Maharashtra Board Class 9 History Chapter 8 Industry and Trade PDF Download

Industry And Trade

In this chapter, we are going to gather some information about industry and trade in India in the post-independence period.

After India became independent, the Industrial Finance Corporation of India was established in 1948 with the purpose of making available long term loans to industrial projects. Similarly the Industrial Development Corporation was established in 1954 in order to bring about greater development of the industrial sector.

Some Industries In India

Textile Industry

The textile industry forms 14% of the total industrial production.

It includes the powerloom and the handloom industries. The handloom industries are labour intensive. According to the 'Textile Committee Act 1963', a Textile Committee has been established. This committee sets the quality standards for textiles manufactured for sale in the internal market as well as for export.

Teacher's Note

In India, handloom workers make cloth by hand. They work from home in villages. This is very important for Indian families.

Exam Trick

Remember: Textile Committee checks quality. Just like your teacher checks your homework, this committee checks cloth quality.

Points to Remember

Textile industry makes 14% of all industrial goods in India.
Handloom means making cloth by hand, not by machine.
The Textile Committee Act was made in 1963 to set quality standards.
Quality standards are needed for both Indian markets and for selling to other countries.

Silk Industry

This industry functions under the Ministry of Textiles. The research about the species of the silkworm and mulberry trees is done in the Seribiotic Research Laboratory at Bengaluru. This industry is primarily in the States of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. Now it is being spread in States with predominantly tribal populations.

Teacher's Note

Silk is made from silkworms. In India, Karnataka state is very famous for making silk. Many people in villages work in silk factories.

Exam Trick

Remember: Silk comes from silkworms. The research centre is in Bengaluru. Bengaluru = Silk city in India.

Points to Remember

Silk is made from silkworms.
Mulberry trees are needed to grow silkworms.
The main silk-making states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir.
Research about silk is done in Bengaluru.
More and more tribal areas are starting silk industries.

Jute Industry

India is the top ranking country in jute production. India is a major exporter of jute products. We get cloth, sack cloth and ropes from jute.

Teacher's Note

Jute is a plant fiber. We use jute to make bags and ropes. India is number one in the world in making jute products.

Exam Trick

Remember: Jute = bags and ropes. India is number 1 in jute. Just remember "Jute = Number One for India".

Points to Remember

India is the top jute producer in the world.
Jute is used to make cloth, sack cloth and ropes.
India exports jute products to many countries.
Jute comes from a plant.
Jute products are very useful and strong.

Hand Sculpting

This is a labour intensive craft. Sculptors got employment due to the capacity of the craft to absorb more craftsmen, small investment, more profits, preference to exports and possibility of earning more foreign exchange. Several cities have market mechanisms like 'Dilli Haat' which enables the craftsmen from rural and urban areas to get a market for their wares.

Teacher's Note

Hand sculpting means making statues and art with hands. In Delhi, there is a place called Dilli Haat where craftsmen sell their handmade items. Many tourists buy these items.

Exam Trick

Remember: Dilli Haat is a market in Delhi. It helps small craftsmen sell their items to tourists and buyers.

Points to Remember

Hand sculpting is done completely by hand without machines.
It needs small investment but gives good profit.
Many people can work in this craft.
Dilli Haat in Delhi is a famous market for handmade items.
Foreigners buy these items, so we get foreign money.

Automobile Industry

India is one of the major producers of vehicles. Vehicles are exported to 40 countries from India. The automobile industry is called the 'sunrise sector' in India. India's tractor industry is the biggest in the world. One-third of the tractors manufactured world-wide are produced in India. Tractors manufactured in India are exported to Turkey, Malaysia and several countries in Africa.

Teacher's Note

India makes cars, trucks and tractors. We export these vehicles to many countries. Indian tractors are used by farmers all over the world.

Exam Trick

Remember: Sunrise sector = growing fast like sunrise. India makes one-third of all tractors in the world. Tata and Mahindra are big tractor makers in India.

Points to Remember

The automobile industry in India is called the 'sunrise sector'.
India exports vehicles to 40 countries.
India makes one-third of all tractors in the world.
Indian tractors are exported to Turkey, Malaysia and African countries.
The automobile industry is growing very fast in India.

Cement Industry

The role of cement industry is important in the development of housing and infrastructure. This industry is one of the most technologically advanced. India is currently an important producer of cement in the world.

Teacher's Note

Cement is used to build houses, roads and bridges. India makes a lot of cement. This cement is used in our country and also sent to other countries.

Exam Trick

Remember: No cement = no building. Cement is needed for all construction work in India.

Points to Remember

Cement is used to build houses and roads.
India is an important cement producer in the world.
The cement industry uses modern technology.
Cement is very important for our country's development.
Infrastructure like roads and bridges need cement.

Leather Industry

It is a big industry in India. It is primarily export oriented.

Teacher's Note

Leather is made from animal skin. India makes leather goods like shoes and belts. We send these to other countries and earn money.

Exam Trick

Remember: Leather industry = export oriented. This means India makes leather goods mainly to sell to other countries, not just in India.

Points to Remember

Leather industry is a big industry in India.
It is mainly export oriented.
India makes leather goods for selling to other countries.
Leather is made from animal skin.
We earn foreign exchange from leather exports.

Salt Industry

India is one of the top producers of salt in the world. The annual production of salt in India is 200 lakh tons. The production of iodised salt is 60 lakh tons.

Teacher's Note

Salt is made from sea water in India. India makes a lot of salt every year. We use salt in cooking and for many other things.

Exam Trick

Remember: India produces 200 lakh tons of salt per year. That is a huge amount! Iodised salt is salt with iodine added for health.

Points to Remember

India is one of the top salt producers in the world.
India makes 200 lakh tons of salt every year.
Iodised salt is 60 lakh tons per year.
Salt comes from sea water.
Salt is used for cooking and many other purposes.

Bicycle Industry

India is a leading producer of bicycles in the world. Bicycles are made in the States of Punjab and Tamil Nadu. The main centre of bicycle manufacturing in India is Ludhiana. India exports bicycles to countries like Nigeria, Mexico, Kenya, Uganda and Brazil.

Teacher's Note

India makes many bicycles every year. Ludhiana in Punjab is the main city for making bicycles. Many people in India use bicycles for transport.

Exam Trick

Remember: Ludhiana = Bicycle city of India. Bicycles are exported to African and South American countries.

Points to Remember

India is a leading bicycle producer in the world.
Bicycles are made in Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
Ludhiana is the main bicycle manufacturing centre in India.
India exports bicycles to Nigeria, Mexico, Kenya, Uganda and Brazil.
Bicycles are cheap transport used by many Indians.

Khadi And Village Industry

The Khadi and Village Industries Commission was established to give impetus to industrialisation in rural areas. The main objectives behind the establishment of the corporation were to develop the traditional industries, handicrafts, cottage industries and to encourage industries that use the material and human resources available at the local level and make the villages self-reliant by creating employment there.

Teacher's Note

Khadi is cloth made by hand in villages. The government helps villagers to make khadi. This gives jobs to people in villages and helps them earn money.

Exam Trick

Remember: Khadi = handmade cloth from villages. Gandhi ji wore khadi to support Indian villages. It is made by hand, not by machines.

Points to Remember

Khadi and Village Industries Commission helps rural industries.
Khadi is cloth made by hand in villages.
Village industries use local materials and people.
The main goal is to make villages self-reliant.
These industries create jobs in rural areas.

Agriculture

In India, agriculture is practised using traditional and modern methods. Many agricultural tasks are performed using bullocks. Similarly, machines are being used in different tasks like ploughing, sowing to harvesting, threshing, etc.

The major occupation in India is agriculture and other tasks based on agriculture. Agriculture and animal husbandry are practised in villages. Seventy percent of Indian society depends upon jobs related to agriculture and agricultural production. In this industry the participation of women is equal to that of men.

Agriculture is practised in different seasons in India. Many varieties of crops are grown. Jowar, wheat, rice, pulses and oilseeds are mainly produced. Along with it, cotton and sugarcane are processed to manufacture cloth and sugar respectively.

Agriculture also includes the production of fruits and vegetables. Nowadays, industries processing these fruits and vegetables have come up. Agriculture fulfills man's basic needs. In order to encourage farming, loans are given to farmers through rural banks and cooperative institutions. Study visits, agricultural outdoor trips and farmers' get-togethers are organised through the Panchayat Samitis to bring about improvements in agriculture. Tools and implements, seeds and fertilisers are also supplied. The farmers are given training regarding soil testing, nursery of fruit plants, pisciculture, poultry, cattle and goat rearing, dairy farming, etc. Guidance is given to farmers by a district level training institute. Financial help is given to build warehouses for storing the farm produce.

India is rapidly becoming independent in food grain production and farming techniques. Modern techniques like drip irrigation, organic farming are used for farming.

Teacher's Note

Agriculture is farming. Most people in Indian villages are farmers. The government gives loans and training to help farmers grow more crops.

Exam Trick

Remember: 70% of India depends on agriculture. That means 7 out of 10 Indians work in farming or farming-related jobs. Drip irrigation saves water in farming.

Points to Remember

Agriculture is the main occupation in India.
70% of Indians depend on agriculture for jobs and money.
Both men and women work equally in agriculture.
Major crops are wheat, rice, jowar, pulses and oilseeds.
The government helps farmers with loans, training and new techniques.
Drip irrigation and organic farming are modern techniques used in India.

Policy Of The Central Government

In the fourth five year plan, focus was placed on paper industry, pharmaceutical industry, motor-tractor industry, leather goods, textile industry, food processing industry, oil, colour, sugar industries, etc.

According to the Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970, all those factories requiring an investment of more than 5 crore rupees were to be included as heavy industries. The big industrial houses and foreign companies were allowed to invest in heavy industries that were not reserved for the public sector. As a result of this policy, by the end of 1972, 3 lakh 18 thousand small industries were registered with the government registration office.

Teacher's Note

The government makes policies to help industries grow. The 1970 policy helped small industries start. Many people got jobs because of these policies.

Exam Trick

Remember: Heavy industries = big factories that need lots of money. Light industries = small factories that need less money. By 1972, over 3 lakh small industries were started.

Points to Remember

The fourth five year plan focused on many different industries.
The 1970 Industrial Licensing Policy separated heavy and light industries.
Heavy industries needed more than 5 crore rupees investment.
By 1972, more than 3 lakh small industries were registered.
Small industries created many new jobs for Indians.

Mineral Wealth

The availability of the minerals, iron and coal plays a major role in the industrial development of the country. We have adequate stores of iron, manganese, coal and mineral oil in our country.

Teacher's Note

Minerals like iron and coal are found in India. These minerals are used to make steel and give electricity. India has enough minerals for many years.

Exam Trick

Remember: Iron and coal = important minerals. Without these, heavy industries cannot grow. India has enough minerals for its own use.

Points to Remember

Iron and coal are important minerals for industry.
These minerals are found in good amounts in India.
Mineral oil is also available in our country.
Manganese is another important mineral we have.
These minerals help our heavy industries to grow.

Forest Resources

Government has reserved some forests for the industries based on forests. The task of conservation of the forests is done by the central government, the State government and by the local people. Forests are necessary for the raw material for industries like construction, paper, newsprint, silk, matchboxes, medicinal herbs, honey, lacquer and raw material needed for paint.

Teacher's Note

Forests give us wood for making paper and building. The government protects forests. Villagers also help protect forests because they live near them.

Exam Trick