RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Political Science Meaning, Nature

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. From where has the word 'Politics' been derived? What does this word mean?
Answer: The word 'Politics' comes from the Greek word 'Polis'. This word means 'city-state'.
In simple words: 'Politics' comes from the Greek word 'Polis', which means 'city-state'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Greek origin ('Polis') and its meaning ('city-state') for the word 'Politics'.

 

Question 2. In which context has Aristotle described the word 'Politics'?
Answer: Aristotle used 'Politics' to mean the study of a city-state. He looked at all its problems, how people lived, their actions, what happened, and how they behaved. He linked politics to the whole life of the city-state.
In simple words: Aristotle said 'Politics' is the study of a city-state, including its life, activities, and problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing Aristotle, emphasize his focus on the "city-state" and the comprehensive aspects of life within it.

 

Question 4. What is the definition of Political Science given by Laski?
Answer: Laski said that Political Science is about studying the lives of people who are part of an organized state. It looks at how people live together in a structured society.
In simple words: Laski defined Political Science as the study of people's lives within an organized state.

🎯 Exam Tip: When quoting Laski, focus on the key phrases "lives of men" and "organised state" to show understanding.

 

Question 5. Name any four Political thinkers who believe Political Science to be a science.
Answer: Four thinkers who saw Political Science as a science are Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, and Laski.
In simple words: Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, and Laski believed Political Science is a science.

🎯 Exam Tip: List at least three key thinkers correctly to score full marks for this type of question.

 

Question 6. Which ancient Indian scholars considered Poltical Science as an art?
Answer: Ancient Indian thinkers like Manu, Shukra, Kautilya, and Brihaspati, among others, thought Political Science was an art.
In simple words: Manu, Shukra, Kautilya, and Brihaspati were ancient Indian scholars who saw Political Science as an art.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to include names of prominent ancient Indian scholars when discussing their views on Political Science as an art.

 

RBSE Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Which are the main features of traditional view of Political Science?
Answer: The main features of the traditional view of Political Science are as follows:
1. The traditional view is idealistic, philosophical, and focuses on perfect societies (utopian). It gives importance to values, ideals, and good morals.
2. It mainly uses historical and explanatory methods to study the state, government, and various institutions.
3. Based on the traditional view, definitions of Political Science can be divided into four types: as the study of the state, as the study of government, as the study of both the state and government, and as the study of man in relation to the state.
In simple words: The traditional view of Political Science focuses on ideals, philosophy, and values. It studies the state, government, and institutions using historical methods. It defines Political Science as the study of the state or government, or both.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining traditional views, highlight the focus on values, ideals, historical methods, and the state/government as central objects of study.

 

Question 2. Write the main features of modern view of Political Science?
Answer: The main features of the modern view of Political Science are as follows:
1. It includes the study of human behavior, power, influence, decision-making, and psychological theories, all based on experience and data.
2. It sees Political Science as dynamic, focusing on practical aspects rather than just theories.
3. This view examines the informal side of politics and uses methods from psychology and social sciences.
4. It relies on empirical study, which means learning from observation and experience.
5. It aims to create an approach to Political Science that is objective, realistic, and based on real-world experience.
6. It studies Political Science universally, looking for broad principles that apply everywhere.
7. It seeks to bring together different social sciences through an inter-disciplinary approach to understand problems better.
In simple words: The modern view of Political Science studies real human behavior, power, and decision-making using data and experience. It focuses on practical aspects and connects with other social sciences.

🎯 Exam Tip: For the modern view, emphasize its focus on human behavior, power, data, practical aspects, and inter-disciplinary methods.

 

Question 3. How does the modern point of view make Political Science a science?
Answer: The modern view has greatly broadened the study of Political Science. Now, political activities are studied alongside the state and government. It includes human political behavior and the factors that influence it, along with non-political elements. It also uses mathematical, statistical, and research methods. These objective methods have turned Political Science into an empirical science. They have made the field wider and encouraged connections with other social sciences, which helps in solving problems. Because of these scientific and systematic methods, the modern viewpoint considers Political Science a science.
In simple words: The modern view makes Political Science a science by studying human behavior and political activities using math, statistics, and research. These methods make it an empirical and scientific study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the use of empirical, statistical, and research methods in the modern view as key reasons for considering Political Science a science.

 

Question 4. Political Science cannot be considered a science. Give two arguments in support of this statement.
Answer: Political Science cannot be easily considered a science for the following reasons:
1. Research and experiments are not possible in the same way as natural sciences. Natural science uses observations and experiments, but in Political Science, while ideas can be formed, they cannot be tested through controlled research and experiments because its subject involves living, emotional human beings whose behavior constantly changes.
2. It is difficult to easily establish a cause-effect relationship. A basic feature of science is that cause and effect can be clearly linked. Political Science often relies on assumptions and probabilities. Thus, a clear cause-effect relationship cannot always be proven in Political Science, making it less like a true science.
In simple words: Political Science is not a science because you cannot do experiments on human behavior like in natural science, and it is hard to find clear cause-and-effect relationships.

🎯 Exam Tip: For arguments against Political Science as a science, focus on the inability to conduct controlled experiments and the difficulty in establishing clear cause-effect relationships.

 

Question 5. How has Herbert Simon explained Political Science?
Answer: Herbert Simon was an important thinker who connected philosophical and economic ideas. He supported the modern view of Political Science and received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978. His book, "Administrative Behaviors," is crucial for understanding decision-making. Simon saw Political Science as a science of decision-making, explaining that making a decision means choosing one option from many possible choices. He believed that when faced with a problem, there are many solutions, and the decision-maker must choose the one that gives the most benefit or reaches the desired goal. According to Simon, smart decision-making involves choosing the option that gives the most good results and the fewest bad ones. He thought decision-making should be based on logical choices and that Political Science is the study of government, with the main goal of government being decision-making. Therefore, he considered Political Science to be a science of decision-making.
In simple words: Herbert Simon explained Political Science as the science of decision-making. He said that making a decision means picking the best option from many choices to get good results, which is a main goal of government.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing Herbert Simon, remember to link his explanation to "decision-making" and "logical choice" as the core of Political Science.

 

RBSE Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Explain the nature of Political Science according to traditional and modern point of view.
Answer: Scholars have different opinions on whether Political Science is a science or an art. Some see it as a science, while others doubt its scientific aspects and consider it an art. The nature of Political Science can be understood through two main viewpoints:

**Nature of Political Science According to Traditional Viewpoint**
Traditional thinkers generally do not consider Political Science a science. Buckle, for instance, believed it was impossible to see Political Science as a science with current knowledge; rather, it belonged to the arts. They argued that Political Science is not a science for these reasons:
1. **No research and experiments:** Unlike natural sciences that use observation and experiments, Political Science can form ideas (hypotheses) but cannot test them through research and experiments because its subject matter involves living, emotional human beings whose behavior constantly changes.
2. **Difficult to establish cause-effect relationships:** A core feature of science is being able to link cause and effect clearly. Political Science, however, works on assumptions and probabilities, making it hard to find a clear cause-effect relationship. Therefore, it cannot be called a science.
3. **Lack of exact measurements:** Natural sciences have many modern tools for precise measurements. In Political Science, however, human political behavior and thoughts are studied, and these are influenced by various feelings and emotions, making exact measurement impossible.
4. **Absence of a universal method:** Political Science lacks a universally accepted method that is present in natural sciences, which is why it cannot be considered a science.
5. **Lack of correct predictions:** Science has fixed rules and can make accurate predictions based on exact laws. This is not possible in Political Science, where only assumptions can be made.
6. **Difference in subject matter:** Natural science deals with non-living things, but Political Science deals with living human beings. Their behavior is not fixed and uniform like that of non-living substances.

**Nature of Political Science According to Modern View**
Modern thinkers consider Political Science a science and want to make it a complete science. They believe that Political Science is a social science and has scientific features, even if not identical to natural sciences. They argue that Political Science is a science because:
1. **Systematic and organized knowledge:** Science is systematic and categorized. Political Science explains the state, government, political organizations, and concepts in a systematic way. It also explains their origin and development, similar to other sciences, and uses data and facts.
2. **Experiments are possible:** Although Political Science is a social science and cannot use laboratory methods like natural sciences, some experiments are still possible. For example, it is observed that democracy is essential for establishing fundamental duties for citizens. Similarly, it's concluded that a welfare state policy is better than a limited state.
3. **Acceptable universal methods and conclusions:** Universal methods and conclusions can be drawn in Political Science. Ancient thinkers like Kautilya and Aristotle developed principles that are still relevant. Lord Acton's statement, "Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely," is universally accepted. Economic freedom is also acknowledged as necessary for an individual's overall development, similar to political freedom.
4. **Cause-effect relationships are possible:** While some believe cause-effect links are impossible in Political Science, the truth is there's always a reason behind events and changes. For example, revolutions happen due to public unhappiness from proud rulers, bad governance, social unfairness, and political/economic corruption.
In simple words: Traditional thinkers mostly see Political Science as an art, arguing it lacks experiments, exact measurements, and clear cause-effect links. Modern thinkers, however, consider it a science because it uses systematic knowledge, allows for observations, and can draw universal conclusions and find reasons for events, even if it differs from natural sciences.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing traditional and modern views, clearly distinguish their core arguments regarding Political Science as an art versus a science, using supporting points for each.

 

Question 2. Differentiate between traditional and modern views of Political Science.
Answer: Here are the differences between the traditional and modern views of Political Science:

1. **Differences in Definitions:**
- **Traditional thinkers** see Political Science as the study of the state and government. For instance, Garner said, "Political Science begins and ends with the state."
- **Modern thinkers**, in contrast, view Political Science as the study of human political behavior. Lasswell and Kaplan described it as "the study of shaping and sharing of power."

2. **Difference in Nature:**
- **Traditional thinkers** consider Political Science an 'Art' and focus on what 'should be'. Buckle believed it was more an art than a science due to lack of knowledge. Indian political thinkers like Shukra saw it as the art of governance.
- **Modern thinkers** aim to make Political Science a complete science. They consider power as the basic unit and study political behavior through scientific analysis.

3. **Difference in Study Methods:**
- **Traditional Political Science** uses philosophical, historical, and comparative methods, which are older and less refined.
- **Modern Political Science** uses statistical, experiential, and inter-disciplinary methods to analyze and predict human political behavior and find proven truths.

4. **Differences Regarding Values:**
- **Traditional Political Science** is value-driven, influenced by subjective and individual approaches. Traditional thinkers emphasized ethics and morality.
- **Modern Political Science** gives no importance to values. Modern thinkers try to separate themselves from morality, values, ethics, and personal biases to conduct research using scientific methods.

5. **Differences in Aim and Purpose:**
- The goal of **traditional Political Science** is to achieve a good life for people.
- The goal of **modern Political Science** is not just a good life, but to explain political events as they truly happen. Modern thinkers believe a political thinker should actively try to solve problems, not just observe.

6. **Differences in Scope:**
- **Traditional Political Science** studies the past, present, and future of a state, along with government parts and responsibilities.
- **Modern political thinkers** do not study institutions as much; instead, they focus on methods. They study who makes laws and the actual process of law-making, rather than just the executive or parliament.
In simple words: Traditional Political Science focuses on the state, government, and ideals, using old methods. Modern Political Science, however, studies human political behavior, power, and real-world processes, using scientific and inter-disciplinary methods, and it is value-free.

🎯 Exam Tip: Organize your answer by distinct comparative points (definitions, nature, methods, values, aims, scope) to clearly illustrate the differences between traditional and modern views.

 

Question 3. Explain traditional and modern views of definition nature and scope of Political Science.
Answer: Political Science can be understood through its traditional and modern views, which cover its definition, nature, and scope:

**Traditional View:**
* **Meaning:** The word 'Politics' comes from the Greek word 'Polis', meaning 'City-state'. So, politics is the study of the city-state, its related life, events, activities, behavior, and organizations. Traditional thinkers see Political Science as studying the state, government, and people. They believe government cannot exist without the state, and people are the basic units of the state. Therefore, Political Science studies the relationship between the state, government, and people.
* **Nature:** The traditional view sees Political Science as idealistic, philosophical, and ethical. It focuses on values, morals, and ethics.
* **Scope:** The scope of Political Science refers to what it studies. Different traditional thinkers and UNESCO have included the following topics in Political Science:
1. Study of the political life of people.
2. Study of the state.
3. Study of government.
4. Study of local, national, and international problems.
5. Study of political philosophy and ideologies.
6. Study of political parties and pressure groups.
7. Study of international relationships.
8. Study of diplomacy.
9. Study of local government.
10. Study of international organizations.
11. Study of international laws.

**Modern View:**
* **Meaning:** The modern view connects Political Science to the systematic study of the state, government, and various social aspects and relationships with government. It looks at the informal parts of politics, not just the formal government or state. This view is more practical and based on real-world situations.
* **Nature:** According to the modern view, Political Science studies human political behavior and political institutions from a realistic perspective.
* **Scope:** The modern view, which emerged after World War II, is broad and practical. It includes these topics in Political Science:
* Study of political behavior of people.
* Study of political processes.
* Study of power.
* Inter-disciplinary study (connecting with other subjects).
* Use of scientific methods.
* Study of various ideologies and philosophies.
In simple words: The traditional view defines Political Science as the study of the state, government, and man, focusing on ideals and values, and covers topics like state, government, and international relations. The modern view defines it as a systematic study of state, government, and society's political aspects, focusing on human behavior, power, and using scientific and inter-disciplinary methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the meaning, nature, and scope separately for both traditional and modern viewpoints, using bullet points for scope to ensure clarity.

 

Question 4. Write an article on the modern view of Political Science.
Answer: The traditional view of Political Science could not provide universal principles for politics because it was too focused on explanations, formal rules, and ethics. This led to a need for a new approach. After World War II, a broader and more realistic way of studying Political Science emerged, known as the modern view. Modern political thinkers have included psychological principles and a realistic, data-driven study of human behaviors, power, influence, decision-making, and data-based study. Key supporters of this modern view include Catlin, Lasswell, Merriam, Max Webber, Russell, and Morgenthau.

**Definition of Political Science: Modern View**
Modern political thinkers see power as the central idea of Political Science. According to Catlin, "Political Science is the science of power."

**1. Political Science is the study of political system:** The political system is a broad idea that includes both the formal government structures and informal elements that influence governance. Thinkers like David Easton and Almond say, "Political Science is the study of the whole political system."

**2. Political Science is the study of policy making and decision-making process:** Some behaviorist thinkers consider Political Science as the study of policy, decision, and choice-making. Lasswell stated, "Political Science is science of policy making."
In simple words: The modern view of Political Science started after World War II because the old ways were not practical enough. It focuses on human behavior, power, and decision-making, using scientific methods and data. It sees Political Science as the study of the whole political system and how policies are made.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about the modern view, emphasize its post-WWII origin, focus on behavior, power, decision-making, and its empirical, data-driven nature.

 

Question 5. Explain that Political Science is both an art as well as a science.
Answer: Political Science is considered both an art and a science.

**Political Science as a Science:**
Many scholars, including Aristotle, have called Political Science "the best science." A systematic and careful study of any subject is considered a science. Political Science can be called a science because:
1. **Systematic and organized knowledge:** Science is organized and categorized. Political Science explains the state, government, political organizations, and concepts in an orderly way. It also explains their origins and development systematically and uses data and facts.
2. **Observation and experiments are possible:** Even though Political Science is a social science and can't use lab experiments like natural sciences, some observations and experiments are still possible. For example, observations show that democracy is crucial for citizens to have fundamental duties. Similarly, it's concluded that a welfare state policy is better than a limited state.
3. **Acceptable universal methods and conclusions:** Political Science can also derive universal methods and conclusions. Ancient Indian thinkers like Kautilya and Greek philosophers like Aristotle developed principles that are still relevant today. Lord Acton's statement, "Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely," is widely accepted. It's also recognized that economic freedom is as important as political freedom for overall individual development.
4. **Cause-effect relationships are possible:** While some argue it's hard to establish cause-effect relationships in Political Science, there's always a reason for every event and change. For example, revolutions happen because of public unhappiness due to proud rulers, bad governance, social unfairness, and political or economic corruption.

**Political Science as an Art:**
Political Science can also be considered an art. For a subject to be an art, it needs two things: first, the ability to apply theoretical knowledge in practice, and second, it should be value-based to make life better. Political Science has both these features, making it an art. Ancient Indian thinkers viewed Political Science as an art, and Plato called it the art of governance. Political Science uses its knowledge to govern and carry out policies through administration. The main goal of these efforts is to make human life good and complete. It studies not only past life but also present and future life, working to apply values and ethics. In this sense, it is an art.

**Conclusion: Both an Art and a Science**
Political Science is both an art and a science. It's not a natural science, but a social science. It's an art because of its purpose and how it works. It uses facts and values. When Political Science studies its subject theoretically, it's a science, but when it applies these principles to improve human life, it becomes an art. Thus, Political Science is both an art and a science.
In simple words: Political Science is a science because it has organized knowledge, allows for observation, and can find cause-effect reasons. It is also an art because it uses this knowledge to solve real-world problems and improve human life, making it value-based and practical.

🎯 Exam Tip: To explain this dual nature, clearly present arguments for why Political Science is a science (systematic, observational, cause-effect) and why it's an art (practical application, value-based), then conclude by reiterating its hybrid nature.

 

RBSE Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Objective Type Questions

 

Question 1. "Political Science starts with the state and ends with the state.” This definition is given by
(a) Garner
(b) Bluntschli
(c) Seeley
(d) Leacock
Answer: (a) Garner
In simple words: Garner said that Political Science is all about the state, from its beginning to its end.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key quotes and the scholars associated with them, especially for foundational definitions in Political Science.

 

Question 2. W ence as a 'complete' or Paramount science?
(a) Aristotle
Answer: (a) Aristotle
In simple words: Aristotle believed Political Science was a complete or paramount science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Aristotle with the view of Political Science as a paramount or supreme science.

 

Question 3. Why is Political Science called a science?
(a) Unanimity of concepts
(b) Definitencess of decision
(c) Prediction of results
(d) Systematic study
Answer: (d) Systematic study
In simple words: Political Science is called a science because it involves a systematic way of studying things.

🎯 Exam Tip: The systematic approach to study is a fundamental characteristic that allows Political Science to be considered a science.

 

Question 4. Traditional view of Political Science was mainly focused on -
(a) study of state and government
(b) study of power and validity
(c) study of political system
(d) study of political processes
Answer: (a) study of state and government
In simple words: The traditional view of Political Science mostly focused on studying the state and how the government works.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall that the traditional approach centers on formal structures like the state and government.

 

Question 5. 'Political Science is a subject related to government'. This definition is given by –
(a) Gilchrist
(b) Seeley
(c) Leacock
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Leacock
In simple words: Leacock said that Political Science is a subject linked to the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Leacock's definition emphasizes the government as the core subject of Political Science.

 

Question 6. Which of the following is not included in the scope of Political Science?
(a) study of state
(b) Loading [MathJax]/extensions/MathZoom.js
Answer: (a) study of state
In simple words: The study of the state is generally included in Political Science, so if it's listed as not included, it's incorrect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the state is a fundamental element in the scope of Political Science from both traditional and modern perspectives.

 

Question 7. Which of the following arguments proves that Political Science is not a science?
(a) Political science studies its subject matter systematically.
(b) Political science explains the relationship of cause and effect.
(c) Political science lacks universally acceptable concepts.
(d) Observations and experiments are possible in Political Science.
Answer: (c) Political science lacks universally acceptable concepts
In simple words: The fact that Political Science does not have concepts accepted by everyone proves it is not a true science.

🎯 Exam Tip: A key argument against Political Science being a pure science is the absence of universally agreed-upon concepts and methodologies, unlike in natural sciences.

 

RBSE Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Other Important Questions

 

RBSE Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Objective Questions

 

Question 1. "Man by nature is a political creature, and he, who lives without society or state is either God or animal.” Whose statement is this?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Garner
(d) Gandhiji
Answer: (b) Aristotle
In simple words: Aristotle said that humans are naturally political and cannot live without a society or state.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a famous quote; directly associate it with Aristotle.

 

Question 2. How is Political Science defined as per traditional view?
(a) As study of state
(b) As study of government
(c) As study of state, government and power
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: In the traditional view, Political Science is defined as the study of the state, government, and power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the traditional view often combines these elements in its definition of Political Science.

 

Question 4. "Political Science is related to general problems of state and government.” This is a statement given by –
(a) Gilchrist
(b) Paul Janet
(c) Demock
(d) Laski
Answer: (a) Gilchrist
In simple words: Gilchrist said that Political Science studies common issues related to both the state and the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for a definition, remember the key phrases and the scholar associated with them. "General problems of state and government" is key here.

 

Question 5. "Political Science is related to state and its instrument-government". This statement has been given by –
(a) Leacock
(b) Janet
(c) Demock
(d) Hermon Heller
Answer: (c) Demock
In simple words: Demock's view links Political Science directly to the state and its tool, which is the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific terms used in definitions, such as "instrument-government," to correctly identify the thinker.

 

Question 6. Who among the following scholars has considered Political Science as the science of power ?
(a) David Easton
(b) Almond
(c) Lasswell
(d) Catlin
Answer: (d) Catlin
In simple words: Catlin is the scholar who saw Political Science as fundamentally the study of power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Many political thinkers define Political Science by different core concepts like state, government, or power. It's important to differentiate these.

 

Question 7. Which of the following arguments proves that Political Science is not a science?
(a) Political science studies its subject matter systematically.
(b) Political science explains the relationship of cause and effect.
(c) Political science lacks universally acceptable concepts.
(d) Observations and experiments are possible in Political Science.
Answer: (c) Political science lacks universally acceptable concepts.
In simple words: One reason Political Science is not a pure science is that it doesn't have ideas that everyone agrees on, unlike fields like physics or chemistry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Arguments against Political Science being a science often highlight its lack of universal laws, exact measurement, and predictable outcomes.

 

Question 8. Which of the following arguments proves that Political Science is a science?
(a) Systematic and organised study
(b) Universal concepts
(c) Ability of prediction
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: Political Science is considered a science because it involves systematic study, uses universal concepts, and can make predictions based on data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Arguments for Political Science as a science include its organized approach, generalizable theories, and capacity for forecasting political events.

 

Question 9. Who is the writer of 'Statesman'?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) Kautilya
(d) Brogan
Answer: (b) Plato
In simple words: Plato wrote the book called 'Statesman'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the key works and their authors in political thought to answer such questions correctly.

 

Question 10. Who among the following has considered Political Science as the supreme art of governance?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Catlin
(d) Seeley
Answer: (a) Plato
In simple words: Plato viewed Political Science as the most important art of ruling or governing effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Plato's emphasis on ideal governance and the role of the philosopher-king, which aligns with his view of Political Science as a supreme art.

 

Question 11. "Political Science is all art, philosophy and science.” Who said this?
(a) Catlin
(b) Loading [MathJax]/extensions/MathZoom.js
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: When a question asks for a statement's author, recall key quotes and their corresponding political thinkers.

 

Question 12. Supporter of modern view of Political Science is –
(a) Catlin
(b) Lasswell
(c) Robert A. Dahl
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: Catlin, Lasswell, and Robert A. Dahl are all important thinkers who support the modern way of looking at Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the prominent thinkers associated with different schools of thought (traditional vs. modern) in Political Science.

 

Question 13. Which is included in scope of Political Science according to the modern view?
(a) Study of state
(b) Study of government
(c) Study of international aspect
(d) Study of political behaviour of man
Answer: (d) Study of political behaviour of man
In simple words: The modern view of Political Science includes understanding how people act politically.

🎯 Exam Tip: The modern approach focuses heavily on human behavior, power dynamics, and decision-making, moving beyond just state and government institutions.

 

Question 14. Feature of modern Political Science is –
(a) Free study
(b) Scientific
(c) Practical approach
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: Modern Political Science is known for being open to various studies, using scientific methods, and having a focus on practical applications.

🎯 Exam Tip: Modern Political Science emphasizes empirical research, interdisciplinary approaches, and a realistic study of political processes.

 

Question 15. "In the present state of knowledge, far from being a science, Political Science is the most lacking art.” This statement is by –
(a) Garner
(b) Buckle
(c) Catlin
(d) Loading [MathJax]/extensions/MathZoom.js
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: This statement highlights the debate on whether Political Science is a science or an art. Identifying the author helps place their perspective.

 

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Questions

 

Question 1. In to how many parts did ancient Indian thinkers divide Vidyas'?
Answer: Ancient Indian thinkers divided 'Vidyas' into four main parts. These parts were Treyi, Varta, Anvikshiki, and Dandaniti. Each part covered a different area of knowledge and understanding.
In simple words: Old Indian thinkers split knowledge into four groups: Treyi, Varta, Anvikshiki, and Dandaniti.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the four main divisions of 'Vidyas' and be ready to briefly explain what each one means.

 

Question 2. What was 'Treyi Vidya'?
Answer: 'Treyi Vidya' was the type of knowledge that included the study of Vedas, Vedangas, and subjects related to ethics and spirituality. It focused on sacred texts and moral teachings for life. This knowledge was foundational for understanding ancient Indian philosophy and religious practices.
In simple words: 'Treyi Vidya' was knowledge from the Vedas and other holy books, teaching about right and wrong and spiritual ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining 'Treyi Vidya', mention its connection to Vedic knowledge and ethical/spiritual studies.

 

Question 3. What was meant by 'Varta'?
Answer: 'Varta' referred to the knowledge that involved education about practical skills like agriculture, raising animals, handicrafts, and business. It focused on economic activities and trades essential for daily life and community well-being. This knowledge helped people manage their livelihoods effectively.
In simple words: 'Varta' was practical knowledge about farming, raising animals, making crafts, and doing business.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the practical and economic aspects of 'Varta' in your answer, linking it to various livelihoods.

 

Question 4. Name the knowledge related to materialistic achievements and money-making?
Answer: The knowledge related to materialistic achievements and money-making was called 'Varta'. This practical knowledge helped people gain wealth and manage their finances. It was essential for the economic prosperity of individuals and society.
In simple words: 'Varta' was the knowledge used to get wealth and make money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect 'Varta' directly to economic activities and the pursuit of material well-being.

 

Question 5. What was meant by 'Anvikshiki'?
Answer: 'Anvikshiki' was the knowledge that aimed to maintain balance between the efforts made for 'Treyi' (spiritual and ethical knowledge) and 'Varta' (practical and economic knowledge). It involved critical thinking and philosophy to ensure harmony between moral and material pursuits. This helped in wise decision-making for a balanced life.
In simple words: 'Anvikshiki' was the knowledge that helped keep a balance between spiritual learning (Treyi) and practical work (Varta).

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize 'Anvikshiki' as the balancing force between spiritual and material knowledge, implying wisdom and thoughtful consideration.

 

Question 7. "Dandaniti is real knowledge.” Who said this?
Answer: This statement, "Dandaniti is real knowledge," was said by Acharya Shukra. He was an ancient Indian political thinker who emphasized the importance of governance and statecraft. His words highlight the practical wisdom in the art of ruling.
In simple words: Acharya Shukra said that 'Dandaniti' is true knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Acharya Shukra's view on 'Dandaniti' as essential knowledge for governance.

 

Question 8. Which word is used in ancient Indian philosophy for today's Political Science?
Answer: In ancient Indian philosophy, the word 'Dandaniti' was used to refer to what we call Political Science today. 'Dandaniti' covered the principles of governance, statecraft, and legal administration, which are core aspects of Political Science. It guided rulers in managing their state.
In simple words: In old Indian times, Political Science was known as 'Dandaniti'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect 'Dandaniti' to the historical equivalent of Political Science in ancient India.

 

Question 9. 'Political Science is the study of state'. Name the main supporters of this view.
Answer: The main supporters of the view that 'Political Science is the study of the state' include thinkers like Bluntschli, Garner, Garris, and Gettle. These scholars believed that the state, its origin, functions, and development, formed the central subject of Political Science. Their focus was primarily on understanding this core political institution.
In simple words: Bluntschli, Garner, Garris, and Gettle all believed that Political Science is mainly about studying the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: List these key thinkers when discussing the traditional definition of Political Science centered on the state.

 

Question 10. What is the definition of Political Science as given by Garner?
Answer: According to Garner, his famous definition states, "Political Science begins and ends with the state." This highlights his belief that the state is the fundamental and all-encompassing subject of Political Science. He viewed the study as being entirely focused on the existence, nature, and purpose of the state.
In simple words: Garner said that Political Science starts with and finishes with the study of the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Garner's definition is a classic one; memorize it precisely as it concisely captures the traditional view of Political Science.

 

Question 11. According to traditional thinkers, what is the subject matter of Political Science?
Answer: According to traditional thinkers, the subject matter of Political Science primarily includes the study of the state, government, and human beings. They believed that Political Science should analyze the formal institutions of the state and government, as well as the role and duties of individuals within them. Their approach was often philosophical and historical.
In simple words: Traditional thinkers thought Political Science was about studying the state, the government, and people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the three main elements (state, government, man) that traditional thinkers considered the core of Political Science.

 

Question 12. Name any two thinkers who considered Political Science as a study of human activities.
Answer: Two thinkers who considered Political Science as a study of human activities are Lasswell and Catlin. They moved beyond just institutions to focus on political behavior, power, and influence as central to the discipline. Their approach emphasized the real-world actions and interactions of people in politics.
In simple words: Lasswell and Catlin believed Political Science should study what people actually do in politics.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the study of human activities, remember thinkers who emphasized behavioral aspects rather than just formal structures.

 

Question 14. What is the definition of Political Science as given by Lasswell?
Answer: According to Lasswell, Political Science is defined as "the science of policy-making". This definition highlights his focus on the processes through which public decisions are made and implemented. He viewed political activity as fundamentally about setting goals and choosing ways to achieve them, making policy a central theme.
In simple words: Lasswell said Political Science is the science of how decisions are made about what to do in society (policy-making).

🎯 Exam Tip: Lasswell's definition emphasizes the practical aspect of political processes and decision-making. Keep this key phrase in mind.

 

Question 15. Name any two modern political thinkers who considered Political Science as the study of political system.
Answer: Two modern political thinkers who considered Political Science as the study of the political system are David Easton and Almond. They broadened the scope of Political Science to include not just formal government structures but also all the informal processes, interactions, and groups that affect how decisions are made in a society. They looked at how different parts of society work together in politics.
In simple words: David Easton and Almond were two modern thinkers who saw Political Science as the study of the entire political system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember David Easton and Almond as key figures in developing the "political system" approach in modern Political Science.

 

Question 16. How has David Easton defined political system?
Answer: David Easton defined the political system as "an authoritative allocation of values in any society." This means that the political system is responsible for deciding who gets what, when, and how, and these decisions are accepted as binding by the society. It includes all the ways society distributes its important resources and makes rules for everyone. His definition focuses on the power and authority involved in making these social decisions.
In simple words: David Easton said a political system decides how important things (values) are given out in society, and these decisions are seen as official.

🎯 Exam Tip: David Easton's definition is crucial for understanding the political system concept; specifically recall "authoritative allocation of values."

 

Question 17. Which types of methods of study are given emphasis by traditional definitions of Political Science?
Answer: Traditional definitions of Political Science place emphasis on philosophical, historical, and legal methods of study. These methods involve examining past events, legal frameworks, and abstract ideas about the ideal state or government. Thinkers used these approaches to understand the nature and purpose of political institutions. They often relied on logic, reasoning, and historical records to draw conclusions.
In simple words: Traditional Political Science mainly uses methods based on philosophy, history, and law.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast these methods with modern empirical methods to highlight the differences in traditional and modern approaches.

 

Question 18. Which study methods are given emphasis by modern definition of Political Science?
Answer: Modern definitions of Political Science emphasize inter-disciplinary and experiential methods of study. This means they draw knowledge from other social sciences (like sociology and psychology) and rely on real-world observation and experience. Modern thinkers use scientific approaches to study political behavior and processes. They collect data and conduct empirical research to understand political phenomena.
In simple words: Modern Political Science focuses on using methods that combine different subjects and learn from real-life experiences.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that modern Political Science is characterized by its empirical, behavioral, and interdisciplinary nature.

 

Question 20. "When I see a good set of examination questions headed by the words 'Political Science' I regret not the questions but the title.” Whose is this statement?
Answer: This statement was given by Maitland. He was expressing skepticism about whether Political Science truly qualified as a 'science' in the same way as natural sciences, suggesting that the title itself might be misleading given the nature of its subject matter. His comment reflects the ongoing debate about the scientific status of the discipline.
In simple words: Maitland said this, showing he doubted if Political Science should really be called a "science."

🎯 Exam Tip: This quote is often used to illustrate the historical debate about the scientific nature of Political Science. Associate it with Maitland.

 

Question 21. Give two arguments against Political Science being a science?
Answer: Two arguments against Political Science being a science are:

• Observation and experiments are not possible: Unlike natural sciences where controlled experiments can be conducted, political phenomena are complex and difficult to replicate in a lab setting. It's hard to isolate variables or conduct repeated experiments.
• Lack of universally acceptable concepts: Political Science often deals with subjective values, ideals, and human behavior, making it difficult to establish concepts that are universally agreed upon or precisely measurable. This contrasts with the clear, consistent definitions found in physical sciences.

In simple words: Political Science is not a science because you can't easily do experiments or find ideas that everyone agrees on in the same way as other sciences.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the lack of controlled experimentation and the subjective nature of its subject matter when arguing against Political Science as a science.

 

Question 22. Give two arguments in favour of Political Science being a science.
Answer: Two arguments in favour of Political Science being a science are:

• Systematic and organised study: Political Science uses systematic methods to collect and analyze data, develop theories, and organize knowledge about political systems and behavior. It follows a structured approach, similar to other sciences.
• Relationship between cause - effect: While complex, Political Science seeks to identify cause-and-effect relationships in political events, such as how economic inequality might cause social unrest. Researchers develop hypotheses and test them using empirical data, aiming to understand why certain political outcomes occur.

In simple words: Political Science is a science because it studies things in an organized way and tries to find out what causes political events.

🎯 Exam Tip: When supporting Political Science as a science, emphasize its methodical approach and its pursuit of causal explanations, even if complex.

 

Question 23. How has Garner defined science?
Answer: According to Garner, "Science is the knowledge related to a subject, which is formally obtained through observation, experience and study, and whose facts are mutually related, ordered and classified.” This definition highlights that science is a structured body of knowledge gained through methodical investigation. It emphasizes the importance of observation, experience, and the organization of facts into a coherent system. This means that for something to be a science, its parts must connect and be arranged logically.
In simple words: Garner said science is knowledge about a subject that is learned through watching, trying things, and studying, where all the facts are connected and put in order.

🎯 Exam Tip: Garner's definition of science emphasizes systematic acquisition and organization of knowledge through empirical means.

 

Question 25. Which principle is adopted in Political Science to make human life more comfortable?
Answer: The principle of the welfare state is adopted in Political Science to make human life more comfortable. This principle focuses on ensuring the well-being and social security of all citizens by providing essential services like healthcare, education, and social support. It aims to improve living standards and reduce inequalities, contributing to a better quality of life for everyone.
In simple words: Political Science uses the idea of a 'welfare state' to make people's lives better and easier.

🎯 Exam Tip: The welfare state is a key concept linked to social well-being and government responsibility in Political Science.

 

Question 26. Write any two things included in scope of traditional Political Science.
Answer: Two things included in the scope of traditional Political Science are:

• Study of political life of man: Traditional thinkers examined how individuals participate in and are affected by political systems, focusing on their rights, duties, and moral conduct.
• Study of political philosophies: This involved analyzing the fundamental ideas and theories about the state, justice, and governance developed by thinkers throughout history.

In simple words: Traditional Political Science studies how people live politically and explores different political ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing traditional scope, emphasize philosophical and historical aspects related to the state, government, and individual's political life.

 

Question 27. Name any two political thinkers who support the modern view of Political Science.
Answer: Two political thinkers who support the modern view of Political Science are Catlin and Lasswell. These scholars moved beyond traditional legal and historical approaches to focus on empirical research, behavioral studies, and the scientific analysis of power and decision-making. They greatly influenced the development of Political Science as a more scientific discipline.
In simple words: Catlin and Lasswell are two thinkers who supported the new, modern way of looking at Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Catlin and Lasswell are key figures in the behavioral revolution in Political Science, representing the modern view.

 

Question 28. Mention any two things included in the subject matter of Political Science according to modern view?
Answer: Two things included in the subject matter of Political Science according to the modern view are:

• Study of political behaviour of man: Modern Political Science focuses on observing and analyzing how people actually behave in political contexts, including voting, participation, and decision-making processes.
• Study of different concepts: This involves examining key concepts like power, influence, and authority in a more empirical and systematic way, often using quantitative methods.

In simple words: Modern Political Science studies how people act politically and looks at important ideas like power and influence.

🎯 Exam Tip: For the modern view's subject matter, emphasize behavioral aspects and empirical analysis of political concepts.

 

Question 29. "All such activities that make an issue conflicting or find solutions to it, are political science.” Which political scientist made this statement ?
Answer: This statement was made by Myron and Benfield. Their definition emphasizes the dynamic nature of politics, involving both the creation of conflicts and the efforts to resolve them. It views Political Science as the study of these ongoing processes of contention and resolution within a society. Their words highlight the problem-solving aspect of the discipline.
In simple words: Myron and Benfield said that Political Science is about all the actions that create problems or help solve them.

🎯 Exam Tip: This definition focuses on the problem-solving and conflict-resolution aspects of political activities. Remember Myron and Benfield for this perspective.

 

Question 31. Write any two features of modern Political Science.
Answer: Two features of modern Political Science are:

• Realistic study: Modern Political Science aims to understand politics as it truly is, rather than focusing on ideal or theoretical states. It looks at real-world behavior and processes.
• Behaviourism: It emphasizes the systematic study of individual and group political behavior, using empirical methods to analyze observable actions and reactions.

In simple words: Modern Political Science studies politics in a realistic way and focuses on people's political actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the empirical and behavioral aspects when describing features of modern Political Science.

 

Question 32. Mention the most significant feature of behaviourism.
Answer: The most significant feature of behaviourism in Political Science is the 'use of principles'. It seeks to discover general principles or patterns of political behavior through scientific observation and analysis. This approach aims to build a body of knowledge based on testable hypotheses, making the study of politics more systematic and predictive. It applies methods from natural sciences to political phenomena.
In simple words: The main thing about behaviourism is that it tries to find general rules or principles about how people act in politics.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core of behaviourism is its quest for generalizable principles and regularities in political behavior, achieved through empirical methods.

 

Question 33. In to how many parts is Political Science divided to study it thoroughly in modern times?
Answer: In modern times, Political Science is divided into two main parts for thorough study:

• Traditional Political Science: This part focuses on the historical, philosophical, and institutional aspects of politics, studying the state, government, and legal frameworks.
• Modern Political Science: This part emphasizes empirical research, behavioral analysis, and interdisciplinary approaches to understand political processes, power, and human behavior.

In simple words: To study Political Science well today, it's looked at in two main ways: the traditional approach and the modern approach.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the traditional (normative, institutional) and modern (empirical, behavioral) approaches as the two primary divisions.

 

Question 34. What definition of Political Science is given by Lasswell and Kaplan?
Answer: According to Lasswell and Kaplan, their definition states, “Political Science is the study of shaping and sharing of power.” This definition highlights their focus on power as the central concept in politics, emphasizing how it is acquired, exercised, and distributed within a society. They view Political Science as investigating the dynamics of power relations and their impact on political outcomes. Their work underscored the importance of understanding who gets power and how they use it.
In simple words: Lasswell and Kaplan defined Political Science as studying how power is created and shared among people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lasswell and Kaplan's definition is fundamental to power-centric approaches in Political Science; remember "shaping and sharing of power."

 

Question 35. Mention names of methods of study used by traditional political thinkers.
Answer: Traditional political thinkers used several methods of study, including:

• Philosophical method: This involved using abstract reasoning and logic to develop theories about ideal political systems and moral principles.
• Historical method: This focused on examining past political events, institutions, and ideas to understand present conditions and future possibilities.
• Comparative method: This involved comparing different political systems or institutions across various times and places to identify similarities and differences.

In simple words: Traditional political thinkers used ways of studying like looking at philosophy, history, and comparing different political systems.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the philosophical, historical, and comparative methods as the core approaches of traditional Political Science.

 

Question 37. Mention any one difference between traditional and modern Political Science.
Answer: One significant difference between traditional and modern Political Science is their approach to values. Traditional Political Science believes in values, often incorporating ethics and morality into its study, focusing on what 'ought to be'. In contrast, modern Political Science aims to be value-free, seeking objective and empirical analysis of political phenomena without letting personal values influence research. It focuses on what 'is'. This distinction highlights their different scientific aspirations and philosophical foundations.
In simple words: Traditional Political Science includes ideas about right and wrong, but modern Political Science tries to be neutral and study facts without personal opinions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core difference lies in their stance on values: traditional embraces them, modern strives to be value-free.

 

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Short Answer Types Questions

 

Question 1. Define Political Science as the study of state.
Answer: Many scholars, including Garner, Gettell, Bluntschli, and Garris, define Political Science primarily as the study of the state. According to this view, the state is the central and most important subject of the discipline. For example:

1. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” This means that all political study starts and finishes with the state.
2. According to Gettell, “Political Science is an historical investigation of what the state has been, analytical study of what the state is and politico – ethical discussion of what the state ought to be." This broadens the study to include the state's past, present, and ideal future.
3. According to Bluntschli, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with the state in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestation and its development.” He sees it as a science focused on the state's basic parts and growth.
4. According to Garris, “Political Science considers the state as an institution of power in the totality or its relation, its origins, its setting, its objects, its ethical significance, its economic problems, its life conditions, its financial sides, its ends, etc.” This view considers all aspects of the state as a powerful institution.

Essentially, these thinkers see the state as the main actor and focus of all political life and study. They examine its structures, functions, and the moral principles behind its existence. This traditional perspective sees the state as a single, unified entity.
In simple words: Political Science, for many thinkers like Garner, is all about studying the state – its history, what it does now, and what it should be.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining Political Science as the study of the state, remember to cite Garner's concise definition and briefly explain how other scholars elaborate on this focus.

 

Question 2. Define Political Science as the study of government.
Answer: Several political thinkers, such as Sir John Seeley, Leacock, and Paul Janet, have defined Political Science as the study of government. This perspective emphasizes the executive, legislative, and judicial bodies that administer the state. For these scholars, understanding the structure, functions, and processes of government is paramount.

Paul Janet, for instance, stated, "Political Science is that part of social science which deals with the foundation of the state and principles of the governments.” This definition highlights the inseparable link between the state and its governing principles. They believe that without government, the state cannot function or achieve its objectives. Therefore, studying how power is exercised, laws are made, and policies are implemented through the government forms the core of Political Science from this viewpoint. It also involves analyzing the various forms of government and their effectiveness.

In simple words: For thinkers like Seeley and Leacock, Political Science is mainly about studying the government – how it's set up and how it works.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining Political Science as the study of government, mention key thinkers like Seeley and Leacock and explain the focus on governmental structures and functions.

 

Question 3. "Political Science is the study of both state and government" explain.
Answer: Some political thinkers argue that Political Science must study both the state and the government, as these two entities are interdependent and cannot be understood in isolation. The state is an abstract concept, representing the community or the organized political society, while the government is its concrete, operational agency—the instrument through which the state's will is expressed and carried out.

• According to R.N. Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the state and organisation of the government.” This implies that both entities are crucial for a complete understanding.
• Demock noted, “Political Science is concerned with the state and its means and government.” This shows that the government acts as the means for the state's objectives.
• Paul Janet further defined it as, "Political Science is that part of social science which deals with the foundation of the state and principles of the government."

It is clear that the government is essential for the state to achieve its purposes. Similarly, a government cannot exist or have authority without a state. Therefore, Political Science provides a comprehensive understanding by examining the nature of the state, its historical development, and the organization and functions of the government that operates within it. This dual focus offers a holistic view of political reality.
In simple words: Political Science studies both the state (the larger community) and the government (the group that runs it), because they depend on each other to work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the symbiotic relationship between the state (abstract entity) and the government (concrete agency) and cite scholars who support this dual focus.

 

Question 4. Analyse the concept of Political Science as the study of state, government and man.
Answer: Many definitions of Political Science acknowledge the importance of the state and government but also recognize that the study would be incomplete without including man. Man is a vital component of the state and government, as political life ultimately revolves around human actions, decisions, and behaviors. Different social sciences study various aspects of human life, and Political Science specifically examines the political dimension. The state and government create, control, and organize the political aspects of man's life, and in turn, man's actions and choices significantly influence the state and the government.

• Laski states, "The study of politics concerns itself with the life of man in relation to organised states." This shows the human element within the state framework.
• Gettell notes, “Political science studies human life as a political unit.” This highlights man as a fundamental unit of political analysis.
• Herman Heller suggests, "The universal form of political science is determined by the past fundamental beliefs related to man."

Therefore, Political Science examines the interplay between these three elements: the institutional framework of the state, the operational mechanisms of the government, and the political behavior and motivations of individuals. This holistic approach ensures a thorough understanding of political phenomena, from abstract concepts to practical implications for human societies. It acknowledges that human beings are not just passive subjects but active participants who shape and are shaped by politics.
In simple words: Political Science looks at the state, government, and people because people are a key part of how the state and government work and change.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing this concept, explain how man is not just a subject but an active participant whose political behavior influences and is influenced by the state and government.

 

Question 6. Modern Political Science is the study of Power.How? Explain.
Answer: The concept of power has been central to political thought for centuries, but modern political scholars, especially behaviorists, consider power as the basic element of Political Science. Thinkers like Catlin, Lasswell, Max Webber, and Merriam view power as the fundamental force that binds Political Science together. They argue that politics, at its core, is about who gets power, how they use it, and what impact it has.

Catlin, for example, considered Political Science as a science of power. Lasswell's definition further emphasizes this, stating, “The concept of power is the most fundamental in the whole Political Science, while political process is study of distribution, use and effect of power.” This means that Political Science examines:

• How individuals and groups acquire power.
• The various ways power is exercised (e.g., coercion, influence, authority).
• The consequences and effects of power on society and decision-making.

In this way, the study of power becomes a basic and fundamental concept in modern Political Science, helping to explain political conflicts, cooperation, and policy outcomes. It shifts the focus from formal institutions to the underlying dynamics of control and influence.

In simple words: Modern Political Science studies power because it's seen as the main thing that drives politics, looking at who gets power, how they use it, and what happens because of it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how modern Political Science treats power as the central, unifying concept, and explain the aspects of power it investigates (acquisition, exercise, distribution, effects).

 

Question 7. What is meant by Political system? Explain.
Answer: A political system refers to the set of interactions and institutions through which authoritative decisions are made and implemented for a society. David Easton defined it as "an authoritative allocation of values in any society.” This concept is much broader than just the state, government, or constitution.

A political system includes:

• Formal organizations: Like parliaments, courts, and bureaucracies.
• Informal elements: Such as political parties, interest groups, public opinion, and cultural norms that influence decision-making.

Modern thinkers like David Easton and Almond consider Political Science as the study of the political system. While state and governance emphasize the formal and legal aspects of political life, the political system approach attempts to uncover political truths by looking beyond formal structures into the real roots of these legal studies. It examines inputs (demands and support from society) and outputs (policies and decisions) to understand how a system functions and adapts. This holistic view helps explain the complex interactions that shape political outcomes. It is a dynamic and interconnected framework.

In simple words: A political system is how a society makes official decisions and manages important things, including both formal government and informal groups that affect these choices.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the political system, emphasize its broader scope beyond formal institutions and its focus on authoritative decision-making and interaction.

 

Question 8. Perform a comparative study of traditional and modem definitions of Political Science.
Answer: A comparative study of traditional and modern definitions of Political Science reveals significant differences in their focus, methods, and scope.

Traditional Definitions:

• Focus: Primarily on the state, government, and formal institutions. Thinkers like Garner saw Political Science as beginning and ending with the state.
• Nature: Often considered an 'Art' or a branch of philosophy, emphasizing what 'ought to be' (normative approach).
• Methods: Used philosophical, historical, and legal methods. Reliance on speculation, deduction, and study of historical texts.
• Scope: Limited to the study of formal organizations like the state, government, and law.

Modern Definitions:

• Focus: Broader, including political behavior of man, power, influence, decision-making, and the political system. Thinkers like Lasswell and Kaplan defined Political Science as the study of shaping and sharing of power.
• Nature: Strives to be a 'Science', emphasizing what 'is' (empirical approach), objective analysis, and value-free research.
• Methods: Emphasizes inter-disciplinary and experiential methods, statistical analysis, and scientific inquiry (e.g., behavioralism).
• Scope: Includes both formal organizations and informal elements that affect politics, such as interest groups, public opinion, and political culture.

In essence, traditional Political Science was normative, institutional, and historical, while modern Political Science is empirical, behavioral, and analytical. Modern approaches seek to explain political phenomena scientifically and predict outcomes, moving beyond mere description of institutions. They are more practical and realistic, incorporating insights from other social sciences to understand the complexities of political life.
In simple words: Traditional Political Science looked at governments and what they should be, using history and ideas. Modern Political Science looks at how people actually act in politics and tries to study it like a science.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing, clearly outline the differing focus (state vs. behavior/power), nature (art/philosophy vs. science), methods (historical/philosophical vs. empirical/interdisciplinary), and scope (formal vs. formal+informal) for both traditional and modern views.

 

Question 9. Political Science is not a science. Why?
Answer: Many thinkers, including Buckle, Comte, Maitland, and Burke, argue that Political Science is not a science due to several key reasons:

1. Lack of universal concepts: Unlike natural sciences, Political Science struggles to establish universally accepted definitions and concepts. Terms like 'democracy' or 'justice' can have different meanings across cultures and contexts.
2. Differences regarding meaning, definition and study methods: There is no single, agreed-upon way to define or study Political Science, leading to varied approaches and interpretations that lack the uniformity found in scientific disciplines.
3. Observation and experiments are not possible: Political phenomena are complex, dynamic, and occur in real-world settings, making controlled laboratory experiments impractical or impossible. Political events cannot be easily replicated or manipulated.
4. It is not possible to measure political activities: Human behavior, motivations, and political outcomes are often subjective and qualitative, making precise quantitative measurement difficult, unlike physical phenomena.
5. Lack of fixed and continuous theories: Political theories often evolve and are subject to change, lacking the enduring, consistent laws found in natural sciences. Human behavior is too unpredictable for fixed theories.
6. Difference in nature of subject matter: The subject matter of Political Science—living, emotional human beings and their ever-changing behavior—is fundamentally different from the inanimate, predictable objects of natural science.
7. Hard to establish cause-effect relationship: It is difficult to isolate variables and establish clear, consistent cause-and-effect relationships in politics due to the multitude of influencing factors and the complexity of human interaction.
8. Lack of absolute and fixed predictions: Political Science can offer probabilities or forecasts, but it cannot make absolute and fixed predictions with the certainty of natural sciences due to the unpredictable nature of human choices and unforeseen events.

These arguments highlight the inherent challenges in applying a purely scientific model to the study of politics, which is deeply intertwined with human values, ethics, and unpredictable behavior.
In simple words: Political Science is often not seen as a true science because it's hard to do experiments, measure things exactly, make clear predictions, or agree on universal ideas, mainly because it studies changing human behavior.

🎯 Exam Tip: When arguing against Political Science as a science, emphasize its unique subject matter (human behavior), the difficulty of experimentation, and the absence of universally fixed laws or precise measurements.

 

Question 10. Political Science is a science. Give arguments in favour of this statement.
Answer: Many political scholars, including Bodin, Hobbes, Laski, and Bluntschli, argue that Political Science is indeed a science. Aristotle even called it the "supreme science." The main arguments in favor of Political Science being a science are:

• Systematic and organised study: Political Science employs systematic methods of data collection, analysis, and theory building. It organizes its knowledge logically, forming a coherent body of study, similar to other social sciences.
• Observation and experiments are possible: While not laboratory experiments, Political Science uses observational methods (e.g., case studies, surveys, statistical analysis of elections) and "natural experiments" (comparing different political systems or policy outcomes). Historical events can also serve as data for analysis.
• Acceptable universal methods and conclusions are possible: Despite complexity, Political Science seeks to identify generalizable patterns and principles, such as the relationship between democracy and stability, or power dynamics. Universal statements, like Lord Acton's on power corrupting, hold across various contexts.
• It is possible to establish cause-effect relationship: Political Science aims to explain political phenomena by identifying causal links (e.g., how economic conditions can lead to political unrest or how specific policies affect social outcomes), even if these relationships are complex and probabilistic.
• Ability of prediction: Based on observed patterns and theoretical models, Political Science can make informed predictions about political trends, election outcomes, and potential impacts of policies, though with less certainty than natural sciences.
• Data and facts are also used for this purpose: Political scientists collect empirical data (e.g., voting statistics, public opinion polls, economic indicators) to test hypotheses and draw evidence-based conclusions, moving beyond mere speculation.

These arguments suggest that while Political Science differs from natural sciences in its subject matter and methods, it adheres to scientific principles of systematic inquiry, empirical evidence, and the pursuit of generalizable knowledge, making it a social science.
In simple words: Political Science is a science because it studies things in an organized way, uses observation, tries to find causes and effects, and can make predictions, just like other sciences do.

🎯 Exam Tip: When arguing for Political Science as a science, highlight its systematic methodology, empirical observation, search for causal relationships, and capacity for generalizable findings, acknowledging it as a social science.

 

Question 11. Political Science is an art. Explain.
Answer: Political Science is considered an art not only a science due to its practical application and value-oriented nature. Ancient thinkers like Brihaspati, Manu, Shukra, Kautilya, and Plato recognized Political Science as an art of governance. For a subject to be considered an art, it typically requires two features:

1. Application of theoretical knowledge in practice: Political Science provides theoretical frameworks, principles, and historical lessons that can be applied by leaders, policymakers, and citizens to effectively govern, manage conflicts, and make informed decisions. For example, understanding the principles of diplomacy (a concept from Political Science) is crucial for a statesman to negotiate international treaties successfully.
2. Value-orientation for comfortable life: Political Science aims to improve human life by guiding towards better governance, justice, and social well-being. It deals with values, ideals, and ethics to create a more harmonious and comfortable society. The main purpose of making human life more comfortable lies behind these efforts, emphasizing the normative aspect of politics.

Political Science uses its theoretical knowledge to guide the art of governance and execute policies through administrative organizations. It not only studies past and present political life but also strives to shape future political realities by incorporating values and ethics. Therefore, the practical aspect of Political Science, focused on achieving the "good life" for humanity, can be termed an art. It’s about skilled application of knowledge to achieve desired societal outcomes.
In simple words: Political Science is an art because it teaches how to put political ideas into practice to govern well and make people's lives better.

🎯 Exam Tip: To explain Political Science as an art, focus on its practical application of knowledge in governance and its pursuit of value-based outcomes for societal improvement.

 

Question 12. Which topics should be included in the scope of Political science as per UNESCO ?
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Explain the scope of Political Science from the point of view of UNESCO. Which topics were included in the scope of Political Science during the Paris Conference of UNESCO ?
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Which type of subject matter can be included is the scope of traditional Political Science according to UNESCO ?
Answer: According to the Paris Conference of UNESCO in 1948, the following topics should be included in the scope of Political Science:

1. Political theories: This includes the study of political thought, ideologies, and concepts like justice, liberty, and equality.
2. Political institutions: This covers the study of constitutions, national government (executive, legislative, judicial), regional and local government, and public administration.
3. Political parties, groups, and public opinion: This involves studying how political parties function, the role of pressure groups, and the formation and influence of public opinion.
4. International relations: This includes the study of international politics, international law, international organizations, and international administration.

These categories ensure a comprehensive study of Political Science, covering both internal and external political dynamics, theoretical foundations, and practical applications. The UNESCO framework provides a globally recognized structure for the discipline, encompassing various aspects of political life and governance. It represents an inclusive approach, reflecting the diverse elements that shape political systems worldwide.
In simple words: UNESCO says Political Science should include studying political ideas, government bodies, political parties and public opinions, and how countries interact with each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the four broad categories (Political Theories, Political Institutions, Political Parties/Groups/Public Opinion, International Relations) outlined by UNESCO for the scope of Political Science.

 

Question 13. Which topics are included in the subject matter of traditional Political Science?
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Explain the scope of traditional Political Science.
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Explain the traditional view of scope of Political Science.
Answer: Following topics are included in the subject matter and scope of Political Science:

• Study of political life of man.
• Study of state.
• Study of government.
• Study of local, national and international problems.
• Study of political philosophies and ideologies.
• Study of political parties and pressure groups.
• Study of international relationships.
• Study of public administration.
• Study of diplomacy.
• Study of international organisations.
• Study of international laws.

In simple words: Traditional Political Science looks at specific areas like how people live politically, what the state and government do, local and international issues, and different political ideas. It also covers international relations and public management.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list at least five distinct areas to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the traditional scope.

 

Question 14. Explain the modern view of scope of Political Science.
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Explain the subject matter included in the scope of Political Science according to modern view.
Answer: According to the modern view, Political Science includes the following topics:

• Study of political behaviour of man.
• Study of various concepts.
• Study of struggle and consent regarding public problems.
• Inter-disciplinary study.
• Study of political processes.
• Study of power.
• Use of scientific methods.

In simple words: The modern approach to Political Science studies how people behave politically, different political ideas, conflicts and agreements, and uses methods from many subjects. It also looks at how political decisions are made, who has power, and uses scientific ways to study these things.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the shift from institutions to behavior and processes, highlighting the inter-disciplinary and scientific aspects.

 

Question 15. Explain any two differences in the scope of subject matter of Political Science under traditional and modern view.
Answer: The two main differences in the subject matter of Political Science between the traditional and modern views are:
1. **Difference in period:** The traditional view of Political Science was mainly accepted before the Second World War. The modern view developed after the Second World War and is accepted today.
2. **Difference in study methods:** The traditional view of Political Science uses philosophical, historical, and comparative methods for study. In contrast, the modern view uses scientific, comparative, practical, statistical, mathematical research, and inter-disciplinary study methods.
In simple words: The traditional way of studying politics came before World War II and used old methods like history and philosophy. The modern way came after World War II and uses new scientific, statistical, and mixed-subject methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the historical period and the type of research methods used by each view to highlight the contrast.

 

Question 16. Mention any two features of modern view of Political Science. Write any two features of modern Political Science.
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Write any two study methods of modern Political Science.
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Explain any two properties of Political Science that have developed after the Second World War.
Answer: Two features of the modern view of Political Science are:
1. **Realistic study:** It focuses on studying politics as it truly is, based on observable facts and behaviors.
2. **Behaviourism:** This approach emphasizes the scientific study of human political behavior, using data and empirical methods.
In simple words: Modern Political Science looks at politics in a very real way, focusing on how people actually behave in political situations and using scientific methods to study it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing features, use clear, concise terms like "realistic" and "behaviourism" and briefly explain their meaning.

 

Question 17. Mention any two differences in traditional Political Science and modern Political Science.
Answer: Two main differences between traditional and modern Political Science are:
1. **Difference in definition:** Traditional political thinkers see Political Science as the study of the state and government. Modern Political Science, however, includes not only the state and government but also human political behavior, power, influence, and decision-making processes.
2. **Difference in values:** Traditional political thinkers believe in the importance of values, ethics, and morality, supporting a philosophical view. Modern political thinkers, on the other hand, advocate for value-free study, aiming for scientific research without personal biases or moral judgments.
In simple words: Traditional Political Science focuses on the state and government and values morality, while modern Political Science looks at human political behavior, power, and decision-making, aiming for studies that are free from personal values.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the traditional focus on formal structures and values, versus the modern emphasis on political behavior and value-neutral scientific methods.