Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Psychology A Scientific Discipline Solutions

Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Questions And Answers

Question 1. Till 1879, psychology was a branch of ..........
(a) physics
(b) philosophy
(c) physiology
Answer: (b) philosophy
In simple words: Before becoming a distinct scientific discipline in 1879, psychology was primarily studied as a part of philosophy, focusing on the nature of the mind and knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the historical roots of psychology, especially its connection to philosophy, helps contextualize its development as a science.

Question 2. Psychology is a science.
(a) natural
(b) social
(c) biological
Answer: (b) social
In simple words: Psychology is a social science because it primarily studies human behavior and mental processes within social contexts, using scientific methods to understand individuals and groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between natural, social, and biological sciences for psychology is crucial for understanding its methodology and scope.

Question 3. .......... is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis.
(a) Wilhelm Wundt
(b) Carl Rogers
(c) Sigmund Freud
Answer: (c) Sigmund Freud
In simple words: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a therapeutic approach and theory that emphasizes the role of unconscious drives and early experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the key founders and their respective schools of thought is fundamental for understanding different perspectives in psychology.

Question 4. Match the pair

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarity with the major schools of thought and their associated pioneers is essential for answering questions on psychological history and theory.

Question 5. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1. Psychology is a study of mental processes.
Answer: True
In simple words: Psychology delves into understanding mental processes like thinking, feeling, and perceiving, in addition to observable behaviors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the scope of psychology, including both mental processes and observable behavior, to avoid common misconceptions.

Question 2. Case study method is quite often used by clinical psychologists.
Answer: True
In simple words: Clinical psychologists frequently use case studies for in-depth understanding of individual clients' psychological issues and treatment responses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the practical applications of various research methods, like the case study, in specific branches of psychology.

Question 3. An experimenter is a person on whom the experiment is conducted.
Answer: False
In simple words: The experimenter is the person who conducts the experiment, while the person on whom the experiment is conducted is called a participant or subject.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the correct terminology for roles in experimental research, distinguishing between the experimenter and the participant.

Question 6. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1. In which year was the first psychology laboratory established?
Answer: The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, at the University of Leipzig in Germany.
In simple words: The birth of experimental psychology is marked by Wilhelm Wundt's establishment of the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a foundational historical fact; remembering the year, person, and place is important for multiple-choice and short-answer questions.

Question 2. Who is considered as the 'Father of American Psychology'?
Answer: William James, founder of Functionalism school of thought of psychology is considered 'Father of American Psychology'.
In simple words: William James is known as the 'Father of American Psychology' due to his pioneering work and emphasis on the adaptive functions of the mind.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key figures with their respective contributions and honorary titles, as this demonstrates a grasp of historical context.

Question 3. What is meant by an experimenter?
Answer: The person who conducts the experiment is called the experimenter.
In simple words: An experimenter is the researcher who designs, executes, and oversees a scientific experiment to gather data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Precise definitions of research roles and terms are crucial for clear communication in psychology and for analytical questions.

Question 7. Define / Explain the concepts in 25-30 words each.

Question 1. Replicability
Answer: Replicability is one of the key features of science. Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
In simple words: Replicability means that if an experiment is performed again under the same conditions, it should yield consistent results, ensuring the reliability of scientific findings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Replicability is a cornerstone of scientific validity; explaining its role in ensuring reliability is key.

Question 2. Correlation coefficient.
Answer: Correlation coefficient is the measurement of the correlation between two or more variables. Its value extends between -1.00 to +1.00. The concept was first introduced by Sir Francis Galton. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is the most commonly used type of correlation coefficient.
In simple words: A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, ranging from -1.00 (strong negative) to +1.00 (strong positive).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the range and interpretation of the correlation coefficient, as it's fundamental to understanding relationships between variables.

Question 8. Write short notes on the following in 50-60 words each.

Question 1. Observation method
Answer: Observation method is a research method that is employed in conditions where experiments may not be possible or even necessary. Observation is used by child psychologists and social psychologists. It may be carried out in a natural setting, for e.g., observing candidates waiting their turn for an interview. It may also be carried out in controlled conditions.
The following factors should be kept in mind while carrying out the observation
1. it should be done systematically.
2. a comprehensive list of behaviours to be observed must be prepared.
3. the persons should not be aware of being observed.
The disadvantages of observation are:
1. it is a time consuming method.
2. objectivity is difficult to maintain during observation.
3. it is difficult to establish cause-effect relationships.
In simple words: The observation method involves systematically watching and recording behavior in natural or controlled settings, often used in developmental or social psychology. While it provides rich, contextual data, challenges include maintaining objectivity, ensuring systematic recording, and the inability to establish cause-effect relationships.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing research methods, always include their strengths, weaknesses, and typical applications, like in child psychology for observation.

Question 2. Survey method
Answer: A survey is a research method used to collect data from a pre-determined group of respondents, i.e., a sample. It is used to obtain information about the preferences, opinions, etc., of the 'sample' population. It makes use of tools like questionnaire, checklist, interviews, etc. Survey method is employed by social psychologists, industrial psychologists, etc. The researcher must ensure that-
1. sample of respondents is representative of the population.
2. questions should not be ambiguous.
The disadvantages of survey method are:
1. it is a very subjective method,
2. it lacks reliability.
In simple words: The survey method gathers data on opinions, behaviors, or characteristics from a sample of individuals, often using questionnaires or interviews. It's efficient for large populations but requires careful sampling and unambiguous questions to ensure validity and reliability, as it can be subjective.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the representativeness of the sample and the clarity of questions as critical factors for the validity of survey results.

Question 3. Case study method
Answer: Case study method is a qualitative research method employed by clinical psychologists. It provides intensive, descriptive information about an individual from multiple sources such as family, peers, school, academic and health records, etc. This helps to assess the person's level of psychological and social functioning. Researchers may employ techniques like observation, interview, psychological tests, etc. Psychologist such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget made extensive use of case study method. However, this method is very time consuming and subjective.
In simple words: A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event, drawing information from multiple sources to provide a detailed understanding. While offering rich qualitative data, it is time-consuming and its findings may not be generalizable to larger populations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the depth of information gained from case studies and their limitations regarding generalizability and potential subjectivity.

Question 4. Importance of rationality
Answer: Rationality implies being agreeable to reason. According to Stanovich, "Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making." According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling psychology.
Rationality is important because:
1. It allows us to make decisions in new or unfamiliar situations by helping us to gather and process relevant information.
2. It enables the person to exhibit tolerance and flexibility.
3. A rational person accepts oneself unconditionally and assumes responsibility for their own behaviour.
4. Rationality helps to understand and respect the views and interests of others.
In simple words: Rationality involves using logical thought and good judgment to make adaptive decisions, achieve goals, and foster emotional well-being. It is crucial for problem-solving, flexibility, self-acceptance, and respecting others' perspectives, as highlighted by theories like REBT.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the concept of rationality to its practical benefits in daily life and its role in therapeutic approaches like REBT.

Question 9. Define / Explain the concepts in 25-30 words each.

Question 1. Science
Answer: The word science is derived from the Latin word 'Scientia' which means 'knowledge'. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The key features of science are empirical evidence, objectivity, scientific causality, systematic exploration and replication.
In simple words: Science is a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge about the natural and social world through observation, experimentation, and evidence-based methodologies. Its core features include empirical evidence, objectivity, causality, systematic exploration, and replicability, ensuring reliable understanding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Latin origin of "science" and its defining characteristics, as these form the basis for understanding psychology as a scientific discipline.

Question 2. Objectivity
Answer: Objectivity is one of the key features of science. It refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc. Science objectively studies some particular phenomenon.
In simple words: Objectivity in science means observing and interpreting facts without being influenced by personal feelings, opinions, or biases. It ensures that research findings are based on observable evidence rather than subjective interpretations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the removal of personal bias and reliance on verifiable facts when explaining objectivity in a scientific context.

Question 10. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1. Explain the types of correlation.
Answer: A correlation refers to a statistical tool used to measure the relationship between two or more variables. If the change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable, this interdependence is called correlation. It is measured by correlation coefficient which extends between -1.00 to + 1.00.
The types of correlation are:
(i) Positive correlation - Both variables either increase or decrease at the same time, for e.g., extent of rehearsal (revision)↑ and recall score↑.
The value of positive correlation from 0.00 to + 1.00. It is represented as:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र धनात्मक सहसंबंध को दर्शाता है, जहाँ यदि एक चर (जैसे 'variable 1') बढ़ता है, तो दूसरा चर (जैसे 'variable 2') भी बढ़ता है; और यदि एक घटता है, तो दूसरा भी घटता है। यह दर्शाता है कि दोनों चर एक ही दिशा में चलते हैं।
(ii) Negative correlation - An increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other and vice-versa. The value of the correlation is between 0.00 to -1.00, for e.g., bunking of lectures (↑) and score in exams (↓).
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र ऋणात्मक सहसंबंध को दर्शाता है, जहाँ यदि एक चर (जैसे 'variable 1') बढ़ता है, तो दूसरा चर (जैसे 'variable 2') घटता है; और यदि एक घटता है, तो दूसरा बढ़ता है। यह दर्शाता है कि दोनों चर विपरीत दिशाओं में चलते हैं।
(iii) Zero correlation - A change in one variable leads to no significant change in the other variable, for e.g., height and intelligence.
In simple words: Correlation describes the relationship between two variables, measured by a coefficient from -1.00 to +1.00. Positive correlation means variables move in the same direction (both increase or decrease), negative correlation means they move in opposite directions (one increases while the other decreases), and zero correlation indicates no systematic relationship.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each type of correlation with a simple example and understand how the correlation coefficient's sign and magnitude indicate the direction and strength of the relationship.

Question 2. Explain some of the challenges in establishing psychology as a science.
Answer: Many criticisms of psychology as a science have been made on practical, philosophical and ethical grounds.
The challenges in establishing psychology as a science are:
(i) It is in preparadigmatic state - According to American philosopher, Thomas Kuhn, psychology is still in a preparadigmatic state as it has not succeeded in producing a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual cove.
(ii) Issues related to objectivity and validity - Methods used in psychology such as introspection, surveys and questionnaires are subjective. Due to this, psychology lacks two criteria of science, i.e., objectivity and validity.
(iii) Issues related to predictability and replicability - In psychology it is difficult to make exact predictions as people respond differently in different situations. Test result are more varied and hence difficult to replicate.
(iv) Objectifying humans - According to some psychologists, subjecting human behaviour to experimentation amounts to objectifying individuals.
In simple words: Psychology faces challenges as a science due to its preparadigmatic state, where unifying theories are still emerging. Issues with objectivity, validity, predictability, and replicability arise from the subjective nature of human experience and the ethical concerns of "objectifying" human behavior in experiments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the inherent complexities of studying human behavior, such as subjectivity and ethical considerations, as key challenges for psychology's scientific status.

Question 3. Explain the key features of science.
Answer: The word science is derived from the Latin word 'Scientia' which means 'knowledge'. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
They key features of science are:
1. Empirical evidence - It refers to acquiring information through direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
2. Objectivity - This refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist, setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc.
3. Scientific causality - Science aims to establish a cause-effect relationship between the variables under consideration, i.e., the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable.
4. Systematic exploration - Science adopts a sequential procedure for studying various phenomena. It includes scientific steps like formulating a hypothesis, collection of facts, scientific generalisation etc.
5. Replication - Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
6. Predictability - Science involves describing and explaining phenomena as well as to make predictions accordingly.
In simple words: Key features of science include empirical evidence (based on observation), objectivity (unbiased data collection), causality (identifying cause-effect relationships), systematic exploration (structured methods), replication (consistent results across studies), and predictability (forecasting future events). These features collectively ensure reliable and verifiable knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing and briefly explaining each feature of science, with an emphasis on how psychology aligns (or struggles to align) with these, will score well.

Question 4. Write detailed information of the experimental method in psychology.
Answer: The systematic observation about a certain problem under controlled laboratory conditions is called an experiment. For example, Albert Bandura conducted experiment to investigate if social behaviours i.e., aggression can be acquired by observation and imitation.
The steps involved in an experiment are:
1. identifying the problem
2. formulation a hypothesis
3. selecting an experimental design
4. conducting the experiment and data collection
5. data analysis
6. drawing conclusions
The key terms of experimental method with examples are:
1. Problem: To study the effect of music on the level of blood Pressure.
2. Hypothesis: The music will help in regulating the level of blood pressure.
3. Independent variable: Music.
4. Dependent variable: Level of blood pressure.
5. Intervening variables: Age, gender, all other sounds other than music, etc.
6. Experimenter : A person who will be conducting this experiment. (May be you or your psychology teacher.)
7. Participant : A person on whom this experiment will be conducted. (May be your family member/ friend.)
The two variables in an experiment are:
1. Independent Variable (I.V.) - It is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes systematically to study it's effect on the D.V. (Cause).
2. Dependent Variable (D.V.) - the variable that may change due to manipulation of the I.V. (effect).
The features of the method are:
1. it is the most objective and scientific method of studying behaviour
2. it helps to establish cause-effect relationship between two or more variables
3. the findings of an experiment are verifiable
The limitations of the method are:
1. it may not be possible to control all intervening variables
2. it has a limited scope, i.e., there may be ethical constraints or risk factors
3. experimenter's expectations or participant attitude may influence the conclusions
In simple words: The experimental method systematically investigates cause-effect relationships under controlled conditions, involving steps like problem identification, hypothesis formulation, design, data collection, analysis, and conclusion. It manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling extraneous factors. Despite its objectivity and verifiability, controlling all variables and ethical constraints remain significant limitations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly delineate the steps, key terms, features, and limitations of experimental method, using specific examples to illustrate concepts like IV and DV.

Question 5. Explain the characteristics of a rational individual.
Answer: One of the significant aims of individuals is attainment of happiness. However, in the pursuit of happiness, one should not be driven by irrational influences or compromise on social norms and ethics. Psychology helps to improving life quality by applying the concept of rationality in daily life. According to Stanovich, "Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making." According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling Psychology.
According to Ellis, rational people possess characteristics such as:
1. Understanding both self-interest and social interest - Rational people understand what choices help them to grow and take responsibility for their actions. They are also careful not to violate other's rights.
2. Self-direction - The person does not demand excessive attention or support from others as he/she assumes the responsibility for his/her own life.
3. Tolerance - It is the willingness to accept beliefs and behaviour patterns of others that may differ from our own way of thinking.
4. Flexibility - Rational people tend to be flexible and unbiased in their thoughts and actions.
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility - A rational person accepts him/herself unconditionally as well as responsibility for his/her thoughts, emotions and behaviour.
In simple words: Rational individuals, as described by Dr. Albert Ellis, exhibit characteristics like balancing self and social interests, self-direction, tolerance, flexibility, and self-acceptance. These traits enable them to make sound judgments, adapt to situations, take responsibility for their actions, and ultimately lead happier, more effective lives, as promoted in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT).

🎯 Exam Tip: List and briefly explain Ellis's characteristics of rational individuals. Connect these traits to positive psychological outcomes and therapeutic applications like REBT.

How Rational Am I?

Question 1. Identify the strongest and the weakest characteristics in you from those explained by Dr. Albert Ellis.
Answer: Rational people are psychologically healthy and show adaptive reasoning and good decision making.
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, some characteristics of rational persons are:
1. Understanding self-interest and social interest
2. Self-direction
3. Tolerance
4. Flexibility
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility.
The strongest characteristic in me is self-direction. The weakest characteristic in me is flexibility.
In simple words: Based on Albert Ellis's characteristics, my strongest trait is self-direction, indicating independence in managing my life, while my weakest is flexibility, suggesting difficulty in adapting thoughts and actions to new situations.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question requires self-reflection based on learned concepts. Clearly identify one strong and one weak characteristic and briefly justify your choices based on Ellis's definitions.

Question 2. How will you work on your weakest characteristic? Write two strategies.
Answer: Two strategies that I can use to improve the flexibility in my life is:
1. Adopt an unbiased perspective and non-judgmental thinking
2. Practicing meditation and mindfulness.
In simple words: To improve my flexibility, I plan to practice adopting unbiased and non-judgmental thinking to be more open to new ideas, and incorporate meditation and mindfulness to enhance my adaptability and presence in changing situations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide practical, actionable strategies that directly address the identified weak characteristic, demonstrating an understanding of how to apply psychological principles to personal growth.

Question 11. (A) Identify the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguishing between the independent (cause, manipulated) and dependent (effect, measured) variables is fundamental to understanding experimental design. Practice identifying them in various scenarios.

Question 12. (B) Identify the type of correlation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify and provide examples for positive, negative, and zero correlations. This demonstrates a practical understanding of how variables relate in research.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Intext Questions And Answers

Activities (Textbook Page. No. 1)

Activity 1

Read the following statements. Think and discuss whether the given statements are facts or myths and misconceptions about psychology:
(i) Psychology is just common sense and not a real science.
(ii) Psychology is simply a pseudoscience.
(iii) Psychologists are simply mind readers or the face readers.
(iv) Psychology is related only to the study of crazy people who are in need of therapy.
(v) Psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors have the same professional qualifications and their jobs are almost of the same nature.
(vi) Anyone with a degree in psychology can provide counselling to a need person.
Answer: All the statements are misconceptions.
Statement 1, 2 are misconceptions because Psychology is a social science that fulfils the criteria of a science, e.g., it employs the scientific method.
Statement 3 is a misconception. Psychologists are trained professionals in some field of psychology, e.g., counselling psychology. They employ tools like observation, case study, experiments, etc.
Statement 4 is a misconception. There are numerous branches of psychology such as Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Environmental Psychology, etc.
Statement 5 is a misconception. Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and focus on medication management. Psychologists employ psychotherapy such as CBT, REBT, etc.
In simple words: All the given statements are common misconceptions about psychology. Psychology is a rigorous social science employing scientific methods, not just common sense or pseudoscience. Psychologists are trained professionals using evidence-based tools, distinct from mind-readers, and work across various specialized branches, not solely with those needing therapy. Furthermore, professional roles like psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors have distinct qualifications and functions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Being able to debunk common myths about psychology reinforces a solid understanding of its scientific nature, diverse fields, and professional distinctions.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 3)

Read the following statements. Think and discuss whether the given statements are facts or myths and misconceptions about psychology:
(i) Psychology is just common sense and not a real science.
(ii) Psychology is simply a pseudoscience.
(iii) Psychologists are simply mind readers or the face readers.
(iv) Psychology is related only to the study of crazy people who are in need of therapy.
(v) Psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors have the same professional qualifications and their jobs are almost of the same nature.
(vi) Anyone with a degree in psychology can provide counselling to a need person.
Answer:
All the statements are misconceptions.
Statement 1, 2 are misconceptions because Psychology is a social science that fulfils the criteria of a science, e.g., it employs the scientific method.
Statement 3 is a misconception. Psychologists are trained professionals in some field of psychology, e.g., counselling psychology. They employ tools like observation, case study, experiments, etc.
Statement 4 is a misconception. There are numerous branches of psychology such as Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Environmental Psychology, etc.
Statement 5 is a misconception. Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and focus on medication management. Psychologists employ psychotherapy such as CBT, REBT, etc.
Statement 6 is a misconception. A counsellor is a person who has academic qualifications as well as professional training in counselling techniques.
In simple words: Psychology is a scientific discipline with diverse branches and methods, distinct from pseudoscience, common sense, or mind-reading. Professionals in psychology, psychiatry, and counseling have different qualifications and roles, and a degree alone doesn't qualify one for all types of counseling.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the distinctions between psychology and common misconceptions is crucial for accurate definitions and applications in answers.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 4)

Visit the website given below and collect information about various schools of thought of psychology: https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247
Answer:
1. Structuralism - Focused on breaking down mental processes into the basic elements using techniques like introspection.
2. Functionalism - Focused on the mind's functions and adaptations.
3. Gestalt school - Focused on looking at the 'whole' rather than individual elements.
4. Behavioural school - Focused on study of observable behaviour.
5. Psychoanalytic school - Emphasized the influence of the 'unconscious' on behaviour.
6. Humanistic school - It developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviourism. It focused on individual free will, personal growth and concept of self-actualization (achieving one's full potential).
7. Cognitive school (Cognitivism) - Focused on the study of mental processes like learning, perception, memory etc.
In recent times, Behavioural school, Cognitive school and Humanistic school remain influential. Most psychologists adopt an eclectic approach drawing upon different perspectives.
In simple words: Different schools of thought in psychology like Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, and Cognitive each offer unique perspectives on understanding the mind and behavior, with modern approaches often integrating ideas from multiple schools.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the key focus and proponents of each major school of thought is essential for questions on historical development and theoretical frameworks in psychology.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 5)

Find out the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable from the experiment ideas given below:
(i) To study the effect of practice on memory.
(ii) To study the effect of mental set on problem solving.
(iii) To study the effect of noise pollution on the speed of writing.
(iv) To study the effect of colour on perception.
(v) To study the effect of feedback on decision making.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identifying independent and dependent variables is a fundamental skill in experimental psychology, crucial for understanding cause-and-effect relationships.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 8)

Discuss about the following topics that can be studied using correlation study method:
(i) Bunking lectures and score in exams
(ii) Weight and intelligence
(iii) Amount of salary and level of job satisfaction
(iv) Rehearsal and forgetting
(v) Height and aptitude in music
(vi) Urbanization and pollution
(vii) Speed of vehicles and road accidents
Answer:
(a) Positive correlation
1. Urbanization and pollution
2. Speed of vehicles and road accidents
(b) Negative correlation
1. Bunking lectures and score in exams
2. Rehearsal and forgetting
(c) Zero correlation
1. Weight and intelligence
2. Height and aptitude in music
In simple words: Correlation studies examine relationships between variables, categorized as positive (both increase/decrease together), negative (one increases as the other decreases), or zero (no consistent relationship).

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between positive, negative, and zero correlation is vital for interpreting data and understanding the nature of relationships between different psychological and social phenomena.

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest