Maharashtra Board Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Health and Diseases Solutions

Std 8 Science Chapter 2 Health And Diseases Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Health And Diseases Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1. Distinguish between- Infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Answer:

Infectious diseases	Non-infectious diseases
1. The diseases which can be transmitted from one patient to other person are called infectious diseases.	1. The diseases which cannot be transmitted from one patient to other person, are called non-infectious diseases.
2. Contaminated air, water, food or carrier-vector animals or insects spread the infectious diseases.	2. Non-infectious diseases are not transmitted through any medium.
3. infectious diseases are acute diseases as they are suddenly caused due to infections from either bacteria, virus or protozoan. Thus, their symptoms are seen sooner.	3. Some non-infectious diseases are due to hereditary causes, some are a clue to failure in metabolism, some due to deficiency of the nutrients. Their symptoms are not seen suddenly but are developed gradually.
4. Antibiotics or antihelminth medicines are used to treat the infectious diseases. E.g. Tuberculosis, hepatitis, leprosy, cough and cold, etc.	4. Antibiotics cannot be used for treating non-infectious diseases. These diseases have a proper treatment. E.g. Diabetes, cancer, heart diseases, etc.Tuberculosis, hepatitis, leprosy, cough and cold, etc.

In simple words: Infectious diseases spread from person to person or via carriers, showing quick symptoms and often treated with antibiotics. Non-infectious diseases don't spread, develop gradually due to lifestyle or genetics, and are not treated with antibiotics.

🎯 Exam Tip: When distinguishing between diseases, focus on the mode of transmission, onset of symptoms, and typical treatment approaches as key differentiating factors for scoring.

 

Question 2. Identify the odd term.
Question a. Malaria, hepatitis, elephantiasis, dengue.
Answer: Hepatitis (All other diseases are caused by the carrier mosquito.)
In simple words: Malaria, elephantiasis, and dengue are all spread by mosquitoes, while hepatitis is caused by a virus and spread through contaminated food/water or body fluids, making it the odd one out.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "odd one out" questions, classify the given terms based on a common characteristic (e.g., mode of transmission, type of pathogen) to easily identify the outlier.

 

Question b. Plague, AIDS, Cholera, T.B.
Answer: AIDS [All others are bacterial (caused by bacteria) diseases.]
In simple words: Plague, Cholera, and T.B. are bacterial infections, but AIDS is caused by a virus (HIV), distinguishing it from the rest.

🎯 Exam Tip: To identify the odd term, quickly recall the causative agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa, etc.) for each disease. The one with a different agent is usually the odd one out.

 

Question 3. Answer in one to two sentences.
Question a. Which are various media of spreading the infectious diseases?
Answer: Infectious diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food, vectors such as insects, animals and man.
In simple words: Infectious diseases can be transmitted through various mediums like unclean air, water, food, and living carriers such as insects, animals, or even humans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list common environmental factors and living carriers when asked about transmission media for infectious diseases.

 

Question b. Give the names of five non-infectious diseases other than given in the lesson.
Answer: Asthma, cataract, diseases of kidney such as kidney stones and renal failure, arthritis, Alzheimer which is a condition during old age, hypertension, migraine, etc.
In simple words: Some non-infectious diseases include chronic conditions like asthma, visual impairment like cataract, kidney problems such as stones or failure, joint issues like arthritis, age-related dementia like Alzheimer's, high blood pressure (hypertension), and severe headaches like migraine.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for examples of non-infectious diseases, think of chronic conditions or disorders related to organ function or aging that are not communicable.

 

Question c. Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart diseases?
Answer: Improper lifestyle, wrong type of diet, lack of exercise, excessive mental stress and strain, imbalance in secretion of hormones, etc. are the main reasons for diabetes and heart diseases.
In simple words: Diabetes and heart diseases are primarily caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices, poor diet, insufficient physical activity, high stress levels, and hormonal imbalances within the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: For lifestyle-related diseases, always include factors like diet, exercise, stress, and hormonal regulation as key causes in your answer.

 

Question 4. What can be achieved/can be prevented?
Question a. Drinking boiled and filtered water.
Answer:
1. When water is boiled, all the disease causing pathogens present in it are killed.
2. Different diseases like cholera, enteritis, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid are caused by such water-borne pathogens.
3. If we boil the water we are protected against all such diseases.
4. If the water is filtered we can avoid infections from nematode Dracunculus which causes Naru. By boiling and filtering water, even the epidemics by such infectious diseases can be controlled.
In simple words: Boiling and filtering water kills pathogens, preventing water-borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, and infections from parasites like Dracunculus, thus controlling epidemics.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both boiling (killing pathogens) and filtering (removing larger contaminants) as complementary actions for comprehensive water purification and disease prevention.

 

Question b. Avoiding smoking and alcoholism.
Answer:
1. Smoking and alcoholism are two dangerous habits that cause addictions. Alcoholism causes disorders of liver.
2. The addict suffers from malnourishment.
3. His mental and psychological conditions become abnormal. There is social and familial impacts too due to alcoholism.
4. Smoking is an invitation for cancer. In cigarettes/ bidis, there is hazardous nicotine. Nicotine is not only toxic but is also carcinogenic. Cancers of oral cavity, tongue, respiratory tract, lungs is very common among smokers. Therefore, addictions like smoking and alcoholism should always be avoided.
In simple words: Avoiding smoking and alcoholism prevents severe health issues like liver disorders, malnutrition, psychological problems, and various cancers, as these habits introduce toxins and carcinogens into the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing harmful habits like smoking and alcoholism, link them directly to specific organ damage (liver, lungs), nutritional deficiencies, and cancer risks to show a complete understanding.

 

Question c. Regular balanced diet and exercise.
Answer:
1. Regular and balanced diet results into perfect health. The disease fighting power or immunity of a person is increased due to healthy diet.
2. One can avoid of frequent infections and also mental well-being is established.
3. Heart disease, diabetes, obesity, etc. can be avoided by not consuming high caloric junk food.
4. Exercise improves blood circulation. Many disorders which are caused by faulty lifestyle can be prevented by having regular balanced diet and exercise, thus one must always follow these for well-being.
In simple words: A regular balanced diet and exercise boost immunity, prevent infections, promote mental well-being, improve blood circulation, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity by countering faulty lifestyle habits.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the dual benefits of diet (immunity, disease prevention) and exercise (circulation, lifestyle disorders) and their combined role in overall well-being.

 

Question d. Proper checking of blood before blood donation.
Answer:
1. There are definite blood groups.
2. During blood transfusion, the donor's and recipient's blood should be well-matched with each other. Otherwise, blood gets clumped inside the body of recipient.
3. Through infected blood, the viruses such as those causing hepatitis B or AIDS are transmitted to other healthy persons. Thus, for prevention of transmission of such diseases, blood should be checked before blood donation.
In simple words: Proper blood checking before donation ensures blood group compatibility to prevent clumping in the recipient and, crucially, screens for infectious diseases like hepatitis B and AIDS, preventing their transmission to healthy individuals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both blood compatibility (to prevent adverse reactions) and screening for infectious agents (to prevent disease transmission) as critical reasons for pre-donation blood checks.

 

Question 5. Read the passage and answer the questions.Master X' is a 3-year-old child. He is living with his family in a slum. The public toilet is present near his house. His father is drunkard. His mother does not know the importance of balanced diet.
Question a. Master 'X' can suffer from which different possible diseases in above conditions?
Answer: Master 'X' stays in an area which is devoid of cleanliness. The public toilet is near his house. This indicates that he will have to fight against many infectious diseases. Because his father is a drunkard, there will always be a dearth of money in the house. He may not be able to afford, enough and balanced food. Thus his diet must be deficient in vitamins and minerals. Moreover, his mother is ignorant about the importance of health and a balanced diet. This must be causing Master 'X' malnourishment and loss of immunity. The financial conditions and the addiction of the father must be causing stress in the house. This will further add stress on Master 'X' resulting into susceptibility to infections. As it is due to the location the germs are around and thus they may be attacking Master 'X'. He will on and off suffer from digestive disorders! such as typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, enteritis, etc.
In simple words: Master 'X' is susceptible to infectious diseases like typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, and other digestive disorders due to unhygienic living conditions near a public toilet, malnourishment from a poor diet (due to poverty and parental ignorance), and reduced immunity from overall stress and lack of essential nutrients.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing case studies, connect each environmental, social, and personal factor directly to specific health risks or disease categories to provide a comprehensive answer.

 

Question b. How will you help him and his family in this situation?
Answer: Initially, we shall help Master 'X' to procure healthy and balanced diet having fruits, vegetables, milk, etc. His mother will be taught importance of the balanced diet. The surroundings should be clean and hygienic. Food should be covered, houseflies should not be allowed to contaminate the food. Germicidal floor cleaners and disinfectants should be used to keep off the houseflies and cockroaches. His father will be taken to de-addiction centres such as 'Alcoholics Anonymous'. He will be persuaded to leave alcoholism.
In simple words: To help Master 'X' and his family, we would provide healthy food, educate his mother on nutrition, ensure clean surroundings, and encourage his father to seek treatment for alcoholism, addressing both health and environmental factors.

🎯 Exam Tip: For intervention-based questions, provide a multi-faceted approach that covers nutrition, hygiene, education, and addressing underlying social issues like addiction.

 

Question c. Which disease can occur to the father of master 'X'?
Answer: Father of Master 'X' can develop diseases of liver and kidney.
In simple words: Given his alcoholism, Master 'X''s father is highly likely to develop severe liver and kidney diseases, as alcohol severely impacts the function of these organs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Directly link common health risks to specified lifestyle habits, such as alcoholism to liver and kidney damage.

 

Question 6. Give the preventive measures of following diseases:
Question a. Dengue:
Answer: Dengue is transmitted through bite of mosquito of Aedes aegypti. DEN-1, 2 virus belonging to the type – flavivirus is the causative pathogen for Dengue. Wherever there is stagnant or accumulated water, there is possibility of mosquito breeding. Therefore, care is to be taken to drain of such water. Thus this is a very important preventive measure. Especially, in the man-made containers and in clean water, the Aedes mosquito prefers to breed. Therefore, such water storages should be either covered or should be decanted. Another way to keep off from dengue is to increase our immunity to fight against the virus. There is vaccine called CYD-TDV or Dengvaxia which is synthesised in 2017. But it is still not considered to be completely safe.
In simple words: To prevent dengue, eliminate mosquito breeding grounds by draining stagnant water and covering water containers, as Aedes aegypti mosquitoes spread the virus. Boosting immunity also helps, and while vaccines exist, their safety is still under evaluation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing vector-borne diseases like dengue, always emphasize controlling the vector (mosquito) by eliminating breeding sites as the primary preventive measure.

 

Question b. Cancer:
Answer: The most important preventive measure is to remain away from the carcinogenic substances. Tobacco, gutkha, cigarette, bidi, etc. are addictive things which are very bad for our health. The nicotine present in these cause cancers of oral cavity and of respiratory system. Radiations can also cause cancer. We should not expose ourselves to hazardous radiations. Balanced and healthy diet, proper exercise and living stress free with mental balance are some of the preventive measures of the cancer. Only for few types of cancer like cervical cancer in women, vaccine has been developed.
In simple words: Cancer prevention involves avoiding carcinogenic substances like tobacco and excessive radiation, maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress, though vaccines are available for only a few types.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on lifestyle modifications (avoiding carcinogens, healthy habits) and minimizing environmental exposure (radiation) as primary cancer prevention strategies.

 

Question c. AIDS:
Answer: When blood transfusion is done, the blood should be checked for the presence of HIV. The used syringes, needles, etc. should not be used without sterilization. Through blood and blood products and body fluids HIV finds its way into the body. Therefore, these precautions should be taken. Unsafe sexual contact is the most important mode of transmission of HIV. Thus one should never deal with such dangerous acts. Awareness about AIDS and HIV is the real preventive measure.
In simple words: Preventing AIDS requires strict precautions like screening blood for HIV before transfusion, sterilizing needles and syringes, avoiding unsafe sexual contact, and promoting widespread awareness about HIV transmission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the importance of screening for HIV, sterilization of medical instruments, and safe practices for personal and sexual health as key preventive measures for AIDS.

 

Question 7. Explain the importance.
Question a. Balanced diet.
Answer: The diet that contains all the nutrients in the balanced proportion is called balanced diet. One can avoid malnutrition by taking balanced diet. The immunity increases due to balanced diet containing good proportion of vitamins and minerals. Some diseases can be avoided due to raised immunity. Wrong lifestyle and wrong diet can cause hypertension, diabetes or heart disease. To maintain our health and keep the body in equilibrium, we have to take balanced diet.
In simple words: A balanced diet is crucial because it prevents malnutrition, boosts immunity by providing essential vitamins and minerals, and helps maintain overall health, thereby preventing lifestyle diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of a balanced diet, ensure you cover its roles in preventing malnutrition, enhancing immunity, and guarding against chronic lifestyle diseases.

 

Question b. Physical exercise/Yogasanas.
Answer: By exercise and yoga, the blood circulation of body is improved. Body and joints remain flexible. Mental strain and stress is reduced. Insomnia (inability to fall asleep), arthritis, indigestion, and some other disorders can be avoided. The person who performs exercise, always remains away from the addictions. Yoga makes levels of hormones, enzymes, etc. in equilibrium. By keeping control over breathing through pranayama many respiratory and circulatory disorders can be prevented.
In simple words: Physical exercise and Yogasanas are important as they improve blood circulation, enhance flexibility, reduce stress and insomnia, prevent chronic disorders like arthritis and indigestion, help avoid addictions, and balance hormones, contributing significantly to overall physical and mental health.

🎯 Exam Tip: For the importance of physical activity, include both physiological benefits (circulation, flexibility) and psychological benefits (stress reduction, addiction prevention), also mentioning how yoga specifically aids hormonal balance and respiratory health.

 

Question 8. Make a list.
Question a. Viral diseases.
Answer: AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies, Polio.
In simple words: Viral diseases are caused by viruses and include conditions like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies, and Polio.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing viral diseases, try to include a mix of common and severe examples to demonstrate broad knowledge.

 

Question b. Bacterial diseases.
Answer: Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Leprosy.
In simple words: Bacterial diseases are caused by bacteria and include illnesses such as Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Cholera, and Leprosy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure your list of bacterial diseases includes well-known examples that illustrate different modes of infection or affected body systems.

 

Question c. Diseases spread through insects.
Answer: Malaria, Dengue, Elephantiasis.
In simple words: Diseases spread through insects, often called vector-borne diseases, include Malaria, Dengue, and Elephantiasis, all transmitted by mosquitoes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for insect-borne diseases, primarily recall those transmitted by common vectors like mosquitoes, as these are frequently studied.

 

Question d. Hereditary diseases.
Answer: Diabetes, Haemophilia, Muscular dystrophy, Colourblindness.
In simple words: Hereditary diseases are genetic conditions passed down through families, such as certain types of Diabetes, Haemophilia, Muscular dystrophy, and Colourblindness.

🎯 Exam Tip: For hereditary diseases, list examples that clearly demonstrate genetic inheritance and affect different body systems or functions.

 

Question 9. Write the information on modern diagnostics and treatments of cancer.
Question a.
Answer:
1. Following methods are used as diagnostic methods to detect the cancer. Techniques like CT scan, MRI scan, mammography, biopsy.
Treatment of the cancer is done by the following methods:
2. For treatment of cancer, some conventional methods are used. Along with these methods, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are commonly used to treat cancerous growth and tumours. New and modern techniques of robotic and laparoscopic surgery are also used for the treatment.
In simple words: Modern cancer diagnostics include CT, MRI, mammography, and biopsy, while treatments involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, conventional surgery, and advanced robotic or laparoscopic surgical techniques.

🎯 Exam Tip: For cancer diagnosis and treatment, categorize your answer into diagnostic tools (imaging, tissue sampling) and treatment modalities (medical, radiation, surgical) to provide a structured overview.

 

Question 10. Enlist the names and composition of the medicines present at your home.
Question 1. Prepare posters giving information about various diseases, public awareness and arrange exhibition in school.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: This question requires students to survey medicines at home, noting their names and primary ingredients, which then informs the creation of public awareness posters for a school exhibition on diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a project-based question. For evaluation, focus on the originality and clarity of the poster content, demonstrating knowledge of disease information and public awareness strategies. Accuracy in listing medicines and their compositions is also key.

 

Question 2. Visit the public health center/clinic nearby and collect the information about vaccination.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: This question encourages students to visit a local health center to gather information on available vaccinations, their schedules, and importance, contributing to practical learning.

🎯 Exam Tip: When presenting information from a health center visit, organize the data clearly, specifying vaccine types, diseases prevented, and age groups, to demonstrate comprehensive research.

 

Question 3. Compose a street-play to increase public awareness about dengue, malaria, swine flu and present ¡tin the area nearby your school.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: This activity asks students to develop and perform a street-play to educate the local community about the causes, symptoms, and prevention of diseases like dengue, malaria, and swine flu, using an engaging format.

🎯 Exam Tip: For creative assignments like a street-play, evaluation will consider the play's clarity in conveying health messages, its engagement with the audience, and the accuracy of the information presented on disease awareness.

Project:

 

Question 1. Prepare posters giving information about various diseases, public awareness and arrange exhibition in school.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: This project involves creating informative posters about different diseases and their public awareness strategies for a school exhibition.

🎯 Exam Tip: For project-based learning, focus on clear, concise, and visually appealing presentation of information. Ensure the content is accurate and addresses key aspects of disease prevention and public health.

 

Question 2. Visit the public health center/clinic nearby and collect the information about vaccination.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: The task requires students to visit a local health clinic to gather details about vaccination schedules and the importance of immunizations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When documenting findings from a visit, include specific details like vaccine names, diseases they protect against, and the recommended age for administration to show thoroughness.

 

Question 3. Compose a street-play to increase public awareness about dengue, malaria, swine flu and present it in the area nearby your school.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: This project aims for students to create and perform a street-play to raise community awareness about prevalent diseases like dengue, malaria, and swine flu.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on making the street-play engaging and easy to understand for a general audience, using simple language and relatable scenarios to effectively convey health messages.

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Health And Diseases Additional Important Questions And Answers

Rewrite The Sentences After Filling The Blanks:

 

Question 1. For eradication of tuberculosis everybody should be vaccinated by ............. vaccine.
Answer: For eradication of tuberculosis everybody should be vaccinated by B.C.G vaccine.
In simple words: To prevent tuberculosis, everyone should receive the B.C.G vaccine.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific vaccine name associated with common diseases, especially for fill-in-the-blank questions.

 

Question 2. Hepatitis B can be transmitted by ............
Answer: Hepatitis B can be transmitted by blood transfusion.
In simple words: Hepatitis B can spread through the transfer of infected blood, such as during a transfusion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about modes of transmission for diseases; for Hepatitis B, blood and body fluids are key.

 

Question 3. For treating diarrhoea/dysentery.............. is given to the patient.
Answer: For treating diarrhoea/dysentery O.R.S. is given to the patient.
In simple words: Patients suffering from diarrhoea or dysentery are given Oral Rehydration Solution (O.R.S.) to prevent dehydration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the standard first-line treatments for common ailments, like ORS for dehydration caused by diarrhea.

 

Question 4. ............ virus is responsible for the infection of swine flu.
Answer: Influenza A (H1N1) virus is responsible for the infection of swine flu.
In simple words: Swine flu is caused by the Influenza A (H1N1) virus.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the specific pathogen names for important diseases, such as H1N1 for swine flu.

 

Question 5. ............ mosquito spreads dengue.
Answer: Aedes aegypti mosquito spreads dengue.
In simple words: The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector responsible for spreading dengue fever.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific insect vector for diseases like dengue to ensure accuracy in your answers.

 

Question 6. Malaria is caused by female mosquito of ............. genus.
Answer: Malaria is caused by female mosquito of Anopheles genus.
In simple words: Malaria is transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different mosquito genera and the diseases they transmit, like Anopheles for malaria.

 

Question 7. ............. test is performed on blood to diagnose AIDS.
Answer: ELISA test is performed on blood to diagnose AIDS.
In simple words: The ELISA test is a common blood test used to diagnose AIDS by detecting HIV antibodies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with key diagnostic tests for major diseases, such as ELISA for AIDS.

One Word In The Following Sentences Is Wrong. Change It To Make The Sentences Correct:

 

Question 1. Culex mosquito is seen in clean water.
Answer: Culex mosquito is seen in dirty water.
In simple words: Culex mosquitoes typically breed in dirty water, not clean water.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to details about vector habitats, as this often indicates the type of water source where they breed.

 

Question 2. Transmission of swine flu is done by dogs and human beings.
Answer: Transmission of swine flu is done by pigs and human beings.
In simple words: Swine flu is primarily transmitted between pigs and humans, not dogs and humans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identify the primary animal reservoirs for zoonotic diseases to avoid common misconceptions.

 

Question 3. Hydrophobia is the main symptom of typhoid.
Answer: Hydrophobia is the main symptom of rabies.
In simple words: Hydrophobia, the fear of water, is a characteristic symptom of rabies, not typhoid.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately associate unique or prominent symptoms with the correct disease to avoid confusion.

 

Question 4. The maximum number of patients of diabetes are found in America.
Answer: The maximum number of patients of diabetes are found in India.
In simple words: India currently has the largest number of diabetes patients worldwide, not America.

🎯 Exam Tip: Stay updated on global health statistics related to widespread diseases like diabetes to provide accurate information.

 

Question 5. Generic medicines are also called branded medicines.
Answer: Generic medicines are also called general medicines.
In simple words: Generic medicines are also known as general medicines, distinct from branded ones.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the distinction between generic and branded medicines, specifically their alternative terms and implications for cost and availability.

 

Question 6. If the secretion of insulin is increased, then the diabetes is caused.
Answer: If the secretion of insulin is decreased, then the diabetes is caused.
In simple words: Diabetes occurs when there is a decrease in insulin secretion, not an increase.

🎯 Exam Tip: Precisely recall the hormonal imbalances associated with conditions like diabetes, specifically how insulin levels affect blood sugar.

 

Question 7. Virus causing rabies enter the brain through food.
Answer: Virus causing rabies enter the brain through neurons.
In simple words: The rabies virus travels to the brain via nerve pathways (neurons), not through ingested food.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be accurate about the entry and transmission routes of specific viruses, especially for neurological diseases like rabies.

Match The Columns:

 

Question 1.

Bacterial diseases	Bacteria
1. Typhoid	(a) Mycobacterium tuberculi
2. Cholera	(b) Bacillus
3. Diarrhoea	(c) Vibrio choleri
4. Tuberculosis	(d) Salmonella typhi

Answer:

Bacterial diseases	Bacteria
1. Typhoid	(d) Salmonella typhi
2. Cholera	(c) Vibrio choleri
3. Diarrhoea	(b) Bacillus
4. Tuberculosis	(a) Mycobacterium tuberculi

In simple words: This table correctly matches each bacterial disease with its causative bacterial species: Typhoid with Salmonella typhi, Cholera with Vibrio choleri, Diarrhoea with Bacillus, and Tuberculosis with Mycobacterium tuberculi.

🎯 Exam Tip: For match-the-column questions involving diseases and pathogens, create clear associations between each disease and its specific causative agent for accurate matching.

 

Question 2.

Importance of the day	Date
1. World Diabetes Day	(a) 7th April
2. World Heart Day	(b) 14th June
3. World Blood Donation Day	(c) 29th September
4. World Health Day	(d) 14th November

Answer:

Importance of the day	Date
1. World Diabetes Day	(d) 14th November
2. World Heart Day	(c) 29th September
3. World Blood Donation Day	(b) 14th June
4. World Health Day	(a) 7th April

In simple words: This table correctly matches important health days with their respective dates: World Diabetes Day on 14th November, World Heart Day on 29th September, World Blood Donation Day on 14th June, and World Health Day on 7th April.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the dates for significant health awareness days, as these are often tested in general knowledge or health-related sections.

Identify The Odd Term:

 

Question 1. Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Surgery, Pranayama
Answer: Pranayama (All others are treatment for cancer.)
In simple words: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery are all medical treatments for cancer, whereas Pranayama is a breathing exercise for well-being, making it the odd one out.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying the odd term, group items based on their primary function or category; in this case, medical treatments versus a holistic practice.

 

Question 2. Chronic cough, Hoarse voice, Uncontrolled blood sugar level, Difficulty in swallowing.
Answer: Uncontrolled blood sugar level (All others are symptoms of cancer of throat.)
In simple words: Chronic cough, hoarse voice, and difficulty swallowing are all symptoms commonly associated with throat cancer, while uncontrolled blood sugar level is a symptom of diabetes, making it the distinct term.

🎯 Exam Tip: Group symptoms based on the body system or specific disease they indicate. Symptoms that point to a different condition are the odd ones out.

 

Question 3. Mantra, Vaccination, Black magic, Hatred.
Answer: Vaccination (This is the only way for prevention of diseases. Rest of the others are blind faiths which are unscientific.)
In simple words: Vaccination is a scientific method for disease prevention, while mantra, black magic, and hatred are unscientific beliefs or emotions unrelated to medical prevention.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between scientific, evidence-based practices and superstitious or psychological concepts when identifying the odd term related to health.

Consider The Relation Between The Items In The First Pair And Write The Correlation For Second Pair:

 

Question 1. Swine flu: Virus :: Tuberculosis ::
Answer: Bacteria
In simple words: Swine flu is caused by a virus, just as Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the pathogen type (virus, bacteria, etc.) for the first pair, then apply that same relationship to complete the second pair.

 

Question 2. Anopheles: Malaria : Culex : ................
Answer: Elephantiasis
In simple words: Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, and similarly, Culex mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting elephantiasis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the specific vector-disease pairs; if Anopheles transmits malaria, recall what disease Culex mosquitoes transmit.

 

Question 3. Housefly : Typhoid :: Dog :
Answer: Rabies
In simple words: A housefly can transmit typhoid, similar to how a dog can transmit rabies.

🎯 Exam Tip: For correlation questions, establish the relationship (e.g., vector-disease) in the first pair and apply it consistently to the second pair.

 

Question 4. Decrease in blood platelets : : Dengue :: Difficulty in breathing :
Answer: Swine flu
In simple words: A decrease in blood platelets is a symptom of dengue, and difficulty in breathing is a symptom of swine flu.

🎯 Exam Tip: Match specific symptoms with their characteristic diseases; a distinct symptom for dengue is low platelets, and for swine flu, it's breathing difficulty.

 

Distinguish between the following:

Question 1. Typhoid and Tuberculosis :
Answer:

Typhoid	Tuberculosis
1. Typhoid is caused by bacteria (Salmonella) that is passed by contaminated food and water and is spread through house flies.	1. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium) which pass through the spittle of the patient.
2. The infection of typhoid is through food or water via the mouth.	2. The infection of tuberculosis is through air via the nose.
3. Typhoid affects stomach and intestine.	3. Tuberculosis affects lungs and chest.
4. There is high fever for specific period in typhoid.	4. There is continuous low grade fever in tuberculosis.
5. There is stomachache and headache in typhoid.	5. There is chest pain in tuberculosis.
6. Vaccination for typhoid is given at the time of suspected epidemic.	6. BCG vaccination is given to all at a young age only.

In simple words: Typhoid and Tuberculosis are both bacterial diseases, but they differ in their causative agents, modes of transmission (food/water vs. air), affected organs (digestive system vs. respiratory system), and typical fever patterns.

🎯 Exam Tip: When distinguishing between diseases, focus on key differences like pathogen type, transmission, symptoms, and treatment/prevention methods for full marks.

 

What can be achieved/can be prevented?/Give reasons.

 

Question 1. People suffering from communicable diseases should avoid going to public places.
Answer:
1. Communicable diseases spread when people share space with a diseased person.
2. If people suffering from I communicable diseases go to a public place, they would spread the disease causing germs in the air.
3. These germs can be transmitted to other healthy persons.
4. If the resistance power of the persons is less, they will fall sick by getting infected.
5. This may break into an epidemic. Therefore, people suffering from communicable diseases should avoid going to public places.
In simple words: People with communicable diseases should avoid public places to prevent the spread of germs, protecting others from infection and potentially averting an epidemic, especially since weakened individuals are more susceptible.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always provide a comprehensive explanation detailing the chain of transmission and societal impact when discussing disease prevention in public health contexts.

 

Question 2. Pet animals should be given anti-rabies vaccine.
Answer:
1. We keep animals like cats and dogs at home as pets.
2. They may get infected with the virus of rabies.
3. If such an infected pet bites us, we may also get rabies.
4. Rabies is a lethal disease.
5. In order to protect the animals and to prevent rabies being transmitted, they should be given anti-rabies vaccine.
In simple words: Pet animals should be vaccinated against rabies because they can contract the virus and transmit it to humans through bites, and rabies is a deadly disease, making vaccination a critical preventive measure for both pets and owners.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the direct risk (lethal disease) and the preventive action (vaccination) when explaining the importance of animal health measures.

 

Question 3. Tuberculosis is considered as the most communicable disease.
Answer:
1. Tuberculosis is caused due to bacterial infection.
2. It is an air-borne infection and spreads through the spittle of T.B. patient.
3. When personal and public hygiene is not followed, this disease spreads very rapidly.
4. It is estimated that every two minutes, one patient dies of T.B. in India.
Tuberculosis, therefore, is considered as the most communicable disease.
In simple words: Tuberculosis is highly communicable because it's an airborne bacterial infection spread through patient spittle, especially when hygiene is poor, leading to rapid transmission and high mortality rates, particularly in densely populated areas like India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When justifying a claim like "most communicable," provide specific reasons (airborne, rapid spread, high mortality) to support your argument effectively.

 

Question 4. ORS gives temporary relief to the patient of diarrhoea.
Answer:
1. In diarrhoea, due to loose motions the patient becomes dehydrated.
2. The eyes get sunken and the mouth becomes dry.
3. If immediate help is not given, the condition can become critical. The absorption function of the intestine is disturbed.
4. But by giving ORS, enough water, sugar and salt enter the body saving the life of the patient.
5. The sugar and salt in the ORS gets absorbed in the intestine and reduce the dehydration.
6. However, for eradication of infection, proper medical treatment is to be given, therefore, ORS gives only a temporary relief to the patient of diarrhoea.
In simple words: ORS provides temporary relief for diarrhoea by rehydrating the patient and restoring essential electrolytes, which prevents critical dehydration and stabilizes the body. However, it doesn't cure the underlying infection, which requires further medical treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between symptomatic relief and curative treatment; ORS addresses dehydration, a symptom, but not the cause of diarrhoea.

 

Answer the following questions in one sentence:

 

Question 1. Which virus causes dengue and how does it spread?
Answer:
Dengue is caused by DEN-1, 2 virus belonging to the type – flavivirus. Aedes aegypti type of mosquito spreads the disease by transferring this virus through its bite.
In simple words: Dengue is caused by the flavivirus, specifically DEN-1 or DEN-2, and spreads to humans through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito.

🎯 Exam Tip: For single-sentence answers, ensure conciseness while including all key pieces of information: pathogen and vector.

 

Question 2. What are the reasons for spread of swine flu?
Answer:
Swine flu is caused by the virus influenza A (H1N1). Its carrier is pig. The contact with such pigs or infected persons can cause infection of swine flu. The infection spreads through sweat and through secretions of nose, throat and saliva of the diseased person.
In simple words: Swine flu, caused by the influenza A (H1N1) virus, spreads through direct contact with infected pigs or people, as well as via respiratory secretions like sweat, nasal discharge, throat fluids, and saliva.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention both the primary carrier (pig) and human-to-human transmission methods for airborne diseases like swine flu.

 

Question 3. What are the symptoms of swine flu?
Answer:
Symptoms of swine flu : Palpitations, difficulty in breathing, sore throat, body pain along with high fever.
In simple words: Key symptoms of swine flu include high fever, body pain, sore throat, difficulty breathing, and heart palpitations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific symptoms accurately is crucial. Focus on common and distinct indicators of the disease.

 

Question 4. In whom was HIV first reported?
Answer:
HIV was first reported in an African species of monkeys
In simple words: HIV was initially discovered in an African species of monkeys, indicating its zoonotic origin before spreading to humans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the origins of pathogens can provide context for understanding their spread and evolution.

 

Question 5. What is a malignant tumour?
Answer:
Due to uncontrolled cell division
there is a formation of lump of cancerous cells. If this lump is without the covering, then it is called malignant tumour.
In simple words: A malignant tumour is a dangerous lump of cancerous cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division that lacks a protective covering, allowing it to spread aggressively to other parts of the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "uncontrolled cell division" and "without a covering" to distinguish malignant from benign tumours.

 

Question 6. How is efficiency of the heart reduced?
Answer:
When the blood circulation for the heart muscles is obstructed, it does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients. Due to this condition heart has to exert more and gets stressed resulting into loss of efficiency.
In simple words: The heart's efficiency is reduced when obstructed blood flow deprives its muscles of adequate oxygen and nutrients, forcing it to overexert and leading to stress and functional decline.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the lack of oxygen/nutrients directly to the heart's increased effort and subsequent loss of efficiency.

 

Question 7. What are the different types of treatment for heart diseases?
Answer:
Angioplasty, By-Pass surgery, open heart surgery, installation of stents, installation of pacemaker, heart transplant are some of the treatment for heart diseases.
In simple words: Treatments for heart diseases include surgical procedures like angioplasty, bypass surgery, and open heart surgery, along with medical device insertions such as stents and pacemakers, and in severe cases, a heart transplant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a diverse list of treatments, including both invasive surgeries and device implantations, to show comprehensive knowledge.

 

Question 8. What is Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana? When was it started?
Answer:
Government of India started the Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana on 1st July 2015. Under this scheme people who are not able to afford best quality medicines are given generic medicines of the same quality at much reduced price.
In simple words: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana, launched on July 1st, 2015, is an Indian government scheme providing high-quality generic medicines at significantly reduced prices to those who cannot afford expensive branded drugs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include the launch date and the core objective (affordable generic medicines) for a complete answer.

 

Question 9. When can eye donation be done? What is the advantage of eye donation?
Answer:
Anybody can donate eyes posthumously. Due to eye donation, some blind person can regain the sight.
In simple words: Eye donation can be done after a person's death, offering the significant advantage of restoring sight to blind individuals and improving their quality of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state *when* donation is possible and its primary *benefit* to recipients.

 

Explain the importance:

 

Question 1. Generic medicines.
Answer:
Generic medicines are also called general medicines. They are affordable for the common citizens of India. These medicines are manufactured and distributed without any patent. They are similar in quality and composition as the branded i medicines. The proportion of compounds in these medicines and its formula of preparation is readily available. Thus the money spent on the research is reduced. Therefore, generic medicines are much cheaper than the expensive branded medicines.
In simple words: Generic medicines are vital for public health because they are affordable, high-quality alternatives to branded drugs, produced without patent restrictions. Their accessible formulations and lower research costs make them significantly cheaper, enabling broader access to essential treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on affordability, quality, and the absence of patent restrictions as the core reasons for the importance of generic medicines.

 

Question 2. Blood donation.
Answer:
Blood donation is said to be the greatest donation that one can give. Blood donation can save someone's life. By one unit blood of a single donor, three different patients can be saved. From such blood red blood cells, white blood cells and blood i platelets can be separated and given to different patients who are in need with corresponding component. Blood cannot be manufactured artificially and hence blood donation is the only way to collect blood. One healthy person can donate blood four r times in a year, thus saving 12 patients.
In simple words: Blood donation is profoundly important as it is a life-saving act; a single unit can benefit multiple patients through component separation, and since blood cannot be artificially created, voluntary donations are the sole source, allowing healthy individuals to save many lives annually.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the life-saving aspect, the ability to help multiple patients from one donation, and the irreplaceable nature of donated blood.

 

Question 3. First Aid for Heart Disease.
Answer:
A person who is suffering from cardiac problems can get a heart attack suddenly. In such case, the patient should be given immediate and appropriate treatment to save his or her life. First and foremost one should call 108 for cardiac ambulance. Then the patient's pulse or heartbeats should be checked to know his/her condition. Check the consciousness of the patient. Then make the patient to lie on a hard surface in horizontal position.
Perform C.O.L.S. or, 'Compression Only Life Support' on the patient. During this procedure, a pressure is given in the centre of the thorax of a patient for at least 30 times at the rate of 100 to 120 r strokes per minute. This is a first aid for the r heart attack. Before the arrival of doctor or proper medical aid, the life of a patient is saved.
In simple words: First aid for heart disease is crucial for survival during a sudden heart attack, involving immediate ambulance call (108), checking pulse and consciousness, positioning the patient horizontally, and performing C.O.L.S. (Compression Only Life Support) chest compressions to maintain circulation until professional medical help arrives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the immediate actions: calling emergency services, assessing the patient, and performing chest compressions as per COLS guidelines.

 

Answer the following questions:

 

Question 1. Write a brief account about tuberculosis.
Answer:
Mycobacterium tuberculae is the bacteria which causes tuberculosis (TB) infection. This infectious and communicable disease passes through spittle of the patient. The sneezing and coughing of patient cause f droplet infections. With prolonged contact with the patient and using the objects of the patient there is greater chance of acquiring TB infection. Different body organs such as bones, uterus and lungs can be affected by tuberculosis.

The pulmonary TB i.e. TB of the lungs is more common. The symptoms of TB are prolonged cough, blood through spittle, decrease in the body weight and difficulty in breathing. B.C.G. vaccine can be given in young age for prevention of TB. The patient needs to be isolated if TB is detected. Regular antibiotics have to be taken. DOTS process of medication needs to be followed.
In simple words: Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculae, primarily spreading through airborne droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze. It commonly affects the lungs but can also impact other organs, presenting symptoms like persistent cough, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. Prevention involves BCG vaccination, patient isolation, and adherence to antibiotic regimens like DOTS.

🎯 Exam Tip: A good account of TB includes its causative agent, transmission, affected organs, symptoms, and key preventive/treatment measures.

 

Question 2. Write the symptoms of dengue.
Answer:
Symptoms of dengue are as follows:
1. High and severe fever.
2. Severe headache accompanied with vomiting.
3. Pain in the eye sockets as if someone is pushing the eyes out.
4. Rapid reduction in the number of blood platelets.
5. Internal haemorrhages in the body.
In simple words: Dengue symptoms include high fever, intense headache with vomiting, severe pain behind the eyes, a significant drop in blood platelet count, and potential internal bleeding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the distinctive symptoms like "pain in eye sockets" and "rapid reduction in blood platelets" as these are crucial for dengue diagnosis.

 

Question 3. How is rabies caused? What are the important symptoms of the rabies?
Answer:
Rabies is a viral disease. The bite of a rabid animal (the animal who is already infected with rabies virus) transfers the virus in the human blood through the bite wound. Dog, rabbit, monkey and cat can be infected with rabies if they are not vaccinated. The virus of rabies enters the brain through neurons. If not treated in time, rabies can be fatal.

Symptoms of rabies: There is a fever which lasts for 2 to 12 weeks. The victim becomes hyper-excited. He /She shows exaggerations in behaviour. Hydrophobia is very unique symptom in which person is scared and phobic of water. The symptoms can be seen within 90 to 175 days after the animal-bite.
When the dog or any animal bites, before the symptoms are seen, the victim should immediately take anti-rabies vaccine. This vaccination can save a person.
In simple words: Rabies is a fatal viral disease caused by the bite of an infected animal, where the virus travels through neurons to the brain. Symptoms, appearing after 90-175 days, include prolonged fever, hyper-excitement, behavioral changes, and the characteristic fear of water (hydrophobia). Immediate anti-rabies vaccination post-bite is crucial for survival.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the zoonotic transmission, the neurological pathway of the virus, and hydrophobia as a distinguishing symptom, along with the critical importance of post-exposure vaccination.

 

Question 4. What are the causes of cancer?
Answer:
The carcinogenic substances can cause cancer. Thus such substances should never be used. Tobacco, gutkha and other nicotine containing products can cause cancer. Smoking and alcoholism can also induce cancer development. Cancer is also hereditary disease which is said to be caused by oncogenes. The lack of high fibre food in the diet and junk food in great quantities can induce the cancer development in some part of the alimentary canal.
In simple words: Cancer can be caused by exposure to carcinogens found in tobacco, gutkha, and nicotine products, as well as by smoking and alcoholism. Genetic predisposition via oncogenes, and a diet lacking fiber or rich in junk food, also contribute to its development, especially in the digestive system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize the causes into environmental (carcinogens, lifestyle choices) and genetic (oncogenes) factors for a comprehensive answer.

 

Question 5. Write the symptoms of cancer.
Answer:
1. If part of the respiratory system is under the attack of cancer, it can cause, long term cough, hoarse voice, difficulty in swallowing or difficulty in breathing.
2. The wounds do not become cured and the scar too is incurable. Inflammations does not subside.
3. There is formation of tumour like lump in the breast of the females.
4. In all the types of cancer there is unexplained weight loss.
In simple words: Common symptoms of cancer vary by location but include persistent cough, hoarse voice, or difficulty breathing/swallowing if respiratory, non-healing wounds, persistent inflammation, palpable lumps (e.g., in breasts), and unexplained weight loss.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing cancer symptoms, mention both general signs (weight loss, non-healing wounds) and organ-specific indicators (respiratory issues, lumps) for better clarity.

 

Question 6. What are the preventive measures to avoid the cancer?
Answer:
Complete control over diet should be followed. It should be' healthy and nutritive. Such diet protects one from the cancer. The modern treatment processes should be immediately carried out, if the cancer is detected. With time-lapse, the growth of the cancer keeps on increasing. Physical exercises should be regularly done. Tobacco consumption, smoking are some addictions that can induce cancer. These should never be tried.
In simple words: To prevent cancer, maintain a healthy, nutritious diet, engage in regular physical exercise, and avoid harmful habits like tobacco use and smoking. Early detection and prompt modern medical treatment are also crucial once cancer is diagnosed, as delay allows uncontrolled growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, avoiding harmful substances) and the importance of early detection and treatment for prevention.

 

Question 7. What are the causes and symptoms of diabetes?
Answer:
Causes of diabetes: The pancreas in normal persons secrete hormone insulin which maintains the sugar level in the blood. When there is deficiency of insulin, the symptoms of diabetes develop due to uncontrolled blood sugar level. Hereditary causes also can develop diabetes.

Obesity, lack of physical exercise, mental stress can also lead to diabetes.
Overconsumption of fried food and over-indulgence in eating sweetmeats increase the chances of diabetes.

Symptoms of diabetes: The person who develops diabetes has frequent urination and continuous thirst. The body weight also reduces rapidly. Sometimes it may rise suddenly. There is continuous feeling of fatigue.
In simple words: Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin secretion from the pancreas, leading to uncontrolled blood sugar, with hereditary factors, obesity, lack of exercise, stress, and excessive consumption of fried or sweet foods contributing to its development. Symptoms include frequent urination, constant thirst, rapid weight loss (or occasional gain), and persistent fatigue.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the primary physiological cause (insulin deficiency) and lifestyle/genetic risk factors. For symptoms, focus on the '3 Ps' - polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger, often leading to weight changes).

 

Question 8. What are the causes of heart diseases?
Answer:
Addictions such as smoking, alcoholism and junk food lead to heart disease. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity are responsible for developing heart disease. Lack of physical exercise, no physical work, continuous sedentary mode are some causes which reduce the efficiency of the working of heart. Mental strain and stress, anger, frustration, anxiety are some psychological reasons that can lead to heart problems
In simple words: Heart diseases are caused by lifestyle factors like smoking, alcoholism, and excessive junk food, alongside medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. A sedentary lifestyle with lack of physical activity further diminishes heart efficiency, while chronic psychological stress, anger, frustration, and anxiety can also significantly contribute to heart problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize causes into lifestyle (smoking, diet, exercise), medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension), and psychological factors to provide a comprehensive answer.

 

Question 9. What happens when medicines are missed?
Answer:
When medicines are taken without the consultation of doctor, there are certain problems. When the medicines and drugs are taken without any cause or symptom, then it is a misuse. Overdose of pain killers produce side effects. Some of these cause damage to nervous system, excretory system and liver. Overdose of antibiotics develops nausea, stomachache, loose motions and rash, white patches on tongue, etc.
In simple words: Taking medicines without medical consultation, misusing them without symptoms, or overdosing can lead to significant health problems. Overdosing on painkillers can damage the nervous, excretory, and liver systems, while excessive antibiotics can cause side effects like nausea, stomachache, diarrhoea, rashes, and tongue discoloration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the importance of professional medical advice and the distinct types of adverse effects from different classes of misused medications.

 

Questions based on charts/tables:

 

Question 1. Complete the table: Prepare similar table of information as the table given on page 7 about various disease like enteritis, malaria, plague and leprosy.
Answer:

Name of the disease	Pathogen	Mode of infection	Symptoms	Prevention and treatment
(1) Enteritis	Infectious bacteria, virus, worms or ingestion of harmful chemical substances.	Contaminated food, water or other drinks	Stomach-ache, fever, vomiting, Anorexia, loss of body weight, loose motions and constipation alternating with each other.	Proper medicines, ORS, Light diet, Safe food and water. Personal hygiene, covering the food.
(2) Malaria	Plasmodium vivax (Protozoan)	Through the bite of female anopheles mosquito. Mosquito is a vector.	Headache and fever with chills	Proper medicine
(3) Plague	Yersinia pestis (Bacteria)	The bite of flea which are carriers of this bacteria.	Three types pf plague, each with different symptoms.	Treatment with appropriate antibiotic.
(4) Leprosy	Mycobacterium leprae (Bacteria)	By physical contact with the patient or by using clothes, utensils and other things of the patients.	Effect on peripheral nervous system. Loss of sensation, losing the fingers and toes.	Treatment with appropriate antibiotic.

In simple words: This table categorizes diseases like Enteritis, Malaria, Plague, and Leprosy by their pathogen, mode of infection, symptoms, and corresponding prevention and treatment methods, providing a quick reference for understanding these common ailments.

🎯 Exam Tip: For tables comparing diseases, ensure all columns (pathogen, transmission, symptoms, and prevention/treatment) are consistently filled for each entry.

 

Question 2. Draw a flow diagram to show treatment for heart diseases.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख हृदय रोगों के विभिन्न उपचारों को एक फ्लोचार्ट के माध्यम से दर्शाता है। इसमें एंजियोप्लास्टी, बाईपास सर्जरी, ओपन हार्ट सर्जरी, स्टेंट लगाना, पेसमेकर लगाना और हृदय प्रत्यारोपण जैसे विकल्प शामिल हैं, जो सभी हृदय रोग के उपचार के तरीके हैं।
In simple words: The diagram illustrates various treatments for heart diseases, categorized under a central 'Heart diseases' node, branching out to methods like Angioplasty, By-Pass Surgery, Open heart Surgery, Installation of stents, Installation of pacemaker, and Heart transplant.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to draw a flow diagram, ensure clear categorization and logical flow between different treatment options, representing the hierarchy of interventions.

 

Activity-based questions:

 

Question 1. Enlist the names and composition of the medicines present at your home.
Answer:
Students are expected to write this answer based on the medicines in their own homes.
In simple words: This question requires students to inspect their home medicine cabinet, noting down the names of available medicines and, if possible, their active chemical compositions as listed on the packaging.

🎯 Exam Tip: Encourage students to check medicine labels for generic names and active ingredients, not just brand names, to understand composition.

 

Question 2. Observe and discuss :
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र डेंगू के कारणों और निवारक उपायों को दर्शाता है। इसमें एडीस एजिप्ती मच्छर को केंद्र में रखा गया है, जिसके चारों ओर मच्छरों के प्रजनन के स्थान (जैसे टैंक, कूलर, गमले में पानी) और उन्हें रोकने के उपाय (जैसे मच्छर कॉइल, कीटनाशक, गुप्पी मछली, बच्चों को संक्रमण से बचाना) दिखाए गए हैं।
In simple words: This diagram illustrates the causes and preventive measures for Dengue, centering on the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It shows breeding sites like water in tanks, coolers, and man-made containers, along with prevention methods such as using mosquito coils, fumigation by insecticides, introducing guppy fish to control larvae, and preventing infection in babies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing diagram-based questions, accurately identify the central theme (Dengue), its vector (Aedes aegypti), and comprehensively list both the causes (breeding sites) and preventive strategies shown.

 

Open-Ended Questions:

 

Question 1. Poor people do not afford the costly medicines. Is there any alternative for this? Which one?
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र विभिन्न रंगों की कई दवाइयों और कैप्सूल को एक ढेर में दिखाता है, जिसके नीचे 'जेनेरिक दवाएं' लिखा हुआ है। यह तस्वीर सस्ती जेनेरिक दवाओं की उपलब्धता का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है।
Answer:
Some medicines are very costly. The poor people cannot afford such expensive medicines. In such cases, some social organizations may give some help to these patients. Some trusts like Tata trust can also offer help to the needy for the treatment.

Some hospitals have social workers who help the needy for raising the funds for poor patients. Another way is to use generic medicines.

These medicines are at par in quality with the branded medicines but they are quite less in the price. They are available in the generic medicine shops. One can also take benefit of Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana.
In simple words: Yes, there are alternatives for costly medicines for poor people, primarily through generic medicines, which are equally effective but much cheaper, and schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana. Additionally, social organizations, trusts, and hospital social workers often provide financial assistance for treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both institutional support (social organizations, trusts, government schemes) and the practical solution (generic medicines) for a comprehensive answer on medical affordability.

 

Question 2. What measures will you take to stop the breeding of mosquitoes?
Answer:
We have to take care that there is no water stagnated in and around the house. The garden plants and pots in the house should be checked for the mosquito larvae and eggs if any. If water is not receding and remaining accumulated, then the spraying of insecticides should be done with the help of elders. With the help of elders in the house, the complaint can be lodged in the Malaria eradication department in the nearby Municipality or Gram Panachyat office.

If the water is in ponds, we can release guppy fishes to eradicate the mosquito larvae. The fish feed on the larvae and automatically control the mosquito population.
In simple words: To prevent mosquito breeding, ensure no stagnant water accumulates around the house, regularly check garden plants and pots for larvae/eggs, and use insecticides if water isn't draining. For larger water bodies like ponds, introduce guppy fish, which naturally consume mosquito larvae, effectively controlling the mosquito population.

🎯 Exam Tip: List both household measures (stagnant water removal, checking pots, insecticides) and community-level solutions (lodging complaints, biological control with guppy fish) for a complete response.

 

Question 3. Our behaviour with HIV infected person must be normal or should not be normal? What is your opinion? Write it with correct explanation.
Answer:
Our behaviour with HIV infected person must be normal. There are no chances of acquiring AIDS by having normal behaviour with the HIV positive person. HIV can pass only through body fluids and blood from HIV infected person to the other normal person. Similarly, the needles or syringes used by HIV infected person can cause the infection of HIV to the other person.

Such ways of contamination should always be avoided. The sexual contact or the blood transfusion with HIV positive person should always be avoided. But the normal behaviour such as hand-shake, eating together, studying in the same class will not matter at all in the transmission of AIDS.
In simple words: Our behavior towards an HIV-infected person must be normal because HIV is not transmitted through casual contact like handshakes, sharing food, or studying together. The virus spreads only through specific body fluids, blood, or shared needles, so maintaining normal social interactions is safe and promotes dignity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that normal behavior is appropriate, and then provide a concise explanation of *how* HIV is and is *not* transmitted to support your opinion scientifically.

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