Maharashtra Board Class 7 Civics Chapter 2 Preamble to the Constitution Solutions

Question 1. Find the following words in the grid:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक वर्ग पहेली है जिसमें 11x10 अक्षरों का ग्रिड दिया गया है। छात्रों को इस ग्रिड में संविधान से संबंधित कुछ विशिष्ट शब्द जैसे 'PREAMBLE', 'FRATERNITY', 'DEMOCRACY', 'SECULAR' और 'SOVEREIGNTY' आदि खोजने होंगे। यह गतिविधि छात्रों को संविधान की प्रस्तावना में प्रयुक्त मुख्य शब्दों को पहचानने और समझने में मदद करती है।
In simple words: This question asks students to find specific words related to the Constitution in a letter grid, helping them identify key terms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Word puzzles like this enhance vocabulary and familiarization with core concepts, often appearing as fun, interactive questions to test basic knowledge.

Question 1. A sense of 'we-feeling' and empathy towards fellow citizens
Answer: Fraternity.
In simple words: Fraternity means feeling a strong sense of togetherness and care for everyone in the community.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding terms like 'Fraternity' is crucial as they are fundamental values of a democratic society.

Question 2. A system in which sovereign power is in the hands of the people
Answer: Democracy.
In simple words: Democracy is a form of government where citizens hold the power and elect their representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Defining 'Democracy' correctly shows a clear grasp of foundational political concepts.

Question 3. Introduction to the Constitution
Answer: Preamble.
In simple words: The Preamble is like an introduction to the Constitution, stating its main goals and principles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing that the Preamble introduces the Constitution is a key piece of information for understanding its structure and intent.

Question 4. A system in which all religions are considered equal
Answer: Secular
In simple words: A secular system treats all religions equally and does not favor any one religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: The concept of 'Secularism' is a vital aspect of India's constitutional framework and is frequently tested.

2. Answer The Following Questions.

Question 1. What are the provisions in a secular Constitution?
Answer:
• In a Secular State, all religions are considered as equal.
• No religion is considered to be the state religion. The citizens are free to follow their own religion.
• The state cannot discriminate among citizens on the basis of religion.
In simple words: A secular constitution ensures all religions are treated equally by the state, citizens can practice any religion freely, and the government does not favor or discriminate based on religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific provisions helps demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of secularism in the Indian context.

Question 2. What is meant by adult franchise?
Answer:
• Adult franchise means all citizens completing 18 years of age have the right to vote in the elections.
• This enables equal participation of citizens in the running of our country.
In simple words: Adult franchise means every citizen aged 18 or above has the right to vote, allowing everyone to participate equally in choosing their leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly defining 'adult franchise' and its impact on citizen participation is a frequently asked concept.

Question 3. What right does economic justice ensure?
Answer: Economic justice ensures our right to a source of livelihood so as to look after oneself and one's family.
In simple words: Economic justice ensures that everyone has the right to earn a living to support themselves and their family.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connecting economic justice with the right to livelihood shows an understanding of its practical application.

Question 4. How will human dignity be established in a society?
Answer: When every individual respects another and honours their freedom and rights, dignity of the individual will be established.
In simple words: Human dignity is established when everyone respects each other's freedom and rights, valuing every individual equally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasizing mutual respect and honoring rights is key to explaining how human dignity is maintained in society.

Question 3. How should we make use of our freedom ? Write your views about it.
Answer:
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru has rightly said. 'We have to assume the responsibility ourselves of what we do'.
• Freedom must be exercised with care, with a sense of responsibility.
• Our freedom and independence which we gained after innumerable sacrifices must be safeguarded.
• We should use the different freedoms endowed on us by our Constitution to bring out the best in us and build a better nation, a better world
• The future lies in our hands.
In simple words: We should use our freedom responsibly, remembering it comes with duties. It's important to use our freedoms to develop ourselves and contribute to building a better nation, safeguarding the independence we achieved.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlighting the balance between freedom and responsibility is a critical point when discussing the use of liberty.

4. Explain The Following Concepts.

Question 1. Socialist State
Answer:
• A Socialist State is such a State where the gap between the rich and the poor is minimum.
• All have a right over the wealth of the country.
• It is ensured that wealth is not concentrated in the hands of a few people.
In simple words: A Socialist State aims to reduce the difference between rich and poor, ensuring that the country's wealth benefits everyone and isn't controlled by just a few.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the core idea of wealth distribution and minimizing inequality when explaining a socialist state.

Question 2. Equality
Answer:
(i) The Preamble guarantees the Indian citizens equality of status and there will be no discrimination based on caste, creed, race, sex, place of birth, etc.
(ii) The guarantee of equality means that there should be no discrimination between people in terms of high-low, superior-inferior.
In simple words: Equality means that all Indian citizens have the same status and rights, ensuring no discrimination based on things like caste, religion, race, gender, or social standing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning both equality of status and non-discrimination based on various social markers covers the comprehensive meaning of equality.

Question 3. Sovereign State
Answer: The word sovereign means that a state is not under the control of a foreign power. The most important goal of our freedom struggle was to acquire sovereignty. 'Sovereignty' means the ultimate authority to govern oneself. In a democracy, sovereignty rests with the people
In simple words: A Sovereign State is completely independent, meaning it governs itself without outside interference. In a democratic country, this power ultimately belongs to its people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly defining 'sovereignty' as self-governance, free from foreign control, is essential for a good answer.

Question 4. Equality of opportunity.
Answer: Equality means the state of being equal in status, rights or opportunities. Equality of status, and of opportunity means that all have equal human status and there will be no discrimination based on caste, creed, race, sex, place of birth, etc. All will get the opportunities for development without any discrimination.
In simple words: Equality of opportunity ensures that all individuals have equal chances for development and growth, without any unfair treatment based on their background.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both "equal status" and "equal opportunities" to fully explain this concept.

Question 5. Make a list of the key words in the Preamble. Look for their meanings in a dictionary. Prepare a chart in the following way:
Answer: Students should create a chart similar to the one shown in the source, listing keywords from the Preamble, their pronunciation, and dictionary meanings. This involves researching and organizing information.

In simple words: This task requires students to identify important Preamble words, find out how they are pronounced, and understand their definitions, then organize this into a table.

🎯 Exam Tip: This type of question tests vocabulary, research skills, and the ability to organize information effectively. Accuracy in definitions is key.

In simple words: This table defines key terms from the Preamble, like Sovereign (self-governing), Socialist (equal wealth share), Secular (neutral on religion), Democratic (people elect leaders), and Republic (no hereditary ruler).

🎯 Exam Tip: Mastering the definitions of these fundamental terms is crucial for understanding the Preamble and the Indian Constitution.

Activities:

Question 1. Visit your Tehsil office with your teacher to understand how a vote is cast and how the electronic voting machine works.
Answer: This is a practical activity designed for students to gain first-hand experience and understanding of the voting process and the functioning of electronic voting machines (EVMs) by visiting a Tehsil office. A detailed explanation of EVMs is provided later in the document.
In simple words: This activity involves a field trip to the Tehsil office to learn practically about voting and how EVMs operate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Such activities promote experiential learning and connect theoretical knowledge with real-world civic processes.

Question 2. Make a list of newspapers available in your locality.
Answer: This is an observation-based activity encouraging students to identify and list the different newspapers circulated in their local area. A comprehensive list of various newspapers is provided later in the document.
In simple words: Students are asked to create a list of newspapers commonly found in their local area as part of an observation activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing local newspapers helps students understand the diversity of media and information sources in their community.

Answer The Following Concepts:

Question 1. Liberty
Answer:
(i) Liberty implies that there should be no coercive, unfair restrictions upon us and that' there should be an atmosphere conducive to the development of our inherent capacities.
(ii) In a democracy, citizens enjoy liberty. In fact, democracy becomes mature only if the citizens enjoy freedom.
In simple words: Liberty means having the freedom to live without unfair restrictions and having the right environment to grow and develop our talents. A true democracy thrives when its citizens enjoy this freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining 'Liberty', ensure you cover both the absence of unfair restrictions and the presence of opportunities for personal growth.

Discuss:

Question 1. Some statements regarding freedom have been given below for discussion. Express your views.
(a) While publicly celebrating our festivals, we need to follow some rules. That does not restrict our freedom,
(b) Freedom means behaving in a responsible way, not as per our whims and fancies.
Answer: Yes, With freedom comes responsibilities. Rules should be followed while exercising freedom for a smooth life and to ensure that we work towards responsible citizenship.
In simple words: Freedom isn't absolute; it requires responsibility and adherence to rules, especially during public events, to ensure peace and responsible citizenship.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question tests critical thinking about the balance between individual freedom and societal responsibility. Emphasize that rules ensure everyone's freedom is protected.

Question 2. Read what Deepa has written on the topic: “My Family'.
Answer: Democracy does not only imply elections. My parents do all the household work together. We also participate in it. We ensure that we talk cordially with each other. Even if we happen to fight, we try to listen to each others views by stopping the fight as soon as possible. Even if any change has to be made, even the grandparents are consulted. Anuja wants to take up agricultural research as her career. Her decision was appreciated by everybody.
In simple words: Deepa's family practices democracy by sharing household chores, discussing issues respectfully, making decisions together after consulting elders, and supporting individual career choices.

🎯 Exam Tip: This answer illustrates how democratic principles extend beyond politics into daily life, emphasizing cooperation and mutual respect.

Question 3. Do you think that Deepa's house functions in a democratic way? Which features of democracy can be found in this passage.
Answer: Yes. They function in a democratic way and the features of democracy displayed here are:
• Carrying out responsibilities collectively as a unit.
• Mutual respect.
• Honouring opinions which are not in line with our views.
• Consensus in decision making.
• Freedom of thought and expression.
• Freedom of occupation.
In simple words: Deepa's family is democratic because they share responsibilities, show mutual respect, value different opinions, make decisions together, and allow freedom of thought and career choice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying specific examples of democratic features within a narrative is a good way to show understanding of abstract concepts.

Activities:

Question 1. Visit your Tehsil office with your teacher to understand how a vote is cast and how the electronic voting ntachine (EVM) works.
Answer: The voting machines used in India are a combination of two components. First component is called the Balloting unit on which the voters press the button. The other part is called the Control unit. This unit gives supervising power to the polling officer stationed at the poll booth.
The two units are connected by a five-meter cable. The voter places his /her vote on the Balloting unit which is placed inside the Voting compartment.
An EVM runs on 6-volt batteries to eliminate the need of any external power source. It is designed to record 64 candidate names and 3,840 votes at the max. The 64 candidate names can be split across (a maximum of) 4 balloting units connected in parallel, with 16 candidate names on each of the unit.
In simple words: An EVM consists of a Balloting Unit (for voting) and a Control Unit (for polling officers), connected by a cable. It runs on batteries, can record many votes and candidate names, and allows voters to cast their vote privately.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the components and basic functioning of an EVM is important for understanding the electoral process.

Question 2. Make a list of newspapers available in your locality.
Answer: English News Papers:
• The Times of India
• Economic Times
• Financial Express
• Indian Express
• Mumbai Mirror
• Mid-day
• DNA (Daily News and Analysis)
• Business- Standard
• Hindustan Times
Hindi News Papers (Including Urdu Daily):
• Hindi Mid-Day
• Tehalka News
• Navbharat Times
• Humara Mahanagar
• Aaj Ka Anand
• YashoBhoomi
• Dopahar
• Saamna
• Hindmata
• Mumbai Sandhya
Marathi News Papers:
• Loksatta
• Maharashtra Times
• Navshakti
• Navakal
• Vartahar
• Saamna (saamana)
• Sakai
• Sandesh
• Lokmat
• Divyabhaskar
• Mumbai Mitra
• Sandhyanand
• Punya Nagri
• Samrat
In simple words: This list provides various English, Hindi (including Urdu), and Marathi newspapers commonly available, reflecting the diverse media landscape.

🎯 Exam Tip: This list shows familiarity with different news sources, important for civic awareness and general knowledge.

Complete The Sentence By Choosing The Appropriate Words From The Options Given Below:

Question 1. The __________ to the Indian Constitution is called the ‘Preamble'. (Preface, Preview, Annexure)
Answer: (Preface) Preface
In simple words: The Preamble is essentially the introduction or 'preface' to the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the Preamble's role as an introduction is key to its significance.

Question 2. The Preamble sets out the __________ of our Constitution. (declaration, objectives, theme of the Articles)
Answer: (objectives) objectives
In simple words: The Preamble clearly states the main goals or 'objectives' that the Constitution aims to achieve.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing that the Preamble outlines the Constitution's objectives helps in grasping its overall purpose.

Question 3. It talks about the resolve of the Indians to constitute India into a 'Sovereign, Socialist, __________ Democratic Republic'. (Theocratic, Autocratic, Secular)
Answer: (Secular) Secular
In simple words: The Preamble declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing the key terms describing the nature of the Indian state in the Preamble is important for multiple-choice questions.

Question 4. Our country became independent on __________. (15th August 1947, 26th January 1950, 26th November 1949)
Answer: (15th August 1947) 15th August 1947
In simple words: India gained its independence on August 15, 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing important historical dates like Independence Day is fundamental general knowledge.

Question 5. The word __________ means that a state is not under the control of a foreign power. (Sovereign, Secular, Socialist)
Answer: (Sovereign) Sovereign
In simple words: 'Sovereign' means a country is completely independent and makes its own decisions without foreign control.

🎯 Exam Tip: This tests the understanding of key political terms; clearly distinguishing 'Sovereign' from other options is vital.

Question 6. A Socialist State is such a State where the gap between the rich and the poor __________. (is maximum, is minimum, does not exist)
Answer: (is minimum) is minimum
In simple words: A Socialist State aims to ensure that the difference in wealth between the rich and the poor is as small as possible.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the principle of reducing economic disparity when identifying the characteristic of a Socialist State.

Question 7. In __________ State, all religions are considered equal and no religion is considered as a State religion. (secular, socialist, sovereign)
Answer: (secular) secular
In simple words: A 'secular' state respects all religions equally and doesn't have an official state religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: The definition of a secular state, especially its neutrality towards all religions, is a common concept to be tested.

Question 8. In a __________ the sovereign power is in thehands of the people. (democracy, autocracy, monarchy)
Answer: (democracy) democracy
In simple words: In a 'democracy', the power to govern ultimately belongs to the people, who exercise it through their representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding that popular sovereignty is the hallmark of a democracy is a key concept.

Question 9. Elections are conducted in India after a fixed period when voters elect their __________. (President, Vice-president, Representatives)
Answer: (Representatives) Representatives
In simple words: In India, citizens vote in elections to choose their 'representatives' to govern the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying that citizens elect 'representatives' is crucial for understanding the electoral system.

Question 10. The Parliament or Legislature and the Executive take decisions for the entire population as per the procedure laid down by the __________. (High Court, Supreme Court, Constitution)
Answer: (Constitution) Constitution
In simple words: All governmental decisions in India are made following the rules and procedures set out in the 'Constitution'.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Constitution is the supreme law, and all government bodies operate according to its provisions.

Question 11. __________ implies removal of injustice and ensuring that everybody has the opportunity for progress. (Liberty, Justice, Equality)
Answer: (Justice) Justice
In simple words: 'Justice' means correcting unfairness and making sure everyone has an equal chance to succeed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating 'Justice' from other similar concepts like liberty and equality is important for conceptual clarity.

Question 12. __________ ensures that as human beings all have the right to the same dignity and respect, the same status. (Political justice, Social justice, Economic justice)
Answer: (Social justice) Social justice
In simple words: 'Social justice' ensures that all people are treated with equal dignity and respect, regardless of their background.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on dignity, respect, and status as core components of social justice in your explanation.

Question 13. Since we have adopted universal adult franchise, all citizens completing __________ years of age have the right to vote in the elections. (18, 20, 21)
Answer: (18) 18
In simple words: In India, all citizens who are 18 years old or above have the right to vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: The minimum voting age in India (18 years) is a commonly tested fact about the electoral system.

Question 14. The liberty of belief, faith and worship implies __________ freedom. (economic, social, religious)
Answer: (religious) religious
In simple words: The freedom to believe, have faith, and worship implies 'religious' freedom, a fundamental right.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly associating belief, faith, and worship with 'religious freedom' demonstrates understanding of fundamental liberties.

Question 15. __________ implies a 'we-feeling' towards one another. (Fraternity, Empathy, Sympathy)
Answer: (Fraternity) Fraternity
In simple words: 'Fraternity' means having a strong sense of brotherhood and togetherness, a 'we-feeling', among all citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding 'Fraternity' as a bond of 'we-feeling' is crucial for explaining national unity.

Question 16. __________ implies equal respect to each (Human Rights, Equality, Dignity)
Answer: (Equality) Equality
In simple words: 'Equality' means treating everyone with the same respect and valuing them equally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link 'equality' directly to the concept of 'equal respect' for a precise answer.

Match The Following:

Question 1.

Answer:
1-e
2-a
3-b
4-c
In simple words: The correct matches link Sovereignty to self-governance, Socialist State to equal wealth rights, Secular to no religious discrimination, and Democratic to power in people's hands.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, understand each term's core definition to avoid common confusions.

Name The Following:

Question 1. The fundamental and the highest law of the land which is an important document clarifying the rules of the administration.
Answer: Constitution.
In simple words: The Constitution is the highest law that sets out how the country should be governed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that the Constitution is the supreme legal document of any country.

Question 2. A systematic arrangement of all the aims and objectives of a law which is the preface to the Constitution.
Answer: Preamble
In simple words: The Preamble is the introductory part of the Constitution, outlining its aims and objectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Preamble serves as a brief summary of the Constitution's core values and goals.

Question 3. The words with which the Preamble begins,
Answer: 'We, the people of India'.
In simple words: The Preamble starts with "We, the people of India," highlighting that the power comes from its citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the opening words of the Preamble is a fundamental detail about the Constitution.

Question 4. The word that means that a State is not under the control of a foreign power.
Answer: Sovereign
In simple words: 'Sovereign' describes a state that is fully independent and not controlled by any other country.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term 'Sovereign' is crucial for understanding a nation's independence and self-governance.

Question 5. A state where the gap between the rich and poor is minimum.
Answer: Socialist.
In simple words: A Socialist state aims to reduce economic inequality, minimizing the difference between the rich and the poor.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate 'Socialist' directly to the goal of economic equality and reduced wealth disparity.

Question 6. A state wherein all religions are considered equal.
Answer: Secular state.
In simple words: A secular state treats all religions equally and does not promote any single religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: The concept of a 'secular state' is central to India's identity, ensuring religious neutrality.

Question 7. In this form of governance, the sovereign power is in the hands of the people.
Answer: Democracy.
In simple words: Democracy is a system where the supreme power rests with the people, who choose their leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: This definition highlights the fundamental principle of popular sovereignty in a democracy.

Question 8. Institutions in India created by our Constitution.
Answer:
• Parliament
• Legislature
• Executive.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution established key governing bodies like the Parliament, Legislature, and Executive.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing the main branches of government established by the Constitution shows basic knowledge of the political structure.

Question 9. In this form of government, all positions are elected by the people and no public position is occupied on the basis of hereditary succession.
Answer: Republic.
In simple words: A Republic is a form of government where leaders are elected by the people, and no public office is inherited.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish 'Republic' by its elected head and absence of hereditary rule, unlike a monarchy.

Question 10. Three types of Justice talked of in the Constitution.
Answer: Social Justice, Economic Justice, Political Justice.
In simple words: The Constitution ensures three kinds of justice: social (fair treatment for all), economic (equal opportunity for livelihood), and political (equal participation in governance).

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing the three types of justice (Social, Economic, Political) from the Preamble is very important.

Question 11. This implies that there should be no coercive, unfair restrictions upon us and that there should be an atmosphere conducive to the development of our inherent capacities.
Answer: Liberty
In simple words: This definition describes 'Liberty', which is the freedom from unfair control and the opportunity for personal growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the idea of "no unfair restrictions" and "development of capacities" directly to the concept of Liberty.

Question 12. The most fundamental freedom of an individual.
Answer: Freedom of Thought and Expression.
In simple words: The ability to think what you want and say what you think is considered the most basic freedom for any person.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize 'Freedom of Thought and Expression' as the bedrock of individual liberty and democratic discourse.

State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False With Reason:

Question 1. The Preamble begins with the mention that the people of India have given the Constitution to themselves.
Answer: False: The Preamble begins with the words 'We, the People of India'.
In simple words: The statement is false because the Preamble starts by stating that 'We, the People of India' adopt, enact, and give the Constitution to ourselves, not just that the people have given it to themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the exact opening phrase of the Preamble as it defines the source of constitutional authority.

Question 2. In a democracy, the sovereign power is in the hands of the people.
Answer: True: Democracy is the Government of the people, by the people and for the people.
In simple words: This statement is true because democracy, by definition, means rule by the people, implying that ultimate power (sovereignty) resides with the citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the core principle of popular sovereignty in a democracy is crucial for civics questions.

Question 3. In a democracy, citizens enjoy liberty.
Answer: True : In fact democracy becomes mature only if citizens enjoy liberty.
In simple words: The statement is true because liberty is a fundamental pillar of democracy, allowing citizens freedom to act and express themselves, which is essential for a mature democratic system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the concept of liberty directly to the functioning and maturity of a democratic system for a complete answer.

Answer The Following Questions:

Question 1. The Preamble guarantees the Indian citizens equality of status and of opportunity. Explain.
Answer:

• It means that all have equal human status and there will be no discrimination based on caste, creed, race, sex, place of birth, high or low status or superior-inferior.
• The Preamble has given great importance to equality of opportunity as well.
• Each one gets the opportunities for development without discrimination.

In simple words: The Preamble ensures that every Indian citizen is treated equally in terms of social standing and has equal chances to grow and succeed, regardless of their background.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both 'equality of status' (no discrimination) and 'equality of opportunity' (equal chances for development) when explaining this guarantee.

Answer The Following Concepts:

Question 1. Constitution and Preamble
Answer:

• Our Constitution is the fundamental and the highest law of the land.
• There are definite aims or purposes in making any law.
• Basic provisions in the law are made, after clarifying these objectives.
• A systematic arrangement of all the aims and objectives of a law is the Preface to the law.
• The Preface to the Indian Constitution is called the 'Preamble'. The Preamble sets out the objectives of our Constitution.

In simple words: The Constitution is the supreme law of a country, and the Preamble acts as its introduction, clearly stating the goals and principles upon which the entire Constitution is based.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that the Preamble serves as an outline of the Constitution's core philosophy and objectives.

Question 2. Republic and how is it different from Monarchy.
Answer:

• Along with being a democracy, we are a Republic. All public positions in a Republic are elected by the people.
• No public position is occupied on the basis of hereditary succession.
• The position like the President, the Prime Minister, the Governor, the Chief Minister, the, Mayor, the Sarpanch, etc. are public positions.
• Any Indian citizen fulfilling the prescribed age criterion can get himself/herself elected to any of these positions.

In simple words: A Republic is a state where the head of state is not a monarch and all public offices are elected by the people, making it distinct from a Monarchy where positions are inherited.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key difference between a Republic and a Monarchy lies in the method of succession to public offices - elected vs. hereditary.

Question 3. Fraternity
Answer:

• Fraternity implies a 'we-feeling' towards one another.
• It creates a feeling of empathy.
• People become more understanding towards each other's problems and needs.

In simple words: Fraternity means fostering a strong sense of brotherhood and unity among all citizens, leading to mutual understanding and empathy for each other's well-being.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize fraternity as a sentiment of common brotherhood and shared understanding among citizens.

Explain The Terms:

Question 1. Justice
Answer:

• Justice implies removal of injustice and ensuring that everybody has the opportunity for progress.
• Establishing justice is adopting such policies that will promote public good.

In simple words: Justice means removing unfairness and creating an environment where everyone has equal chances to grow and thrive, often achieved through policies that benefit the entire society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on justice as both the absence of injustice and the active creation of opportunities for all, promoting the common good.

Question 2. Social Justice
Answer:

• There should be no discrimination among individuals on the basis of caste, creed, race, language, region, place of birth or sex.
• As human beings, all have the right to the same dignity and respect, the same status.

In simple words: Social justice means treating everyone with equal dignity and respect, ensuring no discrimination based on factors like caste, religion, or gender, and granting all individuals the same social status.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define social justice by its core principles: non-discrimination and equal dignity for all human beings.

Question 3. Economic Justice
Answer:

• Poverty leads to the evils of hunger, hunger-deaths or malnourishment.
• If poverty is to be eradicated, everyone should have the right to a source of livelihood so as to look after oneself and one's family.

In simple words: Economic justice aims to eliminate poverty and its ill effects by ensuring that every individual has the right to a decent livelihood to support themselves and their family.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect economic justice directly to the eradication of poverty and the right to a sustainable livelihood for all citizens.

Question 4. Political Justice
Answer:

• We have adopted universal adult franchise to enable equal participation in the running of the country.
• Accordingly, all citizens completing 18 years of age have the right to vote in elections.

In simple words: Political justice ensures that all adult citizens have an equal right to participate in the political process of the country, primarily through voting in elections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on universal adult franchise as the primary manifestation of political justice, ensuring equal participation rights.

Give Reason:

Question 1. India is a sovereign state.
Answer:

• India was ruled by Britain for a long period.
• The British rule ended on 15th August, 1947. Our country became independent and India became sovereign i.e a state not under the control of a foreign power.

In simple words: India is a sovereign state because it gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947, and is now free to govern itself without external interference.

🎯 Exam Tip: To explain sovereignty, emphasize a nation's independence from foreign control and its right to self-governance.

Question 2. India is a secular state.
Answer:

• In India, all religions are considered as equal.
• No one religion is considered to be a state religion. The citizens are free to follow their own religion. So, India is a secular state.

In simple words: India is a secular state because it treats all religions equally, has no official state religion, and allows its citizens complete freedom to practice any religion they choose.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core tenets of secularism in India are equality of all religions, no state religion, and religious freedom for citizens.

Question 3. Freedom of thought and expression is the most fundamental freedom for an individual.
Answer:

• Freedom of thought and expression is the most fundamental freedom for an individual.
• Everyone is free to express their own views and opinions. A give-and-take of ideas enhances the spirit of cooperation and unity amongst us.
• Similarly, it also enables us to understand the various dimensions of any problem.

In simple words: Freedom of thought and expression is crucial because it allows individuals to develop and share their ideas, fosters cooperation by enabling exchange of views, and helps understand complex problems from multiple perspectives, making it fundamental for personal and societal growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how this freedom is fundamental for individual development, fostering cooperative spirit, and achieving comprehensive problem-solving in society.

Question 4. Promotions of fraternity has been included in the Preamble as a goal.
Answer:

• The makers of the Constitution believed that merely guaranteeing justice, freedom and equality would not lead to establishing equality in Indian society.
• No amount of laws would help us achieve these goals if fraternity is lacking among Indians.
• Hence the promotion of fraternity has been included in the Preamble as a goal.

In simple words: Fraternity is included in the Preamble as a goal because the Constitution makers understood that mere laws for justice, freedom, and equality wouldn't be enough without a strong sense of brotherhood and unity among citizens to truly establish an equal society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that fraternity is essential to complement justice, liberty, and equality, as without a sense of common brotherhood, these ideals may not be fully realized.

Question 5. Fraternity is closely related with human dignity.
Answer:

• Human dignity implies equal respect to each individual as a human being.
• It does not depend upon the criteria of caste, creed, race, sex, language, etc.
• Just as we would like to be treated with dignity and respect by others, we should treat others with the same dignity and respect.
• When every individual respects another and honours their freedom and rights, dignity of the individual will get established.
• This will also develop fraternity, a 'we-feeling' towards one another.

In simple words: Fraternity and human dignity are linked because respecting each individual's inherent worth, irrespective of their background, fosters a mutual 'we-feeling' and leads to a society where everyone treats each other with the same dignity and respect they expect for themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how mutual respect for individual dignity forms the bedrock for developing a strong sense of fraternity and collective unity.