Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for NEET Biology: Chemical Coordination and Integration
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Multiple Choice Questions
(a) Somatostatin, oxytocin
(b) Cortisol, testosterone
(c) Insulin, glucagon
(d) Thyroxin,Insulin
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Cortisol, testosterone
Explanation:
1. Steroid hormones (cortisol, testosterone) are lipid soluble and cross the membrane.
2. They bind intracellular receptors.
Teacher's Note:
1. Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and oxytocin are peptides.
2. Peptides cannot enter cells.
(a) Releasing and inhibitory hormones are produced by the pituitary gland.
(b) Adenohypophysis is under direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
(c) Organs in the body like gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and liver do not produce any hormones.
(d) Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that act as intercellular messenger are known as hormones.
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that act as intercellular messenger are known as hormones.
Explanation:
1. Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals made in trace amounts that act as intercellular messengers.
2. Releasing hormones come from the hypothalamus, and the heart, kidney, GI tract and liver also secrete hormones.
Teacher's Note:
1. Definition of hormone.
2. Adenohypophysis is under hormonal control.
(a) Vasopressin – Anterior pituitary- Induces reabsorption of water in nephron
(b) Oxytocin – Anterior pituitary- Contraction in uterine muscles during birth (parturation)
(c) Thymocin – Thymus- Helps in differentiation of T-Lymphocyte
(d) Glucagon – Pancreatic a-cells - Induces the uptake & utilization of glucose inside cells.
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) Thymocin – Thymus- Helps in differentiation of T-Lymphocyte
Explanation:
1. Thymosin (thymocin) from the thymus helps T lymphocyte differentiation.
2. Vasopressin and oxytocin come from the posterior pituitary and glucagon raises glucose.
Teacher's Note:
1. Thymus: T cells.
2. Glucagon: hyperglycaemia.
(a) Increase in aldosterone levels
(b) Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels
(c) Decrease in aldosterone levels
(d) Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) Increase in aldosterone levels
Explanation:
1. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct.
2. ADH mainly increases water reabsorption.
Teacher's Note:
1. Aldosterone retains Na+.
2. K+ is excreted.
(a) the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate.
(b) the kidney, leading to suppression of renin- angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.
(c) the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrene.
(d) the pancreas leading to a reduction in the blood sugar levels.
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrene.
Explanation:
1. Fight or flight activates the adrenal medulla, so epinephrine and norepinephrine rise.
2. The RAAS is not suppressed and blood sugar rises.
Teacher's Note:
1. Sympathetic stimulation of medulla.
2. Heart rate increases.
(a) Parathyroid is essential for absorption of potassium ions.
(b) Insulin glucagon maintains blood glucose homeostasis.
(c) Old person is ageing person due to lack of progesterone.
(d) Thymus gland increases in size with age. Re-AIPMT 2015
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Insulin glucagon maintains blood glucose homeostasis.
Explanation:
1. Insulin and glucagon together maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
2. Parathyroid controls calcium, progesterone is not related to ageing, and the thymus shrinks with age.
Teacher's Note:
1. Antagonistic hormones.
2. Maintain glucose.
(a) Adrenalin
(b) Glucagon
(c) Insulin
(d) Cortisol + Glucagon
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) Cortisol + Glucagon
Explanation:
1. Cortisol and glucagon both promote gluconeogenesis.
2. Insulin opposes it and adrenaline mainly promotes glycogenolysis.
Teacher's Note:
1. Hyperglycaemic hormones.
2. Raise blood sugar.
(a) Vitamin-D
(b) Insulin
(c) Bile juice
(d) Sex hormone
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Insulin
Explanation:
1. Vitamin D, bile salts and sex steroids are made from cholesterol.
2. Insulin is a protein.
Teacher's Note:
1. Cholesterol derived: steroids.
2. Insulin is peptide.
(a) Parathormone – Calcitonin
(b) Insulin – Glucagon
(c) Aldosterone – Atrial Natriuretic Factor
(d) Relaxin – Inhibin
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) Relaxin – Inhibin
Explanation:
1. Parathormone and calcitonin, insulin and glucagon, aldosterone and ANF have opposite effects.
2. Relaxin and inhibin are not antagonistic.
Teacher's Note:
1. Antagonistic pairs matter.
2. Relaxin softens pelvic ligaments.
(a) It is under the regulation of hypothalamus
(b) It secretes enzymes
(c) It is provided with a duct
(d) It only stores and releases hormones
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) It only stores and releases hormones
Explanation:
1. The posterior pituitary does not make hormones; it only stores and releases hypothalamic hormones.
2. Hence it is not a true endocrine gland.
Teacher's Note:
1. Neurohypophysis is storage.
2. Oxytocin and ADH.
(a) Atrial natriuretic factor
(b) Aldosterone
(c) ADH
(d) Renin
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) Atrial natriuretic factor
Explanation:
1. A fall in blood pressure releases renin, aldosterone and ADH.
2. ANF is released when blood pressure rises.
Teacher's Note:
1. ANF lowers blood pressure.
2. It is not released in low BP.
(a) anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.
(b) posterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of oxytocin and FSH.
(c) posterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and relaxin.
(d) anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and oxytocin.
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.
Explanation:
1. GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.
2. It does not act on the posterior pituitary.
Teacher's Note:
1. GnRH comes from the hypothalamus.
2. Gonadotrophs respond.
(a) Epiphyseal plates close after adolescence.
(b) Bones loose their sensitivity to Growth Hormone in adults.
(c) Muscle fibres do not grow in size after birth.
(d) Growth Hormone becomes inactive in adults.
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) Epiphyseal plates close after adolescence.
Explanation:
1. After adolescence the epiphyseal plates close, so bones cannot lengthen.
2. Excess GH in adults therefore causes acromegaly, not height gain.
Teacher's Note:
1. Epiphyseal closure ends growth.
2. Acromegaly: thickened bones.
(a) of decreased secretion of oxytocin
(b) of decreased secretion of estrogen
(c) of increased secretion of estrogen
(d) of increased secretion of oxytocin
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) of decreased secretion of estrogen
Explanation:
1. Estrogen maintains bone density; its reduction after menopause increases fracture risk.
2. Oxytocin is not related to bone strength.
Teacher's Note:
1. Osteoporosis in older women.
2. Low estrogen.
(a) PTH and Calcitonin
(b) Calciferole and Estrogen
(c) Thyroxine and Adrenaline
(d) Estrogen and FSH
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) PTH and Calcitonin
Explanation:
1. PTH and calcitonin regulate calcium storage, secretion and absorption.
2. They act on bone, kidney and gut.
Teacher's Note:
1. Calcium homeostasis.
2. Two antagonistic hormones.
(a) Muscles
(b) Bone
(c) Blood cells
(d) Skin
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Bone
Explanation:
1. Growth hormone and thyroxine stimulate growth of bone.
2. They support protein synthesis.
Teacher's Note:
1. Bone growth.
2. Needs thyroxine and GH.
(a) insulin dependent
(b) insulin nondependent
(c) aldosterone dependent
(d) glucocorticoids dependent
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) insulin dependent
Explanation:
1. Type I diabetes (IDDM) is insulin dependent because beta cells are destroyed.
2. Type II is insulin independent.
Teacher's Note:
1. Type I: autoimmune.
2. Needs insulin injections.
(a) GnRH
(b) Estradiol
(c) Progesterone
(d) FSH and LH
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) GnRH
Explanation:
1. GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates release of FSH and LH.
2. Estradiol and progesterone are gonadal hormones.
Teacher's Note:
1. GnRH starts the reproductive cascade.
2. Hypothalamus is the top level.
(a) have only cell surface receptors
(b) are lipophobic
(c) have receptors within the nucleus
(d) are produced by only adrenal cortex.
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) have receptors within the nucleus
Explanation:
1. Steroid hormones are lipophilic, pass through the membrane and bind receptors inside the nucleus or cytoplasm.
2. They are produced by gonads and adrenal cortex, so only-adrenal is wrong.
Teacher's Note:
1. Steroid: intracellular receptor.
2. Peptide: surface receptor.
(a) Basal part of diencephalon
(b) Regulate narrow spectrum of body functions
(c) Neural control of posterior pituitary
(d) Release somatostatin for GH Inhibition
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Regulate narrow spectrum of body functions
Explanation:
1. The hypothalamus regulates a wide spectrum of body functions, not a narrow one.
2. The remaining statements are correct.
Teacher's Note:
1. Hypothalamus: temperature, hunger, thirst, emotions.
2. Somatostatin inhibits GH.
(a) Body temperature
(b) Defence capability
(c) Metabolism
(d) Kidney functions
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) Kidney functions
Explanation:
1. The pineal gland (melatonin) affects body temperature, defence and metabolism.
2. Kidney functions are controlled by other hormones such as ADH and aldosterone.
Teacher's Note:
1. Melatonin: biological clock.
2. It is not related to kidney function.
(a) A, B, D
(b) A, B, C
(c) B, C, D
(d) A, C, D
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) A, B, C
Explanation:
1. Thymus supports antibody mediated immunity (AMI), PTH increases calcium absorption and adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids.
2. The thyroid is not responsible for an anti-inflammatory response, so D is wrong.
Teacher's Note:
1. Cortisol is anti-inflammatory.
2. Thyroid controls metabolism.
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