Maharashtra Board Class 12 Commerce BK Chapter 4 Reconstitution of Partnership (Retirement of Partner) Solutions

Class 12 Commerce BK Chapter 4 Exercise Solutions

A. Select The Most Appropriate Alternatives From Those Given Below And Rewrite The Sentence.

Question 1. The profit or loss from revaluation on retirement of partner is shared by
(a) the remaining partners
(b) all the partners
(c) only retiring partner
(d) bank
Answer: (b) all the partners
In simple words: Profit or loss from revaluation is shared among all partners, including the retiring partner, based on their existing profit-sharing ratio up to the date of retirement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Revaluation profit or loss is typically distributed among all partners (including the retiring one) in their old profit-sharing ratio to ensure a fair settlement of accounts. Focus on the 'all partners' aspect for this type of question.

Question 2. Descrease in the value of assets should be - to Profit and Loss Adjustment Account.
(a) debited
(b) credited
(c) added
(d) equal
Answer: (a) debited
In simple words: When the value of assets decreases, it represents a loss, and losses are recorded on the debit side of the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account (also known as Revaluation Account).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account (or Revaluation Account) functions like a nominal account: all decreases in asset values or increases in liability values are debited, while increases in asset values or decreases in liability values are credited.

Question 3. The balance of the capital account of retired partner is transferred to his - account if it is not paid.
(a) loan
(b) personal
(c) current
(d) son's
Answer: (a) loan
In simple words: If the amount due to a retiring partner is not paid immediately, it becomes a liability for the firm and is transferred to the retiring partner's Loan Account.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a partner retires, any outstanding balance in their capital account becomes a debt owed by the firm. This debt is typically recorded as a 'Loan Account' in the firm's balance sheet, to be paid later as per agreement.

Question 4. Gain ratio = - Ratio less Old Ratio.
(a) New
(b) Equal
(c) Capital
(d) Sacrifice
Answer: (a) New
In simple words: The Gain Ratio is calculated by subtracting the Old Profit Sharing Ratio from the New Profit Sharing Ratio of the continuing partners.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gain ratio arises upon the retirement or death of a partner, indicating the proportion in which the continuing partners acquire the share of the outgoing partner. It's a crucial calculation for goodwill adjustments.

Question 5. New Ratio = Old Ratio + - Ratio.
(a) Gain
(b) Capital
(c) Sacrifice
(d) Current
Answer: (a) Gain
In simple words: The New Profit Sharing Ratio of continuing partners is derived by adding the Gain Ratio to their Old Profit Sharing Ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: This formula directly links the old ratio, gain ratio, and new ratio. Understanding this relationship is fundamental for adjusting profit shares among continuing partners after a retirement.

Question 6. Apte, Bhate and Chitale are sharing 1/2, 3/10, and 1/5 if Apte retire their new ratio will be -
(a) 5:2
(b) 3:2
(c) 5:3
(d) 2:5
Answer: (b) 3:2
In simple words: Apte's share is 1/2. Bhate's share is 3/10. Chitale's share is 1/5. To find a common denominator, convert 1/2 to 5/10 and 1/5 to 2/10. So the old ratio is 5:3:2. If Apte retires, the remaining partners Bhate and Chitale will share profits in their old ratio, which is 3:2.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a partner retires and no specific agreement is made about how the continuing partners will acquire the retiring partner's share, it's assumed they will continue to share profits in their old ratio relative to each other. Always find a common denominator for ratios before making calculations.

B. Write The Word, Term, Phrase, Which Can Substitute Each Of The Following Statement.

Question 1. Credit balance of Profit and Loss Adjustment Account.
Answer: Profit on Revaluation Accounts
In simple words: A credit balance in the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account indicates that the net effect of revaluing assets and liabilities has resulted in a profit.

🎯 Exam Tip: A credit balance signifies a gain, whereas a debit balance indicates a loss. This account is also known as the Revaluation Account and is used to record changes in asset and liability values.

Question 2. The ratio in which the continuing partners are benefited due to retirement of partner.
Answer: Gain Ratio
In simple words: The Gain Ratio shows how much additional share of profit each continuing partner acquires from the retiring partner.

🎯 Exam Tip: This ratio is calculated to determine how the retiring partner's share of goodwill and revaluation profit/loss (if any) will be adjusted among the remaining partners.

Question 3. Debit balance of Revaluation Account.
Answer: Loss on Revaluation
In simple words: A debit balance in the Revaluation Account means that the decrease in asset values and increase in liability values collectively exceed the increases in asset values and decreases in liability values, resulting in a net loss.

🎯 Exam Tip: Just like the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account, a debit balance in the Revaluation Account always indicates a loss, which is then distributed among the partners.

Question 4. The ratio which is obtained by deducting Old Ratio from New Ratio.
Answer: Gain Ratio
In simple words: Subtracting the old profit-sharing ratio from the new profit-sharing ratio gives the gain ratio, which represents the increase in the share of profits for the continuing partners.

🎯 Exam Tip: This definition is a direct calculation of the gain ratio, essential for understanding how the profit-sharing dynamics change after a partner's retirement.

Question 5. Money value of business reputation earned by the firm over a number of years.
Answer: Goodwill
In simple words: Goodwill represents the monetary value of a firm's reputation and its ability to earn super normal profits due to factors like customer loyalty, location, or brand recognition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Goodwill is an intangible asset that arises from factors like customer satisfaction, brand recognition, and efficiency, contributing to a firm's superior earning capacity. It's often valued at the time of partnership reconstitution.

Question 6. Partner's Account where Loss or Profit on revaluation is transferred.
Answer: Capital/Current Account
In simple words: Any profit or loss arising from revaluation is ultimately transferred to the partners' Capital Accounts (or Current Accounts if capital is fixed) according to their profit-sharing ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Revaluation Account is a temporary account. Its final balance (profit or loss) is always distributed among all partners (including the retiring one) and transferred to their respective capital or current accounts.

C. State Whether The Following Statement Are True Or False With Reasons.

Question 1. Gain ratio means New ratio minus Old ratio.
Answer: This statement is True.
As per definition, profit sharing ratio which is acquired by the continuing partners from the retiring partner is called gain ratio. If gain ratio added to old ratio we will get New ratio. It means New ratio = Old ratio + Gain ratio by interchanging the terms, we will get Gain ratio = New ratio - Old ratio.
In simple words: The statement is true because the gain ratio explicitly measures the increase in profit share for continuing partners by comparing their new ratio with their old ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the formula Gain Ratio = New Ratio - Old Ratio is crucial for solving problems related to changes in profit-sharing ratios and goodwill adjustments during retirement.

Question 2. Retiring partner's share in profit up to the date of his retirement will be debited to Profit and Loss Suspense Account.
Answer: This statement is True.
If a partner retires from the firm during the accounting year, the profit or loss for the period from the date of last balance sheet to the date of retirement is calculated on the basis of last year's profit or average profit and it is credited to retiring partner's capital A/c and for time being it debited to new account called Profit and Loss Expense A/c. This is because final accounts cannot be prepared on any date during the accounting year.
In simple words: The statement is true because the Profit and Loss Suspense Account is used to temporarily record the retiring partner's share of profits earned between the last balance sheet date and their retirement date, before final accounts are prepared.

🎯 Exam Tip: The P&L Suspense Account helps in accounting for interim profits or losses of a retiring partner without having to prepare full financial statements mid-year. It reflects the profit share *due* to the retiring partner up to their retirement date.

Question 3. On retirement of a partner, sacrifice ratio is considered.
Answer: This statement is False.
On retirement of a partner, his share is acquired by continuing partners in certain proportion and it is nothing but gain for them. Therefore, on retirement of a partner instead of sacrifice ratio gain ratio is considered.
In simple words: The statement is false because upon retirement, continuing partners *gain* a share, making the gain ratio relevant, not the sacrifice ratio which applies when partners give up a share.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between gain ratio (retirement/death) and sacrifice ratio (admission). Gain ratio measures the benefit to existing partners, while sacrifice ratio measures the reduction in their share.

Question 4. Retiring partner is called an outgoing partner.
Answer: This statement is True.
When a person retires from the firm due to health issues, financial issues or personal reasons then it is known as person retires from the business and for the business, he is an outgoing partner.
In simple words: The statement is true; a retiring partner is indeed referred to as an outgoing partner because they are leaving the partnership firm.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a definitional term. Knowing key terminology like "outgoing partner" or "incoming partner" helps in understanding the context of partnership accounts.

Question 5. On retirement of a partner, remaining partner will share the goodwill in their profit sharing ratio.
Answer: This statement is False.
On retirement of a partner, after giving retiring, partner's share in goodwill and if goodwill is written off, then remaining partners will adjust the goodwill in their new profit sharing ratio. (If raised to full extent and written off)
In simple words: The statement is false; goodwill, if written off after a partner's retirement, is adjusted among the *continuing* partners in their *gain* ratio, not their general profit-sharing ratio or new profit-sharing ratio unless specific instructions are given. If goodwill is raised and then written off, it's typically written off by continuing partners in their new profit-sharing ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: The treatment of goodwill on retirement can vary. If goodwill is raised to its full extent and then written off, it's typically written off by the continuing partners in their new profit-sharing ratio. However, if the retiring partner's share of goodwill is directly adjusted, it's done through the gain ratio. Pay close attention to the specific instruction regarding goodwill treatment.

Question 6. Retiring partner is not entitled to share in general reserve and accumulated profit.
Answer: This statement is False.
General reserve and accumulated profit are created out of past undistributed profit, such profits are the outcome of hard work of all the partners including retiring partner. Hence, retiring partner's has right to share general reserve and accumlated profit.
In simple words: The statement is false because general reserves and accumulated profits belong to all partners, including the retiring one, as they were earned during their tenure in the firm.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reserves and accumulated profits are distributed among all partners (including the retiring partner) in their old profit-sharing ratio as they represent past earnings accumulated over time.

D. Fill In The Blanks And Rewrite The Following Sentence:

Question 1. New Ratio (less) __________ = Gain ratio.
Answer: Old ratio
In simple words: The gain ratio is calculated by subtracting the old profit-sharing ratio from the new profit-sharing ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is the fundamental formula for calculating the gain ratio, indicating the additional share acquired by continuing partners.

Question 2. Retiring partner's share of goodwill is __________ to remaining Partner's Capital Account.
Answer: debited
In simple words: When adjusting goodwill, the retiring partner's share is typically debited from the continuing partners' capital accounts in their gain ratio. However, the blank asks what happens *to* the remaining partners' accounts, implying the adjustment for the retiring partner's goodwill share. This needs clarification. A more standard approach is that the *retiring partner's capital account is credited* with their share of goodwill, and *continuing partners' capital accounts are debited* in their gaining ratio. If the question implies the journal entry for the remaining partners, then their accounts are debited. Given the simple answer 'debited', it refers to the impact on the remaining partners' capital accounts as they bear the goodwill cost.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the retiring partner's share of goodwill is not raised in the books, the continuing partners' capital accounts are debited in their gain ratio to compensate the retiring partner, whose capital account is credited.

Question 3. Revaluation A/c is also known as __________ Account.
Answer: Profit and Loss Adjustment
In simple words: The Revaluation Account is another name for the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account, used to record gains or losses arising from revaluing assets and liabilities.

🎯 Exam Tip: These terms are interchangeable in the context of partnership reconstitution. Be familiar with both names for the same account.

Question 4. On retirement, the balance at a Current Account of a partner is transferred to his __________ Account.
Answer: Capital
In simple words: When a partner retires and their capital is fixed, the balance in their Current Account is transferred to their Capital Account to consolidate all amounts due or owed before settlement.

🎯 Exam Tip: If capital accounts are fixed, all adjustments (like share of profit/loss, drawings, interest) are made through the Current Account. Upon retirement, this current account balance must be moved to the capital account for final settlement.

Question 5. A proportion in which the continuing partners get the share of retiring partner is known as __________ Ratio.
Answer: Gain
In simple words: The proportion by which continuing partners increase their share of profits due to a partner's retirement is called the Gain Ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a direct definition of the gain ratio, highlighting its purpose in showing how the remaining partners benefit from a partner's departure.

E. Answer In One Sentence.

Question 1. What is meant by Retirement of a Partner?
Answer: Retirement of a partner refers to a process in which a partner leaves the firm or severes his relations with other partners on account of his old age, continued ill health, loss of interest in the firm, misunderstanding amongst the partners, etc.
In simple words: Retirement of a partner is when a partner voluntarily leaves the firm due to various personal or professional reasons, ending their association with the partnership.

🎯 Exam Tip: A clear definition of retirement is fundamental. It's a key event in partnership reconstitution, necessitating adjustments to accounts.

Question 2. What is Benefit Ratio?
Answer: Profit sharing ratio which is acquired by the continuing partners on account of retirement or death of a partner is called Benefit Ratio or Gain Ratio.
In simple words: Benefit Ratio (or Gain Ratio) is the ratio in which the remaining partners acquire the share of the retiring or deceased partner.

🎯 Exam Tip: The terms "Benefit Ratio" and "Gain Ratio" are synonymous. This ratio is vital for adjusting goodwill and other reserves at the time of a partner's exit.

Question 3. What is New Ratio?
Answer: The ratio in which profits or losses are shared by the continuing partners after retirement of a partner is called New Profit Sharing Ratio.
In simple words: The New Ratio is the revised proportion in which the remaining partners agree to share future profits and losses after a partner retires.

🎯 Exam Tip: The new ratio forms the basis for future profit distribution and is critical for determining the gain ratio and overall financial adjustments after retirement.

Question 4. How is the amount due to the retiring partner settled?
Answer: The amount due to a retiring partner is settled as per the terms of partnership agreement or otherwise mutually agreed upon either in lumpsum or in instalments.
In simple words: The amount owed to a retiring partner is settled either by paying them a single lump sum or through a series of payments (installments), as per the partnership agreement or mutual consent.

🎯 Exam Tip: The method of settlement (lump sum or installments) often depends on the firm's liquidity and the agreement with the retiring partner. If not paid immediately, it becomes a loan.

Question 5. How is Gain Ratio calculated?
Answer: Gain ratio is calculated at the time of retirement of a partner by deducting old ratio from new ratio.
In simple words: The Gain Ratio is calculated by subtracting each continuing partner's old profit-sharing ratio from their new profit-sharing ratio.

🎯 Exam Tip: The formula is: Gain Ratio = New Ratio - Old Ratio. This is a fundamental calculation in partnership accounts during retirement.

Question 6. Why is retiring partner's capital account credited with goodwill?
Answer: Goodwill is an intangible assets or benefits accrued to the firm and its benefits are transferred to retiring partner's Capital A/c by giving credit.
In simple words: A retiring partner's capital account is credited with their share of goodwill because goodwill represents the firm's past earnings and reputation, to which the retiring partner contributed during their tenure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Crediting the retiring partner's capital account for goodwill compensates them for their contribution to the firm's earning capacity, which they will no longer benefit from.

Practical Problems

Question 1. The Balance Sheet of Mr Mama, Kaka and Mr Baba who shared profits and losses as 4:3:3 respectively. Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2018

Kaka retires on 1st April, 2018 on the following terms.
1. The share of Kaka in Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs. 2,700.
2. Furniture to be depreciated by 10% and Motor car by 12.5%.
3. Live Stock to be appreciated by 10% and Plant by 20%.
4. A provision of Rs. 2,000 to be made for a claim of compensation.
5. R.D.D. is no longer necessary.
6. The amount payable to Kaka should be transferred to his Loan A/c.
Prepare Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Partners' Capital A/cs and Balance Sheet of the new firm.

Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Dr. Profit and Loss Adjustments Account Cr.

Balance Sheet as on 1st April, 2018

Dr. Partners' Capital Accounts Cr.

Working Notes:
1. R.D.D. is no longer require means it is a gain for firm.
2. A provision of Rs. 2,000 to be made for a claim of compensation, Rs. 2,000 is recorded on debit side of Profit and Loss Adjustments A/c and then on liability side of Balance Sheet.
3. Total payable amount to Kaka Rs. 20,175 is recorded as Kaka's Loan A/c.
In simple words: This problem involves preparing accounts for Kaka's retirement, which requires revaluing assets and liabilities, distributing reserves, accounting for goodwill, and transferring the retiring partner's remaining balance to a loan account.

🎯 Exam Tip: For practical problems, carefully read all adjustments. Remember to distribute general reserves and revaluation profits/losses among all partners (including the retiring one) in their old profit-sharing ratio. Ensure the retiring partner's final balance is correctly transferred to their loan account if not paid immediately.

Question 2. The Balance Sheet of Ram, Shyam and Ghanshyam sharing profits and losses in 3:2:1 respectively and their position on 31-3-19 were as follows: Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019

Ghanshyam retired on 1st April, 2019 on the following terms:
1. Building and Investment to be appreciated by 5% and 10% respectively.
2. Provision for Doubtful Debts to be created at 5% on Debtors.
3. The provision of Rs. 3,000 be made in respect of Outstanding Salary.
4. Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs. 90,000 and partners decide that goodwill should be written back.
5. The amount payable to the retiring partner be transferred to his Loan A/c.
Prepare: Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Partners' Capital A/c, Balance Sheet of new firm.

Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Dr. Profit and Loss Adjustment Account Cr.

Dr. Partners' Capital Accounts Cr.

Balance Sheet as on 1st April, 2019

Working Notes:
1. Provision of Rs. 3,000 for outstanding salary is recorded on debit side of Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c and then on the Liability side of Balance Sheet.
2. Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs. 90,000 and share of retiring partner in it is Rs. 15,000 (th part) and it is to be written back means it is to be shared by remaining partners in their profit-loss ratio.
In simple words: This problem demonstrates the accounting treatment for Ghanshyam's retirement, involving asset revaluation, provision creation, goodwill adjustment with a write-back, and transferring the retiring partner's balance to a loan account.

🎯 Exam Tip: When goodwill is to be "written back," it means that after recognizing the retiring partner's share, the total goodwill is removed from the books by debiting the continuing partners in their new profit-sharing ratio. Ensure all revaluation adjustments and provisions are correctly accounted for in the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account and the Balance Sheet.

Question 3. The Balance Sheet of the Anu, Renu and Dinu is as follows, and the partners are sharing profits and losses in the proportion of 2:2:1 respectively. Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019

Dinu retires from the firms on 1st April, 2019 on the following terms:
1. The assets are to be revalued as : freehold property Rs. 30,000, Machinery Rs. 5,000, Furniture Rs. 12,000, All debtors are good.
2. Goodwill of the firm be valued at thrice the average profit for preceding five years. Profits of the firm for the year.
2014-15 - Rs. 14,500
2015-16 - Rs. 10,500
2016-17 - Rs. 10,000
2017-18 - Rs. 16,000
2018-19 - Rs. 10,000
3. Dinu should be paid Rs. 3,000 by cheque.
4. The Balance of Dinu's Capital A/c should be kept in the business as loan.
Prepare: Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Capital Accounts of Partners, Balance Sheet of the new firm.

Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Dr. Profit and Loss Adjustment Account Cr.

Dr. Partners' Capital Accounts Cr.

Balance Sheet as on 1st April 2019

Working Notes:
1. Average profit =
Total Profit
No. of years
\[ = \frac{14,500+10,500+10,000+16,000+10,000}{5} \]
\[ = \frac{47,500}{5} \]
= Rs. 9,500
Goodwill = Avg. profit x No. of years
= 9,500 x 3 years
= Rs. 28,500
Goodwill value given in balance sheet = Rs. 30,000
New value arrived at = Rs. 28,500
Loss due to revaluation = Rs. 1,500
To be recorded in P & L Adj. A/c - Dr. Side.
In asset side of Balance sheet, write Rs. 28,500 for Goodwill.
2. Balance of Bank A/c = Opening Balance - Cheque given to Dinu
= 5,000 - 3,000
= Rs. 2,000
In simple words: This problem involves computing goodwill based on average profits, revaluing assets and liabilities, managing a partial cash payment to the retiring partner, and treating the remaining amount as a loan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to goodwill valuation methods, especially average profit basis. Ensure that partial payments to a retiring partner are correctly debited from the bank account, and the remaining balance is accurately transferred to their loan account, impacting both the capital account and the new balance sheet.

Question 4. Rohan, Rohit and Sachin are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the proportion 3:1:1 respectively. Their balance sheet as on 31st March, 2018 is as shown below: Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2018

On 1st April, 2018 Sachin retired and the following adjustments have been agreed upon:
1. Goodwill was revalued on Rs. 50,000.
2. Assets and Liabilities were revalued as follows:
Debtors 50,000, Live stock 45,000, Building 1,25,000, Plant and Machinery 30,000, Motor truck Rs. 95,000 and Creditors 30,000.
3. Rohan and Rohit contributed additional capital through Net Banking of Rs. 50,000 and Rs. 25,000 respectively.
4. Balance of Sachin's Capital Account is transferred to his Loan Account.
Give Journal entries in the books of new firm.

Solution:
Journal entries in the books of Partnership Firm

Working Notes:
In simple words: This question requires journal entries for Sachin's retirement, encompassing the distribution of reserves, revaluation of assets and liabilities, adjustment of goodwill, inflow of additional capital from continuing partners, and the final settlement of the retiring partner's account into a loan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing journal entries, ensure correct accounts are debited and credited for each adjustment. Pay special attention to goodwill treatment (revaluation vs. writing off), revaluation gains/losses distribution, and the appropriate recording of additional capital brought in by continuing partners to finalize the retiring partner's dues.

Question 5.
Shah, Lodha and Dhole were partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 3. Their Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019 is given below:
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019

On 1st April, 2019 Mr. Lodha retired from the firm on the following terms:
1. Goodwill is to be valued at an average profits and losses of the last five years which were as follows:
Year - Profit/Loss
2015 - Rs. 35,000
2016 - Rs. 20,000
2017 - Rs. 30,000
2018 - Rs. 20,000
2019 - Rs. 25,000
2. Computers to be depreciated by 10%.
3. Furniture to be revalued at Rs. 27,500.
4. Vehicles appreciated by 20%.
5. R.D.D. was no longer necessary.
6. Shah and Dhole will share the future profits and losses in the ratio of 2: 1.
7. It was decided that goodwill should not appear in the books of a new firm and amount payable to Lodha is to be transferred to his Loan A/c.
Prepare: Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Partners' Capital Accounts, Balance Sheet of new firm.
Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Dr. Profit and Loss Adjustment Account Cr.

Dr. Partner's Capital Account Cr.

Balance Sheet as on 1st April 2019

Working Note:
Average profit \( = \frac{\text{Total Profit}}{\text{No. of Years}} \)
\( = \frac{35,000+20,000+30,000+20,000+25,000}{5} \)
\( = \frac{1,30,000}{5} \)
\( = \text{Rs. } 26,000 \)
\( \therefore \) Goodwill \( = \text{Rs. } 26,000 \)
Goodwill should not appear in the books of accounts.
Therefore, Rs. 26,000 credited in Partners' Capital Account in partners' old profit and loss ratio. Rs. 26,000 will be debited in Partners' Capital Account in partners' new profit-loss ratio.
In simple words: This question requires preparing the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account, Partners' Capital Accounts, and Balance Sheet after a partner's retirement, incorporating revaluation of assets, liabilities, and goodwill treatment. The retiring partner's dues are transferred to their loan account.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the revaluation of assets and liabilities, and the treatment of goodwill (whether raised and written off, or adjusted through continuing partners' capital) as these are critical scoring elements.

Class 12 Commerce BK Textbook Solutions Digest

• 12th Bk Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 8 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 9 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 10 Practical Problems

Class 12