Maharashtra Board Class 9 Political Science Chapter 6 International Problems Solutions

Choose the Right Option and Rewrite the Sentence:

 

Question 1. Which among the following is an International problem?
(a) Border dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka
(b) Kaveri water sharing question
(c) Problems of refugees
Answer: (c) Problems of refugees
In simple words: While border and water disputes between states are internal matters of a single country, the issue of refugees involves people crossing national borders, making it a global or international problem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that international problems are those that affect multiple nations and cannot be solved by a single country alone.

 

Question 2. Which among the following rights are not included in human rights?
(a) Right to work
(b) Right to information
(c) Children’s rights
(d) Equal pay for equal work
Answer: (b) Right to information
In simple words: Human rights are basic rights that belong to everyone in the world, while the Right to Information is a specific law passed by individual governments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that universal human rights apply to all humans globally from birth, whereas rights like the Right to Information are specific national laws.

 

Question 3. Which among the following days is observed at an international level?
(a) Teachers’ Day
(b) Children’s Day
(c) Earth Day
(d) Flag Day
Answer: (c) Earth Day
In simple words: Earth Day is celebrated worldwide to protect our environment, whereas days like Teachers' Day or Children's Day are celebrated on different dates in different countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on global environmental initiatives to easily identify international observance days like Earth Day or Environment Day.

 

Explain with Reasons Whether the Following Statements are True or False:

 

Question 1. It is necessary that all the nations should cooperate in order to find remedies of environmental degradation.
Answer: True. The threat to the environment caused by pollution or by leakage of oil or gas does not remain restricted to one nation. Its effects are long term, so it becomes necessary for nations to act with each other’s consent and cooperation in order to deal with these effects. This collective effort ensures global safety and sustainable development for future generations.
In simple words: Environmental problems like pollution do not stop at country borders. Since one country's pollution can affect the whole world, all nations must work together to solve these issues.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering True/False questions with reasons, always state 'True' or 'False' clearly at the beginning before writing your supporting points.

 

Question 2. Sino-Indian relations are friendly.
Answer: False. The conflict between India and China is connected to two issues: Border issue and Status of Tibet. India made several efforts to sort this border dispute by means of dialogue. But it has not met with much success. These unresolved matters continue to cause periodic tensions along the frontier.
In simple words: Relations between India and China are not friendly because they disagree on where their borders lie and the political status of Tibet. Even though India has tried to talk things out, the issues remain unresolved.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering True/False questions, always state 'True' or 'False' clearly first, then list the specific points of conflict to secure full marks.

 

Complete the Following Chart:

 

Question 1. Human Rights
Answer: The completed chart of Human Rights consists of the following key categories and foundational values:
• Civil Rights
• Political Rights
• Economic Rights
• Social Rights
• Cultural Rights

Foundational values supporting these rights:
• Liberty
• Equality
• Justice
• Dignity

These rights are essential for the holistic development and dignity of every individual.
In simple words: Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world. They include civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights which ensure everyone lives with dignity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the five main branches of human rights (civil, political, economic, social, and cultural) as they are frequently asked in flowcharts.

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map on Human Rights.
Answer:
• Values from History: The American and the French Revolutions proclaimed Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Justice as Human Rights. These historical milestones laid the foundation for modern democratic constitutions worldwide.
• Adoption: Universal Declaration of Human Rights was prepared and adopted in the UN General Assembly by a majority vote on 10th Dec 1948.
• Two covenants: In 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
• Issues raised: Racial segregation in Africa, Freedom from colonies, insistence on the democratic system, struggle against racism, border disputes, terrorism, contagious diseases, the threat to environment and natural disasters.
• Human Rights in India:
    - Responsibility of the protection of the weaker sections like women and minorities.
    - In 1993, the Human Rights Protection Act was passed.
    - National Human Rights Commission and the State Human Rights Commissions were established.
    - Cognizance of the complaints regarding violation of human rights and appropriate action to be taken.
In simple words: This concept map shows how human rights evolved globally from historical revolutions to UN declarations, and how India protects these rights through laws and commissions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing concept maps, ensure all main branches and sub-branches are clearly linked with appropriate keywords to score full marks.

 

Question 2. Degradation of the Environment
Answer:
• Causes (Top Left Box): Industrialization, rapid urbanization, and excessive exploitation of natural resources.
• Causes (Top Right Box): Deforestation, pollution of air, water, and soil, and use of chemical fertilizers.
• Effects (Bottom Box): Global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, threat to biodiversity, and danger to human survival. International agreements like the Paris Accord aim to address these critical issues collectively.
In simple words: Environmental degradation is caused by human activities like pollution and cutting down trees, which leads to serious global problems like climate change and global warming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to categorize the chart into 'Causes' (pointing to the center) and 'Effects' (pointing away from the center) to make your answer logical and easy to read.

Question 2. Complete the concept map on Environmental Degradation.
Answer:
Environmental Degradation:
Causes:

• 1. Industrialisation on a large scale.
• 2. Increasing need for energy.
• 3. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture.
• 4. Sound pollution due to vehicles.

Visible effects:

• 1. Extinction of species of plants and animals.
• 2. Decrease in the fertility of soil.
• 3. Water shortage for agriculture.
• 4. Global warming.

Remedial Measures:

• 1. To make the use of unleaded petrol compulsory.
• 2. Recycling of plastics and nylon.
• 3. Chemical pesticides to be replaced by organic pest repellents.
• 4. Treatment of effluents from industries.

In simple words: Environmental degradation is caused by human activities like industrialization and pollution, leading to harmful effects like global warming, but we can fix it using remedial measures like recycling and organic farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present concept maps clearly by categorizing points into causes, effects, and remedies to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. Complete the concept map on Terrorism.
Answer:
Terrorism:
1. Social impact:
→ Creates division, hatred, and suspicion among different communities.
2. Economic impact:
→ Destroys infrastructure, reduces tourism, and hinders economic growth.
3. Political instability:
→ Weakens democratic institutions and disrupts government functioning.
4. Psychological impact:
→ Spreads constant fear, anxiety, and insecurity among the public.
In simple words: Terrorism has severe effects on society, including destroying the economy, creating social hatred, causing political instability, and making people live in constant fear.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly link each impact of terrorism to its real-world consequence to show a deep understanding of the topic.

 

Question. Prepare a concept map on Terrorism.
Answer:
Terrorism:
• Meaning of Terrorism: Terrorism is spreading fear and terror in a society by using or threatening to use violence against common and innocent people for achieving political goals. Terrorism is organised and planned violence. This calculated use of violence aims to create a climate of fear to influence policy.
• Distinguish between traditional war and terrorism: Terrorist conflict is different from traditional war. Traditional war is a conflict between two or more sovereign states. In such wars, the geographical boundaries between nations acquire importance, i.e. national security is connected with geographical boundaries. On the other hand, in the case of terrorism, terrorist groups can cause violence in any part of the world from anywhere in the world.
• Aims of Terrorism: The aim of a terrorist attack is not to endanger the geographical boundaries, but to challenge a regime in a country or refuse to acknowledge the existence of the State.
• Solution to Terrorism: In order to curb terrorism, it is imperative that the security mechanisms of different nations work in a concerted manner.
In simple words: Terrorism is planned violence used to scare people and challenge governments. Unlike regular wars between countries, terrorism can happen anywhere, so countries must work together to stop it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining terrorism, highlight how it differs from traditional war by focusing on geographical boundaries and global reach.

Prepare the Following Concept Map:

 

Question 1. Environmental Degradation
Answer:
Environmental Degradation:

Causes:
1. Deforestation (cutting down trees)
2. Industrialization and urban growth
3. Overuse of natural resources
4. Uncontrolled pollution (air, water, and land)

Visible Effects:
1. Global warming and climate change
2. Depletion of the ozone layer
3. Loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitats
4. Increase in natural disasters like floods and droughts

Remedial Measures:
1. Large-scale afforestation (planting more trees)
2. Promoting the use of renewable energy (solar, wind)
3. Effective waste management and recycling
4. Raising public awareness about environmental protection. Protecting our ecosystems is vital for the survival of future generations.
In simple words: Environmental degradation is the damage we cause to nature through pollution and cutting trees. We can see its bad effects like climate change, but we can fix it by planting trees and using clean energy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize your points clearly under Causes, Effects, and Remedial Measures to make your concept map easy to read and score full marks.

Environmental Degradation Diagram
Answer:
Causes:

• 1. Industrialisation on a large scale.
• 2. Increasing need for energy.
• 3. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture.
• 4. Sound pollution due to vehicles.

Visible effects:

• 1. Extinction of species of plants and animals.
• 2. Decrease in the fertility of soil.
• 3. Water shortage for agriculture.
• 4. Global warming.

Remedial Measures:

• 1. To make the use of unleaded petrol compulsory.
• 2. Recycling of plastics and nylon.
• 3. Chemical pesticides to be replaced by organic pest repellents.
• 4. Treatment of effluents from industries.

These interconnected factors highlight how human actions directly impact our ecosystem's balance.
In simple words: Environmental damage is caused by human activities like industry and farming, leading to issues like global warming, but we can fix this by using cleaner energy and recycling.

🎯 Exam Tip: Presenting causes, effects, and remedies in a structured list or flowchart makes your answer highly readable and examiner-friendly.

 

Write Your Own Opinion About :

 

Question 1. Explain India’s position in establishing human rights.
Answer:
(i) The Preamble of the Indian Constitution contains the objectives of the Constitution.
(ii) It secures to its citizens: justice, social, economic and political; Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and opportunity; and Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation.
(iii) Fundamental Rights are assured to all the citizens of India.
(iv) In order to make these objectives effective, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy were incorporated in Part III and Part IV of our Constitution.
(v) The Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of all states issue Writs, such as:

• Habeas Corpus

These constitutional provisions collectively ensure that every citizen's dignity is protected under the law.
In simple words: India protects human rights by writing them directly into its Constitution as Fundamental Rights, which are guarded by the highest courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the specific parts of the Constitution (Part III and Part IV) and the role of the Supreme Court helps in securing maximum marks.

 

Question 2. Narrate the effects of terrorism and suggest remedies to control it.
Answer:
(i) The 21st century terrorism is an organised system of violence and intimidation. There is a need to empathise, understand, cooperate and coordinate our efforts in dealing with terrorism at the national and international level. Global cooperation is essential to completely eradicate these extremist networks.
(ii) Terrorism includes taking hostages; firing or bombing civilian localities that are undefended such as hospitals or schools, inhuman treatment to prisoners and destruction of property.
(iii) This leads to feeling of insecurity and helplessness among the people who are prone to terrorism. Their faith in social security and police protection is lowered and they may be psychologically affected.
(iv) Terrorism affects economic growth, political stability and social welfare of the people. It burdens our defence and police system as well. Hence the government cannot focus on its constructive programmes.
(v) Citizens should be alert about unattended luggage or bags at public places and be vigilant about suspicious men around them. They must immediately report to the authorities about the same.
(vi) The youth of the nation should volunteer in police and armed forces. The civilians must always cooperate with the police and government authorities to nab the terrorists.
In simple words: Terrorism causes fear, destroys lives and property, and hurts a country's economy. To stop it, citizens must stay alert, cooperate with the police, and nations must work together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly divide your answer into 'effects' and 'remedies' using numbered points to make it easy for the examiner to read and award full marks.

Class 9 Political Science Chapter 6 International Problems Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the Correct Option from the Given Options and Rewrite the Statements:

 

Question 1. United Nations Conference on human environment was called at Stockholm from ________.
(a) 5th to 16th June, 1972
(b) 5th to 16th July, 1972
(c) 5th to 16th June, 1971
(d) 5th to 16th July, 1971
Answer: (a) 5th to 16th June, 1972
In simple words: This historic conference, which started modern global environmental cooperation, was held in Stockholm in June 1972.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Stockholm Conference took place in June 1972, which is also when World Environment Day (June 5th) was established.

 

Question 2. The United Nations General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in ______.
(a) 1948
(b) 1966
(c) 1964
(d) 1962
Answer: (b) 1966
In simple words: The UN adopted this important agreement in 1966 to protect people's basic freedom and political rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not confuse the adoption of the ICCPR in 1966 with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.

 

Question 3. In 1997, the conference at Kyoto laid down the protocols for the developed countries for preventing climate change. For how many years did it come to be applied?
(a) 10 years
(b) 12 years
(c) 15 years
(d) 16 years
Answer: (c) 15 years
In simple words: The Kyoto Protocol set rules for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gases, and these rules were set to apply for 15 years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the year of the Kyoto conference (1997) and its application duration of 15 years to easily solve timeline-based questions.

 

Question 4. How many Articles are there in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights?
(a) 30
(b) 20
(c) 40
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) 30
In simple words: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains exactly 30 articles that list the basic rights everyone in the world should have.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the number 30 for the UDHR articles, as this is a very common and straightforward question in exams.

 

Question 5. When was the Declaration of the Rights of Child proclaimed?
(a) 30th November 1959
(b) 20th November 1959
(c) 20th December 1959
(d) 30th December 1959
Answer: (b) 20th November 1959
In simple words: The United Nations officially declared the rights of children on November 20, 1959, to ensure children everywhere are protected and cared for.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Universal Children's Day is celebrated on this date to mark the adoption of this declaration.

 

Question 6. When was the first Earth Day celebrated?
(a) 21st April, 1970
(b) 22nd April, 1970
(c) 23rd April, 1970
(d) 20th April, 1970
Answer: (b) 22nd April, 1970
In simple words: The first Earth Day was celebrated on April 22, 1970, to encourage people to protect the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: April 22nd is a highly tested date in environmental science chapters; associate "Earth" with "April 22".

 

Question 7. What led to the boycott of the regime in South Africa?
(a) Expatriation of Prisoners of War
(b) Racial Segregation
(c) Disobedience of the UN
(d) Asylum to international terrorists
Answer: (b) Racial Segregation
In simple words: The international community boycotted South Africa because of its unfair system of apartheid, which separated people based on their race.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for keywords like "apartheid" or "racial segregation" when answering questions about historical boycotts of South Africa.

 

Question 8. Which conference in 1997 laid down the protocols for developed countries for prevention of climatic changes?
(a) Conference at Copenhagen
(b) Conference at Amsterdam
(c) Conference at Kyoto
(d) Conference at Shimla
Answer: (c) Conference at Kyoto
In simple words: In 1997, world leaders met in Kyoto, Japan, to create a treaty that helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Kyoto Protocol is a landmark agreement for climate change; associate the year 1997 directly with Kyoto.

Question 9. Which institute/organisation is responsible for taking action against violation of human rights?
(a) Self Help Groups and NGOs
(b) Human Rights Commission
(c) Corporate bodies
(d) National Investigation Agency
Answer: (b) Human Rights Commission
In simple words: The Human Rights Commission is a special government body set up specifically to protect people's basic rights and take action if anyone violates them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that while NGOs help raise awareness, only official government commissions like the Human Rights Commission have the legal authority to take formal action against violations.

 

State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False With Reasons:

 

Question 1. Human rights are necessary for living as a human being.
Answer: True. The concept of human rights has emerged from the concept of natural rights. Natural rights are those rights that we are endowed with because we are born as human beings. In the same vein, human rights are those rights that are necessary for living as a human being. These rights ensure that every individual can lead a life of dignity and self-respect.
In simple words: Human rights are basic rights that everyone gets just for being born. They are essential for us to live a safe, free, and dignified life.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering "True or False with reasons", always state "True" or "False" clearly at the beginning before explaining the concept of natural rights.

 

Question 2. The scope of human rights is limited.
Answer: False. The scope of human rights has in fact, broadened due to several issues of global nature like contagious diseases, the threat to environment, natural disasters, etc. Human rights today also include goals like protection of the environment and sustainable development. As the world faces new challenges, our understanding of what constitutes a basic human right continues to expand.
In simple words: Human rights are not limited; they keep growing to include new global issues like protecting nature and fighting diseases so everyone stays safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention modern global challenges like environmental protection and sustainable development to show how the scope of human rights has expanded over time.

 

Question 3. Only internal security is threatened due to terrorist attacks.
Answer: False. Terrorism is a global threat that affects international security, not just the internal security of a single nation. It creates fear and instability worldwide, crossing national borders. Therefore, nations must cooperate globally to tackle this transnational challenge effectively.
In simple words: Terrorist attacks do not just harm one country from the inside; they threaten global peace and the safety of people all over the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain that terrorism is an international or global issue, which is why it goes beyond just internal security boundaries.

 

Question 4. Once the refugees reach a safe place, they have new challenges.
Answer: True. Once the refugees reach a safe place, they need to find work, a place to live and other problems of a day to day nature. If the language and culture in the other nation are different, then adjusting to that poses difficulties. There is also no assurance that the people of a nation which gives shelter to the refugees will accept them. Finding emotional stability after such trauma is also a major hurdle.
In simple words: Even after finding safety, refugees face hard times. They must learn new languages, find homes, get jobs, and try to fit into a completely new society.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering True/False questions with reasons, always state 'True' or 'False' clearly before explaining the supporting points.

Explain the Concept:

 

Question 1. Human Rights
Answer: The concept of human rights has emerged from the concept of natural rights. Natural rights are those rights that we are endowed with because we are born as human beings. Human rights are those rights that are necessary for living as a human being and as a constituent of society. These rights ensure that every individual can live with dignity and freedom.
In simple words: Human rights are basic rights that every person deserves just because they are human. They help us live safely, freely, and with respect in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the connection between 'natural rights' and 'human rights' to show a deeper understanding of the concept.

 

Question 2. Refugees
Answer: People who have to leave their motherland against their wishes or are forced to go to other nations, seeking refuge or for security are called as refugees. People become refugees due to torture or persecution for belonging to a particular race or religion, due to war or a disaster, etc. In such situations people are forced to leave their own country and seek shelter in another country. This displacement often leads to a loss of identity and citizenship.
In simple words: Refugees are people who must run away from their home country because of war, danger, or unfair treatment. They look for safety and a new home in another country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list the key reasons why people become refugees, such as war, natural disasters, and persecution.

 

Question 3. Terrorism
Answer: Terrorism is spreading fear and terror in a society by using or threatening to use violence against common and innocent people for achieving political goals. Terrorism can be described as organised and planned violence. It targets civilians to create panic and destabilize governments.
In simple words: Terrorism is when people use violence and fear against innocent citizens to achieve political aims. It is a planned way of causing panic in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define terrorism clearly by highlighting its key elements: the use of violence, targeting innocent people, and political motives.

 

Question 4. Traditional War
Answer: Traditional war is a conflict between two or more sovereign states. In such wars, the geographical boundaries between nations acquire importance, i.e. national security is connected with geographical boundaries. These conflicts usually involve military forces fighting to defend or capture territory.
In simple words: Traditional war is a fight between different countries using their armies. In these wars, protecting the country's borders is the main goal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that traditional war is always between sovereign states and focuses heavily on protecting geographical borders.

 

Question 5. Stockholm Conference 1972.
Answer:
(i) In order to discuss the immediate and long term problems related to the environment and to find solutions on them, a United Nations Conference on human environment was called at Stockholm from 5th to 16th June, 1972.
(ii) It was stressed that it is the responsibility of all nations to cooperate to overcome pollution.
(iii) The developing nations feel that the developed nations are more responsible for the decline of the environment and they should take the responsibility for stopping the decline.
(iv) Non-governmental organisations working in the field of environmental protection were also present and assumed a bigger role in the decision making process at international conferences regarding the environment.
(v) The issue of the protection of the common global wealth was raised.
(vi) A consensus emerged that it was the responsibility of all the nations to protect these resources. This historic event laid the foundation for modern global environmental policies.
In simple words: The Stockholm Conference of 1972 was a major UN meeting to discuss global environmental issues. It decided that all countries must work together to fight pollution and protect the Earth's resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: For long-answer questions with multiple points, list each point clearly with its sub-part label to make it easy for the examiner to read.

Complete the Following Chart/Concept Maps:

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map regarding the measures taken in 1951 to resolve the issue of refugees at the international level:

• 1951
  • Measures taken to resolve issue of refugees at international level
    • [Blank]
    • [Blank]

Answer:

• 1951
  • Measures taken to resolve issue of refugees at international level
    • Provision of not sending refugees back against their wishes.
    • Establishment of High Commissioner's Office at UN to solve refugee-related problems.

In simple words: In 1951, international rules were made to protect refugees by ensuring they are not forced to return to unsafe countries, and a special UN office was set up to help them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing concept maps, use precise terms from the textbook like 'High Commissioner's Office' to ensure you get full marks.

 

Question 2. Complete the concept map for Global resources:
Answer:
• Oceans
• Deep seabeds
• Outer space
• Atmosphere
• Genetic resources
In simple words: Global resources are natural resources and areas that do not belong to any single nation but are shared by the entire world.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing down points from a concept map, ensure all branches are clearly identified and correctly spelled to secure full marks.

Answer The Following Questions In Brief

 

Question 1. Which difficulties are faced by people who are forced to leave their own country?
Answer:
(i) When people of any country are forced to leave their own country as refugees, they have to face many problems.
(ii) The most important problem is to decide where to go. They have questions like will that nation give us shelter. Finding a safe haven becomes their primary struggle.
(iii) Secondly, they have to also take along with them other members of their family. It involves a lot of physical and emotional stress.
(iv) Apart from this, there are problems caused by natural elements like heat, rain, storms, as well as shortages of food, sickness, an enemy in pursuit, etc. In this process, many people lose their lives.
In simple words: Refugees face extreme hardships, including the stress of finding a safe country to live in, traveling long distances with family, and surviving harsh weather and food shortages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present your answer in clear, numbered points as shown in the textbook to make it easy for the examiner to read and award full marks.

 

Question 2. What was the Stockholm Conference of 1972 about?
Answer: The Stockholm Conference of 1972 was the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. It was held to discuss international environmental issues and to find ways to protect the environment at a global level. This landmark event marked a turning point in the development of international environmental politics. It emphasized that environmental protection is the collective responsibility of all nations.
In simple words: The Stockholm Conference was a global meeting where countries came together for the first time to discuss how to protect the Earth's environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year (1972) and the core objective of global environmental cooperation to secure maximum marks.

 

Question 3. What are the new challenges faced by refugees on reaching a safe place?
Answer:
(i) Once the refugees reach a safe place, they have new challenges. They need to find work, a place to live and other problems of a day to day nature. Additionally, children of refugees often face difficulties in continuing their education due to these sudden displacements.
(ii) If the language and culture in the other nation are different, then adjusting to that poses difficulties. There is no assurance that the people in the nation which gives shelter to the refugees will accept them.
In simple words: When refugees find a safe country, they still struggle to find jobs, homes, and adjust to a new language. They also face the fear of not being accepted by the local people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the challenges in points (i) and (ii) as shown in the textbook to secure full marks.

 

Question 4. What did the Environmental Conference of Rio (1992) emphasise on?
Answer:
(i) In this conference, the idea of sustainable development was stressed upon. This landmark summit laid the foundation for modern global environmental policies.
(ii) Different treaties regarding bio-diversity, climate change due to greenhouse gases, protection of forests, etc. were signed.
In simple words: The Rio Conference focused on growing our world without destroying nature. Countries signed agreements to protect forests, wildlife, and control climate change.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention 'sustainable development' as it is the key term examiners look for in this answer.

 

Question 5. State the highlights of the conference on climatic change at Paris (2015).
Answer:
(i) A conference on climate change was held at Paris in November 2015. This agreement aimed to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.
(ii) An appeal was made in this conference that all nations should make concerted efforts to stop climate change and global warming and that the developed countries should help the developing countries to acquire the technology to achieve these goals.
In simple words: The Paris Conference asked all countries to work together to stop global warming. It also urged rich nations to help poorer nations with technology to protect the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the role of developed countries helping developing countries, as this is a crucial point of the Paris Agreement.

 

Question 6. What measures have been taken so far to save the refugees?
Answer:
(i) The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established to coordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide.
(ii) Most nations adhere to the principle of non-refoulement, which prevents returning refugees to a country where they face danger.
In simple words: The UN created a special group (UNHCR) to help refugees find safety. International rules also stop countries from sending refugees back to dangerous places.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning 'UNHCR' is highly recommended to score full marks for this question.

Question 7. Give some examples of refugees.
Answer:
(i) Before the Second World War, the Jews were tortured in Germany. This systematic persecution forced many to flee their homeland.
(ii) Their citizenships and properties were confiscated. Due to this, the Jews became refugees.
(iii) In 1971, the people in East Pakistan turned refugees and came to India seeking refuge due to political and religious persecution.
(iv) In the last few years due to the war-like situation in Iraq and Syria, a lot of people are leaving Syria as refugees. We can cite many such example of refugees.
In simple words: Throughout history, people have become refugees due to war and unfair treatment, such as the Jews in Germany, people from East Pakistan in 1971, and people fleeing Syria and Iraq recently.

🎯 Exam Tip: When giving examples of refugees, mention historical events like World War II and the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war, as well as modern crises like Syria, to show a complete understanding.

 

Question 8. Which problems are faced by the host nation that agrees to provide shelter to the refugees?
Answer:
(i) As the number of refugees increases, the strain on the economy of the host nation increases. A shortage of essential goods is created; there may be an increase in crime or even inflation.
(ii) The locals may lose their jobs; a problem of law and order may crop up. Many such problems may emerge. This often leads to social tension between the local population and the newcomers.
(iii) Due to these problems, many nations are not ready to give shelter to refugees and to resettle them.
In simple words: When a country takes in refugees, it faces economic strain, shortages of food and goods, and potential job losses for locals. This makes many countries hesitant to welcome them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly categorize the problems into economic, social, and law-and-order issues to make your answer structured and easy to read.

 

Question 9. Which steps can be taken for preservation of human rights?
Answer:
(i) Promoting education and creating widespread awareness among citizens about their fundamental rights and duties.
(ii) Establishing and strengthening independent bodies like the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) to investigate violations.
(iii) Formulating and strictly implementing stringent laws to protect vulnerable sections of society from exploitation.
(iv) Providing free and accessible legal aid to the poor and marginalized so they can seek justice without financial burden.
In simple words: To protect human rights, we need to educate people about their rights, make strict laws against exploitation, and set up special groups to investigate any unfair treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the role of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and public awareness campaigns is crucial for scoring full marks on this topic.

 

Question 10. Many nations are not ready to give shelter to refugees. Why?
Answer: Many nations are not prepared to give shelter to refugees because of the sudden strain it places on domestic resources.
• As the number of refugees increases, the strain on the economy of the host nation increases.
• A shortage of essential goods is created; there may be an increase in crime or even inflation.
• The locals may lose their jobs; a problem of law and order may crop up.
• Many such problems may emerge.
In simple words: Many countries hesitate to accept refugees because hosting a large number of new people can cause financial trouble, food shortages, and social tension for the local citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the economic and social impacts, such as resource strain and employment issues, to secure full marks.

 

Question 11. The problems relating to the environment are inherently of a global nature. How?
Answer:
(i) The threat to the environment caused by pollution or by leakage of oil or gas does not remain restricted to one nation, as winds and water currents carry pollutants across borders.
(ii) The visible effects of the decline of environment are extinction of species of plants and animals, decrease in the fertility of soil, water shortage, fluctuation in the proportion of rainfall, global warming, drying up of rivers and lakes, pollution of rivers and seas, incidence of newer diseases, acid rain, thinning of the ozone layer, etc.
(iii) Even if some of the effects are restricted to particular nations, these problems reach global proportions due to their long term effects, while some problems are inherently of a global nature.
In simple words: Environmental issues like pollution, global warming, and acid rain do not respect national borders. What happens in one country quickly spreads and affects the entire planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use examples like global warming or transboundary pollution to demonstrate why environmental issues cannot be solved by a single nation alone.

 

Question 12. How is terrorist war different from traditional war?
Answer:
(i) Terrorist conflict is different from traditional war.
(ii) Traditional war is a conflict between two or more sovereign states.
(iii) In such wars, the geographical boundaries between nations acquire importance, i.e. national security is connected with geographical boundaries.
(iv) On the other hand, in the case of terrorism, terrorist groups can cause violence in any part of the world from anywhere in the world. This makes modern counter-terrorism efforts highly complex and global in nature.
(v) The aim of a terrorist attack is not to endanger the geographical boundaries, but to challenge a regime in a country or refuse to acknowledge the existence of the state.
In simple words: Traditional war is fought between countries over borders. Terrorism, however, does not care about borders and can attack anywhere to challenge a government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly contrast traditional war (state vs. state, border-focused) with terrorism (non-state, global, regime-focused) using sub-points to secure maximum marks.