Maharashtra Board Class 9 History Chapter 5 Education PDF Download

Education

In this chapter, we shall review the main stages and schemes in the development of the educational system in India. We shall take into consideration primary, secondary as well as higher education and besides, research institutes in some representative areas. This will give us an idea of the educational system throughout the country.

The first Census of independent India in 1951 revealed the extreme complexity and intractability of the educational issues in the country. In the first Census, the literacy level was 17%. It rose as shown below.

Improving this percentage was a serious challenge for the government of India. Several remedial schemes were put in place to deal with it.

Primary Education

Primary education refers to the schooling given to children in the 6 to 14 year age-group. In 1988, the central government started a scheme for the spread of primary education and to improve educational standards. It is known as Operation Blackboard. The government made funds available to help improve the standard of the schools and to fulfil minimum educational needs such as at least two proper classrooms, toilets, one of the two teachers to be female, a blackboard, maps, laboratory apparatus, a small library, a playground, sports equipment, etc. This scheme helped the primary education system to gain some momentum.

Teacher's Note

Operation Blackboard helped many villages in India get better schools. It made sure that every school had basic things like a blackboard and a toilet.

Exam Trick

Remember: Operation Blackboard = Better schools in 1988. Think "Black" board = basic things for school.

Points to Remember

Operation Blackboard started in 1988.
It gave money to improve schools.
Schools got classrooms, toilets, and female teachers.
It helped poor village schools become better.

In 1994, this scheme was expanded and provision was made for one additional classroom and for appointing one more teacher in schools with an enrolment of more than 100 students, with priority given to girls' schools, schools with a majority of scheduled caste and tribe students and schools in rural areas. It was also made binding upon the State government to appoint female teachers to fifty percent of the posts in schools. Again in 1994, the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started with the objective of universalisation of primary education. It was implemented in seven States including Maharashtra. The plan envisaged 100% attendance in primary schools, arresting student drop-out, education for girls and for the physically handicapped. It included programmes such as research on and evaluation of primary education, alternative education, creating societal awareness, etc. The 'mid-day meal' scheme was started in 1995 to provide proper nourishment for students.

Teacher's Note

The mid-day meal scheme helps poor children get food at school. In your area, this meal helps students focus better on studies.

Exam Trick

Remember: Mid-day meal 1995 = Free food at school. DPEP = 100% children must come to school.

Points to Remember

DPEP started in 1994 for more children to study.
It gave more classrooms and more teachers to schools.
Mid-day meal started in 1995.
More girls were sent to school with these schemes.
Drop-out of students became less.

Secondary Education

After independence, Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad decided to bring about fundamental changes in the field of education. The University Education Commission was set up for this purpose. This Commission recommended the appointment of a separate Commission for secondary education. Accordingly, in 1952-53, the Mudaliar Commission was appointed. At that time, the pattern of education consisted of 11 + 4 years for the first degree or of 11+1+3 years.

The Work Of The Commission

The Commission studied secondary education, the nature of the curriculum, medium of instruction, teaching methodology and made certain recommendations. This Commission proposed the concept of Higher Secondary Education. However, it was found difficult to implement it all over the country.

The Kothari Commission

In 1964 a Commission was appointed under the Chairmanship of Dr D. S. Kothari. Dr J. P. Naik made valuable contributions to the work of this Commission. The Commission also recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary and university education. This system was implemented from 1972. The Commission also suggested a uniform national system of education, the inclusion of the mother tongue, Hindi and English in education, as well as continuing education, adult education, education by correspondence and open universities to make education trickle down to the lowest rungs of society. It also recommended increased provision in the government's budget for expenditure on education of neglected sections like the scheduled castes and tribes.

Teacher's Note

The 10+2+3 system means 10 years primary and secondary, 2 years higher secondary, and 3 years college. Your school follows this pattern.

Exam Trick

Remember: Kothari Commission 1964 = 10+2+3 pattern. It changed how Indians study even today.

Points to Remember

Kothari Commission came in 1964.
It made the 10+2+3 pattern for education.
It wanted Hindi, English, and mother tongue in schools.
It started open universities for poor people.
It helped scheduled castes and tribes get more education.

Maharashtra government adopted the 10+2+3 pattern in 1972 and conducted the first Std X Board exam in 1975.

Objectives Of Education According To The Kothari Commission

Modernisation Of Education

Securing and strengthening of democracy

Social and national Integration

Education and Productivity

Nurture of social, moral, spiritual values

Higher education

Education In The Post-Independence Era

After independence, in 1948, the Central Government appointed the University Education Commission whose Chairman was Dr Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan. Its functions included financial grants, the standard of the universities and their co-ordination.

Method Of Functioning

The Commission accepted the Five-Year Plans method. It began to sanction and disburse grants to the universities on behalf of the government. The Commission undertakes planning of university education, coordination of syllabii, giving primacy to national needs through education and the planning and implementation of various schemes of higher education. It has done valuable work in establishing university development councils, centres for advanced studies for post-graduate education, establishing new universities. After the advent of television in India, it initiated the 'Countrywide Classroom' programme which is telecast by Doordarshan on behalf of the Commission.

Teacher's Note

Dr Radhakrishnan helped make Indian universities strong after 1947. He believed education changes a nation.

Exam Trick

Remember: Radhakrishnan 1948 = Chairman of University Commission. He gave money and rules to universities.

Points to Remember

Dr Radhakrishnan headed the University Commission.
It gave money to colleges and universities.
It checked if universities were good or bad.
It started the Countrywide Classroom on TV.
It planned university education for all Indians.

National Council Of Educational Research And Training (NCERT)

This body was established in Delhi on the 1st of September 1961. Its main objective is to help the Central Government in matters of school education in the context of a comprehensive policy and in implementing educational schemes. The NCERT was given the responsibility of educational research and development, training, extension, educational programmes, restructuring of school curriculum and textbooks. It has played a central role in designing school curricula and textbooks with the cooperation of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It provides guidance and cooperation in the area of primary and secondary education to the state governments. It has been involved in designing workbooks and handbooks for teachers, in teacher training, in developing teaching-learning techniques and conducting talent search examinations at the national level.

Teacher's Note

NCERT makes all school books and test papers in India. The books you read are made by NCERT.

Exam Trick

Remember: NCERT 1961 = National book maker. It makes books for all Indian schools with CBSE.

Points to Remember

NCERT started in 1961 in Delhi.
It makes school books and curricula.
It trains teachers all over India.
It conducts talent tests for smart students.
It helps both CBSE and state boards.

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