Maharashtra Board Class 9 History Chapter 3 Indias Internal Challenges Solutions

Write Briefly

 

Question 1. Which demands were put forward through the ‘Anandpur Sahib Resolution’ by the Akali Dal?
OR
Which demands were raised by the Akali Dal through the ‘Anandpur Sahib Resolution’?
Answer: The Akali Dal passed the ‘Anandpur Sahib Resolution’ in 1973. The major demands put forward in this resolution were:
(1) Chandigarh should be made a part of Punjab.
(2) The Punjabi-speaking areas in other states should be merged into the state of Punjab.
(3) The recruitment of people from Punjab into the Indian Army should be increased.
(4) More autonomy should be given to the state of Punjab. These demands aimed to strengthen the political and cultural identity of the state.
In simple words: The Akali Dal wanted Chandigarh to be Punjab's capital and wanted more Punjabi-speaking areas to join Punjab. They also asked for more jobs in the army for Punjabi people and more freedom for their state government to make its own decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize at least three key demands, such as the demand for Chandigarh and increased army recruitment, to secure full marks in brief answers.

 

Question 1. Resolution’?
Answer: In 1973, the Akali Dal passed the ‘Aanandpur Sahib Resolution’. The following demands were made in this resolution:
(i) Chandigarh should be made part of Punjab.
(ii) The Punjabi speaking parts in other states should be included in the state of Punjab,
(iii) Recruitment of people from Punjab in the Indian army should be increased.
(iv) More autonomy should be given to the state of Punjab. These demands aimed to strengthen the regional identity and political influence of the state.
In simple words: The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was a set of demands by the Akali Dal party asking for more power, more land, and more army jobs for Punjab.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize at least three key demands of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, such as the demand for Chandigarh and increased army recruitment, to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. What can we do to end communalism?
Answer:
(i) It is necessary that we all counter communalism with all our strength. For this, we should mix with people of different religions. We should accept the good practices and ideas of each other.
(ii) We should be able to look at and understand our economic and social problems rationally. We should not mix these matters with religion.
(iii) We should look for the economic, political or historical reasons that are responsible for disrupting religious harmony. This is the only way to put an end to communalism and strengthen national unity. Promoting mutual respect and open dialogue from a young age can further help bridge these gaps.
In simple words: To stop communalism, we must respect all religions, make friends with people of different faiths, and solve our social problems without bringing religion into them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering how to tackle communalism, highlight the importance of keeping religion separate from social and economic issues.

 

Question 3. How does regionalism gain strength/become strong?
Answer:
(i) Regionalism thrives on regional imbalance in development. In the post-independence period, some states achieved more progress, while some states remained backward.
(ii) As a result, the states that develop economically can also achieve progress in other areas like education, health and culture.
(iii) The states which have not developed in this manner remain backward in education and civic amenities. The opportunities of development available to people in these backward states are highly limited, leading to a feeling of neglect. This disparity creates a sense of injustice and strengthens regional feelings over national identity.
In simple words: Regionalism grows when some states become very rich and developed while others stay poor and backward, making people in backward areas feel left out.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain the link between 'regional imbalance' and 'regionalism' as it is the core concept the examiner looks for.

Explain the Following Concepts in Your Own Words:

 

Question 1. Communalism
Answer:
(i) Communalism is a serious threat to the unity of our country. It emerges out of narrow religious pride. This divisive ideology often leads to social disharmony.
(ii) Fanaticism is the base of communalism. It makes one oblivious to national interest. Fanaticism makes the perspective of looking at events and people prejudiced.
(iii) Some people begin to think of economic and social questions in the framework of their own religion. They hold the idea that government is partial towards their religion.
(iv) If anybody speaks about their religion or insults their religious symbols knowingly or unknowingly, riots break out because of this kind of thinking. Hundreds of innocent people are killed. Public peace is destroyed.
In simple words: Communalism is when people care only about their own religion and start hating other religions. This extreme pride leads to fights, riots, and harms the unity of the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, define communalism as a threat to national unity and list its negative impacts like fanaticism and riots using clear, numbered points.

 

Question 2. Regionalism
Answer:
(i) Regionalism refers an over-adherence to the language, culture, socio-political structures and economic growth of one’s own region or territory which leads to disregard for people of other regions.
(ii) It is grounded in the uneven industrial and infrastructural development of various regions of the same nation. For example, states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab and Tamil Nadu are well developed economically and industrially, whereas states like Odisha, Bihar, Assam, have remained undeveloped economically and industrially.
(iii) The disparity in availability of education, employment and other civic amenities between developed and backward regions of the country leads to regionalism.
(iv) The people of economically backward states often feel neglected and deprived, whereas the people of developed states might become narrow-minded and refuse to share the benefits of their development. This imbalance often creates a sense of alienation among citizens of different states.
In simple words: Regionalism is when people care too much about their own state or region and look down on others, which usually happens because some states are richer and more developed than others.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define regionalism in the first point and use examples of developed versus underdeveloped states to secure full marks.

 

3. Give Reasons:

 

Question 1. It became necessary to carry out Operation Blue Star.
Answer:
(i) In 1980, the movement for ‘Independent Khalistan’ took root in Punjab.
(ii) During that period, the leader of the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal. He used to direct his activists from the Golden Temple to stage protests.
(iii) On the other side of the Golden Temple, armed followers started gathering around the staunch Khalistan supporter Sant Jamail Singh Bhindranwale. During that period, terrorist activities had begun.
(iv) Bhindranwale was arrested in 1981, accused of the murder of newspaper editor, Lala Jagatnarayan. After this incident, the situation worsened. Consequently, the sacred space of the temple was compromised by armed militants.
In simple words: Operation Blue Star became necessary because armed extremists demanding a separate state had taken control of the Golden Temple, turning it into a base for violent activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the rise of the Khalistan movement and the occupation of the Golden Temple by armed followers as the primary reasons for the military operation.

p>Question 2. We should fight communalism with all our strength.
Answer:
(i) It is necessary that we all counter religious communalism with all our strength.
(ii) For this to become a reality, we should mix with people of different religions. We should accept the good practices and ideas of each other. Promoting mutual respect is key to this effort.
(iii) We should be able to look at and understand our economic and social problems rationally. We should not mix these issues with religion.
(iv) We should look for the economic, political or historical reasons that are responsible for disrupting religious harmony.
(v) This is the only way to put an end to communalism and to strengthen national unity.
In simple words: We must stand together against religious hatred by mixing with people of all faiths and solving our problems logically. This helps keep our country united and peaceful.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, list at least three to four distinct points showing how social, economic, and political factors can be addressed to tackle communalism.

 

4. Write the Full Forms:

 

Question 1. NEFA
Answer: North East Frontier Agency. This region is known for its diverse tribal culture and scenic beauty.
In simple words: NEFA stands for North East Frontier Agency, which was an old administrative division in northeastern India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always write the full form in capital letters where appropriate to ensure clarity and accuracy.

 

Question 2. MNF
Answer: Mizo National Front. It played a significant role in the history of Mizoram's statehood.
In simple words: MNF stands for Mizo National Front, a regional political party in Mizoram.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the political abbreviations of Northeast India as they are frequently asked in exams.

 

Question 3. NNC
Answer: Naga National Council. This organization was active in the political movements of the Naga hills.
In simple words: NNC stands for Naga National Council, which was a political organization of the Naga people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Double-check the spelling of 'Council' to avoid losing easy marks.

Class 9 History Chapter 3 India’s Internal Challenges Additional Important Questions and Answers

 

Choose the Correct Option from the Given Options and Rewrite the Statements:

 

Question 1. Akali Dal was the major political party of _______, which came to power in 1977.
(a) Haryana
(b) Punjab
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Gujarat
Answer: (b) Punjab
In simple words: Akali Dal is a regional political party that is mainly active in the state of Punjab, where it formed the government in 1977.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always associate regional parties with their respective states to easily solve such fill-in-the-blank questions.

 

Question 2. Akali Dal demanded ‘Holy City’ status for _______.
(a) Jalandhar
(b) Bhatinda
(c) Chandigarh
(d) Amritsar
Answer: (d) Amritsar
In simple words: Amritsar is home to the Golden Temple, the most sacred place for Sikhs, which is why the party wanted it declared a holy city.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Amritsar is of great religious significance in Sikhism, which helps connect it to the demand for 'Holy City' status.

 

Question 3. During the movement for ‘Independent Khalistan’ ______ was the leader of Akali Dal.
(a) Sant Jamail Singh Bhindranwale
(b) Sant Harcharan Singh
(c) Major General Shahbeg Singh
(d) Major General Kuldeep Singh Brar
Answer: (b) Sant Harcharan Singh
In simple words: Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal was the leader of the Akali Dal party who directed demonstrations from inside the Golden Temple.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not confuse the political leader of the Akali Dal (Sant Harcharan Singh) with the militant leader (Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale).

 

Question 4. On the morning of 3rd June 1984, mission _____ started.
Answer: Operation Blue Star
In simple words: Operation Blue Star was the military operation launched by the Indian Army to clear armed militants from the Golden Temple.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the exact date (3rd June 1984) and the code name of the operation to score full marks in objective questions.

 

Question 5. The north-east consists of ____ states.
(a) 6
(b) 7
(c) 8
(d) 5
Answer: (c) 8
In simple words: The northeastern region of India is made up of eight states, which include the famous "Seven Sisters" and the state of Sikkim.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Sikkim is the eighth state added to the northeastern group, making the total count eight instead of seven.

 

Question 6. In 1954, NEFA comprised of the territories on the ______ border and tribal areas towards the north of Assam.
(a) Indo-Pak
(b) Sino-Indian
(c) Indo-Nepalese
(d) Indo-Bhutanese
Answer: (b) Sino-Indian
In simple words: NEFA was formed to look after the tribal areas and the border region between India and China (Sino-Indian border) near Assam.

🎯 Exam Tip: The prefix "Sino-" always refers to China, which helps you easily identify the Sino-Indian border as the India-China border.

 

Question 7. In 1965, the responsibility of administering the north-east regions of India was given to _______.
(a) Defence Ministry
(b) Ministry of External Affairs
(c) President of India
(d) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: (b) Ministry of External Affairs
In simple words: In 1965, the government handed over the job of managing these sensitive northeastern border areas to the Ministry of External Affairs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the year 1965 in the question, as this specific administrative responsibility was later updated as the regions developed.

 

Question 8. When India became independent, the government gave administrative autonomy to the districts of ______ majority areas of Lushai Hills.
(a) Naga
(b) Ahom
(c) Mizo
(d) Assamese
Answer: (c) Mizo
In simple words: The Lushai Hills region was mostly lived in by the Mizo people, so the government gave them the power to manage their own local affairs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Lushai Hills is closely associated with the Mizo community, which later became the state of Mizoram.

 

Question 9. In 1961, Laldenga established the _______.
(a) All Assam Students Union
(b) Asom Gana Sangram Parishad
(c) Mizo National Front
(d) Naga National Council
Answer: (c) Mizo National Front
In simple words: Laldenga started this group to fight for the rights and independence of the Mizo people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the leader Laldenga directly with the Mizo National Front (MNF) to easily recall this historical event.

 

Question 10. The Naga Tribe in north-east India was known to be a _____ tribe.
(a) nomadic
(b) pastoral
(c) martial
(d) ethnic
Answer: (c) martial
In simple words: A martial tribe is one known for having strong, brave warriors who are skilled in fighting and protecting their land.

🎯 Exam Tip: The word 'martial' relates to military or fighting skills, which is a key characteristic historically associated with the Naga tribe.

 

Question 11. Naga National Council was led by ________.
(a) Prafullakumar Mohanto
(b) Laldenga
(c) Vizar Angami
(d) Angami Zapu Fizo
Answer: (d) Angami Zapu Fizo
In simple words: Angami Zapu Fizo was the prominent leader who headed the Naga National Council to demand a separate state for the Nagas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize 'Angami Zapu Fizo' as the key leader of the Naga National Council (NNC) during its early movement phase.

 

Question 12. The intense agitation of 1983 in Assam was staged over the question of _____.
(a) Exploitation by the landlords
(b) Bengali migrants from Bangladesh
(c) Autonomy in Assam
(d) Naxalites
Answer: (b) Bengali migrants from Bangladesh
In simple words: In 1983, people in Assam protested strongly because they were worried about a large number of people moving in from Bangladesh without permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Assam movement was primarily focused on the issue of illegal immigration and protecting local cultural identity.

 

Question 13. On 20th February 1987, _______ got the status of a constituent state.
(a) Manipur
(b) Nagaland
(c) Assam
(d) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: (d) Arunachal Pradesh
In simple words: On this date, Arunachal Pradesh officially became a full state of India instead of just being a union territory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the exact dates of statehood for North-Eastern states, as these are frequently asked in match-the-following or MCQ questions.

 

Question 14. The Naxalite movement started at Naxalbari in ______ district.
(a) Darjeeling
(b) Hojai
(c) Bishnupur
(d) Tuensang
Answer: (a) Darjeeling
In simple words: The Naxalite movement got its name from a place called Naxalbari, which is located in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the name 'Naxalbari' directly with 'Darjeeling' to easily recall the origin of this movement.

 

Question 15. The Naxalites established an organisation called _____.
(a) North-east Frontier Agency
(b) People’s Liberation Guerilla Army
(c) Mizo National Front
(d) Naga National Council
Answer: (b) People’s Liberation Guerilla Army
In simple words: To carry out their armed struggle, the Naxalites set up an organization known as the People's Liberation Guerilla Army (PLGA).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful not to confuse PLGA with regional political fronts like the Mizo National Front or Naga National Council.

Identify and Write the Wrong Pair in the Following Sets:

 

Question 1.
(1) Greater Mizoram – Mizo National Front
(2) Aanandpur Sahib Resolution – Akali Dal
(3) Action Committees – Communalism
(4) Operation Blue Star – Kuldeep Singh Brar
Answer: Wrong Pair: Action Committees – Communalism. This pair is incorrect because action committees were not formed to promote communalism but rather to address specific regional grievances.
In simple words: The pair matching Action Committees with Communalism is wrong. Action committees are usually set up to solve local problems, not to spread religious hatred.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read all pairs and recall historical events to easily spot the mismatched pair in such questions.

 

Question 2.
(1) Laldenga – Chief Minister of Mizoram
(2) Lala Jagatnarayan – Naxalite
(3) Prafullakumar Mahanta-Assam Ganaparishad
(4) Jamail Singh Bhindranwale – Independent Khalistan
Answer: Wrong Pair: Lala Jagatnarayan – Naxalite. Lala Jagatnarayan was actually a well-known journalist and editor who was assassinated during the period of Punjab militancy, not a Naxalite.
In simple words: Lala Jagatnarayan was a journalist, not a Naxalite, which makes this pair incorrect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the key personalities associated with regional movements to quickly identify incorrect associations.

 

Question 3.
(1) 1973 – Anandpur Sahib Resolution
(2) 1954 – NEFA became Arunachal Pradesh
(3) 1972 – Mizo areas got the status of Union Territory
(4) 1961 – Mizo National Front was established
Answer: Wrong Pair: 1954 – NEFA became Arunachal Pradesh. In 1954, the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) was created, but it did not become the state of Arunachal Pradesh until much later in 1987.
In simple words: NEFA was established in 1954, but it only became the state of Arunachal Pradesh in 1987, making this pair wrong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to historical timelines and years of state formations to score full marks in chronological questions.

Write the Full Form of the Following Acronyms:

 

Question 1. PLGA
Answer: People’s Liberation Guerilla Army. This group is the armed wing of the banned Communist Party of India (Maoist).
In simple words: PLGA stands for People's Liberation Guerilla Army, which is an armed rebel group.

🎯 Exam Tip: Write the full form clearly and ensure correct spelling of terms like 'Guerilla' to avoid losing marks.

Do as Directed

 

Question 1. Complete the table using the information of Naxalite areas of activity provided in the chapter:
Answer:

Sr. No.	Naxalite Areas of Activity	State
(1)	East Godavari	Andhra Pradesh
(2)	Adilabad, Bastar, Rajnandangaon and Sukma	Chhattisgarh
(3)	Balaghat and Mandala	Madhya Pradesh
(4)	Gadchiroli, Bhandara, parts of Chandrapur	Maharashtra
(5)	Koraput	Odisha
(6)	Parts of Vishakhapatnam and Karimnagar	Telangana

In simple words: This table shows the specific districts and regions across different Indian states where Naxalite groups have been most active.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize at least three major states and their corresponding Naxal-affected districts to easily score full marks in table-completion questions.

 

Write Short Notes On:

 

Question 1. Military action was taken to suppress the skirmishes of Naga activists.
Answer:
(i) In 1946, some educated Naga youth established an organisation called Naga National Council (NNC).
(ii) Later they made a demand for an independent state of Nagaland. They were led by Angami Zapu Fizo.
(iii) In 1954, the Naga National Council announced the establishment of an independent federation of Nagaland.
(iv) In 1955, skirmishes took place between local Nagas and the soldiers of the Assam Rifles. Military action was therefore taken to suppress the skirmishes (clashes). This military intervention was crucial to restore peace and maintain the territorial integrity of India.
In simple words: The Naga National Council wanted an independent nation and started fighting with Indian security forces. To stop these violent clashes and restore peace, the Indian government had to send in the military.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year 1946 (establishment of NNC) and the leader's name, Angami Zapu Fizo, as these are key evaluation points for examiners.

 

Question 2. The Naxalites established an organisation called PLGA.
Answer:
(i) The Naxalite Movement originated from Darjeeling, West Bengal, to raise a voice against the exploitation of farmers by the landlords and to confiscate the lands of the landlords and distribute it amongst the tenants.
(ii) Later, the movement strayed from its original objectives of helping poor farmers and adopted violent, terrorist methods to overthrow the government.
(iii) To spread their movement and carry out armed struggles, they established an organisation called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA). This armed wing became the primary instrument for executing violent attacks against state authorities.
In simple words: The Naxalite movement started to help poor farmers but later turned violent. They created an armed group called the PLGA to fight against the government using weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the full form of PLGA (People's Liberation Guerrilla Army) to show a thorough understanding of the topic.

 

Question 3. Fanaticism is the base of communalism.
Answer:
(i) Communalism is a serious threat to the unity of our country. Communalism emerges out of narrow religious pride.
(ii) But when this pride becomes excessive, then it turns into bigotry. This extreme bias prevents people from understanding other perspectives.
(iii) Each one then begins to consider their religion superior and others’ inferior. This leads to religious fanaticism which is the base of communalism.
In simple words: Communalism starts when people value their own religion blindly and look down on others. This extreme stubbornness, or fanaticism, creates division in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define how narrow religious pride escalates into bigotry and fanaticism to secure full marks.

 

Question 4. Regionalism thrives on regional imbalance in development.
Answer:
(i) In the post-independence period, some states achieved more progress, while some states remained backward.
(ii) States that develop economically can also achieve progress in other areas like education, health and culture.
(iii) The states which have not developed in this manner remain backward in education and civic amenities.
(iv) They are harassed by problems of education, backwardness, unemployment and poverty, etc.
(v) They begin to think that they are being cheated; they are being kept away from the benefits of development. This feeling of neglect ultimately strengthens regional identity over national unity.
In simple words: When some states progress quickly while others stay poor, the people in backward areas feel left out. This economic gap makes them focus only on their own region's interests.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the link between economic disparity and the psychological feeling of being neglected to write a complete answer.

 

Question 5. Skirmishes took place between local Nagas and the soldiers of Assam Rifles.
Answer:
(i) In 1946, some educated Naga youth established an organisation called Naga National Council (NNC).
(ii) Later, they made a demand for an independent State of Nagaland. They were led by Angami Zapu Fizo.
(iii) In 1954, the Naga National Council announced the establishment of an independent federation of Nagaland. In 1955, skirmishes happened between local Nagas and the soldiers of the Assam Rifles. These clashes highlighted the growing tension in the region.
In simple words: The Naga National Council wanted an independent state for their people. When they declared independence, it led to armed clashes between local Naga groups and the military forces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key years (1946, 1954, and 1955) and the name of the leader, Angami Zapu Fizo, to secure full marks.

 

Question 6. Naxalite movements are a threat to internal insecurity.
Answer:
(i) The movement had the objectives of establishing Action Committees to raise a voice against the exploitation of the farmers by the landlords and confiscate the land of the landlords and distribute it among the tenants.
(ii) Later, the movement strayed away from its objectives. It took recourse to terrorism to prevent any government schemes and welfare policies from reaching the common people. This shift alienated many of their original supporters.
(iii) The Naxalites started a parallel system by rejecting the democratic system. This made Naxalism a serious challenge to India’s internal security.
In simple words: The Naxalite movement started to help poor farmers get land from rich landlords. However, it later turned to terrorism and rejected democracy, becoming a major security threat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight how the movement shifted from its original pro-farmer goals to violent, anti-democratic methods.

Answer the Following:

 

Question 1. Which event prompted the arrest of Jamailsingh Bhindranwale?
Answer: Bhindranwale was arrested in 1981, accused of the murder of newspaper editor, Lala Jagatnarayan. This arrest became a major turning point in the region's history. After this incident, the situation in Punjab worsened.
In simple words: In 1981, a newspaper editor named Lala Jagatnarayan was killed, and Bhindranwale was accused of the crime. His arrest because of this murder made the political situation in Punjab much more tense.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly mention the year 1981 and the name of the newspaper editor, Lala Jagatnarayan, as these are the key details examiners look for.

 

Question 2. Name the constituent states of the north-east of India.
Answer: North-east India consists of the eight states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. These states are collectively known for their rich cultural diversity and unique geographical landscapes.
In simple words: North-east India is made up of eight distinct states. These states are located in the northeastern part of the country and share borders with several neighboring nations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list all eight states correctly. A common mistake is forgetting Sikkim, which is often called the brother of the seven sisters.

 

Question 3. What made the Mizo leaders demand autonomy for their province?
Answer:
(i) When India became independent, the government gave administrative autonomy to the districts of Mizo majority areas of the Lushai hills.
(ii) When the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1954, the expectations of the people in this area grew. That is when the Mizo leaders started demanding an autonomous ‘Mizo’ province. This demand reflected their desire for self-governance and cultural preservation.
In simple words: After India got independence, the Mizo people wanted to govern themselves. When a special commission was set up in 1954, their hopes grew, and they officially asked for their own self-ruled province.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly mention the year 1954 and the States Reorganisation Commission as these are key historical details examiners look for.

 

Question 4. What do you mean by ‘Operation Black Thunder’?
Answer: In 1986, an operation has to be conducted against terrorists in the Golden Temple. It was called ‘Operation Black Thunder’. This crucial security measure was aimed at restoring peace and sanctity to the holy site.
In simple words: Operation Black Thunder was a military action taken in 1986 to clear out terrorists who had taken shelter inside the Golden Temple. It was done to maintain law and order.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the exact year (1986) and the location (Golden Temple) to secure full marks for this definition.

 

Question 5. What was the objective of Naxalite Action Committees?
Answer: The Naxalite movement had the objective of establishing Action Committees to raise a voice against the exploitation of the farmers by the landlords and to confiscate the lands of the landlords and distribute them among the tenants. This initiative aimed to empower the landless peasants and address deep-rooted rural inequalities.
In simple words: The Naxalite Action Committees wanted to protect poor farmers from being treated badly by rich landowners. They aimed to take land from the landlords and give it to the poor farmers who actually worked on it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on key terms like 'exploitation of farmers', 'confiscate lands', and 'distribute among tenants' to write a complete answer.

 

Read the Following Passages and Answer the Questions:

 

Passage: I

Mizoram : The tribes in north-east India have an ancient history. When India became independent, the government gave administrative autonomy to the districts of Mizo majority areas of the Lushai hills, When the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1954, the expectations of the people in this area grew. Mizo leaders started demanding an autonomous ‘Mizo’ province. In 1959 the territory of Mizoram experienced severe drought. During this famine, Mizo leader...

Laldenga served the common people a lot. In 1961, Laldenga established an organisation called Mizo National Front (MNF). He asked for ‘Greater Mizoram’, an independent nation carved out of Tripura, Manipur and Mizo majority areas from the Lushai hills. In March 1966, Mizo National Front announced the emergence of Independent Mizoram. Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi handled the situation firmly and suppressed the rebellion. When the situation calmed down in 1972, the Mizo majority area was given the status of a Union Territory. In 1985, Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi had an agreement with the Mizo National Front and Mizoram was given the status of a full-fledged State. Laldenga became the Chief Minister of the State.

 

Question 1. Which areas in north-east eventually formed the state of Mizoram?
Answer: Mizo majority areas of Lushai Hills formed the State of Mizoram. This region underwent significant political transitions before achieving full statehood.
In simple words: The state of Mizoram was created from the areas in the Lushai Hills where most of the Mizo people lived.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention 'Lushai Hills' as it is the key geographical term the examiner looks for.

 

Question 2. Name the leading party of Mizoram.
Answer: Mizo National Front. This organization played a pivotal role in the regional movement for autonomy.
In simple words: The main political group in Mizoram was called the Mizo National Front, or MNF.

🎯 Exam Tip: Write the full name 'Mizo National Front' and you can also mention its abbreviation 'MNF' for extra clarity.

 

Question 3. Which operation was carried in 1986 against the terrorists in the Golden Temple?
Answer: Operation ‘Black Thunder’ was conducted to clear the temple premises. This action was crucial for restoring peace and security in the region.
In simple words: In 1986, a military action named Operation 'Black Thunder' was conducted to remove terrorists from the Golden Temple.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always put the name of the operation in single or double quotes to make it stand out clearly.

 

Passage II

Nagaland: The Naga tribe in northeast India is known as a martial tribe. The Naga tribe had settled in Eastern Himalayas, the Naga hills, border areas of Assam and Myanmar. In 1946, some educated Naga youth established an organisation called Naga National Council (NNC). Later they made a demand for an independent State of Nagaland. They were led by Angami Zapu’Fizo. In 1954, the Naga National Council announced the establishment of an independent, federation of Nagaland. In 1955, skirmishes happened between local Nagas and the soldiers of the Assam

 

Question 1. Who was the leader of Naga National Council?
Answer: Angami Zapu Fizo. He was a prominent leader who played a crucial role in representing the political aspirations of the Naga people during this period.
In simple words: Angami Zapu Fizo was the main leader of the Naga National Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Make sure to spell the leader's name correctly to secure full marks in short-answer questions.

 

Question 2. Which areas does Nagaland comprise of?
Answer: Tribes residing in the eastern Himalayas, Naga Hills and on the border areas of Assam and Myanmar emerged as Nagaland. A part of Tuensang was also added to it later. This region is known for its rich cultural diversity and unique tribal heritage.
In simple words: Nagaland is made up of areas where different tribes live, including the Naga Hills, border areas near Assam and Myanmar, and later the region of Tuensang.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention all three key geographical areas—Naga Hills, border areas of Assam/Myanmar, and Tuensang—to get full marks.

 

Question 3. Which territory in the North-East eventually formed the state of Nagaland?
Answer: Nagaland was made a fullfledged State on 1st December 1963 by putting together the Naga majority territory and part of Tuensang. This significant political development marked a new chapter of peace and administration in the region.
In simple words: The state of Nagaland was created on December 1, 1963, by joining the Naga majority areas and a part of Tuensang together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always include the exact date, 1st December 1963, as historical dates are highly valued by examiners.

Answer the Following Questions in Detail:

 

Question 1. President’s rule was imposed in Punjab in 1983. Why?
Answer:
(i) In 1980, the movement for ‘Independent Khalistari took root in Punjab.
(ii) During that period, the leader of the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal. He used to direct his activists from the Golden Temple to stage protests. This escalating political instability and law-and-order crisis eventually forced the central government to intervene.
In simple words: President's rule was put in Punjab because there was a strong movement for an independent state, and protests led from the Golden Temple created a major law and order problem.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering detailed questions, structure your points clearly with sub-part labels like (i) and (ii) exactly as shown in the textbook.

Question 2. Which states does north-east India comprise of and in what respects are they different from each other?
Answer:
(i) North-east India consists of the eight states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. This region is known for its unique geographical positioning.
(ii) International borders of India touch each of the states to varying extents.
(iii) These states are different with respect to ethnicity, language and cultural diversity.
In simple words: Northeast India is made up of eight different states. They are unique because they share borders with other countries and have many different cultures, languages, and traditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names of all eight states of Northeast India, as listing them correctly is essential for scoring full marks.

 

Question 3. State the role of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in the assimilation of the north-eastern states into the mainstream of the country.
Answer:
(i) The first Prime Minister of independent India took the lead in bringing the tribes living in these areas into the mainstream of the country.
(ii) In 1954, he formed the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) area, comprising of the territories on the Sino-Indian border and the tribal areas towards the north of Assam. This administrative setup helped in better governance of the border regions.
(iii) Nehru took the position of bringing about the development of hundreds of tribes in these parts while preserving their culture.
In simple words: Jawaharlal Nehru helped bring the tribal people of Northeast India into the main country. He created the NEFA in 1954 to develop these areas while keeping their unique cultures safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the year 1954 and the full form of NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency) is highly recommended to secure maximum marks.

 

Question 4. State the constitutional measures taken by the government to assimilate north-east India into the mainstream.
Answer:
(i) Provisions have been made in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution regarding the administration of tribal areas in North-East India.
(ii) In 1965, the responsibility of the administration of this area was given to the Ministry of External Affairs. This was done to ensure special attention was paid to their development.
(iii) The North-Eastern Council Act of 1971 was passed to advise the Central Government on matters of common interest, social and economic development, inter-state transport, electricity, and flood control.
In simple words: The government made special rules in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution for Northeast India. They also set up the North-Eastern Council in 1971 to help these states grow together by working on transport, electricity, and development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to highlight the 'Sixth Schedule' and the 'North-Eastern Council Act of 1971' as these are key constitutional provisions looked for by examiners.

 

Question 5. What is the role of Mizo leader, Laldenga in emergence of independent Mizoram?
Answer:
(i) In 1959 the territory of Mizoram experienced severe drought. During this famine, Mizo leader Laldenga served the common people a lot.
(ii) In 1961, Laldenga established an organisation called Mizo National Front (MNF).
(iii) He asked for’ Greater Mizoram’, an independent nation carved out of Tripura, Manipur and Mizo majority areas from the Lushai hills.
(iv) In March 1966, Mizo National Front announced the emergence of Independent Mizoram.
(v) In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had an agreement with the Mizo National Front and Mizoram was given the status of a full-fledged state. Laldenga became the Chief Minister of the State. This marked a significant transition from conflict to democratic governance in the region.
In simple words: Laldenga was a key leader who helped Mizoram become a separate state in India. He started by helping people during a drought, formed a group to fight for their rights, and eventually signed a peace agreement with the Indian government to become Mizoram's first Chief Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the key years (1959, 1961, 1966, and 1985) and Laldenga's transition from a rebel leader to the Chief Minister to secure full marks.

 

Question 6. Describe the establishment of democracy and peace in Assam.
Answer:
(i) In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Central Home Minister Shankarrao Chavan and Assamese leader Prafullakumar Mohanto signed an Accord.
(ii) It was dedded to that the Bangladeshi dtizens who had infiltrated in Assam would be sent back to their original places. This historic agreement paved the way for holding legislative assembly elections and restoring normalcy in the state.
In simple words: Peace was brought to Assam in 1985 through an agreement signed by the government and Assamese leaders. It was agreed that illegal immigrants would be sent back, which helped restore democracy and hold elections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to name all three key signatories of the 1985 Assam Accord: Rajiv Gandhi, Shankarrao Chavan, and Prafullakumar Mohanto.

 

Question 7. What are the features of religious fanaticism?
Answer:
(i) People of different religions don’t trust each other. They become suspicious of each other.
(ii) Compatriots following different religions are looked at as enemies. Even commensality or coming together on festivals becomes rare.
(iii) The perspective of looking at events and people is prejudiced. Some people begin to think of economic and social questions from within the framework of their own religion. This narrow mindset ultimately damages the social fabric of a nation.
(iv) Some people might think that since they belong to a particular religion, they have no influence in politics. They begin to believe that they are being treated unjustly. They hold the idea that the government is against their religion.
In simple words: Religious fanaticism makes people of different faiths distrust and dislike each other. They stop celebrating together and start viewing every social or political issue only through the lens of their own religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list all four features of religious fanaticism using numbered sub-parts to ensure you cover all key aspects for full marks.

 

Question 8. Regionalism can affect developed as well as undeveloped states. Justify the statement.
Answer:
(i) The people of developed states begin to believe that they are superior due to their superior history and culture.
(ii) They then begin to look down upon people of underdeveloped regions. They are not willing to share the benefits of development with backward states.
(iii) On the other hand, the people from backward areas arouse their regional identity to organise themselves. For this, they try to unnecessarily glorify local traditions and culture to prove their uniqueness. This imbalance creates a sense of alienation and division among citizens.
In simple words: Regionalism affects both rich and poor states. Rich states feel superior and do not want to share their wealth, while poorer states over-glorify their local culture to assert their identity.

🎯 Exam Tip: When justifying a statement, make sure to address both sides of the argument—how regionalism affects developed states and how it affects underdeveloped states.

 

Question 9. What do you mean by ‘Operation Blue Star’?
Answer:
(i) Operation Blue Star was a military action of getting the terrorists out of the Golden temple. This operation was entrusted to Major General Kuldeep Singh Brar. This crucial operation was aimed at restoring peace and sanctity to the holy shrine.
(ii) On the morning of 3rd June 1984, the mission ‘Operation Blue Star’ started. The Operation ended on 6th June.
In simple words: Operation Blue Star was a military mission in June 1984 to clear terrorists from the Golden Temple. It was led by Major General Brar and lasted for four days.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention the exact dates (3rd June to 6th June 1984) and the name of Major General Kuldeep Singh Brar to secure full marks.

 

Question 10. Which events from the Golden Temple in 1980 disturbed the peace in Punjab?
Answer:
(i) In 1980, the movement for ‘Independent Khalistan’ took root in Punjab. During that period, the leader of the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal. He used to direct his activists from the Golden Temple to stage protests.
(ii) On the other side of the Golden Temple, armed followers started gathering around the staunch Khalistan supporter Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. During that period, terrorist activities had begun. These activities created an atmosphere of great tension and instability across the region.
In simple words: In 1980, the demand for an independent state called Khalistan grew in Punjab. Leaders and armed followers gathered inside the Golden Temple to organize protests and launch violent activities, which disrupted the peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the roles of Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal and Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale in your answer.