Maharashtra Board Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Plants Structure and Function Solutions

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र कक्षा 7 विज्ञान के अध्याय 2 "पौधे: संरचना और कार्य" को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक हरे रंग का ब्लैकबोर्ड है जिस पर अध्याय का नाम और विषय लिखा है, और एक छात्रा हाथ में किताब लिए खड़ी है। यह चित्र पाठ्यपुस्तक के कवर पेज या अध्याय परिचय के रूप में है, जो छात्रों को पौधों की संरचना और उनके विभिन्न कार्यों के बारे में जानकारी प्रदान करता है।

Question 1. Give examples of 3 plants that have:

(a) Spiny fruits
Answer: Jack fruit, Pineapple, Lychee (litchi), Datura
In simple words: Some plants like jackfruit, pineapple, litchi, and datura produce fruits that have sharp spines on their outer surface for protection.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing three accurate examples will secure full marks. Focus on common plants with distinct features.

(b) Spiny stem
Answer: Cactus, Wild rose, Catclaw acacia, Silk, Cotton
In simple words: Certain plants, such as cactus, wild rose, catclaw acacia, silk, and cotton, have stems covered with spines or thorns, usually as a defense mechanism against herbivores.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identifying plants with spiny stems, demonstrating knowledge of their structural adaptations, is key.

(c) Red flowers
Answer: Rose, Dahlia, Hibiscus, Tulips
In simple words: Plants like rose, dahlia, hibiscus, and tulips are known for producing vibrant red flowers, which often attract pollinators.

🎯 Exam Tip: Providing a diverse list of plants that display red flowers highlights a broad understanding of floral diversity.

(d) Yellow flowers
Answer: Marigold, Daffodil, Sunflower, Daisy
In simple words: Many plants, including marigold, daffodil, sunflower, and daisy, produce bright yellow flowers, often signaling to insects for pollination.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately naming common plants with yellow flowers showcases general botanical knowledge.

(e) Leaves which close at night
Answer: Mimosa plant, Tallwood, Prayer plant, Gulmohar
In simple words: Plants such as the Mimosa, Tallwood, Prayer plant, and Gulmohar exhibit nastic movements where their leaves fold or close during the night.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying plants with nyctinastic movements (night-closing leaves) demonstrates an understanding of plant behavior and adaptations.

(f) Single seeded fruits
Answer: Mango, Lychee, Jamun
In simple words: Fruits like mango, lychee, and jamun are characterized by having only one seed inside them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Giving precise examples of single-seeded fruits reflects knowledge of fruit classification.

(g) Many seeded fruits
Answer: Custard apple, Papaya, Watermelon.
In simple words: Fruits such as custard apple, papaya, and watermelon contain multiple seeds within their pulp.

🎯 Exam Tip: Providing clear examples of multi-seeded fruits shows comprehension of fruit morphology.

Question 2. Observe any one flower and its various parts and describe it in your own words.

(a) Flower
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक फूल की संरचना को दर्शाता है, जिसमें उसके विभिन्न भागों को लेबल किया गया है। ऊपर वाला चित्र एक सामान्य फूल को दिखाता है जिसमें स्टिग्मा, एंथर, पेटल और पेडिसल स्पष्ट रूप से दिख रहे हैं। नीचे वाला चित्र एक गुड़हल (हिबिस्कस) फूल का अनुदैर्ध्य काट (vertical section) है, जिसमें स्टिग्मा, स्टाइल, एंथर, फिलामेंट, कोरोला, कैलिक्स, अंडाशय (ओवरी) और पेडिसल जैसे सभी प्रमुख प्रजनन और सहायक भाग विस्तार से दिखाए गए हैं। A flower has following parts:
1. Pedicel: (a) Flower may have a long or a short stalk called pedicel, (b) One end of the pedicel is attached to the stem, (c) The other end of the pedicel is expanded and swollen. It is called the receptacle, (d) Petals and other parts of the flower are supported on the receptacle.
2. Calyx: In the bud condition, the petals are covered by leaf-like parts called sepals which are green in colour. They form the calyx.
3. Corolla: This is made up of colourful parts called petals.
4. Androecium: (a) This is the male reproductive part of the flower, (b) It consists of stamens, (c) Each stamen is made up of anther and filament.
5. Gynoecium: (a) This is the female reproductive part of the flower, (b) This is made up of carpels, (c) A carpel consists of stigma, style and ovary.
In simple words: A flower is composed of several parts: the pedicel (stalk), calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (male part with stamens), and gynoecium (female part with carpels). Each part plays a vital role in reproduction, protection, or attraction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly defining and describing the function of each flower part (pedicel, calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium) is essential for a comprehensive answer.

Question 3. What are the similarities and differences between?

(a) Jowar and Moong
Answer: Differences:

Similarities: Jowar and Moong both are angiosperms.
In simple words: Jowar has fibrous roots, is a monocot seed, and is a rabi crop, while Moong has tap roots, is a dicot seed, and is a kharif crop; however, both are flowering plants (angiosperms).

🎯 Exam Tip: Presenting differences in a comparative table format effectively highlights the distinctions, while also stating commonalities for a complete answer.

(b) Onion and Coriander
Answer: Differences:

Similarities:
1. Both are used in cooking.
2. Both are edible.
3. Both belongs to kingdom plantae.
In simple words: Onion is a biennial monocot with fibrous roots, while coriander is an annual dicot with a tap root system that can become fibrous; both are edible plants used in cooking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classifying plants by life cycle (annual/biennial), seed type (monocot/dicot), and root system is crucial, along with identifying their common uses.

(c) Leaves of banana and Leaves of mango
Answer: Differences:

In simple words: Banana leaves are very large monocot leaves with parallel venation, whereas mango leaves are smaller dicot leaves with reticulate venation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlighting differences in venation (parallel vs. reticulate), size, and correlating with monocot/dicot classification shows detailed understanding.

(d) Coconut tree and Jowar stalk plant
Answer: Differences:

Similarities:
1. Both are from same kingdom plantae.
2. Both are autotrophic.
3. Both are monocotyledonous plants.
In simple words: Coconut trees are tall monocots with strong root systems where all parts are useful, while Jowar plants are smaller monocots with thin stems and weak roots, primarily valued for their seeds; both belong to the plant kingdom and are autotrophic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating based on height, stem thickness, root strength, utility, and seed type, while noting common biological classifications, ensures a comprehensive answer.

Question 4. Explain the following images in your own words.

(a)
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में दो प्रकार के बीजों को दर्शाया गया है - चित्र A मक्के के बीज को दिखाता है, जो एक एकबीजपत्री बीज है और दो बराबर भागों में विभाजित नहीं होता। चित्र B सेम के बीज को दर्शाता है, जो एक द्विबीजपत्री बीज है और दो बराबर हिस्सों में आसानी से विभाजित हो जाता है। यह चित्र एकबीजपत्री और द्विबीजपत्री बीजों की संरचनात्मक भिन्नता को स्पष्ट करता है।
1. Diagram A is of maize seed. It is a monocotyledonous seed and does not divide into two equal parts. The plant has fibrous root system.
2. Diagram B is of bean seed. It is a dicotyledonous seed and it divides into two equal parts. The plant has tap root system.
In simple words: Diagram A shows a maize seed, which is a monocot that doesn't split and has a fibrous root system; Diagram B shows a bean seed, which is a dicot that splits into two and has a tap root system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately identifying the seeds and relating their characteristics (monocot/dicot, division, root type) to the diagram is vital for a clear explanation.

Question 5. Describe the functions of various parts of a plant.

(a) Describe the functions of various parts of a plant.
Answer: The functions of various parts of a plant are as below.
1. Root: (a) Fixation: It anchors the plant body to the soil, so helps in fixation, (b) Absorption: It absorbs water and nutrients from the soil, so helps in absorption, (c) Conduction: The root translocates water and mineral salts into the stem. (d) Storage: A certain amount of food is stored in the root which is utilized as it grows. (e) Preventing soil erosion: It helps to bind the soil particles and prevent them from being blown away by wind or water.
2. Stem: (a) It supports and holds leaves, flower and fruits, (b) The stem conducts the water and minerals from roots to leaves and fruits, (c) It stores the food.
3. Leaves: (a) It synthesizes food for the plant, (b) Stomata, the tiny openings in the leaf help in gaseous exchange and are responsible for the process of transpiration.
4. Flower: It helps in pollination.
5. Fruit: (a) It protects the seed, (b) It helps in seed dispersal.
6. Seed: A new plant develops from it.
In simple words: Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, and store food; stems support the plant and transport substances; leaves perform photosynthesis and gas exchange; flowers aid in pollination; fruits protect and disperse seeds; and seeds develop into new plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly articulating multiple functions for each major plant part (root, stem, leaves, flower, fruit, seed) demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of plant biology.

Question 6. Certain properties are mentioned below. Find a leaf corresponding to each property and describe those plants.

(a) Certain properties are mentioned below. Find a leaf corresponding to each property and describe those plants. leaves with smooth surface, leaves with rough surface, fleshy leaf, spines on leaf.
Answer:
1. Leaves with smooth surface: e.g. Banana leaf. It is large in size. It is closely rolled up one over the other. Together they look like a trunk but they form only an apparent trunk. It has parallel venation.
2. Leaves with rough surface: e.g. Hibiscus leaf. It has reticulate venation. Leaf margin is toothed.
3. Fleshy leaf: e.g. Jade plant, water hyacinth. It has fleshy, glossy and smooth leaves. They are coloured jade green and having a slightly red tinge towards the edge of leaves when exposed to higher level of light.
4. Spines on leaf: e.g. Opuntia, Ci/cas, kevda. Opuntia is a desert plant. Leaf is thick, fleshy and having spines on it.
In simple words: Banana leaves are large and smooth with parallel venation; hibiscus leaves are rough with toothed margins and reticulate venation; jade plants have fleshy, glossy leaves; and Opuntia (cactus) has thick, fleshy leaves with spines.

🎯 Exam Tip: For each property, providing a relevant plant example and a brief, accurate description of its leaf characteristics is crucial for scoring well.

Question 7. Find the plant parts.

(a)
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक शब्द पहेली (word search puzzle) है जिसमें अक्षरों का एक ग्रिड दिया गया है। इस ग्रिड में पौधों के विभिन्न भागों के नाम छिपे हुए हैं। छात्रों को इन अक्षरों के बीच से पौधों के भागों के नामों को ढूंढना और पहचानना है, जिससे उनकी शब्दावली और पौधों की संरचना की समझ मजबूत हो सके।

ROOT, ROOT CAP, ROOT HAIR, BUD, PETALS, STEM, RADICLE, FLOWER, LEAF, VEIN, CALYX, NODE, OVUM.
In simple words: The word search puzzle contains various plant parts like root, bud, stem, petals, flower, leaf, vein, calyx, node, ovum, radicle, root cap, and root hair.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully scanning the grid horizontally, vertically, and diagonally for the listed plant parts is key to successfully solving such puzzles.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1. The part that grows from inside the seed towards the soil is called the ............
Answer: radicle
In simple words: The radicle is the first part of a plant embryo to emerge from the seed during germination, growing downwards to form the root.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the early stages of seed germination and the parts of the embryo is crucial for such fill-in-the-blanks questions.

Question 2. The part that grows above the soil from the seed is called the ............
Answer: plumule
In simple words: The plumule is the embryonic shoot that develops upwards from the seed, eventually forming the stem and leaves of the plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between the radicle (root) and plumule (shoot) in seed germination is a fundamental concept.

Question 3. The part of the plant growing below the soil from radicle for support is called ............
Answer: root
In simple words: The root system, developing from the radicle, grows underground to anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the primary function of roots-anchoring and absorption-is key to answering questions about their development.

Question 4. The ............ protects the root-tip from injuries.
Answer: root cap
In simple words: The root cap is a protective layer of cells covering the tip of the root, shielding it from damage as it grows through the soil.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recalling the specific protective structures of plant parts, like the root cap, is important for accuracy.

Question 5. Roots bearing hair-like processes near the root tips are called ............
Answer: root hairs
In simple words: Root hairs are tiny, thin extensions of root epidermal cells that vastly increase the surface area for efficient water and nutrient absorption from the soil.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the role of root hairs in increasing absorption efficiency is a key concept in plant physiology.

Question 6. Thread-like or fibre-like roots arising from the stem are called ............
Answer: fibrous roots
In simple words: Fibrous roots are a system of thin, branching roots that arise directly from the stem, forming a dense network, typical of monocot plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguishing between fibrous and tap root systems based on their origin and structure is a fundamental botanical concept.

Question 7. The stem grows above the soil from the ............ of the sprouting seed.
Answer: plumule
In simple words: The plumule is the part of the embryo within the seed that develops upwards into the stem and leaves after germination.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying the plumule as the origin of the stem reinforces understanding of seedling development.

Question 8. Leaves come out at the ............
Answer: nodes
In simple words: Leaves, branches, and flowers typically emerge from specific points on the stem called nodes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the structural points on a stem where leaves and branches originate is basic plant morphology.

Question 9. The part of the stem between two nodes is called ............
Answer: inter node
In simple words: An internode is the section of a stem located between two consecutive nodes, where no leaves or branches are attached.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between nodes and internodes is crucial for understanding stem anatomy.

Question 10. The tip or the apical end of the stem is called a ............
Answer: bud
In simple words: The apical bud, located at the very top of the stem, contains meristematic tissue responsible for the plant's primary growth in height.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing the bud as the growing tip of the stem indicates knowledge of plant growth points.

Question 11. The broad, spread out part of the leaf is called the ............ or ............
Answer: leaf blade, lamina
In simple words: The flat, wide part of a leaf, also known as the lamina, is the primary site for photosynthesis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing both common and scientific terms for leaf parts, like leaf blade and lamina, is beneficial.

Question 12. The tip of the leaf is called the ............
Answer: leaf apex
In simple words: The leaf apex is the outermost tip of the leaf blade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying specific anatomical terms for leaf parts is important for accurate descriptions.

Question 13. Leaves of some plants have a stalk called a ............
Answer: petiole
In simple words: The petiole is the stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem, providing support and allowing the leaf to orient itself towards sunlight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the function of the petiole in supporting and positioning the leaf is important.

Question 14. The portion of the leaf attached to the stem is called the ............
Answer: leaf base
In simple words: The leaf base is the part of the leaf where it joins the stem, often expanding to form a sheath.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately naming the attachment point of the leaf to the stem is fundamental to leaf morphology.

Question 15. Small leaf-like structures near the leaf base is called ............
Answer: stipules
In simple words: Stipules are small, often leaf-like appendages located at the base of the petiole, which can vary in form and function.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying accessory structures like stipules at the leaf base shows attention to detail in plant anatomy.

Question 16. Flowers may have a long or a short stalk called ............
Answer: pedicel
In simple words: The pedicel is the stalk that supports an individual flower, connecting it to the main inflorescence or stem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the term 'pedicel' for the flower stalk is important for understanding floral structure.

Question 17. One end of the pedicel is attached to the ............
Answer: stem
In simple words: The pedicel, which supports the flower, connects directly to the plant's stem or a branch.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the connection points of different plant organs, such as the pedicel to the stem, is basic plant knowledge.

Question 18. ............ is a male reproductive organ of the flower.
Answer: Androecium
In simple words: The androecium, consisting of stamens, is the collective term for the male reproductive parts of a flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying the androecium as the male reproductive organ is fundamental to understanding flower biology.

Question 19. ............ is a female reproductive organ of the
Answer: gynoecium
In simple words: The gynoecium, composed of carpels, represents the female reproductive organ of a flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the term 'gynoecium' for the female reproductive organ is essential for floral anatomy.

Question 20. Androecium consists of ............
Answer: stamens
In simple words: The androecium is made up of stamens, which are the pollen-producing structures of a flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the components of the androecium, specifically stamens, is crucial for detailed knowledge of floral parts.

Question 21. Gynoecium consists of ............
Answer: carpels
In simple words: The gynoecium is composed of one or more carpels, which contain the ovules and form the pistil.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying carpels as the building blocks of the gynoecium is key to comprehending female flower anatomy.

Question 22. Seeds which get divided into two equal parts are called ............ seeds.
Answer: dicotyledonous
In simple words: Dicotyledonous seeds, or dicots, are those that can be split into two equal halves, each containing a cotyledon.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately defining dicotyledonous seeds by their ability to split into two cotyledons is a core concept.

Question 23. Seeds which do not divide into two equal parts are ............ called seeds.
Answer: monocotyledonous
In simple words: Monocotyledonous seeds, or monocots, are seeds that cannot be divided into two equal halves, possessing only one cotyledon.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguishing monocotyledonous seeds from dicotyledonous ones based on their cotyledon count is fundamental.

Question 24. Petals and other parts of the flower are supported on the ............
Answer: receptacle
In simple words: The receptacle is the broadened tip of the pedicel to which all parts of the flower, including petals, are attached.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying the receptacle as the supporting base for floral organs demonstrates a good grasp of flower anatomy.

Question 25. Sepals are ............ in colour.
Answer: green.
In simple words: Sepals are typically green, leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the developing flower bud.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the typical color of sepals and their protective function is a basic fact about flowers.

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:

In simple words: Peepal leaves have reticulate venation, Maize leaves have parallel venation, Androecium consists of stamens, and Gynoecium is made of carpels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly matching plant examples to their venation type and floral organs to their components is essential for this question.

Question 2.

Answer:

In simple words: Tap roots are characteristic of dicotyledonous plants, fibrous roots are found in monocotyledonous plants, the radicle develops into the root, and the plumule develops into the stem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking root types to monocot/dicot classifications and embryonic parts to their adult structures is key for accurate matching.

Question 3.

Answer:

In simple words: The leaf-tip is the leaf apex, the edge of the leaf blade is the leaf margin, the part attached to the stem is the leaf base, and the stalk of the leaf is the petiole.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying and matching the precise anatomical terms for different parts of a leaf is crucial for success.

Say whether True or False Correct and rewrite the false statements:

Question 1. Stem grows from radicle.
Answer: False. Stem grows from the Plumule
In simple words: The stem of a plant develops from the plumule, which is the embryonic shoot, not the radicle which forms the root.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguishing between the plumule and radicle as the origins of the stem and root, respectively, is a key concept in plant development.

Question 2. Leaf margins may be entire, dentate or lobed.
Answer: True
In simple words: Leaf margins show diverse shapes, being either smooth (entire), toothed (dentate), or having deep indentations (lobed).

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the common classifications for leaf margins (entire, dentate, lobed) demonstrates detailed knowledge of leaf morphology.

Question 3. The leaf blade of leaves in some plants is divided into many small parts called leaflets.
Answer: True
In simple words: Some leaves, known as compound leaves, have their blades divided into multiple smaller units called leaflets.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the difference between simple and compound leaves, and the term 'leaflet,' is important for descriptive botany.

Question 4.
Maize plant has reticulate venation.
Answer: False. Maize plant has parallel venation
In simple words: Maize is a monocotyledonous plant, and monocots typically have parallel venation, where veins run parallel to each other along the leaf.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the difference between parallel and reticulate venation is crucial for identifying monocots and dicots.

Question 5.
A carpel consists of stigma, style and ovary.
Answer: True.
In simple words: The carpel is the female reproductive unit of a flower, comprising the stigma (pollen reception), style (connects stigma to ovary), and ovary (contains ovules).

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying the parts of a carpel is fundamental for understanding flower anatomy and reproduction.

Question 6.
A stamen is made up of nodes and internodes.
Answer: False. A stamen is made up of anther filament
In simple words: A stamen, the male reproductive part of a flower, consists of an anther (produces pollen) and a filament (supports the anther), not nodes and internodes which are features of stems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the structural components of reproductive organs in plants (stamen) and vegetative parts (stem).

Question 7.
The ovary develops into a fruit.
Answer: True
In simple words: After fertilization, the ovary of a flower matures and develops into a fruit, which encloses and protects the seeds.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a key concept in plant reproduction, linking flower parts to fruit formation.

Question 8.
Fertilized ovules form the seeds.
Answer: True
In simple words: Following fertilization, the ovules inside the ovary develop into seeds, each containing an embryo that can grow into a new plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the sequence: ovule gets fertilized, becomes a seed; ovary develops into a fruit.

Question 9.
A mango fruit contains many seeds.
Answer: False. A mango fruit contains only one seed
In simple words: A mango is a drupe, a type of fruit that typically contains a single large seed or "stone" at its center.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of common examples of fruits with single versus multiple seeds.

Question 10.
A fruit like cashew have seed outside the fruit.
Answer: True.
In simple words: The cashew nut, which is botanically the seed, grows outside the fleshy part (cashew apple), making it unique among fruits.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cashew is an unusual example that often appears in questions about fruit and seed structure.

Question 11.
Leaves of some plants do not have a petiole.
Answer: True
In simple words: Some leaves are sessile, meaning they attach directly to the stem without a petiole (leaf stalk), such as in many grasses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the variation in leaf attachments to the stem, specifically petiolate (with petiole) and sessile (without petiole).

Question 12.
The peepal leaf has parallel venation.
Answer: False. It has reticulate venation.
In simple words: Peepal is a dicotyledonous plant, and dicots typically exhibit reticulate venation, characterized by a net-like pattern of veins.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use peepal as a classic example of a plant with reticulate venation to reinforce the concept.

Find the odd one out:

Question 1.
Pea, Moong, maize, groundnut
Answer: Maize - Its seed is monocotyledonous, while others have dicotyledonous seeds.
In simple words: Maize is a monocot, meaning its seed has one cotyledon, whereas pea, moong, and groundnut are dicots with two cotyledons in their seeds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classifying plants as monocots or dicots based on seed structure is a fundamental botanical skill.

Question 2.
Cashew, apple, mango, chikoo
Answer: Cashew - Its seed is outside the fruit, others have internal seeds.
In simple words: The cashew is unique because its seed develops externally to the fleshy edible part, unlike apples, mangoes, and chikoos where seeds are enclosed internally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight unusual plant structures, like the external cashew seed, as they are often tested.

Question 3.
Stigma, anther, style, ovary
Answer: Anther - It is a part of androecium, while others are a part of gynoecium.
In simple words: The anther is part of the male reproductive structure (androecium), while the stigma, style, and ovary are all components of the female reproductive structure (gynoecium).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the male (androecium: anther, filament) and female (gynoecium: stigma, style, ovary) parts of a flower.

Question 4.
Petiole, vein, calyx, apex
Answer: Calyx - It is a part of flower, whereas others are parts of leaf.
In simple words: The calyx is a protective outer layer of a flower, while the petiole, vein, and apex are all anatomical parts of a leaf.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise in identifying whether a given term refers to a part of the leaf or the flower.

Question 5.
Aerial, stilt, runner, lobed
Answer: Lobed - It is a type of leaf margin, while others are types of modified roots.
In simple words: "Lobed" describes a shape or margin of a leaf, whereas aerial, stilt, and runner are all classifications of modified root types.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand different classifications for roots (e.g., aerial, stilt, tap, fibrous) and leaf margins (e.g., entire, dentate, lobed).

Answer the Following in One Or Two Sentences:

Question 1.
Which types of roots do the fenugreek, spinach and onion plants have?
Answer:
1. Fenugreek and spinach have tap roots with a few secondary roots whereas onion has fibrous root.
2. Fenugreek roots also have some nodules which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
In simple words: Fenugreek and spinach have a main tap root with smaller side roots, while onion has many thin, fibrous roots. Fenugreek also has special nodules for nitrogen fixation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples for different root types (tap vs. fibrous) and mention any special features like nodules.

Question 2.
What are called prop roots?
Answer: Roots emerging from the trunk and branches of a banyan tree grow towards the soil. These roots are called prop roots.
In simple words: Prop roots are supporting roots that grow downwards from the branches or main stem, like those seen on a banyan tree, providing extra anchorage and support.

🎯 Exam Tip: Banyan tree is the classic example for prop roots; focus on their function of providing support.

Question 3.
What is called reticulate venation?
Answer:
1. A leaf is divided into two equal parts by a single mid-vein which lies along the midline of the leaf blade.
2. Secondary veins arise from the mid-vein. They are branched and form a network or reticulum. Such a type of venation is called reticulate venation.
In simple words: Reticulate venation is a pattern where leaf veins form a complex, interconnected network, branching out from a central mid-vein.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the "network" or "reticulum" aspect when describing reticulate venation.

Question 4.
What is called parallel venation?
Answer: In a leaf all the veins are parallel, running from the leaf base to the leaf apex. Such a venation is called parallel venation.
In simple words: Parallel venation is a pattern where all the main veins in a leaf run parallel to each other, typically from the base to the tip of the leaf.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast parallel venation with reticulate venation, often linking them to monocot and dicot plants respectively.

Question 5.
What is pollination?
Answer: After maturity, anthers burst and the pollen grains which are released fall on the stigma. This process is called pollination.
In simple words: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of a flower, which is the first step in plant reproduction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the "transfer" aspect and the specific parts involved (anther and stigma) when defining pollination.

Question 6.
Why are the underground parts of plants like radish, carrot, beet and sweet potato thick, fleshy and swollen? Which parts of the plant are they?
Answer: The underground parts of plants like radish, carrot, beet and sweet potato are thick, fleshy and swollen because they store food in the form of starch. These are the root part of the plant.
In simple words: Radish, carrot, beet, and sweet potato have thick, fleshy, swollen underground parts because they store excess food, mainly starch. These edible parts are actually modified roots of the plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both the reason for swelling (food storage) and the botanical identity (modified roots) for these common vegetables.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Tap roots and fibrous roots.
Answer:

In simple words: Tap roots have a single main root with smaller side roots and are found in dicots, while fibrous roots are a cluster of thin, thread-like roots growing directly from the stem, typical of monocots.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the primary structure and the plant type (monocot/dicot) associated with each root system.

Question 2.
Dicotyledonous seeds and monocotyledonous seeds.
Answer:

In simple words: Dicotyledonous seeds can be split into two equal halves and typically have a tap root system, whereas monocotyledonous seeds remain as one piece and usually have a fibrous root system.

🎯 Exam Tip: The number of cotyledons (one or two) and the corresponding root system (fibrous or tap) are key distinguishing features.

Draw Neat And Labelled Diagram For The Following:

Question 1.
Tap root
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक मूसला जड़ (tap root) प्रणाली को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक मोटी प्राथमिक जड़ होती है जो मिट्टी में गहराई तक जाती है, और उससे कई पतली द्वितीयक जड़ें (secondary roots), जड़ के बाल (root hairs), और एक स्पष्ट जड़ टिप (root tip) और जड़ टोपी (root cap) निकलती हैं। यह प्रणाली पौधे को मजबूत सहारा प्रदान करती है और पानी तथा खनिजों के अवशोषण में मदद करती है।
In simple words: A tap root diagram shows a main, thick primary root growing downwards, with smaller secondary roots branching off, providing firm anchorage and efficient absorption for the plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing, ensure clear labeling of the primary root, secondary roots, root hairs, root tip, and root cap.

Question 2.
Parts of a leaf.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक पत्ती के विभिन्न भागों को दर्शाता है, जिसमें पत्ती का ऊपरी सिरा (leaf apex), पत्ती का किनारा (leaf margin), शिराएँ (veins), मध्यशिरा (mid vein), पत्ती का फलक (leaf blade), पर्णवृंत (petiole), अनुपर्ण (stipule) और पर्णाधार (leaf base) शामिल हैं। यह संरचना पौधे में प्रकाश संश्लेषण और वाष्पोत्सर्जन के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।
In simple words: The diagram of a leaf illustrates its key parts: the leaf apex (tip), leaf margin (edge), veins, mid-vein, leaf blade (flat part), petiole (stalk), stipule, and leaf base, all crucial for photosynthesis and other plant functions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice labeling all major parts of a leaf including venation patterns, blade, petiole, and apex for complete scores.

Question 3.
Parts of stem
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक पौधे के तने के विभिन्न भागों को दिखाता है, जिसमें शीर्ष पर बढ़ता हुआ सिरा (growing end), कलियाँ (buds), नोड्स (nodes) जहाँ से पत्तियां निकलती हैं, इंटरनोड्स (internode) जो दो नोड्स के बीच की दूरी होती है, और पत्तियां (leaf) शामिल हैं। यह संरचना तने के विकास और पत्तियों, फूलों तथा फलों को सहारा देने के लिए आवश्यक है।
In simple words: This diagram highlights the main parts of a stem: the growing end, buds (new growth points), nodes (where leaves and branches attach), internodes (sections between nodes), and leaves, demonstrating how the stem supports and facilitates plant growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on accurately identifying and labeling the nodes, internodes, buds, and the growing tip of the stem.

Do As Directed:

Question 1.
Certain properties are mentioned below. Find a leaf corresponding to each property and describe those plants.
Answer:
1. Leaves with smooth surface: e.g. Banana leaf. It is large in size. It is closely rolled up one over the other. Together they look like a trunk but they form only an apparent trunk. It has parallel venation.
2. Leaves with rough surface: e.g. Hibiscus leaf. It has reticulate venation. Leaf margin is toothed.
3. Fleshy leaf: e.g. Jade plant, water hyacinth. It has fleshy, glossy and smooth leaves. They are coloured jade green and having a slightly red tinge towards the edge of leaves when exposed to higher level of light.
4. Spines on leaf: e.g. Opuntia, Cycas, kevda. Opuntia is a desert plant. Leaf is thick, fleshy and having spines on it.
In simple words: Leaves vary widely: banana leaves are smooth and large with parallel veins; hibiscus leaves are rough with toothed margins and reticulate venation; jade plants have fleshy, glossy leaves; and plants like Opuntia (cactus) have thick, fleshy leaves modified into spines.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear examples and concise descriptions for each leaf property, focusing on distinguishing features.

Answer the Following Questions:

Question 1.
What would have happened if plants like tamarind, banyan and mango had fibrous roots?
Answer: If plants like banyan, mango, tamarind had fibrous roots they would get uprooted and fall even with a little strong wind as the roots would not be able to support and anchor the trees firmly.
In simple words: If large trees like tamarind, banyan, and mango had fibrous roots instead of tap roots, they would lack strong anchorage and would easily be uprooted and fall during strong winds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the direct consequence of insufficient root structure (fibrous instead of tap) on the stability of large trees.

Question 2.
What will happen if the root-tip is injured?
Answer:
1. Root cap helps the root to grow downward It protects the sensitive part of the root and eases the movement of the root through the soil.
2. Injury of the root tip causes the root to grow randomly and it also may lead to injury of the sensitive part of the root.
In simple words: An injured root tip, which is normally protected by the root cap, would hinder the root's ability to grow properly downwards, leading to erratic growth and potential damage to the delicate growing cells.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the dual role of the root cap: protection and guiding downward growth, and how injury affects both.

Question 3.
Which types of roots do the fenugreek, spinach and onion plants have?
Answer:
1. Fenugreek and spinach have tap roots with a few secondary roots whereas onion has fibrous root.
2. Fenugreek roots also have some nodules which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
In simple words: Fenugreek and spinach possess tap roots with secondary roots, while onion has fibrous roots. Fenugreek roots additionally feature nitrogen-fixing nodules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specify the root type for each plant and include any unique features like nitrogen-fixing nodules for fenugreek.

Question 4.
Of what use to a plant are the insects flitting about around its flowers?
Answer:
1. The insects try to suck the nectar from the flowers and in that process the pollen grains stick to their legs.
2. When they sit on another flower the pollen grain stick to the stigma and the pollination takes place. Thus, these insects help in the pollination.
In simple words: Insects visiting flowers for nectar inadvertently pick up pollen grains on their bodies. When they move to another flower, they transfer these pollen grains to its stigma, facilitating pollination and thus helping the plant to reproduce.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the mutualistic relationship between insects and flowers, emphasizing how insects act as pollinators during their search for nectar.

Observe The Figure And Answer The Questions Given.

Question 1.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र पत्ती के तने पर लगने के तीन अलग-अलग तरीकों को दर्शाता है: (A) एकांतर (Alternate), जहाँ प्रत्येक नोड पर एक पत्ती विपरीत दिशा में लगती है; (B) सम्मुख (Opposite), जहाँ प्रत्येक नोड पर दो पत्तियां एक-दूसरे के आमने-सामने लगती हैं; और (C) चक्राकार (Whorled), जहाँ प्रत्येक नोड पर तीन या अधिक पत्तियां एक वृत्त में लगती हैं। यह पत्तियों की व्यवस्था प्रकाश और अन्य संसाधनों के अधिकतम उपयोग के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।
In simple words: This diagram illustrates three patterns of leaf arrangement on a stem: (A) alternate, where leaves are staggered; (B) opposite, where leaves grow directly across from each other; and (C) whorled, where three or more leaves grow in a circle at each node.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand and be able to identify the three main types of leaf arrangement: alternate, opposite, and whorled, with suitable examples.

Question a.
What is shown in the picture?
Answer: The picture shows the arrangement of leaves on the stem.
In simple words: The image displays different ways leaves are positioned along a plant stem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on precise observation to correctly identify the subject of the diagram, which is leaf arrangement.

Question b.
What arrangement is shown in (A), (B), and (C)?
Answer: (A) Alternate (B) Opposite (C) Whorled
In simple words: (A) shows an alternate leaf arrangement, (B) depicts an opposite arrangement, and (C) illustrates a whorled pattern.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice recognizing and naming these distinct patterns of leaf phyllotaxy.

Question 2.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक फूल के विभिन्न आंतरिक और बाहरी भागों का एक क्रॉस-सेक्शनल दृश्य प्रस्तुत करता है। इसमें स्त्रीकेसर (Gynoecium/carpel), पुंकेसर (Androecium/stamen) जिसमें परागकोश (anther) और तंतु (filament) शामिल होते हैं, अंडाशय (ovary), दलपुंज (corolla) जो रंगीन पंखुड़ियों से बना होता है, और पुष्पवृंत (pedicel) जो फूल को सहारा देता है, को दर्शाया गया है। यह संरचना पौधे के प्रजनन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है।
In simple words: This diagram is a cross-section of a flower, showing its major parts like the stigma, anther, ovary, petals (corolla), and pedicel, all essential for plant reproduction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately identify and label all components of a flower's reproductive and supportive structures.

Question a.
Lable parts 1 to 6.
Answer:
1. Gynoecium or carpel
2. Corolla
3. Androecium (Stamen)
4. Ovary
5. Corolla
6. Pedicel
In simple words: The labels identify the main parts of a flower: 1. Gynoecium/carpel, 2. Corolla, 3. Androecium/stamen, 4. Ovary, 5. Corolla, 6. Pedicel.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names and locations of all floral parts, especially distinguishing between male and female reproductive organs.

Question b.
Name the female reproductive part.
Answer: Gynoecium
In simple words: The gynoecium, also known as the carpel or pistil, is the female reproductive part of a flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure you know the collective term (gynoecium/pistil) and its components (stigma, style, ovary) for the female reproductive structure.

Question c.
Name the colourful part of the flower.
Answer: Corolla
In simple words: The corolla, made up of petals, is the colorful and often fragrant part of the flower that attracts pollinators.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the corolla is the collective term for all petals, responsible for attracting insects.

Question d.
Which part develops into fruit?
Answer: Ovary
In simple words: After successful fertilization, the ovary of the flower matures and develops into the fruit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly link the ovary's transformation into a fruit as a crucial step in plant reproduction.

Question e.
Which pa pollination?
Answer: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of flower is called pollination.
In simple words: Pollination is the process where pollen from the anther is transferred to the stigma, initiating fertilization and seed formation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define pollination accurately, including the source and destination of pollen (anther to stigma).