Maharashtra Board Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Solutions

Std 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Question Answer Maharashtra Board

 

Question 1. Match the items in column 'A' with the proper ones in coloum 'B' and explain their impact on the environment.
Column 'A' Column 'B'
1. Harmful waste a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
2. Domestic waste - b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
3. Biomedical waste c. Radioactive material
4. Industrial waste - d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
5. Urban waste e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
Answer: (1 - c), (2 - d), (3 - e), (4 - b), (5 - a)
In simple words: This question tests your knowledge of different types of waste and their corresponding examples, which is crucial for understanding environmental management. Matching the waste type with its correct examples helps in classifying and managing waste effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately identifying waste types and their examples is a key scoring point. Pay attention to specific characteristics of each waste category to ensure correct matching.

 

Question 2. Complete the statements using the given options and justify those statements. (Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)
a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is .................
Answer: Climate.
Climate influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. Various factors of climate like temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunlight, rainfall, humidity etc. will decide which kind of plants and animals can survive there.
b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular area is .................
Answer: Weather.
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather. Weather is related to a specific location and specific time whereas climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.
c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about .................
Answer: Geographical favourability.
Geographical favourability includes location, availability of water, availability of natural resources and climate of a region. This has a great impact on the progress of human beings. Countries that have more favourable factors will progress more.
d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called .................
Answer: Observatories
Most countries in the world have established meteorology departments for recording climatic factors. These departments have observatories which are equipped with modern instruments and technology.
In simple words: This question highlights how climate and weather are fundamental abiotic factors impacting biodiversity and human life, and how observing these factors helps in understanding and planning. Geographical favourability is key to human progress, and observatories are crucial for recording climatic data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the distinction between climate and weather, and the role of various environmental factors and scientific establishments, is vital for comprehensive answers. Justifications should clearly link the chosen option to its impact.

 

Question 3. Answer the following questions.
a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?
Answer:
(i) Bleeding: If the victim is injured and bleeding through the wound, the wound should be covered with an antiseptic pad and pressure applied on it for 5 minutes with either thumb or palm.
Fracture and impact on vertebrae: If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be immobilized. It can be done with the help of any available wooden rods / batons / rulers. If there is an impact on the back or vertebral column; the patient should be kept immobile on a firm stretcher.
Burns: If victims have burn injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes. How is Solid Waste classified? OR What are the sources of Solid Waste?
Domestic waste: Waste food, paper, plastic paper, plastic bags, vegetable waste, fruit skins, glass and sheet metal articles, etc.
Industrial waste: Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc.
Hazardous waste: Chemicals generated in various industries, radioactive materials, explosives, infectious materials, etc. Farm/Garden waste: Leaves, flowers, branches of trees, crop residues like straw, animal urine and dung, pesticides, remains of various chemicals and fertilizers, etc.
Electronic waste: Non-functional TV sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
Biomedical waste: Bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottles, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood, etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories. Urban waste: Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments, carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, vegetable and meat markets, construction waste, etc.
(viii) Radioactive waste: Radioactive materials like Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140 and heavy water, etc. generated from atomic energy plants, uranium mines, atomic research centres, nuclear weapons testing sites, etc.
(ix) Mining waste: Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines.
b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.
Answer:
Following are the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management:
• Waste separation: In this method, dry and wet wastes are separated, stored and later collected for proper use.
• Composting: Decomposition of degradable kitchen waste in small pits in the backyard, garden or terrace is called composting. Good quality manure can be produced by composting leftover food, peels of fruits, vegetables etc.
• Vermicomposting: Converting solid waste into manure or compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Vermicompost manure is highly nutritious and can be used for agricultural purposes and garden plants.
• Secured landfill: Solid waste is disposed off in secured landfills.
• The site for secured landfill is selected minimum 2 km away from water bodies and human habitation.
• Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone.
• The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left to decompose naturally.
• Pyrolysis: In this method, the waste is heated to a high temperature to obtain gas and electricity.
• Semi-combustible waste is burnt in pyrolysis. It is suitable for municipal solid waste management.
• Incineration: Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating the biomedical waste.
c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather forecasting and disaster management.
Answer:
1. Depending upon the factors such as storms, clouds, rainfall, etc., weather forecasts are made. It is useful in aviation, shipping, fishing, industries as well as during natural calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, tsunami etc where proper predictions are made with well equipped satellites and highclass technology.
2. Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
3. This data can be used in prevention of losses and danger, improving tolerance, providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm as well as preparation to face the disaster.
d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.
Answer:
• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium.
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil.
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water.
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.
e. How will you register individual your participation in solid waste management?
Answer:
We can register our individual participation in solid waste management in the following ways:
• Following the 3R mantra: Reduce (reducing the waste), reuse (reuse of waste) and recycle (recycling of waste).
• Throwing plastic wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits, etc. into dust bins. Avoid littering.
• Avoiding the use of plastic bags and instead using cloth bags or bags prepared from old sarees, bed-sheets, curtains, etc.
• Using both sides of a paper for writing. Reusing greeting cards and gift papers.
• Avoiding use of tissue paper and preferring to use one's own handkerchief.
• Using rechargeable batteries instead of lead batteries.
• Implementing various programmes of solid waste management and educating, encouraging the family and society in this regard.
• Avoiding 'use and throw' type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks and tetra-packs etc.
In simple words: This question covers essential first aid for various injuries, classification of solid waste sources, scientific waste management methods, the harmful effects of e-waste, and individual participation in waste management. It highlights practical steps for disaster response, environmental protection, and sustainable living.

🎯 Exam Tip: For first aid, focus on immediate, actionable steps. For waste, categorize clearly and detail specific methods and their benefits. For e-waste, emphasize heavy metal contamination and its impact. For participation, list practical 3R actions.

 

Question 4. Write notes. Meteorology, Climatic factors, Monsoon model, Industrial waste, Plastic waste, Principles of first aid.

 

Question 5. Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with explanations, in your own words.
Answer:
1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly.
2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms.
3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.
4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors.
5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth's crust.
6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.
In simple words: Climate is a foundational element influencing all aspects of life, from human lifestyles and culture to the very formation of soil and ocean currents. It dictates what organisms can thrive in an area and shapes the natural environment significantly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of climate, provide diverse examples covering human society (lifestyle, occupation), natural processes (soil, weathering), and ecological systems (biodiversity, water cycle).

 

Question 6. Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of transporting patients.
Answer:
• Cradle Method: This method is used for children and under-weight victims.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is used for carrying patients who are unconscious.
• Human crutch method: If one of the legs is injured, the victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg.
• Pulling or lifting method: This method is used for carrying an unconscious patient, through a short distance.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when support is needed for the part below the waist.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: This method is useful for those patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
• Stretcher: In an emergency, if a conventional stretcher is not available, then a temporary stretcher can be made using bamboo, blanket, etc.
In simple words: Proper patient transportation methods are crucial in emergencies to prevent further injury and ensure patient safety. Different techniques are suited for various patient conditions and types of injuries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly describe each method of patient transportation and specify the scenarios where it is most appropriate. Focus on safety and effectiveness for different patient needs.

 

Question 7. Explain the differences.
a. Weather and climate
Answer:

Weather	Climate
(i) Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.	(i) The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
(ii) Weather can change continuously.	(ii) Climate remains constant in a region for a long duration.
(iii) Weather is related to a specific location and specific time.	(iii) Climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.
(iv) Changes in the weather may occur for short periods of time.	(iv) Changes in the climate take place slowly over a much long duration.

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste
Answer:

Degradable Waste	Non-degradable Waste
(i) This type of waste is easily degraded by microbes.	(i) This type of waste is not easily degraded by microbes because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii) It includes kitchen waste (spoiled food, fruits, vegetables), ash, soil, dung, parts of the plants etc.	(ii) It includes plastic, metal and other similar materials.
(iii) It is also called wet solid waste or wet garbage.	(iii) It is also called dry solid waste or dry garbage.

In simple words: Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific area, changing frequently, while climate represents long-term average weather patterns over a larger region, changing slowly. Degradable waste breaks down easily by microbes, like food scraps, whereas non-degradable waste, such as plastic and metal, takes a very long time to decompose.

🎯 Exam Tip: For differentiation questions, use clear, distinct points for comparison, preferably in a tabular format. Ensure each point of difference is directly contrasted between the two concepts.

 

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Intext Questions And Answers

Can You Recall?

 

Question 1. Which natural calamities have you experienced? How did they affect the condition in your surroundings?
Answer:
In July 2005, heavy rains caused flooding in many parts of Maharashtra including large areas of Mumbai.
They effects were as follows.
• Many people lost life.
• There was water clogging in most parts causing severe damage to private property and public property.
• Hospitals were submerged causing severe inconvenience to patients.
• The city incurred huge financial loss.
In simple words: This question asks about personal experiences with natural calamities and their impacts. Flooding in Mumbai is cited as an example, leading to loss of life, property damage, disruption of services, and significant financial losses.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about calamities, provide specific examples of impacts on human life, infrastructure, and economic aspects. Be concise yet comprehensive in listing effects.

 

Question 2. How will you make a plan to be safe from calamities or to minimize the damage?
Answer:
1. As a responsible citizen we can contribute by educating the people about all the precautions to be taken when such a calamity occurs.
2. We can also contribute by minimizing the occurrence of natural calamity like flood by taking measure to reduce land pollution, proper disposing waste material and recycling them.
3. We can plan to be safe by keeping the following things handy-torch, first-aid kit, ample food supply and water storage, emergency numbers list and extra pair of clothes.
Thus by taking appropriate measures, we can be safe from calamities
In simple words: A plan for calamity safety involves public education, environmental protection (like waste disposal to prevent floods), and personal preparedness by keeping essential items and emergency contacts ready. These steps help minimize risks and damages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize a multi-faceted approach to disaster planning, including community education, environmental responsibility, and individual emergency preparedness. Use action-oriented language.

 

Question 3. How does the atmosphere affect our daily life?
Answer:
The atmosphere affect our daily life in following ways
• If protects us from harmfull radiations of sun.
• Atmosphere helps to sustain life on earth by providing oxygen for human beings and animal to breathe and carbon dioxide to plants.
• It helps in keeping us warm due to green house effect.
In simple words: The atmosphere is vital for daily life as it shields us from harmful solar radiation, provides essential gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide for life processes, and regulates Earth's temperature through the greenhouse effect, keeping the planet warm enough to sustain life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the protective, life-sustaining, and temperature-regulating functions of the atmosphere. Use clear, distinct points to describe its various effects on daily life.

 

Question 4. Forecasts about which weather related factors are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani?
Answer:
Forecasts about different weather related factors such as cloud cover, rain, snowfall, wind speed and temperature are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani.
In simple words: News bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani provide forecasts on key weather elements like cloud cover, rainfall, snowfall, wind speed, and temperature. This information helps the public prepare for daily weather changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the primary weather factors that are commonly reported in forecasts. Ensure the answer is specific to the mentioned media platforms.

 

Question 5. What is meant by pollution?
Answer:
Contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the ecosystem is called as pollution.
In simple words: Pollution is the harmful contamination of the natural environment, which negatively impacts the delicate balance and health of ecosystems. It introduces substances or energy that cause adverse changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define pollution clearly and concisely, highlighting both the "contamination" and its "harmful effect on the ecosystem" aspects. Precision in definition is key.

 

Question 6. What is meant by solid waste?
Answer:
The waste materials generated through the various daily human activities are called solid waste.
In simple words: Solid waste refers to any unwanted or discarded materials that are generated from everyday human activities, encompassing a wide range of items from household trash to industrial refuse.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a straightforward definition of solid waste, linking its origin to routine human activities. Keep the explanation brief and accurate.

 

Question 7. What are the different things included in solid waste?
Answer:
Domestic waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste, urban waste, radioactive waste and mining waste are the different things included in solid waste.
In simple words: Solid waste encompasses a broad array of materials, including domestic trash, industrial by-products, dangerous hazardous waste, old electronics, medical waste, urban refuse, radioactive materials, and mining residues. Each type requires specific management.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the main categories of solid waste comprehensively. Memorize the diverse classifications to provide a complete answer.

 

Question 8. Why is it necessary to recycle non-degradable waste?
Answer:
(i) non-degradable waste cannot be easily degraded because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii) Therefore, non-degradable waste should be recycled so that it does not accumulate and cause hazards to the environment.
In simple words: Recycling non-degradable waste is crucial because it persists in the environment for extremely long periods, accumulating and posing serious ecological and health hazards. Recycling prevents this accumulation and reduces environmental harm.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the two main reasons: the long degradation time and the subsequent environmental hazards. Emphasize how recycling directly addresses these issues.

 

Question 9. Which materials are included in solid dry waste?
Answer:
Solid dry waste includes paper, plastic, metals, glass, cardboard, thermocol etc.
In simple words: Solid dry waste typically comprises non-organic materials such as paper, plastics, metals, glass, cardboard, and thermocol, which do not easily decompose and are often suitable for recycling.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a concise list of common materials found in solid dry waste. Ensure the examples are distinct and representative of non-biodegradable items.

 

Answer The Following

 

Question 1. In which different ways do our surroundings get polluted?
Answer:
• Air pollution is caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, construction, mining and agriculture.
• Water pollution is caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste water released into the water bodies.
• Soil pollution is caused due to industrial wastes, domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, biomedical waste and pesticides.
• Noise pollution is caused by machines, vehicular traffic, loudspeakers and household appliances.
In simple words: Our surroundings get polluted through various forms: air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions, water pollution from sewage and industrial discharge, soil pollution from diverse wastes and chemicals, and noise pollution from machinery and loud devices. Each type has distinct sources.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize pollution by type (air, water, soil, noise) and list multiple, specific sources for each. This shows comprehensive understanding of environmental degradation.

 

Question 2. Which factors are affected favourably or unfavourably by climate? What must we do to minimize the effect?
Answer:
• Climate plays a very important role in our day to day life.
• It influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations.
• Climate is especially important for an agrarian country like India. Also climatic factors like direction and speed of the winds, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc. are also considered during construction work.
• The science of meteorology helps in predicting climatic conditions by satellites in different ways such as prediction of rainfall, air pollution, dust storms, hot and cold waves tsunamic etc.
• so that all the citizens are well-equipped beforehand and can take preventive measures.
In simple words: Climate significantly impacts daily life, influencing basic needs and occupations. It's vital for agriculture and construction. Meteorology and satellite predictions help forecast climatic events, enabling citizens to prepare and minimize unfavorable effects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the favorable and unfavorable impacts of climate. For minimizing effects, highlight the role of forecasting and preparedness, especially in vulnerable sectors like agriculture and construction.

 

Answer The Following:

 

Question 1. Make a list of various waste materials and articles in your area and prepare a chart as follows:

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र ठोस कचरे को दर्शाता है जिसमें विभिन्न प्रकार के घरेलू और औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट जैसे प्लास्टिक, धातु, कागज और जैविक सामग्री शामिल हैं। यह कचरे को कम करने, पुन: उपयोग करने और पुनर्चक्रण करने के महत्व पर प्रकाश डालता है ताकि पर्यावरण पर इसके नकारात्मक प्रभावों को कम किया जा सके।
Answer:
(i) Garbage collected in classroom dustbin:
• Waste paper and paper bits.
• Pencil shavings
• Wrappers of chocolates, biscuits etc.
• Left over food from tiffins and fruit peels.
• Empty ball pen refills.
(ii) Out of these left over food from tiffins and fruit peels and pencil shaving can be used to make compost manure in school garden. The remaining waste can be sold to scrap dealers and sent for recycling.
(iii) Yes, we can do the same with the garbage generated in the house.
In simple words: This question involves observing classroom waste, listing its components, and then devising appropriate disposal and recycling methods. It also prompts reflection on applying similar waste management practices to household garbage, emphasizing practical waste reduction and reuse.

🎯 Exam Tip: When making a list, categorize items logically. For disposal methods, suggest practical, eco-friendly solutions like composting and recycling. Emphasize the applicability of these methods to both school and home environments.

 

Question 1. Nowadays, an electronic device - the cell phone - is very popular. From a mobile shop near your house, find out how they dispose off old and broken down cell phones.
Answer:
Old and broken down cell phones are sold to scrap dealers, who sell to a bigger dealer where reusable parts are taken out and useless parts are sent for recycling.
In simple words: Old cell phones are typically handled by scrap dealers who sort them; functional components are extracted for reuse, while non-functional parts are forwarded for recycling to minimize environmental impact.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the lifecycle of e-waste, highlighting the roles of scrap dealers, extraction of reusable parts, and the final recycling of materials. This demonstrates awareness of responsible e-waste management.

 

Question 2. What are the different types of casualties that are seen to occur in different types of disasters?
Answer:
• Death.
• Injuries.
• Loss of limbs or body parts.
• Burns.
• Diseases.
• Fractures.
• Bleeding.
• People becoming unconscious.
In simple words: Disasters can cause various types of casualties, including loss of life, physical injuries such as fractures and burns, loss of limbs, severe bleeding, the spread of diseases, and unconsciousness. These impacts highlight the devastating human cost of such events.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a range of casualties, from immediate physical harm (injuries, fractures, burns) to more severe outcomes (death, limb loss, unconsciousness) and secondary effects (diseases). This provides a comprehensive overview.

 

Question 3. Which waste management processes are used in your village/town / city?
Answer:
i. The Municipal Corporation or Municipality collects the various kinds of wastes like dry waste, solid waste, biomedical waste in different coloured containers and transports them to areas where they are treated and disposed off.
ii. Industrial waste is mostly recycled and biomedical waste is treated by the scientific methods mentioned below.
a. Solid waste is disposed off in secured land fills. The site for secured landfill is selected 2 km away from water bodies and away from human habitation. Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone. The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left.
b. Pyrolysis is done for semi combustible material. Semi combustible materials are heated to high temperature by gas arid electricity.
c. The municipality can also set up biogas plants where the solid waste is converted to biogas by anaerobic fermentation. The biogas can be used to generate power and also a good manure which can be used for agriculture.
(d) Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating biomedical waste by the Municipal Corporation.
These are some of the waste management processes used in village/town/city.
In simple words: Municipalities manage various wastes through collection and transportation. Solid waste is disposed in secured landfills, semi-combustible waste undergoes pyrolysis for energy, and organic waste is converted to biogas and manure. Biomedical waste is incinerated for pathogen control, ensuring public health and environmental safety.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the waste management processes in a structured manner, detailing collection, landfilling, energy recovery methods (pyrolysis, biogas), and specialized treatment for biomedical waste. Mention the responsible authorities like municipalities.

 

Answer The Following Questions:

 

Question 1. Observe the garbage collected in the dustbin of your classroom and make a list of the various materials in it. Discuss with your teacher, how these materials can be properly disposed off. Can we do the same with the garbage generated in our house? Think about it.
Answer:
(i) Garbage collected in classroom dustbin:
• Waste paper and paper bits.
• Pencil shavings
• Wrappers of chocolates, biscuits etc.
• Left over food from tiffins and fruit peels.
• Empty ball pen refills.
(ii) Out of these left over food from tiffins and fruit peels and pencil shaving can be used to make compost manure in school garden. The remaining waste can be sold to scrap dealers and sent for recycling.
(iii) Yes, we can do the same with the garbage generated in the house.
In simple words: The classroom dustbin typically contains paper, pencil shavings, food waste, wrappers, and pen refills. Organic items like food and shavings can be composted, while recyclables (paper, wrappers, plastic) can be sold to scrap dealers. These methods are also applicable for managing household waste efficiently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a clear list of common classroom waste items. For disposal, suggest both composting for organic waste and recycling for inorganic waste. Emphasize the transferability of these practices to home environments.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र विभिन्न प्रकार के ठोस अपशिष्ट को एक तीर के आकार में पुनर्चक्रण प्रक्रिया में दिखाते हुए एक वृत्ताकार प्रवाह में दर्शाता है, जिससे यह स्पष्ट होता है कि कैसे इन अपशिष्टों को पुन: उपयोग के लिए संसाधित किया जाता है।

Question 1. Observe the garbage collected in the dustbin of your classroom and make a list of the various materials in it.
Discuss with your teacher, how these materials can be properly disposed off. Can we do the same with the garbage generated in our house? Think about it.
Answer:
(i) Garbage collected in classroom dustbin:
• Waste paper and paper bits.
• Pencil shavings
• Wrappers of chocolates, biscuits etc.
• Left over food from tiffins and fruit peels.
• Empty ball pen refills.
(ii) Out of these left over food from tiffins and fruit peels and pencil shaving can be used to make compost manure in school garden. The remaining waste can be sold to scrap dealers and sent for recycling.
(iii) Yes, we can do the same with the garbage generated in the house.
In simple words: The garbage in a classroom dustbin includes paper, pencil shavings, food waste, wrappers, and pen refills. Organic waste like food and shavings can be composted, while other materials like paper and wrappers can be recycled through scrap dealers. This method can also be applied to household waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on distinguishing between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste for proper disposal methods.

Question 2. What is the main difference between what we see in the two pictures alongside (A and B).
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो दृश्यों को दर्शाता है: चित्र A में सड़क किनारे भारी मात्रा में कूड़ा-करकट बिखरा हुआ है, जिससे क्षेत्र गंदा दिख रहा है; जबकि चित्र B में वही सड़क का किनारा साफ-सुथरा है, जिसमें कोई कूड़ा-करकट नहीं है, जो एक स्वच्छ वातावरण को दर्शाता है।
• We see that in picture A there is lot of garbage spread around making the place very dirty, whereas in picture B, there is no garbage and the place is absolutely neat and clean.
In simple words: Picture A shows a dirty area with a lot of garbage spread around, while Picture B shows the same area neat and clean with no garbage.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing differences, use contrasting adjectives and compare specific elements from each image.

Question 3. What should we do to permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B?
Answer:To permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B, we should follow the 3R mantra (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Also, we must avoid littering, throwing plastic bags, wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits etc.
In simple words: To keep an area clean like in picture B, we must practice the 3R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and strictly avoid littering, especially plastic items.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the "3R mantra" and specific actions like avoiding littering for effective waste management solutions.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Additional Important Questions And Answers

Choose And Write The Correct Option

Question 1. _______ is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
(a) Climate
(b) Weather
(c) Pressure
(d) Biosphere
Answer: (a) Climate
In simple words: Climate is the general, long-term atmospheric conditions of a region, unlike weather which is short-term.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the fundamental difference between 'weather' (short-term) and 'climate' (long-term average) for precise answers.

Question 2. Various climatic factors like _______ are considered during construction of runways, seaports, huge bridges and skyscrapers, etc.
(a) Direction and speed of wind
(b) Temperature
(c) Atmospheric pressure
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: For major construction projects, factors like wind, temperature, and atmospheric pressure are all important climatic considerations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that large-scale construction requires comprehensive meteorological data, not just a single factor.

Question 3. The _______ was established by the United Nations Organization on 23rd March 1950.
(a) World Health Organization
(b) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(c) World Meteorological Organization
(d) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Answer: (c) World Meteorological Organization
In simple words: The World Meteorological Organization was founded by the UN in 1950 to coordinate international weather and climate efforts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key dates and founding bodies related to international scientific organizations.

Question 4. _______ is/are related to various weather and climatic factors.
(a) Salinity of marine water
(b) Formation of ocean currents
(c) Water cycle
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: Marine water salinity, ocean currents, and the water cycle are all processes significantly influenced by weather and climate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the broad impact of climatic factors across various natural phenomena, not just atmospheric events.

Question 5. _______ is the founder of IMD.
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Dr. Radhakrishnan Nair
Answer: (b) H. F. Blanford
In simple words: H.F. Blanford established the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important historical figures associated with scientific institutions in India.

Question 6. The monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide parameters was developed by the initiative of _______.
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Virghese Kurien
Answer: (a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
In simple words: Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar initiated the development of a monsoon model using 16 global parameters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key scientific contributions with the researchers responsible for them.

Question 7. In _______, forecasts are made taking into account the estimates of current weather related events and ongoing physical activity.
(a) Statistical model
(b) Holistic model
(c) Mathematical model
(d) All of these
Answer: (c) Mathematical model
In simple words: Mathematical models use current weather data and physical activities to make forecasts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different types of forecasting models based on their methodology.

Question 8. In _______, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
(a) Holistic model
(b) Mathematical model
(c) Statistical model
(d) Scientific model
Answer: (a) Holistic model
In simple words: A holistic model for monsoon prediction integrates the most impactful parameters from various other models.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that a 'holistic model' implies a comprehensive approach combining multiple influential factors.

Question 9. Radioactive materials, explosives and infectious materials are classified as _______ waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Biomedical waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer: (d) Hazardous waste
In simple words: Radioactive, explosive, and infectious materials are considered hazardous waste due to their potential to harm health and the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the specific categories of waste and the types of materials that fall under each category.

Question 10. _______ are radioactive waste.
(a) Remains of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium etc.
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium -140
(c) Waste from blood banks and laboratories
(d) All of these
Answer: (b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140
In simple words: Specific isotopes like Strontium-10, Cerium-141, and Barium-140 are examples of radioactive waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify common radioactive isotopes and their classification as waste.

Question 11. Waste food, paper, plastic, vegetable and fruit waste etc. are classified as _______ waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Farm waste
(c) Domestic waste
(d) Urban waste
Answer: (c) Domestic waste
In simple words: Everyday items like food, paper, plastic, and vegetable waste generated from homes are categorized as domestic waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between waste types based on their origin (e.g., domestic, industrial, farm, urban).

Question 12. _______ is the 3 R mantra.
(a) Refuse, Research, Recycle
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
(c) Reduce, Reuse, Refuse
(d) Rethink, Recycle, Reuse
Answer: (b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
In simple words: The 3 R mantra for waste management stands for Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the core principles of the 3R's and their correct order for waste management.

Question 13. _______ is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
(a) India
(b) America
(c) Japan
(d) China
Answer: (b) America
In simple words: America is recognized as the top country in generating electricity from solid waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep up-to-date with general knowledge related to environmental statistics and global practices.

Question 14. Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc. are classified as _______ waste.
(a) Domestic waste
(b) Industrial waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer: (b) Industrial waste
In simple words: Materials like chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, and metals that come from manufacturing processes are categorized as industrial waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify industrial waste by its characteristic components, often by-products of manufacturing.

Question 15. Period of natural degradation for banana peels is _______.
(a) 1 month
(b) 1-2 weeks
(c) 3-4 weeks
(d) 2 months
Answer: (c) 3-4 weeks
In simple words: Banana peels naturally decompose within approximately 3-4 weeks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the approximate degradation times for common organic and inorganic wastes.

Question 16. Period of natural degradation for cloth bags is _______.
(a) 2-3 weeks
(b) 1 month
(c) 5 months
(d) 1 year
Answer: (b) 1 month
In simple words: Cloth bags typically take around one month to naturally degrade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the degradation periods of different materials to understand their environmental impact.

Question 17. Period of natural degradation for wood is _______.
(a) 1 month
(b) 5 months
(c) 10-15 years
(c) 40-50 years
Answer: (c) 10-15 years
In simple words: Wood takes a relatively long time, about 10-15 years, to naturally degrade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the significant difference in degradation times between various organic materials.

Question 18. Period of natural degradation for certain plastic bags is _______.
(a) 50-100 years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 10 lakh years
(d) 1000 years
Answer: (c) 10 lakh years
In simple words: Some plastic bags can take an extremely long time, up to 10 lakh years, to naturally degrade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the long degradation periods of plastics to emphasize their persistent environmental impact.

Question 19. Period of natural degradation for thermocol or Styrofoam cup is _______.
(a) 10 lakh years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 200-250 years
(d) 1 year
Answer: (b) infinite duration
In simple words: Thermocol or Styrofoam cups essentially do not degrade naturally, lasting for an infinite duration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that some materials are non-biodegradable and persist in the environment indefinitely.

Question 20. If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be _______.
(a) mobilized
(b) immobilized
(c) pulled
(d) massaged
Answer: (b) immobilized
In simple words: When a bone is fractured, it is crucial to keep the injured part still to prevent further damage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that immobilization is a primary first aid principle for fractures to prevent aggravation of the injury.

Question 21. For transporting children and under-weight victims, _______ method is used.
(a) carrying piggy back
(b) human crutch method
(c) cradle method
(d) stretcher
Answer: (c) cradle method
In simple words: The cradle method is suitable for carrying children and lightweight victims safely.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with different patient transport methods and their appropriate uses based on patient condition.

Question 22. _______ method is useful to carry patients who are unconscious.
(a) Cradle Method
(b) Carrying piggy back
(c) Human crutch
(d) Carrying on four-hand chair
Answer: (b) Carrying piggy back
In simple words: The piggyback method can be used to transport unconscious patients.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the specific carrying techniques recommended for patients with different states of consciousness or injury types.

Question 23. _______ method is used for carrying an unconscious patient through a short distance.
(a) Carrying piggy back
(b) Cradle method
(c) Carrying on two-hand chair
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer: (d) Pulling or lifting method
In simple words: For short distances, an unconscious patient can be moved using the pulling or lifting method.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that 'pulling or lifting' is a practical method for short-distance movement of unconscious patients when other equipment is unavailable.

Question 24. _______ method is useful to carry patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Carrying piggy back
(d) Cradle method
Answer: (b) Carrying on two-hand chair
In simple words: The two-hand chair method is ideal for patients who can sit upright but cannot use their hands.

🎯 Exam Tip: Match specific carrying methods to the patient's physical capabilities and limitations for safe transport.

Question 25. _______ method is used to carry patients when support is needed for the part below the waist.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Stretcher
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer: (a) Carrying on four-hand chair
In simple words: The four-hand chair method provides support specifically for the lower body, below the waist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the 'four-hand chair' is designed to offer comprehensive lower body support during patient transport.

Question 26. For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, _______ should be applied on the injured part.
(a) turmeric powder
(b) antiseptic pad
(c) ice-pack
(d) pressure
Answer: (c) ice-pack
In simple words: An ice-pack should be applied to injuries like sprains, twists, and contusions to reduce swelling and pain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the RICE principle (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) as a standard first aid protocol for musculoskeletal injuries.

Find The Odd Man Out:

Question 1. Waste food, paper, plastic, bandages.
Answer:Bandages: It is a biomedical waste whereas the others are domestic waste.
In simple words: Bandages are categorized as biomedical waste due to potential contamination, while waste food, paper, and plastic are common domestic waste items.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to classify waste types accurately (e.g., domestic, biomedical) based on their source and potential hazards.

Question 2. Pesticides, fertilizers, crop residue, sludge.
Answer:Sludge: It is an industrial waste whereas the others are farm waste.
In simple words: Sludge is typically industrial waste, while pesticides, fertilizers, and crop residue are common types of farm waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate waste based on its origin, such as agricultural (farm) versus industrial by-products.

Question 3. Strontium -10, Cerium - 141, Barium - 140, Cadmium.
Answer:Cadmium: It is a mining waste whereas the others are radioactive waste.
In simple words: Cadmium is a heavy metal primarily from mining waste, while Strontium-10, Cerium-141, and Barium-140 are radioactive isotopes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between heavy metal waste and radioactive waste, noting their distinct compositions and hazards.

Question 4. Banana peels, cloth bag, food waste, plastic bag.
Answer:Plastic bag: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.
In simple words: Plastic bags are non-biodegradable, meaning they do not break down naturally, unlike banana peels, cloth bags, and food waste which are degradable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the biodegradability of materials when classifying them as the odd one out in this context.

Question 5. Fruits, ash, metals, vegetables.
Answer:Metal: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.
In simple words: Metals are non-biodegradable, meaning they don't naturally decompose, unlike fruits, ash, and vegetables which are degradable organic materials.

🎯 Exam Tip: When categorizing, identify the material that stands out in terms of its decomposition properties (biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable).

Complete The Analogy:

Question 1. Specific duration and specific time: Weather : : Longer duration and longer time : _______
Answer:(1) Climate
In simple words: Weather describes atmospheric conditions for a specific duration and time, while climate refers to conditions over a longer duration and time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the timeframes associated with weather (short) and climate (long) in your explanation.

Question 2. Mumbai: 5000 tons solid waste :: Pune: _______
Answer:(2) 1700 tons solid waste
In simple words: This analogy compares the amount of solid waste generated in Mumbai (5000 tons) to that in Pune (1700 tons).

🎯 Exam Tip: Analogies often test specific data points or comparative figures, so ensure numerical accuracy if applicable.

Question 3. Kitchen waste, parts of plants: Wet solid waste :: Plastic, metals : _______
Answer:(3) Dry solid waste
In simple words: Kitchen waste and plant parts are examples of wet solid waste, whereas plastic and metals are considered dry solid waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between wet (biodegradable) and dry (non-biodegradable) solid waste categories.

Question 4. Largest producer of electricity from solid waste : America :: Production of useful materials from banana peelings : _______
Answer:(4) Japan
In simple words: America is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste, similar to how Japan has innovated in producing useful materials from banana peelings.

🎯 Exam Tip: This analogy tests knowledge of specific environmental initiatives and leadership roles of different countries.

Question 5. Cloth bags : 1 month : : Rags : _______
Answer:(5) 5 months
In simple words: While cloth bags degrade in about 1 month, rags take approximately 5 months to naturally degrade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the comparative degradation times for similar textile materials.

Question 6. Tin cans: 50-100 years :: Aluminium cans : _______
Answer:(6) 200-250 years
In simple words: Tin cans degrade in 50-100 years, but aluminum cans take a much longer period of 200-250 years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the differences in degradation periods for various metal wastes.

Question 7. Wood: 10-15 years :: Styrofoam : _______
Answer:(7) Infinite duration
In simple words: Wood takes 10-15 years to degrade naturally, whereas Styrofoam takes an infinite duration as it is non-biodegradable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the contrast between degradable natural materials and persistent synthetic materials.

Match The Columns:

Question 1.
Column 'A'
(1) Mining waste
(2) Electronic waste
(3) Farm waste
(4) Radioactive waste
Column 'B'
(a) Leaves, flowers, crop residue.
(b) Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium.
(c) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140
(d) Cell phones, TV sets, Computers
Answer:(1 - b),
(2 - d),
(3 - a),
(4 - c)
In simple words: This matching exercise correctly links different types of waste (mining, electronic, farm, radioactive) to their characteristic components or examples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the specific items listed in each column to ensure accurate categorization of waste types.

Question 2.
Column 'A'
(1) Banana peels
(2) Plastic bags
(3) Leather shoes
(4) Aluminium cans
Column 'B'
(a) 10 lakh years.
(b) 200-250 years.
(c) 3-4 weeks
(d) 40-50 years
Answer:(1 - c),
(2 - a),
(3 - d),
(4 - b)
In simple words: This match correctly pairs various materials with their approximate natural degradation times, illustrating the vast differences in how long different wastes persist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the approximate decomposition times for common materials to answer such matching questions effectively.

Question 3.
Column 'A'
(1) Thermocol
(2) Tin cans
(3) Woollen socks
(4) Wood
Column 'B'
(a) 1 year.
(b) Infinite duration.
(c) 10-15 years
(d) 50-100 years
Answer:(1 - b),
(2 - d),
(3 - a),
(4 - c)
In simple words: This table correctly matches materials like thermocol, tin cans, woolen socks, and wood with their respective degradation periods, highlighting the longevity of non-biodegradable items.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be mindful of the significant differences in degradation times, especially between synthetic materials (like thermocol) and natural ones.

State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False. Correct The False Statements:

Question 1. Climate is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
Answer:True.
In simple words: Climate refers to the long-term, prevailing atmospheric conditions of a region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the definition of 'climate' as a long-term average, distinct from short-term 'weather'.

Question 2. Climate changes continuously.
Answer:False. Climate does not change continuously. It remains constant in a region for a long duration.
In simple words: Climate is stable over long periods, unlike weather, which changes frequently; significant climate change occurs over extended durations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the stability of climate over long periods as a key characteristic, correcting any misconception of continuous change.

Question 3. If present climatic conditions are analysed with reference to the past climatic conditions, we can predict climatic changes of the future.
Answer:True.
In simple words: Analyzing current climate data against historical patterns helps in forecasting future climatic changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that historical data analysis is a foundational method for climate prediction and scientific forecasting.

Question 4. Forecasting is difficult for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.
Answer:False. Forecasting is easy for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.
In simple words: Predicting climate is easier in regions where changes are slow and minor, as there are fewer variables and complexities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that predictability inversely correlates with the rate and extent of change in climatic patterns.

Question 5. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
Answer:True.
In simple words: Climate significantly influences soil formation and fertility through processes like weathering and microbial activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect climatic factors directly to geological and biological processes that contribute to soil development.

Question 6. Prediction maps are prepared once in 24 hours.
Answer:False. Prediction maps are prepared twice in every 24 hours.
In simple words: Weather prediction maps are typically updated and prepared twice a day, not just once.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the frequency of weather map preparation for accurate meteorological information.

Question 7. The first prediction of monsoon in India was made by Dr. Vasantrao Govariakar.
Answer:False. The first prediction of monsoon in India was made my H.F. Blanford.
In simple words: H.F. Blanford, not Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar, was responsible for making the first monsoon prediction in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly attribute historical scientific milestones to their respective pioneers.

Question 8. H.F. Blanford used the rainfall in Kerala as the parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.
Answer:False. H.F. Blanford used the snowfall in Himalayas as a parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.
In simple words: H.F. Blanford utilized Himalayan snowfall, rather than Kerala rainfall, to predict the Indian monsoon.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about the specific parameters used in historical meteorological predictions.

Question 9. In Holistic model, predictions are made taking into account estimates of current weather-related events and ongoing physical interactions between them.
Answer:False. In Holistic model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on monsoon.
In simple words: The holistic model focuses on integrating the most impactful parameters from various existing models for monsoon prediction, rather than solely current weather events and interactions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate the holistic model's approach—integrating influential parameters from other models—from models that focus on real-time events.

Question 10. Any meteorological model depends upon the inter-relationships between parameters used in that model and the results expected from it.
Answer:True.
In simple words: The accuracy of a meteorological model relies on understanding how its various parameters interact and influence the expected outcomes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the internal consistency and inter-relationship of parameters are crucial for the reliability of any scientific model.

Question 11. Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines are industrial waste.
Answer:False. Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium etc. from mines are mining waste.
In simple words: Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium originating from mines are classified as mining waste, not general industrial waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be specific in classifying waste types; mining waste is a distinct category from broader industrial waste.

Question 12. Use of 'use and throw' type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks, tetra packs should be encouraged in waste management.
Answer:False. Use of 'use and throw' type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks, tetra packs should be strictly avoided in waste management.
In simple words: Disposable items like 'use and throw' pens, canned drinks, and tetra packs should be avoided to minimize waste and promote better waste management.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the importance of reducing single-use items as a core principle of sustainable waste management.

Question 13. We should use tissue paper instead of one's own handkerchief for effective waste management.
Answer:False. We should use one's own handkerchief instead of tissue paper for effective waste management.
In simple words: To promote effective waste management, it is better to use reusable handkerchiefs rather than disposable tissue paper.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the "reuse" principle by advocating for reusable items over single-use disposable ones.

Question 14. Certain plastic bags take 1 month to degrade.
Answer:False. Certain plastic bags take 10 lakh years to degrade.
In simple words: Some plastic bags can take an extremely long time, up to 10 lakh years, to degrade, not just one month.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reinforce the immense longevity of certain plastics and their non-biodegradable nature.

Question 15.Banana peels can degrade in 3-4 weeks.
Answer:True.
In simple words: Banana peels are organic matter and decompose naturally within a few weeks due to microbial activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the decomposition periods of different waste types is crucial for effective waste management strategies in exams.

Question 16.If the victim has burn injuries, it is beneficial to cover the burnt part with blanket.
Answer:False. If the victim has burn injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes.
In simple words: Covering burns with a blanket can trap heat and worsen the injury; instead, cool water is applied to reduce temperature and pain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing correct first-aid procedures for common injuries like burns is a key practical application of science.

Question 17.CPR helps to bring the circulation to normal.
Answer:True.
In simple words: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) manually pumps blood and provides oxygen to the brain and other vital organs when the heart stops.

🎯 Exam Tip: CPR is a critical life-saving technique, and its basic understanding is important for general awareness and emergency preparedness.

Question 18.If breathing has stopped, the head should be held in backward sloping position.
Answer:False. If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.
In simple words: In cases of stopped breathing, artificial ventilation like mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is provided, not merely adjusting head position, to supply oxygen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurate knowledge of resuscitation techniques, like artificial ventilation, is vital for emergency response scenarios.

Question 19.Japan is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
Answer:False. America is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
In simple words: While Japan utilizes waste-to-energy, the United States holds the position of the largest producer of electricity from solid waste globally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Factual recall regarding global environmental practices and statistics, such as waste-to-energy production, is often tested.

Question 20.China has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials from banana peels.
Answer:False. Japan has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials from banana peels.
In simple words: Japan has innovated techniques to convert banana peels into various useful products, showcasing advanced recycling and waste utilization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of specific country examples for environmental innovations and sustainable practices as they can appear in questions.

Define the following:

Question 1.Weather
Answer:Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.
In simple words: Weather describes the current state of the atmosphere in a particular location at a specific moment, like temperature, humidity, or wind.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguishing between weather (short-term, localized) and climate (long-term, regional) is fundamental.

Question 2.Climate
Answer:The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
In simple words: Climate is the long-term average of weather patterns in a region, determined by observing weather conditions over many years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "long-term average" and "several years" when defining climate to differentiate it from weather.

Question 3.Meteorology
Answer:The science that studies the inter-relationships between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of earth and climate is called meteorology.
In simple words: Meteorology is the scientific study of Earth's atmosphere and its phenomena, focusing on weather processes and forecasting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand meteorology as the science behind weather and climate study, involving various atmospheric interactions.

Question 4.Solid waste
Answer:Waste materials generated through daily human activities are called solid waste.
In simple words: Solid waste refers to any discarded materials, such as garbage, refuse, or rubbish, that result from everyday human activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: A simple, broad definition of solid waste covering household, commercial, and industrial discards is sufficient.

Question 5.Urban waste
Answer:Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called Urban waste.
In simple words: Urban waste is the garbage produced in cities and towns, primarily from homes, businesses, and industries within urban areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate urban waste from general solid waste by specifically mentioning its sources within populated areas.

Answer the following:

Question 1.What is the necessity of solid waste management?
Answer:Necessity of solid waste management:
• For preventing environmental pollution and to keep the surroundings clean.
• For energy as well as fertilizer production and through that to generate work and employment opportunities.
• To reduce the strain on natural resources through treatment of solid waste.
• To improve the health and quality of life and to maintain environmental balance.
In simple words: Solid waste management is necessary to prevent pollution, convert waste into useful resources like energy and fertilizer, conserve natural resources, and safeguard public health and ecological balance.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing reasons for waste management, cover environmental, economic, health, and resource conservation aspects.

Question 2.What are the harmful effects of solid waste?
Answer:Harmful effects of solid waste:
• Effect on biodiversity.
• Releases bad odour.
• Produces toxic gases.
• Leads to degradation of natural beauty.
• Leads to pollution of air, water and soil.
• Spreads diseases.
In simple words: Solid waste harms the environment by causing air, water, and soil pollution, releasing toxic gases and bad odors, degrading natural landscapes, and threatening biodiversity and human health by spreading diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the multi-faceted negative impacts of solid waste across environmental, aesthetic, and health domains.

Question 3.What first-aid should be given for injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion?
Answer:For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, the 'RICE' remedy should be applied:
• Rest: Allow the victim to sit in a relaxed position.
• Ice: Apply an ice-pack to the injured part.
• Compression: After the ice-pack treatment, the injured part should be massaged gently.
• Elevate: The injured part should be kept in a raised/elevated position.
In simple words: For sprains, twists, or contusions, apply the RICE method: Rest the injured part, apply Ice, provide Compression, and Elevate the affected area to reduce swelling and pain.

🎯 Exam Tip: The RICE acronym is a universally recognized first-aid principle; remember its components and their sequence for such injuries.

Question 4.Why do meteorological models need to be changed continually?
Answer:1. Any meteorological model depends upon the inter-relationship between parameters used in that model and the results expected from it. 2. However, as these inter-relationships with reference to the ocean and atmosphere are never constant, meteorological models need to be changed continually.
In simple words: Meteorological models require constant updates because the complex interactions between the ocean and atmosphere, which dictate weather patterns, are dynamic and always changing, necessitating continuous refinement of predictive models.

🎯 Exam Tip: The dynamic nature of atmospheric and oceanic systems is the core reason for continuous meteorological model updates; highlight this variability.

Question 5.What is urban waste? What does it include?
Answer:1. Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called urban waste. 2. It includes carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, waste from vegetable and meat markets, construction waste etc.
In simple words: Urban waste is garbage from homes, businesses, and industries in cities, comprising items like plastic bags, glass, metals, paper, food scraps, and construction debris.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a comprehensive list of common urban waste components to demonstrate understanding of its diverse composition.

Question 6.What does biomedical waste include?
Answer:biomedical waste includes bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottle, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories.
In simple words: Biomedical waste consists of discarded materials from healthcare facilities like hospitals and labs, including items such as bandages, needles, medical bottles, and body fluids.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the origin (healthcare settings) and hazardous nature of biomedical waste by listing specific examples.

Write short notes on:

Question 1.Meteorology
Answer:
• The science that studies the inter-relationship between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of the earth and climate is called meteorology.
• Meteorology includes the study of storms, clouds, rainfall, thunder, lightning etc.
• Depending upon the study of such factors, weather forecasts are made.
• They are useful to common people, farmers, fisheries, aviation services, water transport and various other organizations.
In simple words: Meteorology is the science of Earth's atmosphere, studying weather phenomena like storms and rainfall, to produce forecasts that benefit various sectors from farming to aviation.

🎯 Exam Tip: For a short note on meteorology, define it, list its study areas, and mention its practical applications.

Question 2.Climatic factors
Answer:
• The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
• Climatic factors include direction and speed of wind, temperature, atmospheric pressure, clouds, rainfall, humidity, visibility etc.
• These factors influence our basic needs like food, clothing, shelter as well as our occupations.
• Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth's crust.
• Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process also depends upon various climatic factors.
In simple words: Climatic factors are long-term atmospheric conditions like temperature, rainfall, and wind that collectively define a region's climate, influencing everything from human lifestyle and occupations to geological processes and soil formation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing climatic factors, include a diverse set of examples (e.g., temperature, wind, rainfall) and their broad impacts on natural and human systems.

Question 3.Monsoon model
Answer:1. The tradition of forecasting the monsoon season in India is older than 100 years. 2. After the famine of 1877, H.F. Blanford, the founder of IMD had made such a prediction for the first time taking the snowfall in the Himalayas as a parameter for this prediction. 3. In the decade of the 1930's, the then director of IMD, Sir Gilbert Walker had underlined the relationship between various worldwide climatic factors and the Indian monsoon and based on available observations and previous recordings related to this relationship, he put forth a hypothesis regarding the nature of the monsoon. 4. With the initiative of Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar in the decade of the 1990's, a monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide climatic parameters was developed. This model was in use from 1990 to 2002. 5. Presently, new models are being developed at IITM. Work is in progress at two levels, namely designing new models and developing new technology. 6. The main focus is on the development of the radar system and satellite technology.
In simple words: Monsoon modeling in India has evolved over a century, from early predictions by H.F. Blanford and Sir Gilbert Walker's global parameter approach, to Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar's 16-parameter model, with current efforts at IITM focusing on radar and satellite technology for advanced forecasting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the historical progression and key figures in India's monsoon forecasting, emphasizing the shift towards multi-parameter and technological models.

Question 4.Plastic waste
Answer:
• Plastic waste is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects environment, humans and animals.
• Plastic waste is excessively generated as plastic is inexpensive and durable.
• Plastic is slow to degrade. It takes around 10 lakh years for certain plastic bags to degrade.
• Plastic waste affects land and water.
• It also affects the health of animals, cattle unknowingly ingest these plastic bags leading to stomach cancer in them.
• Plastic also releases toxic chemicals which are carcinogenic to human.
• To avoid plastic waste, cloth bags should be used instead of plastic bags.
• Plastic articles should be recycled.
In simple words: Plastic waste, due to its low cost, durability, and extremely slow degradation, accumulates in the environment, polluting land and water, harming animals and humans through toxic chemicals, and necessitating the use of alternatives like cloth bags and recycling.

🎯 Exam Tip: A good note on plastic waste should cover its characteristics, environmental impacts, health risks (to animals and humans), and solutions like reduction and recycling.

Question 5.Industrial waste
Answer:
• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial processes or activities.
• There is a huge variety of industries producing different types of materials and articles. All of these use raw materials and give out a lot of waste.
• There are hundreds of mines which extract copper, silver, gold, iron, coal etc. Huge quantities of waste are produced while processing them.
• Cement industries give out solid, liquid and gaseous wastes.
• While refining crude oil, a lot of poisonous gaseous and liquid wastes are produced.
• Construction units produce huge quantities of waste stones, pebbles, broken bricks, wood waste etc. Mostly they are dumped in landfills.
• It also includes chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metal, etc. given out from mining, textile, construction, chemical industries.
In simple words: Industrial waste is the diverse refuse generated from manufacturing, mining, and construction, including chemicals, metals, sludge, and debris, which often ends up in landfills and requires specific management due to its varied and often hazardous nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing industrial waste, categorize it by source (e.g., mining, construction, chemical) and list specific examples to illustrate its complexity and volume.

Question 6.Principles of first aid
Answer:Life and Resuscitation - 'ABC' is the Basic Principle of first aid which is provided to the victims of disaster. 1. Airway: If the victim has difficulty in breathing, the head should be held in a backward sloping position or the chin should be raised so that the respiratory passage remains open. 2. Breathing: If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation. 3. Circulation: If the victim is unconscious, then after giving mouth to mouth respiration twice,
In simple words: The basic principles of first aid, known as 'ABC', focus on Airway (ensuring clear breathing passage), Breathing (providing artificial ventilation if needed), and Circulation (maintaining blood flow, often with chest compressions).

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the 'ABC' of first aid and the specific actions for each component, as it's a fundamental concept in emergency care.

Question 7.Statistical Model
Answer:
• In this model, current climatic observations in a region are compared with earlier parameters such as oceanic temperature, atmospheric pressure and the nature of the monsoon rainfall for several years.
• This data is comparatively analysed by statistical methods and predictions are made about the monsoon in the present conditions.
In simple words: The Statistical Model for monsoon forecasting analyzes current weather data, like ocean temperature and atmospheric pressure, against historical patterns to predict monsoon behavior using mathematical and statistical techniques.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that statistical models rely on historical data analysis and correlations to make predictions, distinguishing them from physical or dynamic models.

Question 9.Holistic Model
Answer:
• In this model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
• Nowadays, predictions declared by IMD are the collective outcome of various model. This is called a holistic model.
In simple words: A Holistic Model integrates the most impactful parameters from various other meteorological models, providing a comprehensive prediction, like those issued by the IMD, by considering multiple approaches collectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key idea of a holistic model is its comprehensive nature, combining insights from multiple individual models for a more robust forecast.

Complete the following concept chart:

Question 1.Weather-related climatic factors
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख मौसम-संबंधी और जलवायु-संबंधी कारकों को दर्शाता है। इसमें तापमान, वायुमंडलीय दबाव, सूर्य का प्रकाश, दृश्यता, बादल, वर्षा और आर्द्रता जैसे प्रमुख कारक शामिल हैं, जो एक-दूसरे से जुड़े हुए हैं। यह बताता है कि कैसे विभिन्न तत्व मिलकर किसी क्षेत्र के मौसम और जलवायु को परिभाषित करते हैं।
In simple words: Weather-related climatic factors include temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunlight, visibility, clouds, rainfall, and humidity, all interconnected to define atmospheric conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to complete a concept chart, ensure all relevant factors are included and their interconnections (if applicable) are implied or stated.

Question 2.Harmful effects of solid waste
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख ठोस कचरे के हानिकारक प्रभावों को स्पष्ट करता है। इसमें दर्शाया गया है कि ठोस कचरा जैव विविधता पर प्रभाव डालता है, बदबू छोड़ता है, जहरीली गैसें पैदा करता है, प्राकृतिक सुंदरता को कम करता है और मिट्टी, पानी तथा वायु प्रदूषण का कारण बनता है, जिससे बीमारियाँ फैलती हैं।
In simple words: Solid waste causes harm by affecting biodiversity, releasing foul odors and toxic gases, degrading natural beauty, polluting air, water, and soil, and leading to the spread of diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: For effects of solid waste, cover a range of impacts from environmental pollution to health and biodiversity loss.

Question 3.Scientific and eco-friendly waste Management
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख वैज्ञानिक और पर्यावरण-अनुकूल अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन के विभिन्न तरीकों को दर्शाता है। इसमें अपशिष्ट पृथक्करण और वर्गीकरण, खाद बनाना, सुरक्षित लैंडफिल साइट्स, वर्मीकम्पोस्टिंग, औद्योगिक ठोस अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन (लैंडफिल विधि), और पायरोलिसिस (उच्च तापमान पर अपशिष्ट जलाकर ऊर्जा उत्पादन) जैसे तरीके शामिल हैं।
In simple words: Scientific and eco-friendly waste management involves strategies like waste separation, composting, vermicomposting, secure landfills, industrial solid waste management, and pyrolysis for energy production.

🎯 Exam Tip: When outlining waste management methods, categorize them and briefly explain their purpose for clear understanding.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.What are the principles of solid waste management?
Answer:Principles of solid waste management:
• Reuse: After use, materials should be reused for some other proper purposes.
• Refuse: Refusal to use articles made from non- degradable articles like plastic and thermocol.
• Recycle: Production of useful articles by recycling solid wastes. For example, paper and glass can be recycled.
• Rethink: Rethinking our habits, activities and their consequences in connection with the use of various articles of daily use.
• Reduce: Restricting the use of resources to avoid their wastage.
• Old materials should be reused. One thing should be shared by many, use and throw type of objects should be avoided.
• Research: Conducting research related to reuse of materials that are temporarily out of use.
• Regulation and Public awareness: Following the laws and rules related to waste management and motivating others to do the same.
In simple words: The principles of solid waste management encompass Reuse, Refuse, Recycle, Rethink, Reduce, Research, and Regulation & Public Awareness, aiming to minimize waste, utilize resources efficiently, and promote sustainable practices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the '7 R's' (or similar extended R principles) of waste management and be ready to explain each one with an example.

Question 2.What is disaster management? What actions does it include?
Answer:Disaster management is action implemented through proper planning, organized activity and co-ordination. It includes the following:
• Prevention of loss and danger.
• Improving tolerance.
• Providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm.
• Preparation to face the disaster.
• Immediate action in the disaster situation.
• Assessment of damages and intensity of the disaster.
• Arranging for rescue work and help.
• Rehabilitation and rebuilding.
In simple words: Disaster management is a structured approach involving planning, coordination, and actions aimed at preventing loss, mitigating harm, preparing for emergencies, providing immediate relief, assessing damage, and facilitating rehabilitation and rebuilding after a disaster.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define disaster management comprehensively, then list its key stages or actions, covering before, during, and after a disaster.

Question 3.Write a short note on : Indian Meteorological Department
Answer:
• The Indian Meteorological Department was founded by the British in 1875 at Shimla.
• Its head office is at Pune and its Regional offices are at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Nagpur and Delhi.
• Maps are prepared every day which indicate the daily predictions about the weather.
• Such maps are prepared and published twice in every 24 hours.
• In this institute, research goes on continuously on various aspects like instruments for climatic readings, predictions made about climate using radar, predictions about climate related to seismology, predictions regarding rainfall by satellites, air pollution etc.
• The Indian Meteorological Department provides information regarding weather and climatic conditions to other departments like aviation, shipping, agriculture, irrigation, marine oil exploration and production etc.
• Predictions regarding calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, hot and cold waves, tsunami, etc. are communicated to various departments, all types of mass communication media and all citizens.
• India has launched several satellites equipped with highclass technology.
• Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
In simple words: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), established in 1875, is India's primary agency for weather forecasting and climate research, publishing daily weather maps, conducting research using advanced technology like satellites, and providing crucial weather and disaster-related information to various sectors and the public.

🎯 Exam Tip: For a short note on IMD, include its establishment year, key functions (forecasting, research), operational details (head office, daily maps), and its importance to various sectors and disaster management.