NEET Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes MCQs Set 09

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Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1: The use of live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products useful to humans is called
(a) bioremediation
(b) biotechnology
(c) biomagnification
(d) biopiracy
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) biotechnology

Explanation:
1. This is the general definition; the European Federation of Biotechnology defines it as the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.

Teacher's Note:
1. Genetic engineering and sterile processing are its two core techniques.

Question 2: The two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology are
(a) genetic engineering and maintenance of sterile (contamination-free) conditions for manufacturing
(b) tissue culture and hybridisation
(c) cloning and cell fusion only
(d) fermentation and distillation
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) genetic engineering and maintenance of sterile (contamination-free) conditions for manufacturing

Explanation:
1. Genetic engineering alters the genetic material; sterile conditions allow growth of only the desired organism.

Teacher's Note:
1. Both are needed for large-scale production.

Question 3: The techniques that allow isolation and introduction of only one or a set of desirable genes into a target organism without unwanted genes are
(a) hybridisation and selection
(b) mutation breeding
(c) tissue culture
(d) recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning and gene transfer
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning and gene transfer

Explanation:
1. This overcomes the limitation of conventional hybridisation where undesirable genes are also introduced.

Teacher's Note:
1. Cloning means making identical copies of DNA.

Question 4: A piece of foreign DNA transferred into an alien organism will
(a) always integrate and multiply
(b) always get destroyed
(c) not always integrate and multiply unless it has an origin of replication
(d) always code for protein
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) not always integrate and multiply unless it has an origin of replication

Explanation:
1. A piece of alien DNA can multiply only if it is part of a chromosome or has an origin of replication (ori).

Teacher's Note:
1. Hence the use of vectors.

Question 5: The specific DNA sequence responsible for initiation of replication is the
(a) promoter
(b) origin of replication (ori)
(c) operator
(d) terminator
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) origin of replication (ori)

Explanation:
1. Ori is the site where replication begins and it controls copy number of linked DNA.

Teacher's Note:
1. A cloning vector must have ori.

Question 6: Autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA in a bacterial cell is called
(a) a plasmid
(b) a cosmid
(c) a transposon
(d) an episome only
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) a plasmid

Explanation:
1. Plasmids are used as cloning vectors.

Teacher's Note:
1. Some plasmids have 1-2 copies, others 15-100 copies per cell.

Question 7: The first recombinant DNA was constructed by
(a) Watson and Crick
(b) Kornberg and Ochoa
(c) Jacob and Monod
(d) Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1972)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1972)

Explanation:
1. They isolated an antibiotic-resistance gene and linked it with a plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.

Teacher's Note:
1. Boyer also isolated EcoRI.

Question 8: The enzymes known as molecular scissors are
(a) DNA ligases
(b) DNA polymerases
(c) restriction endonucleases
(d) exonucleases
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) restriction endonucleases

Explanation:
1. They cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.

Teacher's Note:
1. Ligases join the fragments.

Question 9: The enzyme that links an antibiotic-resistance gene with the plasmid vector is
(a) restriction endonuclease
(b) DNA ligase
(c) exonuclease
(d) reverse transcriptase
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) DNA ligase

Explanation:
1. Ligase forms phosphodiester bonds between the sticky ends.

Teacher's Note:
1. The product is recombinant DNA.

Question 10: When a cut piece of DNA is linked with a plasmid and carries the DNA into a host cell, the plasmid acts as a
(a) vector
(b) probe
(c) primer
(d) template
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) vector

Explanation:
1. A vector is the vehicle used to carry foreign DNA into the host.

Teacher's Note:
1. Examples: plasmids, bacteriophages.

Question 11: The three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism are
(a) isolation of RNA, translation, transcription
(b) fermentation, distillation, purification
(c) hybridisation, selection, release
(d) identification of DNA with desirable genes, introduction of it into the host, maintenance of the introduced DNA in the host and transfer to progeny
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) identification of DNA with desirable genes, introduction of it into the host, maintenance of the introduced DNA in the host and transfer to progeny

Explanation:
1. These steps lead from the gene of interest to a stable genetically modified organism.

Teacher's Note:
1. They form the basis of biotechnology.

Question 12: The first restriction endonuclease to be isolated was
(a) Eco RI
(b) Bam HI
(c) Hind II
(d) Sal I
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Hind II

Explanation:
1. Hind II always cuts DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs.

Teacher's Note:
1. That sequence is the recognition sequence.

Question 13: In the name EcoRI, the letters E, co, R and I stand respectively for
(a) species, genus, strain, order
(b) genus Escherichia, species coli, strain RY13, order of isolation
(c) strain, genus, species, order
(d) genus, strain, species, order
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) genus Escherichia, species coli, strain RY13, order of isolation

Explanation:
1. E is the genus, co the species, R the strain and I the order in which the enzyme was isolated from that strain.

Teacher's Note:
1. The enzymes belong to the class nucleases.

Question 14: The restriction endonuclease cuts within the DNA, whereas an exonuclease
(a) removes nucleotides from the ends of the DNA
(b) cuts at specific palindromic sites
(c) joins DNA fragments
(d) synthesises DNA
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) removes nucleotides from the ends of the DNA

Explanation:
1. Endonucleases cut at specific positions within the DNA, exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends.

Teacher's Note:
1. Both belong to nucleases.

Question 15: Restriction enzymes recognise
(a) any random sequence
(b) only RNA sequences
(c) only repetitive sequences
(d) palindromic nucleotide sequences
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) palindromic nucleotide sequences

Explanation:
1. Palindromes read the same on both strands in the same 5' to 3' direction.

Teacher's Note:
1. EcoRI recognises 5'-GAATTC-3'.

Question 16: The recognition sequence of EcoRI is
(a) 5'-GGATCC-3'
(b) 5'-AAGCTT-3'
(c) 5'-GAATTC-3'
(d) 5'-GTCGAC-3'
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) 5'-GAATTC-3'

Explanation:
1. EcoRI cuts between G and A on both strands, leaving sticky ends.

Teacher's Note:
1. BamHI recognises GGATCC and HindIII AAGCTT.

Question 17: The process of introducing recombinant DNA into a bacterial cell is
(a) transcription
(b) transformation
(c) translation
(d) transduction only
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) transformation

Explanation:
1. Bacterial cells are made competent to take up DNA.

Teacher's Note:
1. Divalent cations such as calcium increase uptake.

Question 18: The technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size is
(a) gel electrophoresis
(b) chromatography
(c) centrifugation only
(d) PCR
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) gel electrophoresis

Explanation:
1. Negatively charged DNA moves towards the anode through the gel; smaller fragments travel farther.

Teacher's Note:
1. Agarose is the commonly used matrix.

Question 19: In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are visualised by staining with
(a) methylene blue in visible light
(b) iodine solution
(c) Gram stain
(d) ethidium bromide and exposure to UV light
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) ethidium bromide and exposure to UV light

Explanation:
1. Ethidium bromide fluoresces orange in UV after binding DNA.

Teacher's Note:
1. The DNA bands are cut out and eluted.

Question 20: Agarose used for electrophoresis is extracted from
(a) bacteria
(b) fungi
(c) sea weeds
(d) cereals
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) sea weeds

Explanation:
1. Agarose is a natural polymer obtained from seaweeds.

Teacher's Note:
1. The DNA fragments move through its pores.

Question 21: Which of the following are useful selectable markers for E. coli?
(a) Genes for beta-galactosidase only
(b) Genes for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin
(c) Genes for vitamin synthesis
(d) Genes for flower colour
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Genes for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin

Explanation:
1. Antibiotic-resistance genes allow selection of transformants.

Teacher's Note:
1. Normal E. coli cells do not carry resistance.

Question 22: The extraction of DNA fragments from an agarose gel after electrophoresis is called
(a) elution
(b) precipitation
(c) transformation
(d) ligation
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) elution

Explanation:
1. Cut bands are taken out and the DNA is purified.

Teacher's Note:
1. The pure fragments are used to construct recombinant DNA.

Question 23: Match: 1 Recombinant DNA technology, 2 Cloning vehicle, 3 Macromolecule separation, 4 DNA ligase with A vector, B joining enzyme, C gel electrophoresis, D genetic engineering. The correct pairing is
(a) 1-A, 2-D, 3-C, 4-B
(b) 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
(c) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D
(d) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B

Explanation:
1. Recombinant DNA technology is genetic engineering, a cloning vehicle is a vector, gel electrophoresis separates macromolecules and ligase is a joining enzyme.

Teacher's Note:
1. Match each technique with its function.

Question 24: Progress of a restriction digestion can be checked by
(a) Gram staining
(b) PCR only
(c) agarose gel electrophoresis
(d) centrifugation at low speed
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) agarose gel electrophoresis

Explanation:
1. Digestion products appear as bands of different sizes.

Teacher's Note:
1. Undigested DNA stays near the well.

Question 25: In recombinant colonies identified using a chromogenic substrate, recombinant colonies
(a) produce blue colour
(b) do not produce colour because of insertional inactivation of the galactosidase gene
(c) grow only without antibiotics
(d) are always transparent in non-recombinant cells
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) do not produce colour because of insertional inactivation of the galactosidase gene

Explanation:
1. Insertion of foreign DNA into the coding sequence of beta-galactosidase inactivates it, so colonies stay colourless; non-recombinants become blue.

Teacher's Note:
1. Insertional inactivation distinguishes recombinants.

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