Maharashtra Board Class 8 English Unit 4 Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps in Surgery Solutions

Std 8 English Lesson 4.2 Revolutionary Steps In Surgery Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Class 8 English Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps In Surgery Textbook Questions And Answers

Warming Up

1. Discuss in your class:

 

Question 1. Do you like to study science?

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked a personal opinion question, provide a clear 'yes' or 'no' and a brief, honest reason to score well.

 

Question 2. What are the advantages of learning science?
Answer: Learning science provides us with knowledge and information, which in turn opens up more career opportunities. Science helps us understand the world around us and develop new technologies.
In simple words: Science gives us knowledge and information, leading to better job chances and a deeper understanding of how things work.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about advantages, always list both intellectual benefits (knowledge, understanding) and practical benefits (career opportunities, problem-solving).

 

Question 3. Are robots truly useful to human beings?
Answer: Yes, robots are truly useful to human beings for many reasons. They can perform tasks that are boring, monotonous, or dangerous for humans, and they excel at heavy manual jobs as well as very intricate, minute tasks. Robots are designed to perform tasks that are dangerous, repetitive, or require high precision, making human lives easier and safer.
In simple words: Yes, robots are very helpful because they can do difficult, repetitive, or dangerous jobs that humans might not want to do, like in factories or even in surgeries.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the usefulness of robots, provide specific examples of tasks they perform to illustrate their value, such as in manufacturing, healthcare, or hazardous environments.

 

Question 4. How can we take the help of robots in our daily life?
Answer: We can take the help of robots in our daily life for various tasks, including household chores, boring and monotonous work, heavy manual jobs, very intricate and minute jobs, and dangerous tasks. They are also used in critical operations and surgeries. Their ability to perform complex and precise actions makes them invaluable in fields like medicine and manufacturing.
In simple words: Robots can help us with everyday tasks like cleaning, doing repetitive work, lifting heavy things, performing delicate jobs, and even assisting in medical operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score well, categorize the types of help robots provide (e.g., household, industrial, medical) and give a few examples for each category.

 

Question 5. Name some gadgets and: appliances we use in day-to-day life.
Answer: Some gadgets and appliances we use in day-to-day life include washing machines, mixers, grinders, gas stoves, TVs, dishwashers, and heaters. These devices simplify our routines and enhance our comfort, making daily tasks more manageable.
In simple words: Common gadgets and appliances we use daily are things like washing machines, mixers, TVs, and gas stoves, which make our lives easier.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing everyday appliances, try to include a variety from different categories like kitchen, laundry, and entertainment to show a comprehensive understanding.

2. Imagine That One Of Your Family Members Or Friends Or Classmates Has Recently Undergone A Surgery. You Were Curious And Wanted To Learn About His/Her Experience. Match The Questions You Asked With Their Answers.

 

Question 1. What health problem did you suffer from?
Answer: I had fractured my ankle while playing hockey. This injury often requires careful medical attention.
In simple words: The person broke their ankle while playing hockey.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about personal experiences, clearly state the problem and the activity that caused it.

 

Question 2. Whom did you Inform about It first?
Answer: Our school hockey coach was the first person informed. It's important to tell an adult or authority figure immediately after an injury.
In simple words: The first person told about the injury was the school's hockey coach.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about who was informed first, identify the specific person or role mentioned in the context.

 

Question 3. What type of doctor did you consult?

 

Question 4. How did he/she find out that you needed surgery?
Answer: The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle, and he found a fracture In my ankle. This diagnostic step is crucial for confirming the extent of an injury.
In simple words: The doctor used an X-ray to see inside the ankle and found a broken bone, which showed surgery was needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about diagnosis, mention the specific medical test used and what it revealed.

 

Question 5. What preparation was done before the surgery?
Answer: I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown. These steps are standard procedure to ensure a sterile environment and patient safety.
In simple words: Before surgery, the patient was cleaned and dressed in a special gown to keep everything hygienic.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about preparation, list the practical steps taken to get ready for the event.

 

Question 6. How did you feel when you were taken to the operation theatre?
Answer: I was very nervous. It's common to feel anxious before a major medical procedure.
In simple words: The patient felt very scared and worried when they were taken to the operating room.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing feelings, use clear and direct emotional terms.

 

Question 7. What was the first step before the actual surgery?
Answer: I was given an injection of anesthesia. Anesthesia is administered to ensure the patient feels no pain during the operation.
In simple words: The first thing done was giving an injection to make the patient numb or unconscious for the surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the very first action in a sequence, especially if it's a critical preparatory step.

 

Question 8. Did you feel any pain during the surgery?
Answer: No, I did not feel anything. I was fast asleep. The purpose of anesthesia is to prevent any sensation of pain during the procedure.
In simple words: No, the patient didn't feel anything because they were asleep due to the medicine given.

🎯 Exam Tip: Directly answer 'yes' or 'no' questions and then provide a brief explanation.

 

Question 9. What did you feel when you opened your eyes after the operation?
Answer: I was relieved and happy that the operation was over. Waking up after surgery often brings a sense of relief that the ordeal is over.
In simple words: After the operation, the patient felt happy and relieved that it was all finished.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the immediate emotional response and the reason behind it when describing post-event feelings.

 

Question 10. How soon did you recover?
Answer: I recovered and I could walk normally after three weeks. It's important to give your body enough time to heal properly.
In simple words: I got better and could walk normally again after three weeks.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions about recovery, specify both the action (recovered) and the timeframe (three weeks) for a complete answer.

We Have Learned That Sentences May Have Two, Three Or More Sets Of Subject + Predicate, Joined By A Conjunction. Each Set Of Subject And Predicate. That Is A Part Of A Larger Sentence Is Culled Clause. Separate The Clauses In The Following Sentences And Write The Conjunction.

 

Question 1. The thief stole the money and he ran away.
Answer:
(i) The thief stole the money.
(ii) he ran away
Conjunction: and. This conjunction clearly links the two actions performed by the thief.
In simple words: We separate the sentence into two main parts (clauses) and identify the word that joins them.

🎯 Exam Tip: To identify clauses, look for a subject and a verb that form a complete thought. The conjunction is the word that connects these thoughts.

 

Question 2. She told me that she was a doctor.
Answer:
(i) She told me
(ii) that she was a doctor
Conjunction: that. This conjunction introduces the subordinate clause, explaining what she told.
In simple words: We find the two main ideas in the sentence and the word that connects them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Conjunctions like 'that' often introduce clauses that provide more information about the main action or statement.

 

Question 3. He ran fast but he did not win the race.
Answer:
(i) He ran fast
(ii) he did not win the race
Conjunction: but. This conjunction shows a contrast between the effort made and the outcome.
In simple words: We identify the two parts of the sentence and the word that links them, often showing a contrast.

🎯 Exam Tip: Conjunctions like 'but' are used to connect clauses that express opposing or contrasting ideas.

 

Question 4. The traveller arrived at the station after the train had left.
Answer:
(i) The traveller arrived at the station
(ii) the train had left
Conjunction: after. This conjunction indicates the sequence of events, showing one action happened subsequent to another.
In simple words: We break down the sentence into two actions and find the word that tells us when one happened in relation to the other.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to conjunctions that indicate time (like 'after', 'before', 'when') as they help establish the order of events in a sentence.

Clause (ii): after the train had left
Conjunction: after

4. Coordination

Observe the clauses in the following sentences.
(1) He is intelligent and he is hardworking.
(2) Asit was tired but he could not rest.
(3) You can go for a walk or you can exercise at home.
(4) Seerna has recovered from fever, so she can attend school.
Each of the above sentences have clauses which do not depend on each other for complete sense. They are called Independant or Co-ordinate clauses. They are joined by conjunctions like and, but, o, so. Such conjunctions are called Co-ordinators.

Other Co-ordinators are:

• as well as / not only but also
• yet / still I however / nevertheless
• or / nor / else / either or / neither nor
• so / therefore / thus / hence / for

From the Sentences Given In Activity 2 Pick Out Two Sentences Having Co-ordinate Clauses. Point Out The Co-ordinators:

 

Question 1. I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.
Answer: Coordinate Clause (i): I was given a bath.
Coordinate Clause (ii): I wore a surgical gown.
Conjunction: and. These two clauses are independent, meaning each could stand alone as a complete sentence.
In simple words: This sentence has two main parts that can stand by themselves, joined by the word 'and'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying coordinate clauses, look for parts of the sentence that make complete sense on their own and are joined by a coordinating conjunction like 'and', 'but', or 'or'.

 

Question 2. The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle and he found a fracture in my ankle.
Answer: Coordinate Clause (i): The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle.
Coordinate Clause (ii): he found a fracture in my ankle.
Conjunction: and. Both parts of the sentence convey complete thoughts and are equally important.
In simple words: Here, two full ideas are connected by 'and', showing two actions the doctor performed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that coordinate clauses are of equal grammatical rank and are typically linked by FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) conjunctions.

1. Read The Lesson And Name The Following:

 

Question a. First surgeon to perform operations
Answer: Sushruta was the first surgeon known to perform operations, a significant contribution from ancient India.
In simple words: Sushruta was the very first surgeon known to perform operations, showing how ancient India contributed to medicine.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key historical figures like Sushruta for their pioneering contributions in medicine.

 

Question b. Anaesthetics used from mid 19th century
Answer: Ether and chloroform were the anaesthetics used from the mid-19th century, revolutionizing surgical procedures.
In simple words: In the mid-1800s, doctors started using ether and chloroform to make patients sleep during surgery, which made operations much less painful.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about historical medical advancements, recall the specific substances or methods mentioned in the text.

 

Question c. First successful Cardiac Surgeon
Answer: Dr. Williams was the first successful Cardiac Surgeon, marking a major milestone in heart surgery.
In simple words: Dr. Williams was the first surgeon to successfully operate on the heart, a major breakthrough in medical history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate specific medical milestones with the names of the doctors who achieved them.

 

Question d. A sack around the heart
Answer: The pericardium is the sack around the heart, providing protection and lubrication.
In simple words: The pericardium is like a protective bag that surrounds and cushions your heart.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the names of important body parts and their protective coverings as described in the lesson.

 

Question e. Father of modern neurosurgery
Answer: Harvey Cushing is known as the Father of modern neurosurgery due to his groundbreaking work in the field.
In simple words: Harvey Cushing is known as the father of modern neurosurgery because he made huge advancements in brain and nervous system operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify individuals recognized as 'fathers' or 'pioneers' in specific medical fields.

 

Question f. World's most advanced surgical robot
Answer: The Da Vinci is the world's most advanced surgical robot, enabling precise and minimally invasive surgeries.
In simple words: The Da Vinci robot is a very advanced machine that helps surgeons perform complex operations with great precision.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of modern technological advancements in medicine, such as robotic surgery systems.

Match The Terms In 'A' With Their Explanation In 'B':

 

Question 1. Match the following terms in 'A' with their explanations in 'B':
'A'
(1) tooth- extraction
(2) cardiac
(3) sedative
(4) tumour
(5) incision
(6) a console
(7) 3-D
(8) cushing clip
'B'
(a) a cut made for surgery
(b) having length, breadth and depth
(c) plastic surgery
(d) related to the heart
(e) a control unit for a robotic surgery
(f) removing a decayed tooth
(g) substance that makes a person sleep
(h) an extra growth in the body
(i) a device to stop blood loss in neurosurgery
Answer:
(1) - (f) removing a decayed tooth.
(2) - (d) related to the heart.
(3) - (g) substance that makes a person sleep.
(4) - (h) an extra growth in the body.
(5) - (a) a cut made for surgery.
(6) - (e) a control unit for a robotic surgery.
(7) - (b) having length, breadth and depth.
(8) - (i) a device to stop blood loss in neurosurgery. These terms are crucial for understanding medical procedures and related concepts.
In simple words: We need to connect each medical term from list 'A' with its correct definition or description from list 'B'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When matching terms, read both lists carefully and try to find obvious connections first. Then, use elimination for the remaining terms to ensure accuracy.

Fill In The Web With Words Related To 'Surgery':

• Surgery
• Major

Write 3 To 4 Lines About Each Of The Following In Your Own Words:

 

Question a. Sushruta Samhita
Answer: It is thought that Sushruta was probably the first surgeon to perform surgical operations, and the Sushruta Samhita is one of the oldest works In the world that deal with surgery. His pioneering contributions laid a foundational stone for ancient medical practices.
In simple words: Sushruta was likely the first surgeon, and his book, the Sushruta Samhita, is an ancient text on surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about historical figures, mention their key contribution and the significance of their work.

 

Question b. First Cardiac Surgery
Answer: The first cardiac surgery was done by Dr Williams. A patient, James Cornish. was suffering from a very serious knife wound, and the knife had cut an artery less than an inch from his heart. It had punctured the pcricardium. Dr Williams and six staff doctors performed a complicated and daring operation and repaired the heart. This groundbreaking procedure marked a significant milestone in medical history, becoming the first successful cardiac surgery.
In simple words: Dr. Williams performed the first heart surgery on James Cornish, who had a knife wound near his heart. The doctors successfully repaired the damage, making it a historic medical achievement.

🎯 Exam Tip: For historical events, remember the key people, the patient's condition, and the outcome of the procedure.

 

Question c. First Neurosurgeon
Answer: Harvey Cushing was the first neurosurgeon and is considered to be the father of modern neurological surgery. In the early part of the 20g" century, he developed basic techniques and instruments for operating on the brain. His pioneering work dramatically improved patient outcomes in brain surgery. Cushing reduced the mortality rate for neurosurgery from 90% to less than 10%. By 1937, when he retired,
In simple words: Harvey Cushing, considered the father of modern neurological surgery, developed new brain surgery techniques in the early 20th century. He significantly lowered the death rate for these operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing pioneers, highlight their title, major innovations, and the impact of their work on patient safety.

 

Question d. The Robotic Surgery
Answer: Robotic surgery is a type of minimal invasive surgery. Use Is made of miniature surgical Instruments, that fit through quarter-inch Incisions. Robotic surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the operating site. Every movement he makes with the master controls Is replicated accurately by the robot. When necessary, the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot's movements. Surgeons can use this technology to perform complex surgical procedures. This advanced method significantly reduces patient recovery time and discomfort.
In simple words: Robotic surgery uses small tools and a robot to help surgeons perform operations with great precision, offering a 3D view and allowing for very fine movements.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing medical procedures, focus on the key benefits and how the technology assists the human operator.

 

Question 5. A. Fill in the gap in the table of Degrees of Comparison:
Answer: The completed table showing the degrees of comparison is below. Understanding these forms helps in constructing grammatically correct sentences.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
old	older	oldest
healthy	healthier	healthiest
near	nearer	nearest
fine	finer	finest
ancient	more ancient	most ancient

In simple words: Degrees of comparison show how adjectives change to compare things: 'positive' is the basic form, 'comparative' compares two things, and 'superlative' compares three or more.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that some adjectives form their comparative and superlative degrees irregularly (e.g., good, better, best) or by using 'more' and 'most' for longer words (e.g., beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful).

5. B. Adjectives Which Have More Than Two Syllables (Long Words) Take More And Most Before Them To Form Comparative And Superlative Degrees:
For example : successful – Positive Degree
more successful – Comparative Degree
most successful – Superlative Degree

 

Question. Give the Comparative and Superlative forms of:

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative degree
(1)		Oldest
(2)	Healthier
(3) Near
(4)	Finer
(5)		Earliest
(6) Small
(7)	Faster
(8) High

Answer: The comparative and superlative forms for the given adjectives are provided in the table below. Understanding these forms is crucial for correct grammar usage.

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative degree
(1) Old	Older	Oldest
(2) Health	Healthier	Healthiest
(3) Near	Nearer	Nearest
(4) Fine	Finer	Finest

In simple words: Adjectives change form to show different levels of comparison: positive (basic), comparative (comparing two), and superlative (comparing three or more).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that adjectives with one or two syllables usually add '-er' and '-est', while longer adjectives use 'more' and 'most'.

(5) Early	Earlier	Earliest
(6) Small	Smaller	Smallest
(7) Fast	Faster	Fastest
(8) High	Higher	Highest

 

Question 6. Join the sentences using appropriate Co-ordinators. (but, or, so, and):

 

Question a. There was lack of technology. Major surgery could not develop for centuries.
Answer: There was lack of technology, so Major surgery could not develop for centuries. This shows how technological limitations can hinder medical progress.
In simple words: Because technology was missing, big surgeries couldn't get better for a long time.

🎯 Exam Tip: When joining sentences with 'so', ensure the first part is the cause and the second part is the effect.

 

Question b. Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past. Patients did not survive.
Answer: Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past but Patients did not survive. Early attempts at complex surgeries often faced high mortality rates.
In simple words: Even though doctors tried heart surgery before, patients didn't live through it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'but' to show a contrast or an unexpected outcome between two statements.

 

Question c. He places his fingers into the master controls. He operates all four arms of the Da vinci.
Answer: He places his fingers into the master controls and He operates all four arms of the Da vinci. This demonstrates the precise control a surgeon has over the robotic system.
In simple words: He puts his fingers in the controls and then uses them to move all four arms of the Da Vinci robot.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'And' is used to combine two related actions or ideas that happen together or in sequence.

 

Question d. Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves. It can also replace them.
Answer: Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves or It can also replace them. This highlights the dual capability of the procedure.
In simple words: Open heart surgery can either fix heart valves or put in new ones.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'or' when presenting two alternative options or possibilities.

 

Question e. Heart patients were treated with sedatives. They did not survive.
Answer: Heart patients were treated with sedatives, but they did not survive. This indicates that sedatives alone were not sufficient for their recovery.
In simple words: Even though heart patients were given sedatives, they still didn't make it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When two statements show a contrast or an unexpected outcome, 'but' is the most suitable co-ordinator to use.

 

Question f. These procedures can be performed through very small incisions. Our patients experience a number of benefits.
Answer: These procedures can be performed through very small incisions so Our patients experience a number of benefits. This minimally invasive approach leads to quicker recovery times.
In simple words: These surgeries use tiny cuts, which means patients heal faster and feel better sooner.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about benefits, always explain *why* they are beneficial, not just state them.

 

Question 7. Write in your notebook an imaginary telephonic conversation between you and your family – secretary, asking for an appointment to consult the doctor for a health problem you are suffering from. Begin with Secretary: Good morning! This is XYZ Clinic. How can I help you? Myself: Good morning! I am (Now continue......)
Answer:
Secretary: Good morning! This is XYZ Clinic. How can I help you?
Myself: Good morning! I am [Your Name]. I'd like to book an appointment to see Dr. Sharma.
Secretary: Certainly, Mr./Ms. [Your Name]. What seems to be the problem?
Myself: I've been experiencing a persistent cough and a sore throat for the past few days, and I'm also feeling quite fatigued.
Secretary: I see. Dr. Sharma is available on Tuesday at 10 AM or Wednesday at 3 PM. Which time works best for you?
Myself: Wednesday at 3 PM would be perfect. Thank you.
Secretary: Alright, Mr./Ms. [Your Name], your appointment with Dr. Sharma is confirmed for Wednesday at 3 PM. Please arrive 15 minutes early to complete the necessary paperwork.
Myself: Thank you very much. I will.
Secretary: You're welcome. Have a good day.
Myself: You too. Practicing such conversations helps improve communication skills for real-life situations.
In simple words: This conversation shows how to politely ask for a doctor's appointment over the phone, explaining your problem clearly.

🎯 Exam Tip: For conversation tasks, ensure your dialogue flows naturally, includes polite phrases, and clearly conveys the purpose of the call.

Class 8 English Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps In Surgery Additional Important Questions And Answers

Write If The Following Statements True Or False:

 

Question 1. General anaesthesia makes the whole body numb.
Answer: True. It temporarily blocks nerve signals throughout the body, allowing for pain-free surgery.
In simple words: General anaesthesia makes your whole body go to sleep and feel nothing, so doctors can do operations without you feeling pain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that general anaesthesia affects the entire body, unlike local anaesthesia which targets a specific area.

 

Question 2. Daniel Williams was a young African American surgeon.
Answer: True. He was a pioneering surgeon who performed one of the first successful open-heart surgeries.
In simple words: Daniel Williams was a famous African American doctor who was a pioneer in heart surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering historical questions, recalling key achievements of the person can add depth to your answer.

 

Question 3. Cardiac surgery was unknown after 1893.
Answer: False. In reality, significant advancements in cardiac surgery began to emerge around this period.
In simple words: This statement is incorrect because heart surgery started developing around 1893, not after.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering True/False questions, always consider the historical context or factual accuracy of the statement.

 

Question 4. Cardiac surgery relates to the nerves and brain.
Answer: False. Cardiac surgery specifically deals with the heart and its associated blood vessels.
In simple words: This statement is wrong because cardiac surgery is about the heart, not the brain or nerves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand key medical terms; 'cardiac' always refers to the heart, helping you quickly identify the correct area of medicine.

Give Reasons:

 

Question 1. Doctors began to use anesthesia:
Answer: Doctors could not cut open the part of the body that was not healthy to remove or set right the part, for this would involve a lot of pain to the patient. Hence, doctors began to use general or local anaesthesia, which benumbs the whole body or part of the body. After this, the surgery could be done without pain to the patient, making complex operations possible.
In simple words: Doctors started using anesthesia because cutting open a patient for surgery was very painful, and anesthesia allowed them to perform operations without causing suffering.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining reasons, clearly state the problem (pain) and then the solution (anesthesia) and its benefit (painless surgery).

 

Question 2. Cardiac surgery had not developed:
Answer: Cardiac surgery had not developed because doctors did not have modern medical tools and procedures essential for heart surgery. The delicate nature of the heart required specialized instruments and techniques that were not yet available.
In simple words: Heart surgery hadn't developed because doctors lacked the right tools and methods needed to operate safely on such a vital organ.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the lack of technology and specialized knowledge as key reasons for the slow development of complex medical fields like cardiac surgery.

Activities Based On Contextual Grammar:

 

Question 1. Daniel Williams attempted a new medical technique in order to save a patient's life. (Pick out the subject and predicate.)
Answer: subject - Daniel Williams
predicate – attempted a new medical technique in order to save a patient's life. This division helps understand who performed the action and what action was performed.
In simple words: The subject is who or what the sentence is about (Daniel Williams), and the predicate is what the subject does or is (attempted a new medical technique to save a patient's life).

🎯 Exam Tip: To find the subject, ask "Who or what is doing the action?" The rest of the sentence, including the verb and its objects, forms the predicate.

 

Question 2. Sushruta was the first surgeon to perform surgical operations.
(Rewrite as a negative sentence.)
Answer: No other surgeon had performed surgical operations before Sushruta. Sushruta's pioneering work truly set him apart in ancient medicine.
In simple words: Before Sushruta, no one else had done surgical operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When rewriting a sentence as negative, ensure the meaning remains the same while using negative words like 'no', 'not', 'never', or 'none'.

Personal Response

 

Question 1. How do you feel when you are sick and have to go to a doctor?
Answer: When I am sick and have to go to a doctor, I usually feel a little frightened that he may give me an injection or ask me to have a blood test. I also feel afraid that he may put me on a strict diet. It's natural to feel a bit anxious about medical procedures.
In simple words: I feel scared of injections, blood tests, or being put on a strict diet when I visit the doctor.

🎯 Exam Tip: For personal response questions, express your feelings honestly and provide specific reasons or examples to support your answer.

Name The Following

 

Question 1. First successful Cardiac Surgeon:
Answer: Dr. Williams. Dr. Williams' work marked a significant milestone in heart surgery.
In simple words: Dr. Williams was the first to successfully perform heart surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key historical figures and their contributions, especially in medical fields, as they are common knowledge-based questions.

 

Question 2. A sack around the heart:
Answer: pericardium. This protective layer is vital for heart function.
In simple words: The pericardium is the protective sac that surrounds the heart.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the basic anatomical terms for important organs and their surrounding structures.

 

Question 3. Father of modern neurosurgery:
Answer: Harvey Cushing. Cushing's contributions revolutionized brain and nervous system surgery.
In simple words: Harvey Cushing is known as the founder of modern brain surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate prominent scientists and doctors with their specific fields of expertise or major discoveries.

 

Question 4. He was suffering from very serious knife wound:
Answer:
In simple words: This question describes a person with a severe knife injury, likely asking for their identity or context from a story.

🎯 Exam Tip: If a question appears incomplete or lacks an answer in the provided text, acknowledge it as such and focus on understanding the question's intent.

Answer The Following

 

Question 1. Describe what kind of cardiac surgery is done nowadays.
Answer: Nowadays, more advanced techniques are used to deal with heart complications. Open heart surgery, which helps to repair heart defects and heart valves and even replace them, is also performed successfully. This progress has significantly improved patient outcomes.
In simple words: Modern heart surgery uses advanced methods to fix heart problems, including repairing defects and replacing valves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on keywords like "advanced techniques," "open heart surgery," "repair heart defects," and "replace heart valves" to describe modern cardiac surgery.

 

Question 2. Explain who neurosurgeons operate upon and on what body parts.
Answer: Neurosurgeons treat those who have disorders of the nervous system. They can treat patients of all ages, from the newborn to the elderly, who have suffered a stroke. They operate on the brain, the spine, or the nerves. Their specialized skills are crucial for complex neurological conditions.
In simple words: Neurosurgeons operate on people with nervous system disorders, including babies and the elderly, focusing on the brain, spine, and nerves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention both "who" (patients with nervous system disorders, all ages) and "what body parts" (brain, spine, nerves) for a complete answer.

Pick Out The Main Clause And The Subordinate Clause In The Following Sentences

 

Question 1. Open heart surgery, which can help to repair heart defects, is also performed successfully.
Answer: main clause: Open heart surgery is also performed successfully
subordinate clause: which can help to repair heart defects. Identifying these clauses helps understand sentence structure.
In simple words: The main clause is the complete idea, and the subordinate clause adds extra detail about the surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: A main clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a subordinate clause depends on the main clause and often starts with a relative pronoun like "which."

 

Question 2. They can treat patients of all ages who have suffered a stroke.
Answer: main clause: They can treat patients of all ages.
subordinate clause: who have suffered a stroke. Understanding these parts clarifies the sentence's core meaning.
In simple words: The main clause states who can be treated, and the subordinate clause specifies which patients.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for the independent part of the sentence for the main clause and the dependent part, often starting with "who," for the subordinate clause.

Personal Response:

 

Question 1. Name a scientist whom you admire and say why you admire him/her.
Answer: I admire the scientist Thomas Alva: Edison. He was an American inventor who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that have greatly influenced our lives, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting electric light bulb. His inventions truly revolutionized daily life and paved the way for modern technology.
In simple words: Thomas Edison is admired for inventing many important things like the light bulb and phonograph, which changed how people lived and worked.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about a person you admire, always state their name clearly and provide specific examples of their contributions or qualities that inspire you.

Complete The Following:

 

Question 1. Da Vinci is the word's ____.
Answer: most advanced surgical robot. This innovative system allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision.
In simple words: The Da Vinci system is known as the world's most advanced robot used for surgery.

🎯 Exam Tip: For fill-in-the-blanks, ensure your answer directly completes the sentence logically and accurately based on the context.

 

Question 2. The Da Vinci's miniaturized instruments are mounted on ____.
Answer: three separate robotic arms. These arms provide a wide range of motion, mimicking a surgeon's hand movements.
In simple words: The small tools of the Da Vinci robot are attached to three different robotic arms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key details like the number of arms for specific medical technologies, as these are often tested for factual recall.

 

Question 3. The surgeon controls the instruments from a ____.
Answer: console located in the operating room. From this console, the surgeon has a high-definition, magnified 3D view of the surgical site.
In simple words: Surgeons control the robot's tools using a special console found in the operating room.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing how a system works, identify the main control point or interface used by the operator.

 

Question. List the advantages of robotic surgery.
Answer: The advantages of robotic surgery:

• Instead of operating on patients through large incisions, use is made of miniature surgical instruments, that fit through quarter inch incisions.
• Robotic surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the operating site.

These benefits lead to faster recovery times and reduced complications for patients.
In simple words: Robotic surgery uses tiny tools through small cuts instead of big ones, and it gives the surgeon a clear 3D view, making operations safer and recovery quicker.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing advantages, use clear bullet points and focus on the key benefits that differentiate the method from traditional approaches, such as precision and minimal invasiveness.

• Every movement the surgeon makes with the master controls is replicated accurately by the robot.
• When necessary, the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot's movements.
• Surgeons can use this technology to perform complex surgical procedures.
• Since the incisions made are very small, the patients too benefit.

Activities Based On Contextual Grammar:

 

Question 1. Our surgeons are able to perform a growing number of complex surgical procedures. (Pick out the non-JInite verbs and say what they are.)
Answer: to perform - Infinitive; growing – present participle. Non-finite verbs are crucial for adding detail without creating new clauses.
In simple words: The non-finite verbs here are 'to perform' (an infinitive) and 'growing' (a present participle), which describe actions without being the main verb of a sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: To identify non-finite verbs, look for infinitives (to + verb), participles (verb-ing or verb-ed used as adjectives), and gerunds (verb-ing used as a noun). They don't change form based on the subject.

 

Question 2. The surgeon controls these instruments and the camera from a console, located in the operating room. (Pick out the prepositions.)
Answer: from. Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
In simple words: The preposition in this sentence is 'from', showing the origin or starting point of the control.

🎯 Exam Tip: Prepositions often indicate location, direction, time, or how something is done. Common prepositions include in, on, at, from, to, with, by, for, about.

Personal Response:

 

What are the qualities needed to be a doctor?
Answer: To be a doctor, one must be very sincere, intelligent, hardworking and dedicated. A doctor must be prepared to work odd hours. He must be strong-minded and ready to face people who are in pain and distress, and who may be facing death. Finally, last but not the least, the main aim of a doctor should be to cure people. Money should be secondary. Empathy and resilience are also vital traits for medical professionals.
In simple words: A good doctor needs to be sincere, smart, hardworking, dedicated, and ready to work long hours, dealing with suffering and prioritizing patient care over money.

🎯 Exam Tip: For personal response questions, ensure your answer is well-structured, uses appropriate vocabulary, and directly addresses all parts of the question.

Do As Directed:

 

Question 1. Complete the word chain of 5 nouns: surgery → ....... → ....... → ....... →
Answer: surgery → youth → happiness → strength → health. This exercise helps in expanding vocabulary and understanding word associations.
In simple words: A word chain connects words, often of the same type like nouns, in a sequence.

🎯 Exam Tip: For word chains, ensure all words are of the specified type (e.g., nouns) and that the chain flows logically, often by linking the last letter of one word to the first letter of the next, if implied.

 

Question 2. Pick out the antonyms of the following words from those given in brackets: simple, increased (successful, complicated, reduced, invasive, separate)
Answer: simple x complicated
increased x reduced. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.
In simple words: Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: To find antonyms, first understand the exact meaning of the given word, then look for the word in the options that expresses the complete opposite idea.

 

Question 3. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order: dramatically, mortality, disorders, magnified.
Answer: disorders, dramatically, magnified, mortality. Arranging words alphabetically requires careful comparison of letters from left to right.
In simple words: To put words in alphabetical order, you compare them letter by letter, just like in a dictionary.

🎯 Exam Tip: When arranging words alphabetically, compare the first letter, then the second, and so on, until you find a difference that determines the order.