother was the central figure of power in matriarchal families, which had elements leading to the state's origin.

In simple words: This theory assumes that in early times, bloodlines were traced through mothers, who were the family heads and owned property, leading to the state's development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the distinct role of women in family leadership and inheritance to accurately describe matriarchal theory.

 

Question 10. Explain critically the Matriarchal Theory.
Answer: The Matriarchal Theory of the origin of the state is critically viewed on the following grounds:

1. This theory mainly speculates about the beginning of society and families, which may not be a reliable basis for the state's origin.
2. It's difficult to prove that only matriarchal families existed early in human society; patriarchal families might have also been present.
3. The theory simplifies the state's development too much and ignores other complex factors in its origin and evolution.
4. It primarily explains the development of society rather than the specific development of the state, making it more social than political.

In simple words: This theory is criticized for being speculative, not historically proven to be the only family type, oversimplifying state development, and focusing more on society than the state itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: A critical explanation should highlight the theory's weaknesses and limitations, using clear and concise points.

 

Question 11. Write the main elements of patriarchal theory.
or
Explain briefly the main features of Patriarchal theory.
Answer: The main assumptions, elements, or features of the patriarchal theory of state origin are:

1. The family was the basic unit of society in ancient times.
2. The custom of marriage was widespread and performed according to specific rituals within patriarchal families.
3. The head of the family was the man (father or grandfather), and patriarchal elements were male-dominated. Every family member had to obey the head's orders.

In simple words: This theory states that in ancient times, families were the core unit, marriage customs were important, and the oldest man (father or grandfather) was the absolute head of the family.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing patriarchal theory, contrast it with matriarchal theory by emphasizing the male-dominated family structure and leadership.

 

Question 12. State the contribution of patriarchal and matriarchal theories in the origin of state.
Answer: Both patriarchal and matriarchal theories contributed to understanding the origin of the state by:

• Explaining and analyzing the role of blood relations in state development, viewing the state as an extension of families.
• Strengthening feelings of obedience and discipline through their family-based structures.
• Significantly advancing Political Science by shedding light on how family ties contributed to the state's development.

In simple words: Both theories showed how family connections and the need for obedience helped states grow by explaining how bigger groups formed from small families.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on common contributions when asked about the joint impact of related theories, even if they differ in specifics.

 

Question 13. Explain briefly human nature and state of nature as explained by Hobbes.
Answer: Human nature (According to Thomas Hobbes): Hobbes believed that humans are fundamentally unsocial, lonely, selfish, and always ready to quarrel. They act based on self-interest and often resort to lies, corruption, and violence to achieve their goals.
State of Nature: Due to this brutal human nature, the state of nature, according to Hobbes, was a very painful and difficult time. It was a constant war of everyone against everyone else, making life solitary, unsafe, and brutal.
In simple words: Hobbes believed people are naturally selfish and fight a lot. So, the "state of nature" (life before government) was a very dangerous and lonely time for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Hobbes's famous description of life in the state of nature: "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

 

Question 14. Explain the state of nature before the origin of state as explained by Locke.
Answer: John Locke viewed man as a naturally intelligent and thoughtful being, possessing virtues like love, compassion, and cooperation. Therefore, he described the state of nature as peaceful. In this state, all men were equal, free, and guided by natural laws and reason. There was no chaos, and people behaved according to their own judgment, respecting the rights of others.
In simple words: Locke believed that before governments, people lived peacefully in a "state of nature" because they were naturally kind, smart, and followed fair rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast Locke's peaceful state of nature with Hobbes's chaotic one to highlight their differing foundations for social contract theory.

 

Question 15. Write the main features of social contract theory of Locke.
Answer: The main features of John Locke's social contract theory are:

1. Two contracts were formed to end the state of chaos: first, among the people themselves (social contract) to form society, and second, with the government.
2. The second contract involved the government being bound by certain conditions; if it failed, it could be changed.
3. The basis for the state's existence, according to Locke's contract, was to protect the natural rights of man (life, liberty, and property).
4. The state, in Locke's view, is based on public agreement, meaning the consent of the governed.
5. If the government or ruler becomes tyrannical or acts selfishly, the public has the right to change them and form a new contract with another authority.
6. Locke supported limited monarchy through this contract, ensuring that power was not absolute.

In simple words: Locke's theory has two contracts: one to form society and one with the government. The government must protect people's rights, and if it fails, people can change it. He favored a limited government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the two contracts, the protection of natural rights, and the right to rebellion as core tenets of Locke's theory.

 

Question 16. Explain the state of nature before the origin of organization of state as explained by Rousseau?
Answer: Rousseau explained that before the state existed, humans lived in a simple and free "state of nature." People were not selfish but were "Noble Savages"—uncivilized yet happy and content. Life was heavenly, marked by natural equality and freedom, with no knowledge of right or wrong in a complex sense. However, this ideal state eventually ended due to increasing population, leading to jealousy and conflict, which necessitated the formation of a state through a social contract.
In simple words: Rousseau believed that in the "state of nature," people were simple, free, and good, like "Noble Savages," living happily without conflicts. But as more people arrived, problems grew, and they needed a state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Rousseau's concept of the "Noble Savage" and the eventual corruption of the peaceful state of nature as key aspects.

 

Question 17. Explain briefly the nature of contract of Rousseau.
Answer: Rousseau's contract was made between two parties to end the chaotic state of nature: individuals and the collective group of men. According to him, people did not give up their freedom and rights to an external authority but rather surrendered them to society as a whole (the "general will"). By being part of society, individuals regained their freedom and rights collectively, ensuring security and removing chaos. This contract established the state as a representative of the general will.
In simple words: Rousseau's contract involved people giving up their individual rights to the whole community ("general will"). This way, they remained free collectively and created a state that represented everyone's common good.

🎯 Exam Tip: The concept of "general will" is central to Rousseau's social contract; explain how it allows individuals to remain free while obeying the collective.

Question 18. Write the features of evolution of state as explained by prof. Gettel.
Answer: According to Professor Gettel, the main features of how the state evolved are:
1. The state started simple and became complex. At first, the state structure was very basic, but it grew more complex as human life developed.
2. In the beginning, there were fewer states and smaller areas. Over time, the population and land area increased.
3. As people became more politically aware and the state developed, new systems like representative democracy and feudal government appeared.
4. Early states had kings with absolute power, and people had no individual freedom. Slowly, individual freedom became important, and a balance was found between state power and individual freedom.
5. In the beginning, the state and religion were connected. Now, they are separate, and the idea of a secular state (one not tied to any religion) is common today.
In simple words: Professor Gettel said the state grew from simple to complex, starting small and becoming larger with more political ideas, moving from kings with all power to including individual freedom, and separating from religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the evolution of the state, remember to mention key factors like population growth, political awareness, and the changing relationship between rulers and individuals.

 

Question 19. Write the meaning, importance and types of sovereignty.
Answer: The word 'sovereignty' comes from the Latin word 'Suprenus', which means 'supreme power'. It refers to the supreme power of the state. A state cannot exist without sovereignty.

Types / Aspects of Sovereignty:
Sovereignty has two main types: internal and external.
1. External Sovereignty: This means a state is not controlled by any other foreign state or organization. Every state has the right to make its own business agreements, military alliances, and foreign policy.
2. Internal Sovereignty: This means the state has full control and supreme power over all its citizens and organizations within its borders. The state has the right to punish any person or group that does not follow its laws and orders.
In simple words: Sovereignty means the state's highest power. It has two parts: external sovereignty means no other country controls it, and internal sovereignty means it controls everyone and everything inside its own borders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define sovereignty first, then explain each of its two main types (internal and external) with a simple characteristic for each.

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Essay Type Questions

 

Question 1. Clarify the difference between state and government.
Answer: Here are the differences between a state and a government:
1. State is abstract, Government is concrete: The state is an idea, while the government is a real, visible group of people who make decisions.
2. State is complete, while government is its part: The state is a complete entity with four main parts: population, fixed territory, government, and sovereignty. The government is just one of these four parts that helps the state function.
3. Membership of state is compulsory, not of government: Everyone born in a state is a member of that state. However, being part of the government depends on a person's choice.
4. State has one form, while government has many: A state always has the same basic structure (population, territory, government, sovereignty), but governments can have many forms, like democracy, republic, federal, or parliamentary.
5. State has sovereignty, while government does not: Sovereignty is the state's supreme power. The government does not have sovereignty itself; in a democracy, the people are considered the ultimate source of all government power.
6. State has many members, while government has limited: Everyone in the territory is a member of the state, but only a few chosen people work in the government (executive, legislature, judiciary).
7. Fixed Territory is compulsory for state, not for government: A state must have a fixed territory. However, a government can sometimes operate from outside its main state, for example, an exiled government.
8. Opposition of state is impossible, but opposition of government is possible: Rebelling against the state is seen as a serious crime. But, if a government does something unpopular, people can criticize it or even change it through elections.
9. Difference of Head and Representative: The state is like the head, and the government is its representative. The state aims for the well-being of all citizens, and the government is the tool that achieves these goals. The government carries out the state's plans. Even though they are different, they need each other to work effectively.
In simple words: A state is a bigger, abstract idea with land, people, government, and supreme power, while a government is a smaller, concrete group of people who carry out the state's rules. You are born into a state, but you choose to be part of a government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the theoretical concept of a 'state' and the functional entity of a 'government' using specific examples for each point of difference.

 

Question 2. Explain the Force Theory of Origin of State.
Answer: The Force Theory of Origin of State suggests that the state began because stronger groups or people took control over weaker ones. It means that force was the only reason for the state's creation. In the early days, when humans moved around looking for food, different groups often fought. The stronger groups would win and make the weaker groups their subjects. The leader of the strongest group became the king, and the defeated group became his people. According to political thinker Leacock, this means that governance resulted from human conflict. The state started when one person or group made others their slaves or subjects by using superior power.

Development of Force Theory:
Ancient Greek thinkers called Sophists supported the force theory, saying "Justice is nothing but the benefit of the powerful." In medieval Europe, the conflicts between the church and state also showed that brutal force often played a role in how states came to be. Anarchists and thinkers like Karl Marx also believed that the state is based on force. Rousseau also agreed that states began through war. Alexander the Great expanded his state using force. Even today, the formation of powerful groups based on economic, material, and military strength, like the dominance of the U.S.A., are examples of force at play.

Criticism of Force Theory:
The force theory has been criticized for several reasons:
1. Force is a helping element, not the only deciding one: Besides force, other factors like blood relations, religion, and political awareness also contributed to the state's development.
2. This theory says the state developed only through force, but the creation of federal systems in many countries shows that states can also grow through cooperation.
3. This theory promotes war and revolutions, which goes against democracy.
4. It encourages extreme nationalism and colonialism.

Importance of Force Theory:
Even with its problems, the force theory is important. It helps explain how force contributed to the state's development. Police forces are needed to keep internal peace, and strong military forces protect the state from outside attacks. This shows that force played a significant role in the state's origin.
In simple words: The Force Theory says states began when strong people or groups used power to control weaker ones. While force was important, other factors like family and religion also played a part. The theory is criticized for promoting conflict but highlights the need for a strong defense for a state.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the Force Theory, define it clearly, outline its development and support, then present both its criticisms and its lasting importance to show a balanced understanding.

 

Question 3. Explaining Patriarchal and Matriarchal theory of origin of state, write about their contribution in the origin of state.
Answer:
Matriarchal Theory:
Supporters of the matriarchal theory, such as McLinnen, Jacques, and Morgan, believe that the state began from societies where the mother was the head, not the father. In ancient times, marriages were often unstable, and relationships developed based on mutual understanding. The mother usually cared for the children, and children often preferred their mother. Family lineage was traced through the mother, not the father.

Main Features of Matriarchal Theory:
• Marital relations were often unstable.
• Lineage was known only through the mother.
• The mother was considered the head of the family and owned the household.
• Women had control over property and power. So, the head of the family was female.
• After a mother's death, property was divided among her daughters, not her sons.
• The mother was the center of power in matriarchal families, and such families had the early features of a state.

Criticism of Matriarchal Theory:
• This theory mostly talks about the beginning of society and families, which cannot be reliably applied to the origin of the state.
• It's hard to prove that only matriarchal families existed early in human society. Both matriarchal and patriarchal families might have existed.
• This theory simplifies the development of the state too much and ignores other complex factors in its origin.
• It explains the development of society more than the development of the state.

Patriarchal Theory:
According to the patriarchal theory, the state originated from families where the father was the head. In ancient times, society was made up of family groups. The father, as the head, had absolute power. Every family member had to follow his orders or be punished. He could manage his property as he wished, even marrying off his children or removing anyone from his property. Families joined to form clans, which had blood ties and lived under the eldest male's protection. Clans then joined to form tribes, and from tribes, the state was formed.

Main Features of Patriarchal Theory:
• In ancient times, the family was the basic unit of society.
• Stable and lasting marriage customs were common.
• The male (father or grandfather) was the head of the family, and there were many patriarchal elements.
• Lineage was traced only through males. Females had no rights in the families.
• The father or grandfather had many unlimited powers as the family head.
• Clans formed from patriarchal families, and tribes formed from clans, leading to the state's development.

Criticism of Patriarchal Theory:
Mclinnen, Jacques, and Gilchrist criticized this theory based on the following points:
1. In ancient times, not all families were patriarchal; some were matriarchal.
2. In early societies, women often provided stability to tribes. So, the head of the state was sometimes female (mother), not male (father).
3. The state's development was not as simple as this theory suggests.

Contribution of Matriarchal & Patriarchal Theories:
• Both theories explain how blood relations played a role in the state's development, as the state is seen as an extended form of families.
• Both theories also highlight how feelings of obedience and discipline became important.
In simple words: Matriarchal theory says the state began from families led by mothers, with property passed through daughters and unstable marriages. Patriarchal theory says the state began from families led by fathers, with absolute power and stable marriages. Both show how family structures contributed to early states by creating unity and obedience.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining these theories, describe each one's core idea, its features, and its criticisms. Finally, summarize their combined contribution to the understanding of state origin.

 

Question 4. Explain Locke's Social Contract Theory of origin of state.
Answer: John Locke, a thoughtful and intelligent philosopher, believed that people naturally had good qualities like love, kindness, cooperation, and helpfulness. He proposed that the state of nature was peaceful because people were kind and reasonable. Everyone was equal and free, and there was no chaos because natural laws and morality guided people. They followed these laws based on their own will and reason.

In this natural state, all people had three fundamental rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property. They used these rights without limiting others.

Reason for the Contract:
However, Locke identified three issues in the state of nature:
• There was no system to clearly explain the natural laws.
• There was no official body to enforce these natural laws.
• There was no unbiased institution for justice.
To resolve these problems, people entered into a social contract to create a state.

Origin and Nature of the Contract:
People formed the state to end the state of nature through a social contract. This involved two contracts:
• One contract was made among themselves (a social contract) to form a society.
• The second contract was with the government. In this contract, people entrusted the government with the responsibility to protect their life, liberty, and property. Anyone who broke these laws would be punished by society. The government was bound to follow certain conditions, and if it failed, it could be replaced. This idea supported the concept of limited monarchy and the right of public rebellion if the government did not fulfill its duties.
In simple words: Locke believed people were good and lived peacefully with natural rights. But because there were no clear laws or judges, they made two contracts: one to form a society and another with a government to protect their rights, which could be changed if it failed.

🎯 Exam Tip: For Locke's theory, emphasize the positive view of human nature, the three natural rights, the reasons for forming the contract (lack of clear laws/judges), and the two types of contracts made.

 

Question 5. Explain in detail the social contract theory propounded by Rousseau.
Answer: Rousseau, a French scholar, combined ideas from Hobbes and Locke in his social contract theory. He was a supporter of democracy and a strong critic of the idea of divine rights of states. His theory can be explained as follows:
1. Human Nature: Rousseau believed that in the state of nature, humans were simple and free. They were not selfish or quarrelsome like Hobbes described, nor were they solely rational like Locke suggested. Although uncivilized, they were "noble savages" - naturally good.
2. Chaotic State: In this natural state, humans lived happily and contentedly. They did not feel selfish and cooperated with each other. This peaceful time lacked the jealousy, conflicts, and struggles that later emerged.
3. Reason for contract: This ideal state of nature could not last forever. As the population grew, feelings of jealousy and conflict began to appear, destroying the earlier peace and comfort. As a result, people felt the need to organize themselves into a state and entered into a contract to create a general will. This 'general will' represented the collective good of the community.

According to Rousseau, this contract was made between two parties: individuals and the collective group of people. In this contract, people did not give up their freedom and rights to an individual ruler. Instead, they surrendered their rights to the community as a whole. By becoming part of society, individuals got back their freedom and rights as members of the collective. This contract removed chaos and insecurity, and the state, which represented the general will, came into existence.
In simple words: Rousseau said people were good "noble savages" who lived freely. But as groups grew, conflicts started, so they made a contract. People gave up their individual rights to the whole community (the general will) to create a state that would protect everyone's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining Rousseau's social contract theory, highlight his unique concept of the "noble savage," the reasons for the contract's formation, and how individuals surrender their rights to the "general will" for collective freedom and security.