RBSE Solutions Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Presentation of Data

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Text Book Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which diagrams are used to compare two or more than two related numeric groups on basis of properties of time or place?
(a) Simple bar diagram
(b) Multiple-bar diagram
(c) Inter-segregated bar diagram
(d) Rectangular diagram
Answer: (b) Multiple-bar diagram
In simple words: When you need to compare different sets of data that are connected by time or place, like sales over several years, a multiple-bar diagram is the best way to show it. Each bar represents a different group, and they are shown side-by-side.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that simple bar diagrams are for one data set, while multiple-bar diagrams are ideal for comparing two or more related data sets clearly.

 

Question 2. In a circle, it is necessary to know:
(c) Radius
Answer: (c) Radius
In simple words: To draw any circle, you always need to know its radius, which is the distance from the center to any point on the edge of the circle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding basic geometric terms like radius, diameter, and circumference is crucial for drawing and analyzing circles correctly.

 

Question 3. What is circular diagram?
(a) A Radius
(b) Two-dimensional
(c) Three-dimensional
(d) All of the options
Answer: (b) Two-dimensional
In simple words: A circular diagram, also known as a pie chart, is a flat shape that shows how different parts make up a whole. It only has length and width, not depth, so it's two-dimensional.

🎯 Exam Tip: Circular diagrams, like all area diagrams, are considered two-dimensional because their visual representation covers an area, unlike line diagrams which are one-dimensional.

 

Question 4. If 40 percent of the women in India are literate, to show its proportion in circular diagrams the angle used will be:
(a) 60 degrees
(b) 72 degrees
(c) 144 degrees
(d) 40 degrees
Answer: (c) 144 degrees
In simple words: To find the angle for a part in a circular diagram, multiply the percentage of that part by 360 degrees. So, 40% of 360 degrees is 144 degrees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a full circle is \(360^\circ\). To convert a percentage to an angle for a pie chart, always multiply the percentage (as a decimal) by 360.

 

Question 5. In which series can mode be determined using frequency diagrams?
(a) Individual series
(b) Continuous series
(c) Discrete Series
(d) Exclusive series
Answer: (b) Continuous series
In simple words: The mode, which is the most frequent value, can be found using diagrams like histograms only when data is in a continuous series, where values flow smoothly without gaps.

🎯 Exam Tip: For continuous series, the mode is typically estimated from the highest bar in a histogram or the peak of a frequency polygon.

 

Question 6. What type of dimensional diagram:
(a) Bar diagram
Answer: (a) Bar diagram
In simple words: A bar diagram is a type of diagram that typically shows data using bars of different lengths, making it a one-dimensional representation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Bar diagrams are considered one-dimensional because only the length of the bars varies according to the data value, while their width remains constant.

 

Question 7. Graphical presentation is done:
(a) On plain paper
(b) On graph paper
(c) On Drawing sheet
(d) On any of these
Answer: (b) On graph paper
In simple words: Graphical presentations are usually made on graph paper. This special paper has a grid of lines that helps in accurately plotting points and drawing curves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Using graph paper ensures precision in plotting data points and drawing lines, which is essential for accurate graphical analysis.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is meant by Line diagram?
Answer: A line diagram is a simple, one-dimensional chart. It is used when a lot of item-values are related to a fact, and the difference between the smallest and largest values in the data set is small. These diagrams help to visualize trends easily.
In simple words: A line diagram shows data using lines. It is useful when you have many data points and the difference between the highest and lowest values is not very large.

🎯 Exam Tip: Line diagrams are particularly good for showing changes over time or trends, making it easy to see ups and downs in data.

 

Question 2. Through which diagram can mode be determined?
Answer: The mode can be found with the help of a frequency rectangular diagram, which is also called a histogram. This diagram helps to visually identify the class interval with the highest frequency, indicating the mode.
In simple words: You can find the mode using a frequency rectangular diagram, also known as a histogram. The tallest bar in the histogram shows the mode.

🎯 Exam Tip: To find the mode from a histogram, identify the bar with the greatest height, which represents the class interval with the highest frequency.

 

Question 3. Explain tabulation.
Answer: Tabulation is a method where data is arranged in an orderly way, using rows and columns. This helps to present information clearly and logically, making it easier to read and understand.
In simple words: Tabulation means organizing data into rows and columns in a neat and clear way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Tabulation is crucial for making large amounts of data concise and easy to compare, forming the backbone of data analysis.

3. Diagrammatic Representation of Data Items

 

Question 5. Write any four points about the utility of diagrams.
Answer: Here are four ways diagrams are useful:
1. They are **Attractive and Effective**, catching attention easily.
2. They provide a **Simple and Comprehensible presentation**, making complex data easy to understand.
3. They offer **Economy of labour and time**, as visuals are processed faster than text.
4. They are **Helpful in comparison**, allowing quick visual analysis between different data sets.
In simple words: Diagrams make data look good, are easy to understand, save time, and help us compare things quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing points, always use clear, concise language and try to begin each point with a strong descriptive phrase.

 

Question 6. Write the names of two-dimensional diagrams.
Answer: The names of two-dimensional diagrams are:
1. **Rectangular Diagram:** This uses rectangles where both length and width can vary to represent data.
2. **Square Diagram:** This uses squares, with the area of each square representing data values.
In simple words: Two types of diagrams that show data using both length and width are rectangular diagrams and square diagrams.

🎯 Exam Tip: Two-dimensional diagrams are also known as area diagrams because they represent data through the area they occupy, not just length.

 

Question 7. Construct a frequency rectangular diagram (histogram).
Answer:
In simple words: A frequency rectangular diagram, or histogram, shows how often different numbers appear in a dataset. It uses bars where the width represents a range of numbers and the height shows how many times numbers in that range appear.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing a histogram, ensure there are no gaps between the bars in a continuous series, as this indicates continuous data.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Clarify the difference between tabulation and classification.
Answer: Here are the differences between Tabulation and Classification:
1. **Starting Point:** Classification is the first step where unorganized data is sorted into different groups. Tabulation then takes this classified data and puts it into tables.
2. **Grouping:** In classification, collected data items are grouped into various classes or series based on how similar or different they are. In contrast, tabulation presents these already classified facts in an organized way using rows and columns.
3. **Method:** Classification is a tool for statistical analysis, helping to make sense of raw data. Tabulation is a way to present this data clearly, making it easy to read.
4. **Structure:** Data items in classification are divided into larger classes and smaller sub-classes. In tabulation, these sorted data items are placed under clear headings and sub-headings within the table structure.
In simple words: Classification sorts data into groups, while tabulation puts that sorted data into tables with rows and columns. Classification is about grouping, tabulation is about showing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that classification is about creating logical categories, and tabulation is about the visual arrangement of those categories into a table format.

 

Question 2. What is the difference between diagrammatic and graphical presentation?
Answer:

In simple words: Diagrammatic presentation uses shapes like bars and circles, while graphical presentation uses points, lines, and curves. Diagrams are often simpler, while graphs help understand complex data better and save time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Diagrammatic presentations are generally easier for a common person to understand, while graphical presentations, though sometimes more complex, offer greater precision and detail.

 

Question 3. Which things should be kept in mind while drawing a graph?
Answer: To draw a clear and effective graph, keep the following in mind:
• **Accuracy:** Make sure the diagrams are drawn precisely. Incorrect or messy drawings can lead to wrong conclusions.
• **Suitable size:** The diagram should not be too big or too small. Its size should match the paper it's drawn on so it looks balanced and readable.
• **Index:** If you use different symbols, lines, colors, or shades in your diagram, explain what each one means in a small key at the bottom-right. This helps viewers understand the picture clearly.
• **Simplicity:** Keep the diagram simple and easy to understand. A simple design prevents confusion and helps the reader grasp the information quickly.
In simple words: When drawing a graph, make sure it is accurate, the right size, has a clear key for symbols, and is simple so everyone can understand it easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: A well-drawn graph should be self-explanatory, meaning someone can understand its message without needing much extra text.

 

Question 4. Explain any four points of utility of diagrams.
Answer: Here are four ways diagrams are useful:
• **Attractive and Effective:** Pictures grab attention and stay in our minds longer than plain text. They are eye-catching and help people quickly understand information, especially concepts that might be hard to grasp with just numbers.
• **Comparison:** Diagrams make it easy to compare different facts visually. A picture-based comparison is often much clearer and more impactful than comparing numbers alone.
• **Extensive use:** Statistical diagrams are widely used in many areas of life, from business reports to scientific studies, because they simplify complex data.
In simple words: Diagrams are good because they are attractive, help compare things easily, are used everywhere, and leave a strong impression on your mind.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the utility of diagrams, focus on how they enhance understanding and communication of complex data.

 

Question 5. On which basis can tables be classified?
Answer: Tables can be sorted in different ways:
• **According to Objective:** Some tables have a general purpose and no specific goal (called general-objective or reference tables). Others are made for a particular reason, like showing specific analysis, and are called special objective tables (or concise/analytical tables).
• **According to Originality:** Primary tables show data exactly as it was first collected. Derived tables show data that has been processed or calculated, like percentages or ratios, from the original information.
• **According to Construction:** Tables can be simple, showing data based on only one feature (like population by age). They can also be complex, showing data based on multiple features (like population by age, gender, and literacy combined), and these can be dual-property, triple-property, or multi-property.
In simple words: Tables can be sorted by their purpose (general or specific), by where the data comes from (original or calculated), and by how many things they show (simple or complex).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three main ways to classify tables: by purpose, by whether the data is raw or processed, and by how many characteristics they display.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Clarify the meaning of tabulation. Which are the various parts of table? Which rules should be kept in mind while constructing a table?
Answer: **Meaning of Tabulation:** Tabulation is the process of putting classified data into tables to make it simple and short. It means arranging data in an orderly way, using rows and columns. According to Prof. H. Secrist, "Tables are a means of recording in permanent form the analysis that is made through classification and of placing in juxtaposition things that are similar and should be compared."

**Main parts of a table:**
• **Table number:** Each table should have a number so it can be easily found. This number is usually at the very top of the table.
• **Title/Heading:** The title explains what the table is about. It should be clear, short, and written in simple language, placed near the table number.
• **Stubs and captions:** Stubs are titles for the rows (the horizontal lines of data), and captions are headings for the columns (the vertical lines of data). These help explain what each row and column contains.
• **Main body of the table:** This is the most important part, where all the actual facts and data are presented. Its layout depends on the type and amount of data.
• **Drawing lines and leaving blank spaces:** How a table looks depends on how well lines are drawn and how blank spaces are used. Lines can be short or thick, and colors can be used, all depending on the data.
• **Arrangement of Items:** Data items should be arranged in a way that makes the table appealing and useful. Items that need to be compared should be placed close together.
• **Unit of measurement:** If all numbers in the table use the same unit (like "kilograms" or "numbers of people"), that unit should be written with the table's title.
• **Footnotes:** If some important information or special explanation about the data is needed, it should be added as a footnote at the bottom of the table.
• **Source:** To make the data trustworthy, the source or origin of the information in the table should be mentioned at the end.

**Rules for constructing a table:**
• **Columns and rows:** Before making the table, decide how many columns and rows are needed, based on the goal and available information. Serial numbers should be added to columns.
• **Comparison:** Data that needs to be compared should be placed close together in the table. Derived values, like percentages, should also be near their original data for easy comparison.
• **Lines:** Important information should be highlighted using thicker or deeper lines around its cells to draw the reader's attention.
• **Arrangement of items:** Items should be arranged in the table based on their importance, size, alphabetical order, or time. More important data should be in main columns, and less important data in trailing columns.
• **Special Importance:** To make important information stand out, it should be written in bold or thicker numbers.
• **Footnotes:** If any necessary information is left out, or if a special explanation is needed about a data item, a footnote should be provided below the table.
• **Sources:** The origin of the data presented in the table should be clearly mentioned at the bottom.
In simple words: Tabulation means putting data into tables. Tables have parts like numbers, titles, rows, and columns. When making a table, you need to plan rows and columns, place similar data together, use clear lines, arrange items well, and add notes or sources if needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: For full marks, remember to define tabulation, list all major parts of a table, and explain key rules for construction, such as clarity, conciseness, and comparability.

 

Question 2. Construct an empty table to present the population distribution on the basis of education, employment and gender in a city.
Answer: Distribution of population on the basis of Education, Employment and Gender

In simple words: To show city population by education, jobs, and gender, you make a table with columns for Education, Employment, and Gender, leaving it empty for data to be filled in.

🎯 Exam Tip: When constructing an empty table, clearly define the column headers and row categories relevant to the data you intend to present.

 

Question 3. Give a brief description of various kinds of diagrams that are used generally for the presentation of statistical facts.
Answer: Here are various types of diagrams commonly used to show statistical facts:
• **Line Diagrams:** These are one-dimensional diagrams. They are used when you have many data points related to a fact, and the difference between the lowest and highest values is small. Lines are drawn with equal spacing, and their vertical length shows each item's value. These are not very thick and are less visually striking, but good for comparisons.
• **Simple Bar Diagrams:** These are also one-dimensional. They are used when there are fewer item-values. Unlike line diagrams, bar diagrams have a width, which makes them more attractive. The height of the bars shows the item-values, and all bars have equal widths and equal spacing between them. They can be vertical or horizontal and are good for individual, time, or place-based series.
• **Rectangular Diagrams:** These are two-dimensional diagrams. While one-dimensional diagrams only consider length, rectangular diagrams consider both height and width. Their areas are proportional to the item-values, so they are also called surface or area diagrams. They are used to compare two or more quantities and come in types like percentage inter-segregated and divided rectangular diagrams.
• **Circular or Pie Diagram:** These are two-dimensional diagrams, similar to square diagrams. To create them, the square roots of the data values are found, and the radii of circles are calculated based on these square roots. Circles are drawn to represent the data, making it easy to see proportions.
In simple words: We use different diagrams to show data. Line diagrams show changes over time, bar diagrams compare different items, rectangular diagrams show data using shapes with length and width, and circular (pie) diagrams show parts of a whole.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know when to use each type of diagram: line for trends, bar for comparisons of discrete categories, rectangular for area-based comparisons, and circular for proportional shares.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Objective Type Questions

 

Question 1. Bar-Diagram
(a) One-dimensional diagram
(b) Two-dimensional diagram
(c) Dimension-less diagram
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) One-dimensional diagram
In simple words: A bar diagram is called one-dimensional because only the length or height of the bar changes to show data, while its width stays the same.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between one-dimensional (length/height variation only) and two-dimensional (area variation) diagrams for better understanding.

 

Question 2. You can get the following information graphically from the data presented through the rectangle diagram
(a) Mean
(b) Mode
(c) Median
(d) All of the options
Answer: (b) Mode
In simple words: From a rectangle diagram, or histogram, you can visually find the mode, which is the value or range that appears most often in the data.

🎯 Exam Tip: The mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be directly estimated from a histogram by identifying the tallest bar.

 

Question 3. By the archway, the situation of the following can be known in graphical form,
(a) Mode
(b) Mean
(c) Median
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) Median
In simple words: The median, which is the middle value in a data set, can be found graphically by using an archway method on a cumulative frequency curve (ogive).

🎯 Exam Tip: The median, quartiles, and other positional values are typically found using ogives, not standard bar or rectangular diagrams.

 

Question 4. What type of arithmetic line diagram helps explain the following:
(a) Long-term tendency
Answer: (a) Long-term tendency
In simple words: An arithmetic line diagram is very good at showing how data changes over a long period, helping us see its long-term tendency or trend.

🎯 Exam Tip: Line diagrams are particularly useful for visualizing trends and patterns in data over continuous periods, making long-term changes evident.

 

Question 5. The simplest form of graphical presentation
(a) Simple Bar Diagram
(b) Square Diagram
(c) Circular Diagram
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Simple Bar Diagram
In simple words: A simple bar diagram is often considered the easiest way to show data visually because it uses straightforward bars to represent different values.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simple bar diagrams are excellent for representing categorical data and making basic comparisons between discrete groups.

 

Question 6. Graphical presentation of data is useful because
(a) These are attractive and effective
(b) These are helpful in comparative study.
(c) It makes the facts simple and intelligible.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Graphical presentations are useful because they look good, help compare things, and make complex facts easy to understand. All these reasons make them very helpful.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about the benefits of graphical presentation, remember its ability to simplify, engage, and facilitate comparisons effectively.

 

Question 7. Mode is calculated
(a) By the Bar Diagram
(b) By the Square Diagram
(c) By the Cumulative Frequency Curve or Ogive
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) By the Square Diagram
In simple words: The mode, which is the most frequent value, can be found using certain diagrams like a square diagram or histogram, where the height of the bars shows frequency.

🎯 Exam Tip: While histograms are standard for mode estimation, specific diagrams like "square diagrams" might also be used in certain contexts to visualize frequency distributions and locate the mode.

 

Question 8. When a table gives two types of information, then it is called
(a) Simple Table
(b) Two-dimensional series
(c) Incomplete series

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that tables are classified by the complexity of information they present. A table showing two types of information would be a form of complex table, specifically a dual-property table.

 

Question 9. An appropriate diagram of displaying data related to the number of allopathic and homoeopathic physicians registered in six different regions
(a) Line Graph
(b) Square Diagram
(c) Pie Diagram
(d) Double Bar Diagram
Answer: (d) Double Bar Diagram
In simple words: To compare two different types of doctors (allopathic and homoeopathic) across six regions, a double bar diagram is best. It allows you to see both types side-by-side for each region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use double bar diagrams for comparing two related sets of data across multiple categories, ensuring clear differentiation between the two sets (e.g., using different colors or patterns).

 

Question 10. Are rectangle diagrams and column diagrams the same methods for presenting data?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) Cannot be said
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Yes
In simple words: Yes, rectangle diagrams and column diagrams are generally the same. Both use rectangular bars to show data, where the length of the bar represents the value.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that "rectangle diagram" and "column diagram" (or bar diagram) often refer to the same type of visual representation in data presentation.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is tabulation?
Answer: Tabulation is the act of arranging data in a structured manner, using columns and rows. This systematic arrangement helps to organize and display information clearly.
In simple words: Tabulation is putting data into neat columns and rows.

🎯 Exam Tip: For definitions, provide a clear and concise explanation that highlights the core function of the term, such as organizing data systematically.

 

Question 2. What is a complex table?
Answer: A complex table is a table designed to show more than one quality or feature of the data at the same time. This allows for a deeper and more detailed analysis.
In simple words: A complex table shows many different details about data at once.

🎯 Exam Tip: Complex tables are used when simple categories are insufficient and multiple variables need to be analyzed simultaneously.

 

Question 3. What are the main parts of a table?
Answer: One main part of a table is its **Title/Heading**. This briefly describes what the table is about, making its content immediately understandable.
In simple words: A key part of a table is its title, which tells you what information is inside.

🎯 Exam Tip: A good table title should be concise, informative, and clearly state the subject, time period, and geographic area covered by the data.

 

Question 5. What is Multi-Bar Diagram?
Answer: A multi-bar diagram is a type of chart that uses several bars grouped together to show data for two or more facts. It helps in comparing different but related sets of information side-by-side.
In simple words: A multi-bar diagram uses groups of bars to compare two or more different things at once.

🎯 Exam Tip: Multi-bar diagrams are excellent for comparing multiple variables across different categories or periods, such as sales figures for various products over several quarters.

 

Question 6. What is Circular Diagram?
Answer: A circular diagram, also known as a pie chart, is a visual representation where a circle is divided into different sections. Each section shows the relative value or proportion of a specific part compared to the whole.
In simple words: A circular diagram, or pie chart, is a circle cut into pieces, where each piece shows how big a part is compared to the whole.

🎯 Exam Tip: Circular diagrams are best used to illustrate proportions and percentages of a whole, rather than comparing individual values across different categories.

 

Question 7. State the two characteristics of Bar Diagram.
Answer: Here are two characteristics of a bar diagram:
1. **Length varies:** The length of each bar changes directly according to the value it represents.
2. **Equal distances:** All the bars are placed at equal spaces from each other.
In simple words: In a bar diagram, the length of the bars shows the numbers, and all bars are placed with the same space in between.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always ensure uniform width and equal spacing between bars to maintain visual clarity and avoid misinterpretation.

 

Question 8. Explain a characteristic of tabulation.
Answer: A key characteristic of tabulation is that it provides a **simple and brief presentation** of data. By organizing information into rows and columns, complex data becomes easy to understand and quick to read.
In simple words: Tabulation makes data easy to see and short to read.

🎯 Exam Tip: The main goal of tabulation is to condense large datasets into a clear, concise format, making data analysis and comparison more efficient.

 

Question 9. In how many ways is data usually presented?
Answer: Data is typically presented in three main ways: as text, in tables, and using diagrams or graphs. Each method serves a different purpose for clarity and impact.
In simple words: Data is usually shown in three ways: by writing it down, by putting it in tables, or by drawing pictures like graphs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the three fundamental methods of data presentation: textual, tabular, and diagrammatic/graphical, and choose the most appropriate one for your data.

 

Question 11. Into how many types have the tables been divided?
Answer: Tables have been divided into three main types.
In simple words: Tables are categorized into three groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three primary ways tables are classified for data organization.

 

Question 12. Into how many types have the tables been divided according to objectives?
Answer: Tables are divided into two types based on their objectives.
In simple words: When thinking about what a table is used for, there are two kinds.

🎯 Exam Tip: The purpose of a table helps determine its structure and details, leading to two main objective-based types.

 

Question 13. Into how many types have the tables been divided according to originality?
Answer: Tables are divided into two types based on their originality.
In simple words: There are two kinds of tables when you consider where the information originally came from.

🎯 Exam Tip: Originality refers to whether the data is raw (primary) or processed (derived), classifying tables into two groups.

 

Question 14. Explain two cautions which should keep in mind, when making tables?
Answer: When making tables, two important things to remember are:
1. The title must be clear, complete, and short.
2. The structure of rows and columns should be planned beforehand.
In simple words: When you make a table, first give it a clear name, then decide how its rows and columns will be set up.

🎯 Exam Tip: A well-planned table title and structure make it easy for anyone to understand the data.

 

Question 15. Write any one merit of diagrammatical presentation.
Answer: One benefit of using diagrams to show data is that they make the information simple and easy to understand.
In simple words: Diagrams help people understand information easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: Examiners look for keywords like "simple" and "understandable" when discussing the benefits of diagrams.

 

Question 16. How many types of statistical diagrams are there?
Answer: There are five types of statistical diagrams.
In simple words: There are five main ways to show statistical data using pictures.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the total number of diagram types is crucial for a complete understanding of data presentation.

 

Question 18. Which are the two methods of presenting data?
Answer: The two methods of presenting data are:
1. Diagrammatical Presentation
2. Graphical Presentation
In simple words: Data can be shown using either diagrams or graphs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between diagrammatic (bars, circles) and graphical (lines, curves) methods in your answer.

 

Question 19. What do you mean by diagrammatical presentation?
Answer: Diagrammatical presentation means showing data using visual forms like bars, different diagrams, or circular diagrams.
In simple words: It is about using pictures like bars or circles to show numbers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that diagrammatic presentation uses shapes (bars, circles) to represent data visually.

 

Question 20. What can be determined with the help of cumulative frequency curves?
Answer: The median can be determined with the help of cumulative frequency curves.
In simple words: These curves help us find the middle value of the data.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key takeaway is that cumulative frequency curves are used to calculate the median, not other averages.

 

Question 21. On which side does the 'less than' curve fall?
Answer: The 'less than' curve falls downwards.
In simple words: It goes down on the graph.

🎯 Exam Tip: Visualizing the direction of 'less than' and 'more than' ogives is important for accuracy.

 

Question 22. On which side does the 'More than' curve fall?
Answer: The 'More than' curve rises upwards.
In simple words: It goes up on the graph.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast the upward direction of the 'more than' curve with the downward direction of the 'less than' curve.

 

Question 23. The point at which the 'less than' and 'more than' curves intersect each other, is called?
Answer: The point where the 'less than' and 'more than' cumulative frequency curves cross each other is called the median.
In simple words: The spot where these two lines meet on a graph shows the median value.

🎯 Exam Tip: This intersection point is a fundamental concept in graphically determining the median.

 

Question 25. For which data is the subjective or descriptive presentation useful?
Answer: The subjective or descriptive presentation method is useful for data that has a smaller amount of values.
In simple words: This way of showing data works best when there isn't much information to share.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that descriptive presentation is best for small datasets where detailed qualitative understanding is needed.

 

Question 26. Write three objectives of tabulation.
Answer: Here are three objectives of tabulation:
1. To show data items in an organized way.
2. To present data items in a short and fixed format.
3. To make the problem clearer and easier to understand.
In simple words: Tabulation helps organize data, make it brief, and simplify problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on clarity, conciseness, and structured presentation as key goals of tabulation.

 

Question 27. Explain any two points of importance of tabulation.
Answer: Here are two important points about tabulation:
1. Simplicity: Tables help to understand important information quickly and easily, removing the complexity of data.
2. Comparative Study: Similar data can be placed in rows next to each other, which makes it easy to compare them.
In simple words: Tabulation makes data simple to understand and easy to compare.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight how tabulation streamlines data for quick grasp and effective comparisons.

 

Question 28. What is table number?
Answer: A table number is a unique identification given to a table. It should be written at the very top of the table.
In simple words: It's like a name tag for a table, placed at the top so you know which table it is.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always include a table number for clear referencing and organization in any report or presentation.

 

Question 30. What is simple table?
Answer: A simple table is one where data items are shown based on only one property or characteristic.
In simple words: A simple table shows information about just one feature of the data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "simple" in table context refers to analyzing a single characteristic of the data.

 

Question 31. What should be kept in mind to make the diagrams attractive and effective?
Answer: To make diagrams attractive and effective, these points should be kept in mind:
1. Make them appealing and tidy.
2. Ensure they are accurate.
3. Use an appropriate size.
4. Include proper headings and footnotes.
5. Carefully select the type of measurement.
In simple words: To make good diagrams, they should be neat, correct, the right size, have clear labels, and use the right measurements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Good diagrams are visually appealing, precise, clearly labeled, and appropriately sized for impact.

 

Question 32. When are the line diagrams used?
Answer: Line diagrams are used when there are many data values related to a fact, and the difference between the smallest and largest values in the series is small. This helps to show trends over time.
In simple words: Line diagrams are used when you have a lot of numbers for something and the numbers don't change too much, helping to see how things change over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Line diagrams are ideal for illustrating trends and variations over time, especially when dealing with continuous data.

 

Question 33. When are the simple bar diagrams made?
Answer: Simple bar diagrams are made when there are fewer data values related to a fact.
In simple words: We use simple bar diagrams when we don't have many pieces of information to show.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simple bar diagrams are best for comparing a few distinct categories or individual data points clearly.

 

Question 34. When are the segregated rectangular diagrams used?
Answer: Segregated rectangular diagrams are used to show facts that vary but are related to each other in a visual way.
In simple words: These diagrams are used to show different, but connected, pieces of information side-by-side.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that segregated rectangular diagrams highlight comparisons between related but distinct categories.

 

Question 36. When are the frequency rectangular diagrams used?
Answer: Frequency rectangular diagrams are used to show data from continuous series.
In simple words: These diagrams are used to show information that changes smoothly over time or a range.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that frequency rectangular diagrams (histograms) are specifically for continuous data distributions.

 

Question 37. What is the meaning of frequency polygon?
Answer: A frequency polygon is a multi-sided diagram created using item values or mid-points and their corresponding frequencies. It helps visualize the shape of a distribution.
In simple words: It's a many-sided shape made by joining points that show how often different numbers appear.

🎯 Exam Tip: A frequency polygon connects the midpoints of the tops of the bars in a histogram to show the data distribution.

 

Question 38. How can the frequency curve be presented?
Answer: A frequency curve can be presented easily by smoothly drawing a line that passes closest to the points (vertices) of a frequency polygon.
In simple words: You can draw a smooth line near the points of a frequency polygon to make a frequency curve.

🎯 Exam Tip: A frequency curve is essentially a smoothed version of a frequency polygon, drawn freehand.

 

Question 39. In which form is the grouped frequency distribution presented?
Answer: A grouped frequency distribution can be presented in several forms, including a frequency rectangular diagram, a frequency polygon, a frequency curve, or a cumulative frequency curve.
In simple words: Grouped data can be shown using diagrams with rectangles, lines, or curves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be ready to name multiple visual methods (histogram, polygon, curves) for presenting grouped frequency data.

 

Question 40. What is percentage bar diagram?
Answer: A percentage bar diagram is a method where different parts of values are shown as percentages. To create it, a total value is assumed as 100, and then the percentage for each item is calculated and displayed.
In simple words: It's a bar chart that shows each part of a total as a percentage.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key feature of a percentage bar diagram is its representation of proportions, with all parts adding up to 100%.

 

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 2. What are the main forms of table?
Answer: The main forms of tables are:
1. Table according to objective (General or Special objectives)
2. Table according to originality (Primary or Derived Table)
3. Table according to construction (Simple or Complex Table)
Complex tables can be further divided into 3 types: dual-property, triple-property, and multi-property tables.
In simple words: Tables are grouped based on what they are for, where the data came from, and how they are built.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three main classification bases for tables: objective, originality, and construction, along with complex table subdivisions.

 

Question 3. Explain the different types of tables.
Answer: Tables are mainly classified based on three criteria:
1. **According to Objectives:**
- **General Objective Table:** Used for broad purposes, also called a reference table. It contains detailed data for various uses.
- **Special Objective Table:** Prepared for a specific purpose, usually smaller and presents summarized data, also known as a summary table.
2. **According to Originality:**
- **Primary Table:** Presents data in its original, raw form, exactly as collected.
- **Derived Table:** Contains data that has been processed or calculated, such as percentages, ratios, or averages.
3. **According to Construction:**
- **Simple Table:** Shows data based on only one characteristic or property.
- **Complex Table:** Displays data with more than one characteristic or relationship. These are further divided into:
- **Dual-Property Table:** Shows two characteristics of data.
- **Triple-Property Table:** Shows three characteristics of data.
- **Multi-Property Table:** Shows more than three characteristics of data.
In simple words: Tables are sorted by their goal (general or specific), if the data is raw or processed, and how complex their structure is (showing one, two, three, or many features).

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining table types, use clear examples for each category (e.g., student counts by class for simple, by class and gender for dual-property).

 

Question 4. State any four common rules of table formation.
Answer: Here are four common rules for creating tables:
1. The table's title should clearly state what the table is about.
2. The table should be of an appropriate size, neither too big nor too small.
3. The table should be simple and easy to understand.
4. The source from which the data was collected should be mentioned below the table.
In simple words: Always give your table a clear title, make it the right size, keep it easy to read, and mention where the information came from.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focusing on clarity, conciseness, and proper referencing ensures a well-formed and credible table.

 

Question 5. What do you understand by graphical presentation?
Answer: Graphical presentation means showing statistical data on graph paper using lines, dots, dashes, and curves. It is a way to display continuous data, time ranges, and frequency distributions. Graph lines are often called algebraic and geometrical alphabets.
In simple words: It's about using graphs with lines and curves on special paper to show numbers and how they change over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that graphical presentation primarily uses lines and curves on graph paper to show trends and distributions.

 

Question 7. Describe the merits of graphical presentation.
Answer: Here are some benefits of graphical presentation:
1. It makes data simple and easy to understand, showing only the most important facts.
2. Visuals like graphs are memorable and stay in mind longer than plain numbers.
3. Graphs are very appealing and effective, with a picture being worth a thousand words.
4. They allow for easy comparison of different facts.
5. Graphs can provide information and also be entertaining.
6. They help calculate averages like the median, mode, and quartiles.
7. Graphs can show the relationship or correlation between two different variables.
8. No special training is needed to understand graphs, making them accessible to everyone.
In simple words: Graphs make data easy to understand and remember, they look good, help compare things, and can even entertain. They also help find important numbers like the middle value, and you don't need special skills to read them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing merits, focus on how graphical presentations enhance understanding, retention, comparison, and analysis for a broad audience.

 

Question 8. What is the meaning of rectangular diagram?
Answer: Rectangular diagrams are two-dimensional diagrams that use both height and width to represent data. Their areas are proportional to the data values, which is why they are also known as surface or area diagrams. These are useful for comparing two or more quantities.
In simple words: Rectangular diagrams are like pictures that show numbers using both how tall and how wide they are, and the total space they take up shows how big the number is.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that rectangular diagrams (often similar to histograms or grouped bar charts) are two-dimensional and use area to represent data magnitude.

 

Question 9. Explain the process of constructing simple bar diagram with an example.
Answer: To create a simple bar diagram, data is shown using bars. These bars are usually arranged according to the size of the items they represent. For each data value, one bar is drawn, and its length is determined by that value. All bars must have the same width, and there should be uniform space between them. For example, if you want to show import data over several years, you would draw a bar for each year, with the height of the bar representing the import value for that year.
In simple words: To make a simple bar diagram, draw bars for each piece of data. Make all bars the same width and keep equal space between them, and the height of each bar shows its value.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key points for a simple bar diagram are equal bar width, equal spacing, and bar length proportional to the value represented.

 

Question 10. What is the meaning of multiple bar diagram?
Answer: A multiple bar diagram is used to represent two or more related data sets in a single diagram. For instance, it can show birth rates and death rates, or export and import figures. In this diagram, various bars are created for different facts, with bars related to the same place or time grouped together. Different shades, colors, dots, or crosshatch patterns are used to tell the bars apart. It is preferred when comparing two or more related variables.
In simple words: A multiple bar diagram uses groups of bars to compare several related things at once, like showing both exports and imports for the same year using different colored bars.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that multiple bar diagrams are for comparative analysis of several related variables, distinguished by different visual patterns within groups.

 

Question 12. Explain any five rules in the composition of the table. Or What things should be kept in mind while constructing a table?
Answer: When constructing a table, here are five important rules to keep in mind:
1. **Title/Heading:** Each table needs a clear, complete, and brief title that explains its subject, time period, and classification basis.
2. **Cells and Rows:** The number of columns and rows should be planned based on the table's purpose and available information. Serial numbers should mark columns, and titles should be clear, mentioning units of measurement.
3. **Comparison:** Data items that need to be compared should be placed close to each other in the table. Derived values like percentages or ratios should also be near their original values.
4. **Special Importance:** To draw attention to key information, it should be written in bold or thick numbers.
5. **Lines:** Important information should be placed in cells with thick and deep lines to make them stand out to the reader.
In simple words: When making a table, remember to give it a clear title, plan its rows and columns well, keep similar data close for easy comparison, use bold text for important numbers, and use thick lines to highlight key information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on clarity, logical arrangement, visual emphasis, and completeness (including units and clear headings) for effective table construction.

 

Question 13. Explain the four benefits/utility of the diagrammatical presentation of data.
Answer: Here are four benefits of presenting data using diagrams:
1. **Attractive and Effective:** Pictures make a lasting impression and quickly grab attention. They help understand subjects that numbers alone might not clearly show.
2. **Simple and Comprehensible Presentation:** Diagrams make complex, unorganized, or boring data easy to understand without much mental effort.
3. **Economy of Labor and Time:** Presenting data in diagrams saves time and effort, as complex information can be grasped quickly without tedious reading.
4. **Helpful in Comparison:** Diagrams make it easy to compare different facts visually, which is more effective than comparing numbers directly. For instance, comparing production data over years is clearer with a diagram.
In simple words: Diagrams are good because they look nice and catch your eye, make hard information easy to get, save time and work, and help you compare things quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how diagrams simplify understanding, aid memory, facilitate comparison, and save time, making them a powerful communication tool.

 

Question 4. How many types of complex tables are there? Explain each with examples.
Answer: Complex tables are divided into three types:
(i) Dual-Property Table: These tables show two characteristics of data. For example, the number of students in a college in 2009-10, grouped by class and gender, is shown below. This helps in comparing two different aspects at once.

(ii) Triple-Property Table: These tables display three properties of data. For instance, the number of students in a college in 2009-10, organized by class, gender, and where they live (residential status), falls into this category. This allows for a deeper analysis.

(iii) Multiple-Property Table: This type of table shows more than three characteristics of data. For example, a table could show college students in 2009-10 based on their class, gender, residence, and marital status. These tables provide a very detailed view of the data.

In simple words: Complex tables arrange information by two, three, or more different features, helping us see how different things are connected in the data.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining complex tables, always define each type (dual, triple, multiple-property) and provide a clear, simple example to illustrate it. Make sure the example tables are readable and correctly formatted.

 

Question 5. What do you mean by presentation of data by line diagram? What are its advantages and limitations? Explain.
Answer: A line diagram is a way to show statistical data on graph paper, often used for data that changes over time. It is also known as a Histogram Chain graph. Blair described it as the simplest, easiest, most flexible, and most common type of diagram.

The graphical presentation uses graph paper, with horizontal and vertical lines intersecting at right angles to form an X-axis and Y-axis. Positive and negative values are marked from the origin. Independent variables are typically on the horizontal axis, and dependent variables are on the vertical axis, with scales chosen independently.

Advantages of Graphical Presentation:

• Easy and Understandable: Graphical presentations simplify complex data, making it easy to understand. They highlight only the key facts.
• Attractive and Effective: Line diagrams are appealing and leave a lasting impression. It's often said a picture is worth a thousand words.
• No Special Training Needed: Anyone can understand data presented in a line diagram; no special knowledge or training in statistics is required.
• Long-Term Effect: Line diagrams are easy to remember and have a lasting impact on the mind.
• Easily Comparable: Data is simple to compare using these diagrams.
• Entertainment: Line diagrams make various topics interesting and enjoyable, providing both information and entertainment.
• Determination of Averages: You can use these diagrams to find averages like mode, median, and quartiles.
• Study of Correlation: They help in understanding the relationship between two variables.
• Misuse: Sometimes, facts are misrepresented in line diagrams, often seen in advertisements.

In simple words: Line diagrams show data on a graph, making it easy to see trends and compare information. They are simple to understand and remember, but sometimes they can be used to mislead people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about line diagrams, define them clearly, then list both their benefits (like ease of understanding and comparison) and their drawbacks (like potential for misuse).

 

Question 6. Explain the need and importance of diagrams in statistics.
Answer: Statistical facts presented as numbers can be hard for ordinary people to understand and don't always grab their interest. It's also difficult to compare different types of numerical data and draw conclusions. However, when this data is shown in diagrams, it becomes much easier for everyone to grasp the various facts. M.M. Blair noted that a "Linear arithmetic" can give information in just 5 minutes that would take many days to understand from a data-table.

The use of diagrams in statistics is therefore very important for these reasons:

• Makes Data Easy and Interesting: Diagrams present data simply and engagingly. They make all the features of the data clear. For instance, comparing the progress of two schools is simpler with diagrams.
• Saves Time and Effort: When data is shown in diagrams, it can be understood quickly without much mental effort, saving time and labor.
• Helpful for Comparison: Diagrams make it easy to compare various facts. Visual comparisons are often more effective than numerical ones. If production data for 8 years is shown in both a table and a diagram, the diagram makes comparison much simpler.
• No Special Knowledge Required: To understand a diagram, deep knowledge of statistics is not needed. Most people with common sense can understand them easily.
• Lasting Effects on the Mind: It's hard to remember numbers, but diagrams leave a strong, lasting impression on the mind.

In simple words: Diagrams are needed because they make complicated number data easy to understand, save time, help compare things, don't require special knowledge, and are easy to remember.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how diagrams simplify complex data and aid understanding. Highlight their benefits for quick comparison and accessibility to a wider audience.

 

Question 7. Describe the limitations of diagrammatic presentation.
Answer: Diagrammatic presentation is a powerful way to show statistical data, but it also has its limits. We must keep these in mind when using diagrams:

• Only Useful for Comparative Study: Diagrammatic presentation works well only when comparing at least two similar qualities. Making a diagram for a single, unconnected item doesn't make sense.
• Needs Equal Properties and Nature: Diagrams can be compared only if they are made using similar qualities. If they are based on different qualities, they can lead to wrong conclusions.
• Based on Approximate Values: Diagrams often rely on approximate values, so they might not show the exact reality of facts. They give an estimated view of the data.
• Hard to Show Small Differences: It's difficult to display very small differences between values using diagrams. They are also not good for showing large numbers with small variations.
• Cannot Show Many Properties: While tables can show many properties through classification and tabulation, diagrams can usually only show three or four properties at most.
• No Exact Numerical Presentation: Diagrams cannot show absolute quantitative accuracy. You can't get precise numbers from them.
• Can Be Misused: Diagrams are sometimes used unfairly by people to push their own agendas.
• Analysis Not Easy in the Future: If data is displayed through diagrams, it might be hard to analyze the situation or predict future trends based on them.

In simple words: Diagrams are good for general ideas, but they can't show exact details, compare very different things, or handle many facts at once. They can also be used to mislead people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing limitations, emphasize that diagrams are for broad understanding, not precise details. Mention their inability to show many variables or exact numerical accuracy.

 

Question 9. Write a comment on Frequency diagram.
Answer: Frequency diagrams visually represent data, particularly grouped frequency distributions. These diagrams help in understanding the spread and concentration of data. Common types of frequency diagrams include:

• Frequency Polygon: This is a multi-sided shape created by connecting the mid-points of item values (or mid-points of class intervals) and their frequencies. It's made by joining the top center points of the bars in a histogram. For continuous or discrete series, values are plotted on the X-axis and frequencies on the Y-axis. The first and last points are connected to the base line.
• Frequency Curve: This is a smooth curve derived from a frequency polygon. It's drawn by smoothly connecting points, usually freehand, that are close to the vertices of a frequency polygon. It might not pass through every point but aims to follow the general trend closely.
• Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve): This curve is plotted by taking the upper limits of class-intervals on the X-axis and their cumulative frequencies on the Y-axis. Ogives help in easily finding the median and other division values (like one-fourth, one-tenth, one-eighth, or one-hundredth).

There are two main types of Ogive curves:

1. Using upper limits of class-intervals and cumulative frequencies (less than).
2. Using lower limits of class-intervals and cumulative frequencies (more than).

In simple words: Frequency diagrams show how often different values appear in data. They include frequency polygons (connecting points with straight lines), frequency curves (smooth lines showing the trend), and ogives (showing cumulative totals).

🎯 Exam Tip: For comments on frequency diagrams, make sure to define the main types (polygon, curve, ogive) and briefly explain what each represents. Remember to mention their use in understanding data distribution.

 

Question 10. Create Frequency Polygon based on the following details of the marks obtained by students in the subject of Commerce.

Answer: The frequency polygon is created by first calculating the mid-points of each class interval. Then, these mid-points are plotted against their corresponding frequencies (number of students). The points are connected with straight lines to form the polygon.
In simple words: To make a frequency polygon, you find the middle point of each mark range. Then, you plot these middle points against how many students got those marks and connect the dots with straight lines to form a shape.

🎯 Exam Tip: When constructing a frequency polygon, ensure you plot points at the mid-value of each class interval. Close the polygon by connecting the first and last points to the x-axis at the mid-points of the imaginary preceding and succeeding zero-frequency intervals.

 

Question 11. Display the following data with a multi-bar diagram.

Answer: A multi-bar diagram is used to compare two or more related sets of data for different categories, like boy and girl students over several academic sessions. Each session gets a group of bars (one for boys, one for girls), allowing for easy comparison.

In simple words: This diagram uses groups of bars to show how many boy and girl students were in college each year. Each year has two bars, one for boys and one for girls, so you can easily compare them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing multi-bar diagrams, ensure that bars for the same category (e.g., boys) across different periods are distinct, and bars for different categories (boys vs. girls) within the same period are adjacent and clearly distinguishable by color or pattern. Always include a legend.

 

Question 12. Adarsh Vidya Niketan, Udaipur has 600 students, 350 students of the arts class, 150 commerce class and 100 students of science class. Present them in a class- wise pie diagram.
Answer: To create a pie diagram, we first calculate the proportion of each class to the total number of students, then convert these proportions into degrees (since a full circle is 360 degrees).

Since total 600 students are represented by \( 360^{\circ} \), we calculate the degrees for each class:
For Arts: \( \frac { 360 \times 350 }{ 600 } = 210^{\circ} \)
For Commerce: \( \frac { 360 \times 150 }{ 600 } = 90^{\circ} \)
For Science: \( \frac { 360 \times 100 }{ 600 } = 60^{\circ} \)

In simple words: To make a pie diagram, you figure out what part of a whole each group makes up. Then, you turn those parts into angles for a circle and draw slices to show each group.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always ensure the sum of degrees for all categories in a pie diagram equals 360°. Clearly label each sector with its category and percentage or value, making sure the labels are readable and not overlapping.

 

Question 13. Make 'less than' ogive and 'greater than' ogive from the following summaries of the marks obtained by students in economics.
Answer: First, we need to create 'less than' and 'more than' cumulative frequency tables. After these tables are ready, we can draw the ogive curves.

The 'less than' ogive uses the upper class boundaries and their cumulative frequencies, while the 'more than' ogive uses the lower class boundaries and their cumulative frequencies.


In simple words: To make these graphs, first calculate how many students scored 'less than' each mark and 'more than' each mark. Then, plot these numbers on a graph and draw a smooth line through the points for each type.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'less than' ogives rise from left to right, while 'more than' ogives fall from left to right. The intersection point of these two curves gives the median of the data.

 

Question 14. Prepare the Frequency Curve from the following data

Answer: To prepare a frequency curve, first determine the mid-points of each age group. Then, plot these mid-points against the number of residents in each group. Finally, draw a smooth curve that passes as closely as possible through these plotted points. This shows the distribution of ages.

In simple words: First, find the middle age for each group. Then, plot these middle ages against how many people are in that age group. Draw a smooth, curved line through these points to create the frequency curve.

🎯 Exam Tip: A frequency curve should be smooth and freehand, unlike a frequency polygon which uses straight lines. Ensure the curve starts and ends at the mid-points of the class intervals on the x-axis, typically extending to zero frequency.