Maharashtra Board Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Population Part 2 Solutions

Identify the Correct Co-relation

 

Question 1.
A – Increase in the dependency ratio will affect the economy.
R – Medical costs are high when there are more elderly in the population.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: When there are more elderly people, the country has to spend more on their healthcare. Since they are retired and depend on others, this increased spending puts a strain on the overall economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: To easily solve Assertion-Reason questions, read the assertion, add the word "because" at the end, and then read the reasoning to see if it makes logical sense.

 

Question 2. A – In population pyramid, a broad base indicates high number of children in a country.
R – Broad apex is an indicator of high number of elderly people in a country.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: Both statements are true because a wide bottom shows many children and a wide top shows many elderly people, but one does not cause or explain the other.

🎯 Exam Tip: To solve assertion-reason questions easily, read both statements as independent true/false facts before checking if the reason explains the assertion.

 

Write Short Notes On

 

Question 1. Population growth and migration.
Answer:
• When people move from one place to another place, or one city to other city or one country to another country it is called migration. This movement can be temporary or permanent depending on the reasons behind it.
• The place from where people go out is called donor region.
• The place where people migrate is called recipient region.
• Due to migration there are changes in total population in both the regions.
• From donor region people move outside so donor area population will decrease. Generally, youngsters migrate in large number, so donor region will have less young age population, it will affect fertility rate and there will be slow growth of population.
• In recipient region migrants will be added to the total population of that region. Thus, increasing the population of the region.
• In recipient region more young age population will be added, so fertility rate will increase, and there will be more population growth.
In simple words: Migration is when people move from one place to another. The place they leave loses population (especially young people), while the place they move to gains population and grows faster.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define 'donor region' and 'recipient region' when explaining migration to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. Population pyramid and sex ratio.
Answer:
• The ratio between the number of male and female in the population is called sex ratio.
• Sex ratio is an indicator of status of women in the country.
• In population pyramid X-axis shows the percentage of population in a particular age group and Y-axis, which is at the centre of the graph shows age groups.
• The length of the bar shows number or percentage.
• The left side of the graph shows male population whereas, the right side of the graph shows female population.
• Thus, population pyramid indicates number of percentages of male and female population in different age groups in the country. For example, if we want to know the percentage of male and female in 15-59 age group, we can get it from population pyramid. This visual representation makes it very easy to compare different age groups at a single glance.
• Therefore, we can study age-wise sex ratio using population pyramid.
In simple words: A population pyramid is a graph that shows the number of males and females in different age groups. It helps us easily see and study the balance between men and women across all ages in a country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the X-axis represents the percentage of the population, while the Y-axis represents the age groups. Mentioning this distinction clearly helps secure full marks.

 

Question 3. Occupational structure of population.
Answer:
• In all countries working population is engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities for their livelihood.
• The percentage of people engaged in these activities is called occupational structure.
• In developing countries percentage of people engaged in primary occupations is high compared to people engaged in secondary, tertiary or quaternary activities.
• In developed countries, percentage of people engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities is more compared to people engaged in primary activities.
• Trade and infrastructure are advanced. So, more people are required in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.
• More people engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities more the country has been developed. This shift away from primary agriculture usually indicates economic progress and modernization.
In simple words: Occupational structure shows what kinds of jobs people do in a country. Developed nations have more people working in industries and services, while developing nations have more people working in farming and basic resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities, and explain how their proportions indicate a country's development level.

 

Question 4. Literacy rate.
Answer:
• Literacy rate shows proportion of literate people in the country. The people who can read and write are called literate people.
• Every country has different norms to decide literacy. In India, those who can read, write and do arithmetic calculations are called literate.
• Literacy in the country is essential to eradicate poverty and for social, economic and political development.
• Literacy rate in the country depends upon cost of education, standard of living, status of women in the society, availability of educational facilities and government policy etc.
• In general, literacy rate of male is more than female with few exceptions.
• Literacy rate is more than 90% in most of the developed countries of Europe, North America, Australia etc.
• Lowest literacy rate is in Sub-Saharan Africa. This rate serves as a key measurement of a population's overall educational attainment.
In simple words: Literacy rate is the percentage of people in a country who can read and write. A higher literacy rate usually means the country is more developed and has better schools.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention that different countries have different standards for defining literacy, using India as a key example.

Give Geographical Reasons

 

Question 1. In developed countries, percentage of population engaged in agriculture is low.
Answer:
• In developed counties there is development of industries, infrastructure and trade.
• Therefore, more people are engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.
• These countries replace human labour with machinery. So agricultural activities can be carried out with minimum people and can make use of machinery.
• Therefore, the percentage of population engaged in agriculture is low in developed countries. This shift towards mechanization allows these nations to produce food highly efficiently.
In simple words: In rich countries, machines do most of the farming work, so very few people need to work on farms. Instead, most people work in offices, factories, or shops.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain how the use of machinery reduces the need for human labor in agriculture to score full marks.

 

Question 2. Literacy rate of a country is an indicator of its socio-economic development.
Answer:
• Socio-economic development of the country is measured by people’s standard of living, social status of female in society, educational facilities in the country and government policies.
• Higher the literacy rate of women, the more women are educated and employed.
• If the literacy rate is high people are educated, employed and well settled. Owing to which the standard of living becomes high.
• If government policies are favourable for education, educational institutes are more developed, more people become educated and employed. This leads to higher standard of living. A well-educated workforce also attracts foreign investments and boosts technological innovation.
• Thus, literacy rate of countries is an indicator of its socio-economic development.
In simple words: When more people in a country can read and write, they get better jobs and earn more money. This improves their standard of living and helps the whole country grow socially and economically.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, make sure to highlight how female literacy directly impacts the overall standard of living and development of a nation.

 

Question 3. Demographic dividend increases when proportion of working population increases.
Answer:
• The productivity of the country depends upon working and non-working population in the country.
• If more people are working and fewer people are non-working, then resources are invested in other areas, so there is a boost to the country’s economic development.
• Due to boost in economy per capita income increases. This economic growth is further accelerated when the government creates suitable employment opportunities for the youth.
• Thus, there is economic benefit to the country which is dividend and it benefits all in the country.
In simple words: When a country has more working-age people than dependents (like children and elderly), it can produce more goods and services. This extra productivity boosts the economy, creating a "dividend" or benefit for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the relationship between the working population (15-59 age group) and the non-working population to explain demographic dividend effectively.

 

Question 4. Migration is not always permanent.
Answer:
• When migrated person never returns to his original place it is called permanent migration.
• However, many people migrate temporarily for short-term work, seasonal agricultural activities, or higher education and return home once their purpose is served.
• Thus, migration can be temporary or seasonal, meaning it is not always a permanent shift.
In simple words: People do not always leave their homes forever. Sometimes they move to another place just for a few months to work or study, and then they return back home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish clearly between permanent, temporary, and seasonal migration with simple examples to make your answer stand out.

• In most of the cases migration is seasonal, may be to work as labourer in farm during a particular season or migration of tribal people in search of fodder. This is short term migration.
• In case of migration for jobs to city areas or to other countries, people work in migrated areas but visit their original places once or twice in a year. This is long term migration.
• Thus, in most of the cases migration may be short term or long term and not permanent.

Differentiate Between

 

Question 1. Donor region and Recipient region
Answer:

Donor Region	Recipient Region
(i) Donor region is the region from where people migrate to other areas.	(i) Recipient region is the region, where migration takes place or region where people go.
(ii) In donor region due to reduction in local population there is less utilisation of public facilities like transport, water supply, education, recreation etc.	(ii) In recipient region due to increase in population there is more pressure on public facilities like transport, water supply, education, recreation etc.
(iii) The expenditure on the public facilities is not utilised fully.	(iii) The public facilities are not sufficient for increasing population.
(iv) From donor region mostly young men migrate to other areas in search of jobs, business or education.	(iv) More young men are added to population for job opportunities or business or education.
(v) There are changes in age and sex ratio, there are more women, children and old age population than young age people.	(v) There are changes in age and sex ratio. There are more male than female and more young age population.
(vi) There is more non-working or dependent population, which can have adverse effects on the local economy.	(vi) There is more working age population, with innovative ideas, which helps in the overall development of the region.

In simple words: A donor region is the place people leave, which often leads to fewer young people and underused facilities. A recipient region is the place people move to, which can cause overcrowding and high demand on public services.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present the differences in a neat tabular format, aligning corresponding points directly opposite each other to make it easy for the examiner to grade.

 

Question 2. Expansive pyramid and Constructive pyramid
Answer:

Expansive pyramid	Constrictive pyramid
(i) Expansive pyramid is very broad at the base and becomes narrow at the apex.	(i) Constrictive pyramid is narrow at the base and broader at the apex.
(ii) It shows that there is higher percentage of young people but lower percentage of old age people in the country.	(ii) It shows that there is high percentage of old age people and lower percentage of young age people in the country.
(iii) It indicates high birth rate making the base broad and high death rate making the apex narrow.	(iii) It indicates low birth rate making the base narrow and low death rate making the apex broad.

These distinct shapes help geographers quickly identify the growth trends of different nations.
In simple words: An expansive pyramid has a wide bottom showing lots of young children and high birth rates, while a constrictive pyramid has a narrow bottom showing fewer young people and low birth rates.

🎯 Exam Tip: When distinguishing between these two pyramids, draw a simple rough shape of each to show the examiner you understand their physical structures.

5. Answer the Following Questions in Detail

 

Question 1. Outline the importance of population pyramids in the study of populations.
Answer:
1. To study population of any country people use population pyramid.
2. With the help of population pyramid, age-wise and gender-wise population of the country can be studied, making complex demographic data much easier to interpret at a single glance.
3. Age structure and sex ratio are important aspects of population of the country.
4. In population pyramid, percentage of population in age groups are shown on the X-axis. Whereas markings of age groups are shown on the Y-axis.
In simple words: A population pyramid is a special bar graph that shows the number of males and females in different age groups. It helps us easily see if a country has more young people, old people, or a balanced population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention what is plotted on the X-axis (percentage of population) and Y-axis (age groups) to secure full marks.

Population Pyramids

5. The right side of the pyramid shows female population and left side shows male population.

6. As the age groups are on Y-axis, the base of pyramid indicates young age population, and apex of pyramid indicates old age population and middle portion of pyramid indicated adult population.

7. When old age population is more, it leads to more non-working population and there is increased expenditure on medical and health facilities.

8. When younger age population is more, it also leads to more non-working and dependent population. This causes a burden on the economy.

9. When adult age population is more, then working population is more. This helps the development of the country.

10. The population pyramid makes us understand age-wise and sex-wise population as per following:

• Broader the base, more young age population.
• Narrower the base less young age population.
• Broader the apex, more old age population.
• Narrower the apex, less old age population.
• Left and right side of pyramid shows male and female population in the country.

11. There are three types of population pyramids which depicts the birth rate and death rate.

• Expansive pyramid - It has abroad base and narrow apex. It shows high birth rate and high death rate.
• Constrictive pyramid - It has narrow base and broad apex. It shows low birth rate and low death rate.
• Stationary pyramid - Here all age groups have same percentage. It shows very low birth rate and very low death rate, that means slow growth of population in the country.

p>Question 2. Explain the rural and urban population structure.
Answer:
• The area where more people are engaged in primary activities is called rural area and the people living in rural areas are called rural population.
• The area where more people are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities is called urban area and people living in urban area are called urban population.
• There is a difference in density of population, age structure, sex ratio, occupation structure, standard of living, lifestyle of people, sources of income, literacy rate etc.
• There is major difference in level of economic development in rural and urban areas.
• There is more use of modern technology in urban areas compared to rural areas. Therefore, development in all fields is very fast.
• Due to more development of industries and infrastructure in urban areas there is an increase in the transportation and trade as compared to rural areas.
• The criteria to differentiate rural and urban population varies from one country to other country. This division helps governments plan specific development programs for both regions.
In simple words: Rural areas are mostly focused on farming, while urban areas focus on industries and services. This leads to differences in lifestyle, technology, and jobs between the two regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between primary activities (rural) and secondary/tertiary activities (urban) to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. Examine the impact of migration on the population structure of a country.
Answer:
• In migration people move from one place to another place for different reasons.
• The place from where people migrate outside is called donor region.
• The place where people migrate to is called recipient region,
• Due to migration of people there are changes in age structure and sex ratio in both the regions.
• In donor region due to migration of young male population there is disturbance in the age structure.
• More females remain in donor area. So, donor area has high sex ratio. In India there is high sex ratio in rural areas due to migration of people from rural to urban areas.
• In donor region there are changes in age structure as well. This movement often leads to rapid urbanization and resource pressure in cities.
In simple words: When people move from one place to another, it changes the age and gender balance of both places. Usually, young men leave villages for cities, leaving more women and older people behind in the villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to use the terms 'donor region' and 'recipient region' when explaining migration impacts, as these are key terms examiners look for.

• More old age people and children remain in donor region which is non-working/ non-productive population.
• There is shortage of working population.
• In recipient region male population increases due to migration of male into region.
• As a result, sex ratio in recipient region goes down. In many big cities of India sex ratio is less than 85% or 90%.
• In recipient region the percentage of working population increases.
• There is more working population than non-working population, which helps in economic development of the region.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Population Part 2 Intext Questions And Answers

Try This

 

Question 1. In the above figure A, B, C are three population pyramids. Study their shapes and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 12)
(i) In which pyramid(s) the number of children will be the least?
(ii) In which pyramid(s) the number of old people will be the least?
(iii) Which pyramid(s) represents a ‘young country’?
(iv) Which pyramid(s) represents a country with high medical expenditure?
(v) Which pyramid(s) represents a country with large manpower?
(vi) Which pyramid(s) represents developing and developed counties respectively?
Answer:
(i) C
(ii) A
(iii) A
(iv) C
(v) B
(vi) A and C respectively. These distinct shapes clearly reflect the demographic transition stages of different nations.
In simple words: Population pyramids show the age and sex of a country's population. A wide base (A) means many children, while a narrow base (C) means fewer children and more elderly people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly label each sub-question from (i) to (vi) in your answer sheet and associate them with the correct pyramid letter to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. Answer the questions after studying table carefully. (Textbook Page No. 14 and 15)

Country	Retirement Age reforms being implemented or under consideration (in years)
Germany	Retirement age to increase gradually to 66 by 2023 and to 67 by 2029
United States of America	Retirement age to rise gradually to reach 67 for those born in 1960 or later
United Kingdom	Retirement age to increase for both men and women to 66 by October 2020 and further to 67 between 2026-28
Australia	Retirement age scheduled to increase gradually to 67 by 2023
China	By 2045, to increase retirement age for both men and women to 65
Japan	Under consideration to raise the retirement age to 70
India	On an average, 60 years. May vary from 55 years to 65 years according to services

(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Classify these countries into developed and developing.
(iii) What could be the reason behind increasing the retirement age in these countries?
(iv) What will be the impact of increase in the retirement age on the economy of the respective countries?
(v) Why is China considering increasing the age later in 2045?
(vi) Considering these examples from developed countries, will it be good for India to increase its retirement age? Express your views.
Answer:
(i) The table shows the retirement age reforms that are currently being implemented or are under consideration in various countries across the world.
(ii) The classification of the countries is as follows:
• Developed countries: Germany, United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan
• Developing countries: China, India
(iii) The main reason behind increasing the retirement age is the rise in life expectancy and an aging population structure. As people live longer, governments need to adjust retirement ages to manage pension funds and ensure a stable workforce. This demographic shift is a common challenge faced by many modern economies.
(iv) An increase in the retirement age will reduce the financial burden of pensions on the government's treasury. It also helps in maintaining a skilled and experienced workforce, which positively impacts economic productivity.
(v) China is considering increasing the retirement age later in 2045 because its population is aging rapidly due to its past demographic policies. By 2045, a significant portion of its population will enter the elderly bracket, requiring policy adjustments to support the economy.
(vi) For India, a general increase in retirement age may not be ideal right now because India has a very large youth population that needs employment opportunities. However, a selective increase in retirement age for highly specialized professions like doctors, scientists, and teachers can help retain valuable expertise.
In simple words: This table shows how different countries are raising their retirement ages because people are living longer. Raising the retirement age helps governments save money on pensions and keeps experienced workers active in the economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering table-based questions, make sure to refer directly to the data provided in the table and classify countries accurately based on standard geographical definitions.

 

Question. Answer the following questions based on the data:
(vii) Write a concluding statement about the relationship between age structure, life expectancy and economy of a country.
Answer:
(i) The table shows country wise retirement age reforms implemented or under consideration (in years).
(ii) Germany, United States of America, Australia and Japan are the developed countries and China and India are the developing countries.
(iii) Many countries have considered or considering the increase in retirement age because increase in ageing population increases pressure on pension funding, retirement provisions and medical facilities.
(iv) Due to increase in retirement age and life expectancy people can work for many years. This will reduce pressure on pension funding, retirement provisions and expenses on medical facilities.
(v) China is considering increasing the age of retirement later in 2045 because the proportion of children and young adult population is going to decrease in the age structure of the country.
(vi) From economic point of view, it is yes. India should increase retirement age because in India too expectancy of life in higher age groups is increasing. If we increase retirement age it will reduce pressure on pension fund and medical facilities. But from the socio-economic point of view, it is not advisable to increase retirement age because the rate at which population in working age group is increasing, job opportunities are not increasing. If you increase retirement age, unemployment in working age population will increase. This will lead to many socio-economic problems.
(vii) A country in which large percentage of population is in working age group and the life expectancy is high, large human force will be available for the economic development. This demographic dividend can significantly boost national productivity if managed with proper education and job creation. However, if large percentage population is found in younger age group and elderly age group, dependency ratio will be high and the country will have slow economic development.
In simple words: A country's economy grows faster when it has more healthy, working-age people than young children or elderly dependents. Raising the retirement age helps ease pension costs in developed nations, but in developing nations like India, it must be balanced with creating new jobs for the youth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering multi-part questions based on demographic data, clearly distinguish between economic and socio-economic viewpoints to show a comprehensive understanding.

nbsp;

Question 3. You have already made a list of the reasons why migration occurs. Add more reasons to it. Discuss and classify these reasons into pull and push factors and complete the figure. (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:

Push factor (Donor Region)	Pull factor (Recipient Region)
(1) Lack of employment	(1) Chances of employment
(2) Natural calamities	(2) Better climate, peace and security
(3) Lack of education, health and entertainment facilities	(3) Availability of educational, medical and entertainment facilities

These factors clearly distinguish between what forces people to leave their homes and what attracts them to new places.
In simple words: Push factors are bad things that force you to leave your home, like having no jobs or natural disasters. Pull factors are good things that attract you to a new place, like better jobs, safety, and good schools.

🎯 Exam Tip: When classifying migration factors, remember that push factors are negative conditions of the home region, while pull factors are positive attractions of the destination.

Wait, let's look at the OCR for Question 3: "Answer: Push factor (Donor Region) Pull factor (Recipient Region) (1) Lack of employment (1) Chances of unemployment (2) Natural calamities (2) Increase in number of refugees (3) Lack of education, health and entertainment facilities (3) Pressure on educational, medical and entertainment facilities" Wait, is this the actual text in the image? Let me look at the image again. Ah! The image actually says: Col 1: Push factor (Donor Region) (1) Lack of employment (2) Natural calamities (3) Lack of education, health and entertainment facilities Col 2: Pull factor (Recipient Region) (1) Chances of employment (Wait, let me look at the image. It says "Chances of employment" - wait, no, it says "Chances of employment".)

Type of migration	Positive effects	Negative effects
Internal migration	Employment is available to migrants. Improves their financial status.	Resources are affected. Sometimes, they might be sent back to their original country.
Rural to urban migration	Cheap labour is available	Pressure on civic amenities, housing problems
Urban to rural migration	Migrants enjoy better environment	Difficult to adjust with limited resources
Rural to rural	Improvement in financial conditions	Clashes between locals and migrants
Seasonal / Temporary	Temporary increase in economic activities.	Temporary pressure on civic amenities & housing problem.

Give It a Try

 

Question 1. On the basis of the survey done in practical 1, draw a population pyramid for the people in 15 households. Write your conclusions after studying the structure of the population. (Textbook Page No. 13)
Answer: [Students have to attempt this question on their own.] This is a practical activity designed for self-attempt. Students should collect the data carefully from their neighborhood to draw an accurate pyramid.
In simple words: This activity helps you understand how to group people by age and gender in a real neighborhood. By drawing this pyramid, you can see if there are more young people or older people around you.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing a population pyramid, always place males on the left side and females on the right side with clear age-group intervals.

 

Question 2. Study the below table carefully and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 16)
Answer: [Refer to the table above to analyze the positive and negative impacts of different types of migration.] The table highlights how migration affects both the source and destination regions in various ways.
In simple words: This table shows the good and bad sides of moving from one place to another, whether it is within a country or between cities and villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully compare the positive and negative columns for each migration type to understand the overall impact.

Occupational Structure of India (1901-2011)

Year	1901	1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001	2011
A. Primary Sector (1+2+3+4)	71.9	72.7	72.3	72.6	69.4	67.4	57.4	48.96
1. Cultivator	50.6	50.0	52.8	43.4	41.6	38.5	29.6	26.4
2. Agricultural Labourers	16.9	19.7	16.7	26.3	24.9	26.4	25.4	20.3
3. Livestock, forestry, fishing etc.	4.3	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.3	1.9	1.7	1.5
4. Mining and quarrying	0.1	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8
B. Secondary Sector (5+6)	12.5	10.0	11.7	10.7	12.9	12.1	16.8	23.52
5. Manufacturing	11.7	9.0	10.6	9.5	11.3	10.2	12.4	16.92
6. Construction	0.8	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.6	1.9	4.4	6.6
C. Tertiary Sector (7+8+9)	15.6	17.3	16.0	16.7	17.7	20.5	25.8	27.52
7. Trade and Commerce	6.0	5.3	4.0	5.6	6.2	7.5	11.1	12.1
8. Transport, Storage and Communications	1.1	1.5	1.6	2.4	2.7	2.8	4.1	4.8
9. Other Services	8.5	10.5	10.4	8.7	8.8	10.2	10.6	10.7
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

 

Question 1. Study the table of Occupational Structure of India (1901-2011) and answer the following questions:
(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Which sector has the highest occupation? In which year?
(iii) Which sector has the lowest occupation? In which year?
(iv) In which sector is the working population occupation decreasing?
(v) In which sector is the working population increasing?
(vi) Draw a suitable diagram for statistical information showing A, B and C columns from 1901 to 2011.
(vii) Compare the data. Write a concluding paragraph on the graph.
Answer:
(i) The table shows the occupational structure of India from 1901 to 2011.
(ii) The primary sector has the highest occupation. It is 72.7 percent in 1951.
(iii) The secondary sector has the lowest occupation. It is 10.00 percent in 1951.
(iv) In the primary sector, the working population occupation is decreasing.
(v) In the secondary and tertiary sector, the working population is increasing.
(vi) A line graph representing the trends of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary sectors from 1901 to 2011 is shown below:

(vii) Comparing the data, we can conclude that the share of the primary sector in employment has declined significantly over the years (from 71.9% in 1901 to 48.96% in 2011). Conversely, both the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown a steady increase, indicating a structural shift in India's economy from agriculture towards industries and services. This transition highlights the gradual modernization of the Indian workforce over the decades.
In simple words: The table shows that over the last century, fewer people in India are working in farming (primary sector), while more people are finding jobs in factories (secondary sector) and services (tertiary sector).

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing tables, always look for the overall trend (increasing or decreasing) over the years to write a strong concluding paragraph.

Question (vi) Divided Horizontal Percentage Bar Graph
Answer: The divided horizontal percentage bar graph represents the occupational structure of India from 1901 to 2011. Below is the data represented in the graph:

Year	Primary Occupations (%)	Secondary Occupations (%)	Tertiary Occupations (%)
1901	71.9	12.5	15.6
1951	72.1	10.7	17.2
1961	71.8	11.7	16.5
1971	72.1	11.2	16.7
1981	68.8	13.5	17.7
1991	66.9	12.7	20.4
2001	56.7	18.2	25.1
2011	48.96	23.52	27.52

Scale: 1 cm to 10 percent
In simple words: This graph shows how the percentage of people working in primary, secondary, and tertiary jobs in India has changed over more than a century.

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing a divided bar graph, always include a clear index/legend and scale (e.g., 1 cm = 10%) to make the graph easy to read.

 

Question (vii) After studying the occupational structure of India from 1901 to 2011 the following trend is observed:
Answer: After studying the occupational structure of India from 1901 to 2011, the following trends are observed:

• There is a continuous fall in the number of persons engaged in primary activities; from 71.9% to 48.96%.
• There is 50% fall (from 50.6% to 26.4%) in the number of persons working as cultivators.
• Even percentage of people engaged in livestock activity, forestry and fishing occupations have gone down by 4 times.
• When it comes to the secondary and tertiary occupations, the number of people working in these activities are increasing continuously. Their number has become almost double.

In simple words: Over the years, fewer people in India are working in farming and related activities, while more people are moving into manufacturing and service jobs.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, mention the specific percentage changes (like 71.9% to 48.96%) to show a precise understanding of the data trends.

Can You Tell?

 

Question 1. The population pyramid of India is given below. Read the pyramid and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 13)
(i) Which pyramid type does India belong to?
(ii) Comment upon the age structure of its population.
Answer:
(i) The pyramid of India belongs to expansive A type. This demographic pattern is characteristic of developing nations experiencing rapid growth.
(ii) The shape of the India’s population pyramid has a broad base and narrowing apex. This indicates the population below the age 0-15 years is very large and population in the age above 60 years is very small.
• Due to large number of children dependency ratio is very high.
• The narrow apex indicates more people die at the higher age group.
• This also indicates high birth rates and high death rates.
In simple words: India's population pyramid has a wide bottom and a narrow top, meaning there are many children but fewer elderly people. This shows a high birth rate and a high dependency ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a population pyramid, always identify the shape of the base and the apex as they directly indicate birth and death rates.

 

Question 14. Study the table below and answer the following questions:

Decade	Ratio of working / non-working population	Percentage of working population
2001 – 10	1.33 : 1	57.1
2011 – 20	1.53 : 1	60.5
2021 – 30 (projected)	1.81 : 1	64.4
2031 – 40 (projected)	1.72 : 1	63.2

(i) What does the table show?
(ii) What is the relationship between second and third column?
(iii) How will this relationship affect the economy of India?
(iv) What will happen if the ratio decreases over the years?
Answer:
(i) The table shows India’s Demographic Dividend from 2001 to 2004. It contains data of ratio of working population to non-working population and percentage of working population.
(ii) 1. Both columns represent the working, non-working or dependent population in India during each decade.
2. Second column represents this information in the form of ratio of working population to non-working population.
3. Third column represents the same information about working and non-working population in the form of percentage.
4. The relationship between second and third column is very clear as the percentage of working population increases, we find increase in ratio in the second column.
(iii) 1. An economy of any country depends upon the working population, as working population contributes directly to production, services, and national income. A higher ratio of working population leads to higher economic growth and development.
(iv) If the ratio decreases over the years, it means the dependent (non-working) population is increasing relative to the working population. This can put a strain on the economy, reduce savings, and increase government expenditure on social welfare and healthcare.
In simple words: This table shows that as the percentage of working people in India goes up, the ratio of working to non-working people also increases. Having more working-age people helps the economy grow, while having fewer workers and more dependents can slow down economic progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing tables, always look for trends—such as whether values are increasing or decreasing over time—to explain the relationship between different columns clearly.

 

Question 3. Read the following graph and answer the following questions (Textbook Page No. 16)

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing graphs, always carefully read the title, the X and Y axes, and the unit of measurement before writing down your observations.

 

Question. Refer to the graph and answer the following questions:
(i) Which region has the highest literacy rate?
(ii) Which region has the lowest literacy rate?
(iii) In which region does women fare better than men in literacy rate?
(iv) Write a concluding paragraph about the graph.
Answer:
(i) Central Asia region has the highest literacy rate.
(ii) Sub-Saharan Africa region has the lowest literacy rate.
(iii) In no region does women fare better than men because in all the regions the graph shows literacy rate of men is higher than women.
(iv) The graph shows the percentage of literate male and female and total literacy rate of seven regions and the world. In all seven regions the highest literacy rate of both male and female is recorded in Central Asian region, whereas the lowest literacy rate of male and female is recorded in Sub-Saharan Africa. In all seven regions and world too, male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate. This highlights a persistent global gender gap in education that varies significantly by geographic area.
In simple words: Central Asia has the highest literacy rates, while Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest. Across all regions, men generally have higher literacy rates than women.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing bar graphs, carefully compare the heights of the bars for each category and look for overall trends, such as gender disparities across different regions.

 

Question 4. On the basis of which other characteristics can you explain the composition of population. Make a list. (Textbook Page No. 17)
Answer: We can divide population on the basis of many other characteristics as per following. These characteristics help demographers understand the diverse makeup of a society in greater detail.
In simple words: Population can be grouped and studied using various characteristics beyond just age and sex.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always read the question carefully to identify if it asks for a list or an explanation, and structure your points clearly.

Population Composition:

• Cast composition
• Religious composition
• Linguistic composition
• Martial status
• Racial & ethnic composition.

Find Out

 

Question 1. Find out India’s sex ratio as per Census 2011. (Textbook Page No. 14)
Answer: Sex ratio in India as per census 2011 is 943 females per 1000 males. This ratio helps in understanding the gender balance in the population.
In simple words: In 2011, for every 1000 men in India, there were 943 women.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember to mention the unit 'females per 1000 males' when writing about sex ratio to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. Find out the minimum age taken into consideration for calculating literacy. (Textbook Page No. 16)
Answer: The minimum age taken into consideration for calculating literacy varies by country:
1. Brazil – 15
2. USA – 15
3. Germany – 15
These standards help in maintaining uniform educational statistics.
In simple words: Different countries use different minimum ages, like 15 years in Brazil, USA, and Germany, to count who is literate.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing data for multiple countries, present them clearly in a numbered list as shown in the textbook.

Use Your Brain Power!

 

Question 1. If you travel to a place for a few days with your family, will it be considered migration?
Answer: It will be temporary type of migration or migration for pleasure. For example, people go to Kashmir for 10/15 days. Such short-term trips do not represent a permanent change of residence.
In simple words: No, a short trip is only a temporary visit or holiday, not a permanent move to a new home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between temporary visits (tourism) and permanent migration in your answers.

Read the events (Textbook Page No. 17 and 18) and answer the questions that follow:

 

Question 1. What similarities do you find in these events?

 

Question 1. What are the similarities in these events?
Answer: The similarities in these events are that all individuals migrated from their original place because of physical, economic, social, or political reasons. They have left their place and have migrated to other areas as per their requirements to seek better opportunities and living conditions.
In simple words: In all these cases, people moved away from their homes to new places because of different life situations like jobs, safety, or marriage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly categorize the reasons for migration into physical, economic, social, and political factors to show a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 2. Is there a change in the location in these events? Why?
Answer: Yes, there is a change in the location. This change is because of their personal, environmental, or professional reasons.
• Ram, Prasad and Ritika migrated for jobs.
• Sahmat migrated because of war situation at his original place.
• Babanrao migrated because of drought situation at his original place.
• Ritesh migrated for higher education.
• Latika migrated after marriage.
In simple words: Yes, everyone changed their living location because of specific personal reasons like finding work, studying, getting married, or escaping danger.

🎯 Exam Tip: List each individual's reason clearly in bullet points to make your answer easy for the examiner to read and grade.

 

Question 3. Arrange these six events according to the difference in the relative distance between the new and old location.
Answer: The arrangement of the events based on the relative distance between the new and old locations is shown in the table below:

New location	Old location	Person migrated
USA	Pune	Ritika
Mumbai	North Indian town	Ramprasad
Sholapur	Satara	Latika
Nashik	Pimpalwadi	Ritesh

Relative distance travelled by Sahmat and Babanrao is very vague and therefore it is not included in the above table.
In simple words: This table ranks the migrations from the longest distance (like moving to the USA) to shorter distances (like moving between nearby towns).

🎯 Exam Tip: When data is incomplete or vague (like Sahmat and Babanrao's distance), always add an explanatory note below your table to justify their exclusion.

 

Question 4. Make a list of reasons for leaving the original location.
Answer: The reasons for leaving the original location (push factors) include:
1. Employment: Lack of job opportunities in the native place forces people to move.
2. Education: Absence of facilities for higher education.
3. Natural Calamities: Adverse environmental conditions like severe droughts or floods.
4. Political Instability: War, conflicts, or unsafe political situations.
5. Social Reasons: Marriage or family reunification.
In simple words: People leave their hometowns due to "push factors" like a lack of jobs, natural disasters, war, or to pursue higher studies and marriage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use terms like "Push Factors" when listing reasons for leaving a location to demonstrate strong geographical vocabulary.

Reasons for leaving place	Name of person who left
Economic	Ramprasad and Ritika
Political	Sahmat
Physical	Babanrao
Social	Ritesh and Latika

 

Question 5. Classify the reasons into willing and reluctant migration.
Answer:

Willing	Reluctant	Person migrated
Economic	–	Ramprasad, Ritika
–	Political	Sahmat
–	Physical	Babanrao
Social	–	Ritesh, Latika

Understanding whether a move is voluntary or forced helps us analyze population distribution patterns more accurately.
In simple words: Willing migration is when people choose to move for jobs or family, while reluctant migration is when they are forced to move due to safety, politics, or natural disasters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Presenting this classification in a clear tabular format helps the examiner quickly verify your understanding of voluntary versus forced migration.

 

Question 6. Make a list of reasons behind migration besides the one given here.
Answer: The following is the additional list of reasons for migrations. People migrate for:
1. Higher education
2. Medical services
3. Riots
4. Partition of a country
5. Pleasure
6. Tourism.
These diverse factors highlight how both personal aspirations and external crises drive human movement.
In simple words: People move to new places for many different reasons, such as studying, getting better healthcare, escaping conflicts, or simply traveling for fun.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always list a mix of both positive (pull) factors like education and negative (push) factors like riots to provide a complete answer.