Maharashtra Board Class 7 History Chapter 4 Maharashtra before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj Solutions

1. Complete The Following Chart:

Question 1.

In simple words: This chart explains the administrative structure of villages, towns (kasbas), and districts (parganas) in Maharashtra before Shivaji Maharaj's time, detailing their meaning, officers, and examples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding this administrative hierarchy is key to grasping the social and political structure of the period.

2. Write The Meaning:

Question 1. Budruk
Answer:
(i) 'Badruk' is a suffix added to the name of the village, which indicated that the village was independent.
(ii) The original town was called Budruk.
(iii) Example: Vadgaon Budruk.

In simple words: 'Budruk' was a suffix for village names, signifying an older, independent settlement, like "Vadgaon Budruk" indicating the original Vadgaon.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'Budruk' denotes an older or original village, often signifying its primary status in the region.

Question 2. Baluta
Answer:
(i) A share of the agricultural produce paid by peasants to the artisans for their services to the villagers.
(ii) This share was known as Baluta.

In simple words: Baluta was a portion of crops given by farmers to village artisans as payment for their essential services, forming a traditional exchange system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Baluta as a system of payment in kind for services, highlighting the interdependency within the village community.

Question 3. Vatan
Answer: Vatan is an Arabic word. In Maharashtra it is used to refer to hereditary land to which the holder does not have to pay revenue.

In simple words: Vatan refers to hereditary land in Maharashtra that was exempt from land revenue, typically held by influential families.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that 'Vatan' implies hereditary land ownership with significant privileges, particularly exemption from revenue, which was a source of power.

3. Find Out And Write:

Question 1. People from Africa who had settled along the Konkan coastline -
Answer: Siddi

In simple words: The Siddi people were African settlers who established communities along the Konkan coast.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question tests knowledge of diverse communities settled in historical Maharashtra, specifically the Siddi presence on the Konkan coast.

Question 2. The author of 'Amrutanubhav' -
Answer: Sant Dnyaneshwar

In simple words: Sant Dnyaneshwar authored 'Amrutanubhav', a significant philosophical text.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying key literary works and their authors from the Bhakti movement is crucial for understanding the cultural landscape.

Question 3. The place where Sant Tukaram belonged to -
Answer: Dehu near Pune

In simple words: Sant Tukaram, a prominent saint, hailed from Dehu, a village located near Pune.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the hometowns of important historical figures helps in contextualizing their lives and work.

Question 4. He composed Bharuds -
Answer: Sant Eknath

In simple words: Sant Eknath was known for composing 'Bharuds', a unique form of devotional poetry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking specific literary forms like 'Bharuds' to their respective saints is important for understanding their contributions.

Question 5. He explained the importance of physical fitness -
Answer: Sant Ramdas

In simple words: Sant Ramdas emphasized the significance of physical fitness for a disciplined life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sant Ramdas's focus on physical fitness sets him apart and is an important detail to remember about his teachings.

Question 6. Women Sants -
Answer: Sant Soyrabai, Sant Nirmalabai, Sant Muktabai, Sant Janabai

In simple words: Notable women saints of the period included Soyrabai, Nirmalabai, Muktabai, and Janabai, who contributed significantly to the Bhakti movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing the contributions of women saints highlights the inclusive nature of the Bhakti movement and its impact on society.

4. Write About These Personalities And Their Work In Your Own Words:

Question 1. Sant Namdeo
Answer:
• Sant Namdeo was a great saint of the Varkari movement.
• He awakened the sense of equality in men and women belonging to all castes through the medium of his excellent Keertan.
• His abhanga compositions are well-known.
• He travelled to Punjab and propagated his thoughts.
• His compositions are included in the 'Guru Grant Sahib' of the Sikhs.
• He propagated the message of Bhagwat religion (from village to village) in all quarters.

In simple words: Sant Namdeo, a prominent Varkari saint, promoted equality through his captivating Keertans and abhangas, even influencing Sikh scriptures by sharing the message of Bhagwat religion across regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Sant Namdeo's role in promoting equality, his extensive travel, and the inclusion of his compositions in the Guru Grant Sahib.

Question 2. Sant Dnyaneshwar
Answer:
• Sant Dnyaneshwar wrote the 'Bhavartha-deepika' or 'Dnyaneshwari'.
• He also composed Amrutanubhav.
• He showed a simple way of worship and conduct which the common people could follow easily.
• His 'Pasayadaan in Dnyaneshwari uplifts the mind.

In simple words: Sant Dnyaneshwar authored 'Dnyaneshwari' and 'Amrutanubhav', making spiritual wisdom accessible to common people through simple teachings and the soul-uplifting 'Pasayadaan'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize Sant Dnyaneshwar's key literary works and his efforts to simplify spiritual practices for the masses, particularly mentioning 'Pasayadaan'.

Question 3. Sant Eknath
Answer:
• His compositions include abhanga, gavalana, bharud, etc.
• He had stated the Bhagvat Dharma in detail in a simple manner.
• His abhangas show the warmth of devotion.
• He presented people's life in Bhavarth Ramayana.
• He believed that the Marathi language was inferior to no other language.

In simple words: Sant Eknath, a devoted saint, expressed his teachings through diverse compositions like abhangas, gavalana, and bharud, simplifying Bhagvat Dharma, capturing everyday life in Bhavarth Ramayana, and championing the Marathi language.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note Sant Eknath's versatile compositions and his contribution to Marathi literature, particularly his efforts to dignify the Marathi language.

Question 4. Sant Tukaram
Answer:
• Sant Tukaram belonged to Dehu near Pune.
• His compositions or abhangas are very pleasing and lucid, reaching the greatest poetic heights.
• His 'Gatha' is a precious treasure of the Marathi language.
• He freed many poor families from the bonds of loan.
• He criticized the prevalent hypocrisy and superstitions in the society.

In simple words: Sant Tukaram from Dehu composed highly influential and lucid abhangas, compiled in 'Tukaram Gatha', through which he criticized social hypocrisy, fought superstitions, and helped indebted families.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Sant Tukaram's poetic mastery, his social reforms against hypocrisy and superstition, and the importance of 'Tukaram Gatha'.

Question 5. Why were droughts a great calamity for the people?
Answer: The droughts were a great calamity for the people because:
• The prices of food grain had risen.
• There was a severe scarcity of food grains.
• Entire families were destroyed.
• There was no fodder for cattle.
• Water became scarce.
• Cattle and farm animals died.
• Agriculture was completely ruined.
• All financial transactions came to a standstill.

In simple words: Droughts caused immense suffering due to rising food prices, extreme scarcity, loss of families, livestock deaths, and a complete halt to agriculture and the economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the multi-faceted impact of droughts, covering economic, social, and agricultural consequences, to explain their calamitous nature.

Activities

1. Plan how you will help a Varkari Dindi.
2. Dress up as Sants and present their compositions.

Complete The Sentence By Choosing The Appropriate Word From The Options Given Below:

Question 1. ______ was made up of many villages. (Mauja, Kasba, Pargana)
Answer: Pargana

In simple words: A Pargana was an administrative division composed of several villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the definition of 'Pargana' as a cluster of villages is fundamental to understanding regional administration.

Question 2. The chief of the village was the ______ (Patil, Kulkarni, Mahajan)
Answer: Patil

In simple words: The Patil was the primary administrative head of a village.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the 'Patil' as the main authority figure responsible for order and collection of revenue in a village.

Question 3. The ______ was the chief of Patils in Pargana. (Deshpande, Deshmukh, Kulkarni)
Answer: Deshmukh

In simple words: The Deshmukh held the top position among Patils within a Pargana, overseeing multiple villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish the 'Deshmukh' as the superior officer overseeing Patils at the Pargana level, indicating a higher administrative role.

Question 4. The compositions of ______ are included in the 'Guru Granth Sahib' of Sikhs. (Sant Namdeo, Sant Eknath, Sant Tukaram)
Answer: Sant Namdeo

In simple words: Sant Namdeo's devotional compositions are revered and included in the sacred scripture of Sikhism, the 'Guru Granth Sahib'.

🎯 Exam Tip: This fact highlights Sant Namdeo's pan-Indian influence and the historical connections between various spiritual traditions.

Question 5. ______ was the main occupation of people. (Fishing, Pottery, Agriculture)
Answer: Agriculture

In simple words: Agriculture was the primary livelihood for most people in the region during that era.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize agriculture as the backbone of the economy, defining the lifestyle and societal structure of the period.

Question 6. Pune was a big Pargana consisting of ______ villages. (64,290,40)
Answer: 290

In simple words: The Pune Pargana was a large administrative unit comprising 290 villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering specific details like the number of villages in important Parganas helps illustrate the scale of administration.

Question 7. 'Amrutanubhav' was composed by ______. (Sant Eknath, Sant Namdeo, Sant Dnyaneshwar)
Answer: Sant Dnyaneshwar

In simple words: The philosophical text 'Amrutanubhav' was written by Sant Dnyaneshwar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately attributing major literary and philosophical works to their respective authors is a key learning point.

Question 8. A great famine occurred in Maharashtra in ______ CE. (1630,1635,1648)
Answer: 1630

In simple words: Maharashtra experienced a devastating famine in the year 1630 CE.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recalling significant historical events like major famines and their dates helps establish a chronological understanding of the period.

Question 9. The Mahajan maintained the accounts of the ______. (Kasba, Peth, Mauja)
Answer: Peth

In simple words: The Mahajan was responsible for managing the financial records and accounts of the Peth, which was a market town.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the role of the 'Mahajan' in maintaining financial records, particularly for 'Peths' (marketplaces), signifying their importance in economic administration.

Question 10. ______ is a precious treasure of the Marathilanguage. (Gatha, Abhanga, Keertans)
Answer: Gatha

In simple words: 'Gatha' refers to a collection of devotional verses, particularly Sant Tukaram's, which is considered a valuable part of Marathi literature.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'Gatha' is a compilation of devotional poems, primarily associated with Sant Tukaram, and is highly significant in Marathi literature.

Question 11. The headquarters of a pargana was called ______. (Peth, Kasba, Mauja)
Answer: Kasba

In simple words: The main town or administrative center of a Pargana was known as a Kasba.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify 'Kasba' as the administrative hub of a 'Pargana', serving as its central point.

Question 12. Sant Dnyaneshwar's ______ in Dnyaneshwari uplifts the mind. (Pasayadaan, Gaulana, Gatha)
Answer: Pasayadaan

In simple words: The 'Pasayadaan', a prayer or boon for the welfare of the world, found in Sant Dnyaneshwar's Dnyaneshwari, is known for its uplifting spiritual message.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on 'Pasayadaan' as a specific and celebrated part of Dnyaneshwari, known for its universal appeal and spiritual significance.

Question 13. ______ was at the centre of the Sant movement. (Pandharpur, Dehu, Peth)
Answer: Pandharpur

In simple words: Pandharpur, home to the Vithoba temple, was the spiritual and geographical heart of the Sant movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize Pandharpur's central role as a pilgrimage site and the hub of the Varkari (Sant) movement.

Question 14. ______ criticized the hypocrisy and superstition in the society in very strong terms. (Sant Tukaram, Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Eknath)
Answer: Sant Tukaram

In simple words: Sant Tukaram was a vocal critic of social hypocrisy and superstitious practices prevalent in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sant Tukaram is particularly remembered for his strong stance against social ills and his direct criticism of hypocrisy.

Question 15. ______ officers were the link between the people and the government. (Mahajan, Watandar, Kasba)
Answer: Watandar

In simple words: Watandar officers served as intermediaries, connecting the local populace with the governing authorities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the 'Watandars' as crucial local figures who mediated between villagers and the state, holding hereditary rights.

Question 16. A ______ was a big village and the headquarters of the Pargana. (Kasba, Mauja, Peth)
Answer: Kasba

In simple words: A Kasba was a large village that also functioned as the administrative center or headquarters for a Pargana.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate 'Kasba' as a larger village with administrative importance, distinct from a regular 'Mauja' or a market 'Peth'.

Question 17. Chakan Pargana had ______ villages and Shirwal had only ______ villages. (64, 40, 290)
Answer: 64, 40

In simple words: The Chakan Pargana comprised 64 villages, while Shirwal Pargana consisted of 40 villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering the specific number of villages in notable Parganas helps illustrate regional administrative details.

Question 18. Sant ______ composed abhanga, gavalana, bharud, etc. (Eknath, Namdeo, Dnyaneshwar)
Answer: Eknath

In simple words: Sant Eknath was a prolific composer, known for various devotional forms including abhanga, gavalana, and bharud.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Sant Eknath with the composition of diverse poetic forms like 'abhanga', 'gavalana', and 'bharud', indicating his literary versatility.

Match The Following:

Question 1.

Answer:
1 - d
2 - c
3 - b
4 - a
In simple words: This match identifies the primary duties and hierarchical positions of key village and Pargana officers: Patil (village peace), Kulkarni (revenue records), Deshpande (chief of Kulkarnis), and Deshmukh (chief of Patils).

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the specific roles and hierarchical relationships of each administrative officer (Patil, Kulkarni, Deshmukh, Deshpande) for a clear understanding of the governance structure.

Question 2.

Answer:
1 - b
2 - a
3 - d
4 - c
In simple words: This match explains the definitions of administrative units: Mauja (small village), Kasba (big village), Pargana (group of villages), and Peth (market).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and differentiate between the terms Mauja, Kasba, Pargana, and Peth as they represent distinct levels and types of settlements.

Question 3.

Answer:
1 - b
2 - a
3 - d
4 - c
In simple words: This match links each Sant to their significant contributions: Sant Namdeo built a memorial to Sant Chokhamela, Sant Dnyaneshwar composed 'Amrutanubhav', Sant Eknath championed Marathi language equality, and Sant Tukaram's 'Gatha' became a Marathi treasure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately associate each Sant with their unique contributions, such as literary works, social initiatives, or linguistic beliefs, to demonstrate comprehensive knowledge.

Find Out And Write:

Question 1. The headquarters of a Pargana -
Answer: Kasha

In simple words: The central administrative town of a Pargana was known as a Kasha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying 'Kasha' as the headquarters helps understand the administrative geography of the region.

Question 2. Watandars of the Peth -
Answer: The Shete and the Mahajan

In simple words: The Shete and the Mahajan were the hereditary Watandar officers responsible for the administration and trade in a Peth (market town).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the 'Shete' and 'Mahajan' as key figures in managing 'Peths', indicating their control over market activities and local governance.

Question 3. A peth established in the name of Shivaji Maharaj -
Answer: Shivapur

In simple words: Shivapur was a market town founded and named after Shivaji Maharaj.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific Peths named after important historical figures helps illustrate their direct involvement in urban planning and economic development.

Question 4. He was from Jamb in Marathwada -
Answer: Ramdas Swami

In simple words: Ramdas Swami, a renowned saint, originated from Jamb in the Marathwada region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking saints to their specific places of origin provides context to their regional influence and background.

Explain The Meanings Of:

Question 1. Abhanga
Answer: Abhanga is a form of devotional poetry sung in praise of the Hindu God.

In simple words: An Abhanga is a type of Marathi devotional poem, typically sung, that expresses praise for Hindu deities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand 'Abhanga' as a crucial poetic form of the Bhakti movement, commonly used by saints to express devotion.

Question 2. Dnyaneshwari
Answer: Dnyaneshwari is the first book to describe the translation of Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit to Marathi.

In simple words: Dnyaneshwari is the first Marathi commentary and translation of the Bhagavad Gita, making its wisdom accessible to the common people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize 'Dnyaneshwari's' significance as the inaugural Marathi translation of the Bhagavad Gita, highlighting its cultural and linguistic impact.

Question 3. Kasba
Answer: A Kasba was like a big village. It was usually the headquarters of a Pargana. For e.g Wai kasba of Wai parganas were the headquarter of those Parganas.

In simple words: A Kasba was a large village that served as the administrative center or headquarters for a Pargana, like Wai Kasba for the Wai Pargana.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Kasba' is an important administrative term; remember it as a large village that doubles as a Pargana's headquarters.

Question 4. Watandar Officers
Answer: Watandar officers were the link between the people and the government.

In simple words: Watandar officers were hereditary local officials who acted as the essential bridge connecting the villagers to the governing administration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the 'Watandars' role as a crucial intermediary, possessing hereditary rights, which often gave them significant local power.

Answer The Following Question In One Sentence:

Question 1. What work did Sant Dnyaneshwar compose?
Answer: Sant Dnyaneshwar composed Bhavartha-deepika or Dnyaneshwari and Amrutanubhav.

In simple words: Sant Dnyaneshwar wrote two major works: 'Dnyaneshwari' (Bhavartha-deepika) and 'Amrutanubhav'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key literary works by Sant Dnyaneshwar, 'Dnyaneshwari' and 'Amrutanubhav', are essential to remember for his contributions.

Question 2. How were the compositions or abhangas of Sant Tukaram?
Answer: The compositions or abhangas of Sant Tukaram were very pleasing and lucid thereby reaching the greatest poetic heights.

In simple words: Sant Tukaram's abhangas were celebrated for their beauty and clarity, achieving a high level of poetic excellence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the aesthetic and communicative qualities – "pleasing and lucid" – that made Sant Tukaram's abhangas so impactful.

Question 3. Who were the disciples of Sant Tukaram?
Answer: Sant Tukaram's disciples were of different castes and creeds.

In simple words: Sant Tukaram's followers came from a diverse range of castes and religious backgrounds, reflecting his inclusive message.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the diversity of Sant Tukaram's disciples to illustrate the inclusive and universal nature of the Bhakti movement.

Question 4. Name a few associates of Sant Tukaram.
Answer: The associates of Sant Tukaram included Navji Mali, Gavnarshet Wani, Shivba Kasar, Santaji Jagnade, Mahadajipant Kulkami and Bahinabai Siurkar.

In simple words: Sant Tukaram had several dedicated associates, including figures like Navji Mali, Gavnarshet Wani, Shivba Kasar, Santaji Jagnade, Mahadajipant Kulkami, and Bahinabai Siurkar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing some of Sant Tukaram's associates demonstrates a deeper understanding of his social circle and the spread of his teachings.

Question 5. What was the duty of the Patil in the village?
Answer: The duty of the Patil was to settle any disputes and maintain peace.

In simple words: The Patil's main responsibilities in a village were to resolve conflicts and ensure communal harmony.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Patil's role as a primary peacekeeper and dispute resolver, crucial for village administration.

Question 6. What was Baluta?
Answer: The peasants gave a share of their agricultural produce to the artisans for their services to the village community. This share was known as Baluta.

In simple words: Baluta was the portion of agricultural produce given by peasants to artisans as payment for services to the village.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define Baluta as a system of payment in kind, illustrating the traditional economic exchange within a village.

Question 7. Who were the Deshmukhs and Deshpandes?
Answer: The Deshmukhs and the Deshpandes were the Watandar officers of the Pargana. The Deshmukh was the chief of Patils and the Deshpande was the chief of Kulkamis in the Pargana.

In simple words: Deshmukhs and Deshpandes were hereditary Pargana officers; the Deshmukh led the Patils, and the Deshpande headed the Kulkarnis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the Deshmukh and Deshpande as hereditary Watandar officers at the Pargana level, each leading a specific set of village officials.

Question 8. Who were called 'Topikar'?
Answer: The Portuguese, the British, the French and the Dutch who had come from Europe were facing intense rivalry during the period. There was stiff competition amongst them to capture the market for trade. These different people from Europe on the basis of their customary headgear were called 'Topikar'.

In simple words: 'Topikar' was a term used for the European traders (Portuguese, British, French, Dutch) due to their distinct headwear, who were fiercely competing for trade dominance.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Topikar' refers to European traders, emphasizing their distinctive headgear and fierce trade competition, which is a significant detail about foreign presence.

Question 9. Which European powers had a stiff competition amongst them to capture the markets for trade in Maharashtra?
Answer: The Portuguese, Dutch, British and the French had a stiff competition amongst them to capture the markets for trade in Maharashtra.

In simple words: The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French were the main European powers intensely competing for control of Maharashtra's trade markets.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the four main European powers (Portuguese, Dutch, British, French) and their intense rivalry for trade markets in Maharashtra.

Question 10. Which social evils greatly influenced society in the times before Shivaji Maharaj?
Answer: Blind beliefs and rituals greatly influenced society in the times before Shivaji Maharaj.

In simple words: Before Shivaji Maharaj, society was heavily impacted by widespread blind beliefs and ritualistic practices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify blind beliefs and excessive rituals as prevalent social evils that characterized the pre-Shivaji era.

Answer The Following In Brief:

Question 1. Who were the Watandars and how did they misuse their power?
Answer:
(i) Watandars were the officers. They were the link between the people and the government.
(ii) At the time of invasion from the enemy or drought, they represented the grievance to the government.
(iii) Sometimes, watandars collected more money from the people and did not send it to the government in time.
(iv) So, the people suffered harassment.

In simple words: Watandars were hereditary officers who connected people to the government and presented grievances during crises; however, they sometimes exploited their position by over-collecting revenue and delaying payments, causing hardship for the populace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the dual role of Watandars - as intermediaries and as exploiters - to highlight the complexities of local administration and the suffering of the common people.

Question 2. Contribution of the Sants:
Answer:
(i) Sants gave the message of equality and taught humanity.
(ii) They preached that people should live together in harmony, unity and love.
(iii) They created self confidence, amongst the people of Maharashtra.
(iv) They taught the true meaning of religion.
(v) They showed the path of devotion by living amongst the people and sharing their joys and sorrow.

In simple words: The Sants promoted equality, humanity, and communal harmony, fostering self-confidence among people by demonstrating true religion through a life of shared devotion and empathy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the Sants' contributions by focusing on their core messages: equality, unity, self-confidence, and a simplified, inclusive path of devotion.

Let's Discuss:

Collect more information about the Pandharpur Vari and discuss the following topic.

Question 1. In which month do the Varkaris go on the vari?
Answer: On Ashadhi Ekadashi, that is in the month of July.

In simple words: The Varkaris undertake the Pandharpur Vari pilgrimage in July, specifically on Ashadhi Ekadashi.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'Ashadhi Ekadashi' in July is the key festival for the Pandharpur Vari, a significant annual pilgrimage.

Question 2. How is the vari planned?
Answer:
(i) The whole group is divided into sub group called as Dindi.
(ii) Each Dindi has 100 to 500 members.
(iii) The Palkhi is at the centre of the vari and the Dindi are ahead.
(iv) The time table of vari route is published in advance and followed.
(v) All the details are given before, the locations, breaks including lunch, rest, night stay location etc.
(vi) Every dindi has one truck or vehicle to carry luggage and food material.
(vii) The tents are set up and food is prepared before the dindi arrives at the location.
(viii) The dindi's even decides the sequences of the Abhang to be sung.
(ix) The Doctors also devote 21 days in the Vari and take care of the members health.
In this way the Vari is well planned in advance.

In simple words: The Vari is meticulously planned in advance, with pilgrims organized into 'Dindis' (sub-groups) of 100-500 members, a detailed itinerary for stops, logistics for food and luggage, planned singing sequences, and even medical support.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the organized nature of the Vari, highlighting the 'Dindi' system, pre-planned routes, logistical support (food, transport, tents), and medical arrangements.

Question 3. Plan how you will help a Varkari Dindi
Answer:
(i) Arranging drinking water on the route for the Varkaris.
(ii) I will make a list of the things which needs to be arranged and then make the necessary arrangements accordingly.

In simple words: To help a Varkari Dindi, one could organize drinking water along their route and systematically plan other necessary logistical arrangements based on their needs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practical aspects of helping, such as providing water and making organized arrangements, show understanding of the needs of pilgrims.

Question 4. A few lines said by the Sants have been given in Marathi in this chapter. Try to find their meaning by taking the help of your teacher, parents, internet, books, etc.
Answer:
(i) Translation: Dance to the time of Keertans. Light the lamps of knowledge in the world.
Meaning: Sant Namdeo asks to spread knowledge in the world through Keertans.

(ii) Translation: Sanskrit language is made by God Then is Prakrit made by thieves?
Meaning: The scriptures were in Sanskrit and only priests could read scriptures in Pre-Shivaji's times. Sant Eknath said that all languages were languages of God.

(iii) Translation: The one who calls the tormented and unhappy people as their own, Only he is a true saint. There is God only there.
Meaning: Sant Tukaram says that a true saint calls the weak and tormented people as their own. And God resides only at such places.

(iv) Translation: Gather wealth by ideal actions, spend it seriously
Meaning: Sant Tukaram says that a person should not earn by wrong methods and should not spend wealth carelessly.

(v) Translation: Tukaram says only he is a saint who shares sorrows of the world.
Meaning: Sant Tukaram says that only a person who reduces the sorrow from this world is a true saint.

(vi) Translation: Onions, raddish, vegetables, There resides my God.
Meaning: Sant Sawata says in these lines that God resides in all things in life including farm work.

(vii) Translation: Gather all the Marathas, Propagate Maharashtra religion.
Meaning: Ramdas Swami asks the Maratha people to be united and spread their culture.

In simple words: This section provides translations and meanings of various Sant teachings, emphasizing core values like spreading knowledge (Sant Namdeo), linguistic equality (Sant Eknath), compassion for the suffering (Sant Tukaram), ethical wealth management (Sant Tukaram), divine presence in everyday life (Sant Sawata), and Maratha unity and cultural preservation (Ramdas Swami).

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the essence of these translated Sant sayings provides insight into the moral, social, and spiritual values propagated by the Bhakti movement, demonstrating the practical application of their philosophy.