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Detailed Chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids MSBSHSE Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
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Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids MSBSHSE Solutions PDF
Aldehydes, Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Exercise Question Answers Solutions Maharashtra Board
Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Exercise Solutions Maharashtra Board
Chemistry Class 12 Chapter 12 Exercise Solutions
1. Choose the most correct option.
Question i. In the following resonating structures A and B, the number of unshared electrons in valence shell present on oxygen respectively are
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एक कार्बोनिल समूह (C=O) की दो अनुनाद संरचनाओं (A और B) को दर्शाता है। संरचना A में, ऑक्सीजन पर दो एकाकी युग्म (unshared electrons) हैं और यह एक उदासीन कार्बोनिल समूह है। संरचना B में, एक पाई-इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्म ऑक्सीजन पर स्थानांतरित हो गया है, जिससे ऑक्सीजन पर एक अतिरिक्त एकाकी युग्म और ऋणात्मक आवेश आ गया है, जबकि कार्बन पर धनात्मक आवेश है।
(a) 2, 4
(b) 2, 6
(c) 4, 6
(d) 6, 4
Answer: (c) 4, 6
In simple words: Structure A shows oxygen with 2 unshared electron pairs (4 electrons), and structure B shows oxygen with 3 unshared electron pairs (6 electrons).
🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding resonance structures is crucial for determining electron distribution and reactivity of molecules. Pay attention to formal charges and electron shifts.
Question ii. In the Wolf-Kishner reduction, alkyl aryl ketones are reduced to alkylbenzenes. During this change, ketones are first converted into
(a) acids
(b) alcohols
(c) hydrazones
(d) alkenes
Answer: (c) hydrazones
In simple words: The Wolf-Kishner reduction first transforms ketones into hydrazones, which are then further reduced to alkanes or alkylbenzenes.
🎯 Exam Tip: Know the intermediate steps of named reactions. Hydrazone formation is a key intermediate in the Wolf-Kishner reduction for reducing carbonyl groups.
Question iii. Aldol condensation is
(a) electrophilic substitution reaction
(b) nucleophilic substitution reaction
(c) elimination reaction
(d) addition - elimination reaction
Answer: (d) addition-elimination reaction
In simple words: Aldol condensation involves an initial addition reaction, followed by an elimination of water to form an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound.
🎯 Exam Tip: Classify reactions based on their overall mechanism. Aldol condensation is a two-step process, making it an addition-elimination reaction.
Question iv. Which one of the following has the lowest acidity?
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख चार भिन्न बेंजोइक एसिड डेरिवेटिव (α, b, c, और d) को दर्शाता है। (α) में मेटा-स्थित नाइट्रो समूह है। (b) में ऑर्थो-स्थित नाइट्रो समूह है। (c) में ऑर्थो-स्थित क्लोरीन समूह है। (d) में पैरा-स्थित मेथॉक्सी समूह है। ये संरचनाएं कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड की अम्लता पर प्रतिस्थापकों के प्रभाव को दर्शाती हैं।
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Answer: (c) (d)
In simple words: The compound with the electron-donating group at the para position (methoxyl group in option d) will have the lowest acidity because it destabilizes the conjugate base, making proton release less favorable. (There appears to be a typo in the provided answer 'c', based on general organic chemistry principles, (d) would have the lowest acidity. Assuming the diagram 'd' has the OCH3 group, which is electron donating.)
🎯 Exam Tip: Electron-donating groups decrease acidity by destabilizing the conjugate base, while electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity by stabilizing it. Position (ortho, meta, para) also matters.
Question v. Diborane reduces
(a) ester group
(b) nitro group
(c) halo group
(d) acid group
Answer: (d) acid group
In simple words: Diborane is a powerful reducing agent that can reduce carboxylic acid groups to primary alcohols.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember common reducing agents and their specific functional group selectivities. Diborane is notable for its ability to reduce carboxylic acids. Note: It also reduces esters, but "acid group" is explicitly listed as an option here.
Question vi. Benzaldehyde does NOT show positive test with
(a) Schiff reagent
(b) Tollens' ragent
(c) Sodium bisulphite solution
(d) Fehling solution
Answer: (d) Fehling solution
In simple words: Benzaldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde, reduces Tollen's reagent but is not strong enough to reduce Fehling's solution, which is typically used for aliphatic aldehydes.
🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the reactivity of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with various test reagents like Fehling's and Tollen's. Aromatic aldehydes generally do not react with Fehling's solution.
2. Answer the following in one sentence
Question i. What are aromatic ketones?
Answer: The compounds in which a \( C = O \) group is attached to either two aryl groups or one aryl and one alkyl group are called aromatic ketones.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख दो सामान्य सुगंधित कीटोन्स को दर्शाता है: बेंजोफेनोन और एसीटोफेनोन। बेंजोफेनोन में कार्बोनिल समूह दो फेनिल समूहों से जुड़ा होता है, जबकि एसीटोफेनोन में यह एक फेनिल समूह और एक मेथिल समूह से जुड़ा होता है। ये सुगंधित कीटोन्स के विशिष्ट उदाहरण हैं।
In simple words: Aromatic ketones are organic compounds where a carbonyl group is directly connected to at least one aromatic ring.
🎯 Exam Tip: Identify aromatic ketones by the presence of a carbonyl group directly bonded to one or two aryl (aromatic) groups.
Question ii. Is phenylacetic acid an aromatic carboxylic acid?
Answer: Phenylacetic acid is not an aromatic carboxylic acid.
In simple words: Phenylacetic acid is not considered an aromatic carboxylic acid because its carboxylic acid group is attached to a methylene group, not directly to the benzene ring.
🎯 Exam Tip: For a compound to be classified as an 'aromatic carboxylic acid,' the -COOH group must be directly attached to the aromatic ring. If there's an intermediate carbon chain, it's an aryl-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acid.
Question iii. Write reaction showing conversion of ethanenitrile into ethanol.
Answer:
\( CH_3-CN + 2H_2O + HCl \stackrel{\Delta}{\implies} CH_3-C-OH + NH_4Cl \)
Ethanenitrile \( \implies \) Ethanoic acid
\( CH_3 - COOH \xrightarrow{\text{(i) LiAlH}_4\text{, ether}} CH_3-CH_2-OH \)
\( \xrightarrow{\text{(ii) H}_3O^+} \)
Ethanoic acid \( \implies \) ethanol
In simple words: Ethanenitrile is first hydrolyzed to ethanoic acid using acid and water, which is then reduced to ethanol using lithium aluminium hydride followed by hydrolysis.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember multi-step conversions. Nitriles can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids, which can then be reduced to alcohols using strong reducing agents like LiAlH4.
Question iv. Predict the product of the following reaction:
\( CH_3-CH_2 – COOCH_3 \xrightarrow{\text{i. AlH(i-Bu)}_2 \\ \text{ii. H}_3O^+} ? \)
Answer:
\( CH_3-CH_2-COOCH_3 \xrightarrow{\text{LiAlH (iBu)}_2 \\ \text{H}_3O^+} CH_3-CH_2-CHO \)
Propanal
In simple words: The reduction of methyl propanoate using diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H) followed by hydrolysis yields propanal, an aldehyde.
🎯 Exam Tip: DIBAL-H is a selective reducing agent. When used at low temperatures followed by hydrolysis, it reduces esters to aldehydes, not to alcohols, making it useful for controlled reductions.
Question v. Name the product obtained by reacting toluene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख टोल्यूनि से फेनिल एसीटैल्डिहाइड के संश्लेषण को दर्शाता है। टोल्यूनि कार्बन मोनोऑक्साइड और HCl के साथ निर्जल AlCl3 की उपस्थिति में अभिक्रिया करता है। इस गाटरमैन-कोच अभिक्रिया में, मेथिल समूह वाले बेंजीन रिंग पर एक एल्डीहाइड समूह जुड़ जाता है, जिससे फेनिल एसीटैल्डिहाइड बनता है।
Phenyl acetaldehyde
In simple words: Reacting toluene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, via the Gattermann-Koch reaction, produces phenyl acetaldehyde.
🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize named reactions. This is the Gattermann-Koch reaction, a Friedel-Crafts acylation variant that introduces an aldehyde group into an aromatic ring.
Question vi. Write reaction showing conversion of Benzonitrile into benzoic acid.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख बेंजोनाइट्राइल को बेंजोइक एसिड में परिवर्तित करने की अभिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। बेंजोनाइट्राइल पानी (H₂O) के साथ अभिक्रिया करके एक मध्यवर्ती ओएच (OH) समूह युक्त पदार्थ बनाता है, जो आगे चलकर बेंजोइक एसिड और अमोनिया (NH₃) में टूट जाता है।
In simple words: Benzonitrile can be converted into benzoic acid through hydrolysis.
🎯 Exam Tip: Nitriles undergo hydrolysis in the presence of acid or base to form carboxylic acids. This is a common method for synthesizing carboxylic acids from nitriles.
Question vii. Name the product obtained by the oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene with acidified potassium permanganate.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख 1,2,3,4-टेट्राहाइड्रोनैफ्थलीन के अम्लीकृत पोटेशियम परमैंगनेट (\( KMnO_4/H^+ \)) के साथ ऑक्सीकरण को दर्शाता है। यह अभिक्रिया एरोमैटिक रिंग के आसन्न अल्काइल साइड चेन के ऑक्सीकरण के परिणामस्वरूप होती है, जिससे थैलिक एसिड (बेंजीन 1,2-डाइकार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड) बनता है।
Phthalic acid
(Benzene 1,2-dicarboxylic acid)
In simple words: Oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene with acidified potassium permanganate yields Phthalic acid.
🎯 Exam Tip: Strong oxidizing agents like acidified \( KMnO_4 \) can oxidize alkyl chains attached to an aromatic ring to carboxylic acid groups, provided there is at least one benzylic hydrogen.
Question viii. What is formalin?
Answer: The aqueous solution of formaldehyde (40%) is known as formalin.
In simple words: Formalin is a 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, widely used as a preservative and disinfectant.
🎯 Exam Tip: Know the common names and compositions of important organic compounds used in daily life or laboratories, like formalin.
Question ix. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their boiling points : Formaldehyde, ethane, methyl alcohol.
Answer: Ethane, formaldehyde, methyl alcohol.
In simple words: Boiling points increase with stronger intermolecular forces: ethane has weak London dispersion forces, formaldehyde has dipole-dipole interactions, and methyl alcohol has strong hydrogen bonding.
🎯 Exam Tip: To compare boiling points, consider the types and strengths of intermolecular forces: London dispersion forces < dipole-dipole interactions < hydrogen bonding. Molecular mass also plays a role.
Question x. Acetic acid is prepared from methyl magnesium bromide and dry ice in presence of dry ether. Name the compound which serves not only reagent but also as cooling agent in the reaction.
Answer: The cooling agent used in the above reaction is dry ice (O = C = O).
In simple words: In the preparation of acetic acid from methyl magnesium bromide, dry ice (solid \( CO_2 \)) acts as both a reagent (source of carbon dioxide) and a cooling agent to control the highly exothermic Grignard reaction.
🎯 Exam Tip: Dry ice is a useful reagent in Grignard reactions for synthesizing carboxylic acids, providing both the carbon source and necessary cooling due to its low sublimation temperature.
3. Answer in brief.
Question i. Observe the following equation of reaction of Tollens' reagent with aldehyde. How do we know that a redox reaction has taken place. Explain.
\( R – CHO + 2Ag(NH_3)_2^+ + OH^- \implies R – COO^- + 2Ag ↓ +4NH_3 + 2H_2O \)
Answer: Tollen's reagent oxidises acetaldehyde to acetic acid (carboxylate ion) and Ag in Tollen's reagent complex are reduced to silver. In this reaction, oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously hence, it is a redox reaction.
In simple words: The aldehyde is oxidized (loses electrons) to a carboxylate ion, while silver ions in Tollen's reagent are reduced (gain electrons) to elemental silver, indicating a simultaneous oxidation-reduction or redox reaction.
🎯 Exam Tip: A key indicator of a redox reaction is a change in oxidation states. Here, carbon in CHO is oxidized, and silver is reduced, forming a "silver mirror" precipitate, which is a visual sign of the reaction.
Question ii. Formic acid is stronger than acetic acid. Explain.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख फॉर्मिक एसिड और एसिटिक एसिड के संरचनात्मक और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रभावों को दर्शाता है। फॉर्मिक एसिड में ऑक्सीजन और हाइड्रोजन के बीच δ- और δ+ आवेश होते हैं, जबकि एसिटिक एसिड में मिथाइल समूह (+I प्रभाव) के कारण एसीटेट आयन का स्थिरीकरण (destabilization) होता है। यह स्थिरीकरण एसिटिक एसिड को फॉर्मिक एसिड की तुलना में कमजोर अम्ल बनाता है।
In acetic acid, the methyl group is an electron-donating group. The acetate ion formed gets destabilized due to the electron releasing effect of methyl group (+I effect) which is higher than that of H-atom in the corresponding formic acid. As a result, acetic acid dissociates to a lesser extent. Thus decreasing the acidity of acetic acid.
\( CH_3-COOH + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CH_3-COO^- + H_3O^+ \)
Formic acid having lower \( pK_a \) value than acetic acid. Hence, formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.
In simple words: Formic acid is stronger because the hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl carbon has no electron-donating effect, allowing better stabilization of its conjugate base. Acetic acid's methyl group, an electron-donating group, destabilizes its conjugate base, making it a weaker acid.
🎯 Exam Tip: Acidity of carboxylic acids is primarily determined by the stability of their conjugate bases. Electron-donating groups destabilize the conjugate base, while electron-withdrawing groups stabilize it.
Question iii. What is the action of hydrazine on cyclopentanone in presence of KOH in ethylene glycol?
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख वुल्फ-किशनर अपचयन (Wolf-Kishner reduction) को दर्शाता है, जहाँ साइक्लोपेंटानोन (एक कीटोन) को एथिलीन ग्लाइकॉल में KOH और हाइड्रैज़ीन (\( H_2N-NH_2 \)) की उपस्थिति में उपचारित किया जाता है। पहले, साइक्लोपेंटानोन हाइड्रैज़ीन के साथ अभिक्रिया करके हाइड्रैज़ोन बनाता है। फिर, हाइड्रैज़ोन को गर्म करने पर नाइट्रोजन गैस (\( N_2 \)) निकल जाती है और साइक्लोपेंटेन (एक एल्केन) बनता है।
In simple words: Hydrazine reacts with cyclopentanone in the presence of KOH in ethylene glycol to form cyclopentane via a hydrazone intermediate in the Wolf-Kishner reduction.
🎯 Exam Tip: The Wolf-Kishner reduction is used to reduce carbonyl compounds (aldehydes/ketones) to alkanes using hydrazine and a strong base (KOH) in a high-boiling solvent like ethylene glycol.
Question iv. Write reaction showing conversion of Acetaldehyde into acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एसिटैल्डिहाइड को एसिटैल्डिहाइड डाइमिथाइल एसिटल में परिवर्तित करने की अभिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। एसिटैल्डिहाइड (\( CH_3-CHO \)) मेथनॉल (\( CH_3OH \)) के दो मोल के साथ HCl गैस की उपस्थिति में अभिक्रिया करके पहले एक अस्थिर हेमीएसिटल बनाता है। फिर, दूसरा मेथनॉल अणु जल (\( H_2O \)) के निष्कासन के साथ जुड़कर स्थिर एसिटैल्डिहाइड डाइमिथाइल एसिटल बनाता है।
In simple words: Acetaldehyde reacts with two equivalents of methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst like HCl gas to form acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, with the elimination of water.
🎯 Exam Tip: Acetals are formed when aldehydes or ketones react with two equivalents of alcohol under acidic conditions. This reaction protects the carbonyl group and is reversible by aqueous acid.
Question v. Aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophilic addition reactions than ketones. Explain.
Answer: The reactivity of aldehydes and ketones is due to the polarity of carbonyl group which results in electrophilicity of carbon. The reactivity is further explained on the basis of electronic effect and steric effects.
(1) Influence of electronic effects: A ketone has two electron-donating alkyl groups ( + I effect) bonded to carbonyl carbon which are responsible for decreasing its positive polarity and electrophilicity. In contrast. aldehydes have only electron-donating group bonded to carbonyl carbon. This shows aldehydes are more electrophilic than ketones.
(2) Steric effects : Two bulky alkyl groups in ketone come in the way of the incoming nucleophile. This is called steric hindrance to nucleophilic attack.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख कार्बोनिल समूह (C=O) की ध्रुवीयता और कीटोन्स बनाम एल्डिहाइड में स्टेरिक बाधा को दर्शाता है। कीटोन्स में कार्बोनिल कार्बन से दो R समूह जुड़े होते हैं, जबकि एल्डिहाइड में एक R समूह और एक हाइड्रोजन होता है। यह हाइड्रोजन परमाणु एल्डिहाइड को कम स्टेरिक बाधा और अधिक इलेक्ट्रोफिलिक बनाता है, जिससे यह न्यूक्लियोफिलिक जोड़ के प्रति अधिक प्रतिक्रियाशील होता है।
On the other hand. nucleophile can easily attack the carbonyl carbon in aldehyde because has one alkyl group and is less crowded or sterically less hindered.
Hence aldehydes are more reactive and can easily be attacked by nucleophiles.
In simple words: Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic addition due to two main reasons: less steric hindrance around the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes (only one bulky alkyl group versus two in ketones), and greater electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes (less electron-donating effect from one alkyl group compared to two).
🎯 Exam Tip: Two factors govern the reactivity of carbonyl compounds towards nucleophilic addition: electronic effects (electron-donating groups reduce electrophilicity) and steric effects (bulkier groups hinder nucleophilic attack). Aldehydes fare better on both counts.
Question vi. Write reaction showing the action of the following reagent on propane nitrile
(a) Dilute NaOH
(b) Dilute HCl ?
Answer:
(1) Action of dil NaOH:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख प्रोपेननाइट्राइल पर तनु NaOH की अभिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। प्रोपेननाइट्राइल जल की उपस्थिति में NaOH के साथ अभिक्रिया करके सोडियम प्रोपियोनेट और अमोनिया (\( NH_3 \)) बनाता है। यह नाइट्राइल के क्षारीय जल-अपघटन की अभिक्रिया है। सोडियम प्रोपियोनेट आगे HCl के साथ अभिक्रिया करके प्रोपियोनिक एसिड और NaCl बनाता है।
Propionic acid
(2) Action of dil HCl:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख प्रोपेननाइट्राइल पर तनु HCl की अभिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। प्रोपेननाइट्राइल जल की उपस्थिति में तनु HCl के साथ अभिक्रिया करके प्रोपियोनिक एसिड और अमोनियम क्लोराइड (\( NH_4Cl \)) बनाता है। यह नाइट्राइल के अम्लीय जल-अपघटन की अभिक्रिया है।
Propionic acid
In simple words: Propane nitrile undergoes hydrolysis with dilute NaOH to form sodium propionate (which can then be acidified to propionic acid), and with dilute HCl to directly form propionic acid and ammonium chloride.
🎯 Exam Tip: Nitriles can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under both acidic and basic conditions. In basic hydrolysis, a carboxylate salt is formed first, which is then protonated to the acid.
4. Answer the following
Question i. Write a note on
(a) Cannizaro reaction
(b) Stephen reaction.
Answer:
(1) The carbon atom adjacent to carbonyl carbon atom is called α-carbon atom (α - C) and the hydrogen atom attached to α-carbon atom is called α-hydrogen atom (α – Η).
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख α-कार्बन और α-हाइड्रोजन की पहचान को दर्शाता है। एक कार्बोनिल समूह (C=O) के बगल में स्थित कार्बन को α-कार्बन कहा जाता है, और उस α-कार्बन से जुड़े हाइड्रोजन परमाणुओं को α-हाइड्रोजन कहा जाता है।
(2) The α-hydrogen of aldehydes and ketones is acidic in nature due to (i) the strong-I effect of carbonyl group (ii) resonance stabilization of the carbanion.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख α-हाइड्रोजन की अम्लीय प्रकृति और कार्बोनिल समूह के -I प्रभाव और कार्बोनायन के अनुनाद स्थिरीकरण को दर्शाता है। यह दर्शाता है कि एक आधार (B:) α-हाइड्रोजन को हटाता है, जिससे एक स्थिर कार्बोनायन बनता है जो अनुनाद द्वारा स्थिरीकृत होता है।
In simple words: This section defines alpha-carbon and alpha-hydrogen atoms, highlighting the acidity of alpha-hydrogens in aldehydes and ketones due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group and resonance stabilization of the resulting carbanion.
🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the acidity of alpha-hydrogens is fundamental to many carbonyl reactions, especially those involving enolates, such as aldol condensation and Michael additions.
Question vi. Arrange the following carboxylic acids with increasing order of their acidic strength and justify your answer.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख तीन अलग-अलग कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड संरचनाओं को दिखाता है, संभवतः उनके प्रतिस्थापकों (substituents) में भिन्नता के साथ, जिनका उपयोग उनकी अम्लीय शक्ति की तुलना करने के लिए किया जाता है।
The increasing order of acidity will be 1 <3 <2. Acidity depends on mainly two factors: (1) ease of proton release (2) stability of conjugate base formed. In example (3) the ether O exerts a I effect and is closer to COOH group than in 2 (I effect diminishes). Also the conjugate base formed will be stabilized by the same - I effect by delocalization of charge.
In simple words: The acidity order depends on how easily a proton is released and how stable the resulting conjugate base is. Electron-withdrawing groups near the carboxylic acid stabilize the conjugate base, increasing acidity, while their effect diminishes with distance.
🎯 Exam Tip: For comparing acid strength, always analyze the stability of the conjugate base. Electron-withdrawing inductive effects stabilize the conjugate base, increasing acidity. The closer the electron-withdrawing group, the stronger its effect.
4. Answer the following
Question i. Write a note on
(a) Cannizaro reaction
(b) Stephen reaction.
Answer:
(1) The carbon atom adjacent to carbonyl carbon atom is called α-carbon atom (α - C) and the hydrogen atom attached to α-carbon atom is called α-hydrogen atom (α – Η).
(2) The α-hydrogen of aldehydes and ketones is acidic in nature due to (i) the strong-I effect of carbonyl group (ii) resonance stabilization of the carbanion.
(3) Aldol condensation reaction is characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones containing active α-hydrogen atom.
(4) When aldehydes or ketones containing α-H atoms are warmed with a dilute base or dilute acid, two molecules of them undergo self condensation to give β-hydroxy aldehyde (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketone (ketol) respectively. The reaction is known as Aldol addition Reaction.
(5) In aldol condensation, the product is formed by the nucleophilic addition of α-carbon atom of a second molecule which gets attached to carbonyl carbon atom of the first molecule and α-hydrogen atom of the second molecule gets attached to carbonyl oxygen atom of the first molecule forming (- OH) group to give β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
(6) This is a reversible reaction, establishing an equilibrium favouring aldol formation to a greater extent than ketol formation.
(7) For aldehyde :
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एल्डिहाइड (एसिटैल्डिहाइड) के लिए एल्डोल संघनन अभिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। दो एसिटैल्डिहाइड अणु तनु सोडियम कार्बोनेट (\( dil. Na_2CO_3 \)) की उपस्थिति में 293-303 K पर गर्म करने पर β-हाइड्रॉक्सी ब्यूटिरैल्डिहाइड (एल्डोल) बनाते हैं।
Acetaldol on heating undergoes subsequent elimination of water giving rise to α, β unsaturated aldehyde.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एल्डोल के निर्जलीकरण को दर्शाता है। β-हाइड्रॉक्सी ब्यूटिरैल्डिहाइड (एल्डोल) को गर्म करने पर जल का विलोपन होता है और α, β-असंतृप्त एल्डिहाइड, क्रोटोनैल्डिहाइड (But-2-enal) बनता है।
The overall reaction is called aldol condensation. It is a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction. For ketone :
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख प्रोपेन-2-ओन (एसीटोन) के लिए एल्डोल संघनन अभिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। दो एसीटोन अणु Ba(OH)2 की उपस्थिति में अभिक्रिया करके डाइएसिटोन अल्कोहल (4-हाइड्रॉक्सी-4-मिथाइलपेंटान-2-ओन) बनाते हैं।
In simple words: Aldol condensation is a reaction where two aldehyde or ketone molecules (with alpha-hydrogens) combine in the presence of a base or acid to form a beta-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone (aldol/ketol), which can then dehydrate to an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound.
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the conditions for aldol condensation (dilute base/acid and heat) and the structural requirements (presence of alpha-hydrogens). Also, remember the two-step nature: addition then elimination.
Question ii. What is the action of the following reagents on toluene ?
(a) Alkaline \( KMnO_4 \), dil. HCl and heat
(b) \( CrO_2Cl_2 \) in \( CS_2 \)
(c) Acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous \( AlCl_3 \).
Answer:
(1) Action of alkaline \( KMnO_4 \) : When toluene is heated with alkaline \( KMnO_4 \). (methyl group gets oxidised to carboxylate group) benzoic acid is obtained
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख टोल्यूनि पर क्षारीय पोटेशियम परमैंगनेट (\( alk. KMnO_4 \)) के ऑक्सीकरण प्रभाव को दर्शाता है। टोल्यूनि (\( CH_3 \) समूह के साथ बेंजीन) ऑक्सीकृत होकर बेंजोइक एसिड (\( COOH \) समूह के साथ बेंजीन) में परिवर्तित होता है।
(2) Action of \( CrO_2Cl_2 \) in \( CS_2 \):
When Toluene is treated with solution of chromyl chloride (\( CrO_2Cl_2 \)) in \( CS_2 \), brown chromium complex is obtained, which on acid hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख टोल्यूनि के इटार्ड अभिक्रिया (Etard reaction) को दर्शाता है। टोल्यूनि कार्बन डाइसल्फाइड (\( CS_2 \)) में क्रोमाइल क्लोराइड (\( CrO_2Cl_2 \)) के साथ अभिक्रिया करके एक भूरा क्रोमियम कॉम्प्लेक्स बनाता है, जो अम्लीय जल-अपघटन (\( H_3O^+ \)) पर बेंजैल्डिहाइड (\( CHO \) समूह के साथ बेंजीन) देता है।
(3) Action of acetyl chloride in presence of anhyd. \( AlCl_3 \).
When toluene is treated with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous \( AlCl_3 \) 4-methyl acetophenone is obtained.
In simple words: Toluene reacts with alkaline \( KMnO_4 \) to form benzoic acid (oxidation). With \( CrO_2Cl_2 \) in \( CS_2 \) followed by hydrolysis, it forms benzaldehyde (Etard reaction). With acetyl chloride and anhydrous \( AlCl_3 \), it undergoes Friedel-Crafts acylation to produce 4-methyl acetophenone.
🎯 Exam Tip: This question tests knowledge of different reactions involving toluene: side-chain oxidation, partial oxidation (Etard reaction), and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Each reagent has a specific effect on the methyl group or ring.
Question iii. Write the IUPAC names of the following structures :
(a)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एक चक्रीय कीटोन को दर्शाता है जिसमें एक कार्बोनिल समूह एक साइक्लोहेक्सेन रिंग का हिस्सा है।
(b)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एक बाइसाइक्लिक कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड को दर्शाता है जिसमें दो कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड समूह एक साइक्लोहेक्सेन रिंग से जुड़े हैं।
In simple words: IUPAC names require identifying the parent chain/ring, functional groups, and numbering appropriately. For (a) it's a cyclic ketone, and for (b) it's a dicarboxylic acid attached to a ring.
🎯 Exam Tip: Practice IUPAC nomenclature systematically. Identify the longest carbon chain or principal functional group, then locate and name substituents with the lowest possible numbers.
Question iv. Write reaction showing conversion of p- bromoisopropyl benzene into p-Isopropyl benzoic acid (3 steps).
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख p-ब्रोमोइसोप्रोपिल बेंजीन को p-आइसोप्रोपिल बेंजोइक एसिड में परिवर्तित करने के लिए तीन-चरणीय संश्लेषण को दर्शाता है। पहले, ब्रोमीन को KCN (अल्कोहलिक) के साथ न्यूक्लियोफिलिक प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया द्वारा नाइट्राइल में बदल दिया जाता है। दूसरे चरण में, नाइट्राइल को आंशिक जल-अपघटन (\( H_2O \)) द्वारा एमाइड में परिवर्तित किया जाता है। अंत में, एमाइड को तनु HCl की उपस्थिति में पूर्ण जल-अपघटन द्वारा कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड में बदल दिया जाता है।
p-isopropyl benzoic acid
In simple words: The conversion of p-bromoisopropyl benzene to p-isopropyl benzoic acid involves three steps: first, nucleophilic substitution of bromine with cyanide to form a nitrile, then partial hydrolysis of the nitrile to an amide, and finally, complete hydrolysis of the amide to the carboxylic acid.
🎯 Exam Tip: For multi-step synthesis questions, break down the conversion into smaller, known reactions. Common strategies involve converting halides to nitriles, then nitriles to amides or carboxylic acids via hydrolysis.
Question v. Write reaction showing aldol condensation of cyclohexanone.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख साइक्लोहेक्सानोन के एल्डोल संघनन को दर्शाता है। साइक्लोहेक्सानोन के दो अणु तनु NaOH की उपस्थिति में अभिक्रिया करके β-हाइड्रॉक्सी कीटोन (ketol) बनाते हैं, जिसे यहाँ "केटल" के रूप में दर्शाया गया है। यह अभिक्रिया कार्बोनिल समूह के α-कार्बन पर एक न्यूक्लियोफिलिक जोड़ अभिक्रिया है।
Ketal
In simple words: Cyclohexanone undergoes aldol condensation in the presence of dilute NaOH, where two molecules react to form a beta-hydroxy ketone (ketol).
🎯 Exam Tip: Aldol condensation can occur with cyclic ketones that have alpha-hydrogens. Remember that the product is a beta-hydroxy ketone (a ketol) before dehydration.
Activity : Draw and complete the following reaction scheme which starts with acetaldehyde. In each empty box, write the structural formula of the organic compound that would be formed.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख एसिटैल्डिहाइड से शुरू होने वाली कई अभिक्रियाओं के लिए एक प्रतिक्रिया योजना को दर्शाता है, जिसमें खाली बॉक्स में अभिकारकों या उत्पादों को भरने की आवश्यकता होती है। शामिल अभिक्रियाएँ हैं: HCN के साथ अभिक्रिया, कमी (reduction), तनु \( H_2SO_4 \) के साथ गर्म करना, टॉलन के अभिकर्मक के साथ अभिक्रिया, सांद्र \( H_2SO_4 \) के साथ गर्म करना, और ठंडे तनु \( KMnO_4/H^+ \) के साथ अभिक्रिया।
In simple words: This activity asks to complete a reaction scheme starting with acetaldehyde by identifying the products formed through various common organic reactions like HCN addition, reduction, dehydration, and oxidation.
🎯 Exam Tip: To complete reaction schemes, recall characteristic reactions of functional groups. For acetaldehyde, consider nucleophilic addition (HCN), reduction (to alcohol), oxidation (to acid/Tollen's test), and dehydration.
12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Intext Questions and Answers
Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 254)
Question 1. Classify the following as aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख चार अलग-अलग कार्बोनिल यौगिकों को दर्शाता है। (1) और (2) में कार्बोनिल समूह सीधे एक एलिफैटिक श्रृंखला से जुड़े हैं, जबकि (3) और (4) में कार्बोनिल समूह सीधे एक सुगंधित (बेंजीन) रिंग से जुड़े हैं। यह एलिफैटिक और सुगंधित एल्डिहाइड के बीच अंतर करने में मदद करता है।
In simple words: Classify compounds based on whether the aldehyde group is attached to an aliphatic carbon chain or directly to an aromatic ring.
🎯 Exam Tip: The key to classifying aldehydes as aliphatic or aromatic is to observe whether the -CHO group is directly attached to an alkyl group or an aryl group, respectively.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 255)
Question 1. Classify the following as simple and mixed ketones. Benzophenone, acetone, butanone, acetophenone.
Answer:
| Compound | |
|---|---|
| Benzophenone | Simple ketone |
| Acetone | Simple ketone |
| Butanone | Mixed ketone |
| Acetophenone | Mixed ketone |
🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the classification of ketones (simple vs. mixed) based on the groups attached to the carbonyl carbon is crucial for identifying and naming them in reactions.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 264)
Write IUPAC Names For The Following Compounds.
| Compound | Structure | IUPAC names |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक लंबी कार्बन श्रृंखला वाला यौगिक है जिसमें दो ब्रोमीन परमाणु, दो मेथिल समूह और एक एल्डिहाइड समूह मौजूद हैं। ब्रोमीन और मेथिल समूह पांचवें और दूसरे कार्बन पर स्थित हैं, जबकि एल्डिहाइड समूह टर्मिनल कार्बन पर है। | 5, 5-Dibromo-2, 2-dimethyl hexanal |
| (2) | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक लंबी कार्बन श्रृंखला वाला यौगिक है जिसमें एक एथिल समूह, दो मेथिल समूह और दो कीटोन समूह (डाईओन) हैं। एथिल समूह सातवें कार्बन पर है, मेथिल समूह पांचवें कार्बन पर हैं, और कीटोन समूह तीसरे और चौथे कार्बन पर हैं। | 7-Ethyl-5, 5-dimethyl Decane-3, 4-dione |
| (3) | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक सीधी श्रृंखला वाला संतृप्त हाइड्रोकार्बन है जिसके अंत में एक एल्डिहाइड समूह (-CHO) है। इसमें कुल 5 कार्बन परमाणु हैं। | Pentanal |
| (4) | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक बेंजीन रिंग है जिस पर एक एल्डिहाइड समूह (-CHO) और दो मेथिल समूह (-CH3) लगे हुए हैं। मेथिल समूह तीसरे और चौथे कार्बन पर हैं, जबकि एल्डिहाइड समूह पहले कार्बन पर है। | 3, 4-Dimethyl benzaldehyde |
| (5) | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक साइक्लोहेक्सेनोन रिंग है जिस पर दो मेथिल समूह (-CH3) लगे हुए हैं। कीटोन समूह पहले कार्बन पर है और मेथिल समूह दूसरे और चौथे कार्बन पर हैं। | 2, 4-Dimethyl cyclohexanone |
Try This..... (Textbook Page No 260)
Question 1. Draw structures for the following :
(1) 2-Methylpentanal
(2) Hexan-2-one
Answer:
(1) 2-Methylpentanal: \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}(\text{CH}_3)-\text{CHO} \)
(2) Hexan-2-one: \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CO}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3 \)In simple words: The structures show a 5-carbon aldehyde with a methyl group on the second carbon for 2-methylpentanal, and a 6-carbon ketone with the carbonyl group on the second carbon for hexan-2-one.
🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying and drawing structures from IUPAC names requires a good understanding of functional groups, numbering rules, and alkyl group positions.
Can You Tell? (Textbook Page No 260)
Question 1. Which is the reagent that oxidizes primary alcohols to only aldehydes and does not oxidize aldehydes further into carboxylic acid ?
Answer: The reagent that is used to make only aldehydes is-heated Cu at 573 K.In simple words: Copper metal heated to 573 K can oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes without further oxidizing the aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering specific reagents and their selectivity is crucial. This question highlights the importance of selective oxidation reactions in organic chemistry.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 261)
Question 1. Write the structure of the product formed on Rosenmund reduction of ethanoyl chloride and benzoyl chloride.
Answer:
| Rosenmund reduction | Product |
|---|---|
| \( \text{CH}_3 - \text{COCl} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{H}_2/\text{Pd/BaSO}_4} \) (ethanoyl chloride) | \( \text{CH}_3 - \text{CHO} \) (Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)) |
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक बेंजीन रिंग से जुड़ा हुआ एसिड क्लोराइड समूह (-COCl) है, जिसे बेंज़ोयल क्लोराइड कहते हैं। \( \quad \xrightarrow{\text{+ H}_2/\text{Pd-BaSO}_4} \) | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक बेंजीन रिंग से जुड़ा हुआ एल्डिहाइड समूह (-CHO) है, जिसे बेंज़ल्डिहाइड कहते हैं। |
🎯 Exam Tip: The Rosenmund reduction is a specific named reaction for synthesizing aldehydes from acid chlorides. Knowing the catalyst and its function is key.
Can You Think? (Textbook Page No 261)
Question 1. What is the alcohol formed when benzoyl chloride is reduced with pure palladium as the catalyst ?
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह बेंज़ोयल क्लोराइड की संरचना है जिसमें बेंजीन रिंग से -COCl समूह जुड़ा है। इसका चार हाइड्रोजन परमाणुओं (\( \text{4(H)} \)) और शुद्ध पैलेडियम (\( \text{Pure Pd} \)) की उपस्थिति में अपचयन होता है। उत्पाद के रूप में, बेंजीन रिंग से -CH2OH समूह जुड़ा होता है, जो बेंजाइल अल्कोहल की संरचना है।
Benzyl alcohol (\( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \)) is formed.In simple words: When benzoyl chloride is reduced with pure palladium, the carbonyl group is fully reduced to a primary alcohol, yielding benzyl alcohol.
🎯 Exam Tip: Note the difference in reduction products: Rosenmund reduction with poisoned palladium stops at the aldehyde, but pure palladium can reduce it further to the alcohol.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 262)
Question 1. Name the compounds which are used for the preparation of benzophenone by Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. Draw their structures.
Answer: The compounds which are used in preparation of benzophenone by Friedel - Crafts reaction are :
(1) Benzene :
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक समतल, षटकोणीय रिंग संरचना है जिसमें सभी कार्बन परमाणु sp2 संकरित होते हैं और इसमें विस्थानीकृत पाई इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं, जो इसे एक एरोमैटिक यौगिक बनाते हैं। यह बेंजीन की संरचना है।
(2) Benzoyl chloride :
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक बेंजीन रिंग है जिससे एक कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड क्लोराइड समूह (-COCl) जुड़ा हुआ है। इसमें एक बेंजीन रिंग, एक कार्बोनील समूह और एक क्लोरीन परमाणु शामिल हैं।
(3) Anhyd. aluminium chloride: Anhyd. AlCl3In simple words: To synthesize benzophenone via Friedel-Crafts acylation, benzene and benzoyl chloride are reacted in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst.
🎯 Exam Tip: Friedel-Crafts acylation requires an aromatic substrate (like benzene), an acyl halide (like benzoyl chloride), and a Lewis acid catalyst (like anhydrous AlCl3).
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 263)
Identify the reagents necessary to achieve each of the following transformations:
Answer:
(1)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): पहली संरचना में एक बेंजीन रिंग है जिससे एक -COCl समूह जुड़ा है। यह बेंजोयल क्लोराइड है। दूसरी संरचना में एक बेंजीन रिंग से एक -CHO समूह जुड़ा है। यह बेंजल्डिहाइड है। रूपांतरण बेंजोयल क्लोराइड से बेंजल्डिहाइड में हो रहा है।
Reagents used in this reaction: Pd-BaSO4/H3O+
(2)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): पहली संरचना में एक बेंजीन रिंग है जिससे एक एथाइनिल समूह (-C≡CH) जुड़ा है। दूसरी संरचना में एक बेंजीन रिंग से एक -CO-CH3 समूह जुड़ा है, जो एक कीटोन है। रूपांतरण एथाइनिल बेंजीन से एसीटोफेनोन में हो रहा है।
Reagent used in this reaction: CH3MgI/dry ether H3O+
(3)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): पहली संरचना में एक बेंजीन रिंग है जिस पर नाइट्रो समूह (-NO2) और मेथॉक्सीकार्बोनिल समूह (-COOCH3) जुड़े हैं। दूसरी संरचना में एक बेंजीन रिंग पर नाइट्रो समूह (-NO2) और एल्डिहाइड समूह (-CHO) जुड़े हैं। रूपांतरण एक एस्टर से एल्डिहाइड में हो रहा है।
Reagents used in this reaction: DIBAI - H/H3O+In simple words: The transformations involve reducing an acyl chloride to an aldehyde (Rosenmund reduction), converting an alkyne to a ketone (hydration), and reducing an ester to an aldehyde (DIBAL-H reduction), each requiring specific reagents.
🎯 Exam Tip: For synthesis problems, identify the functional group change and recall the specific reagents and conditions for that transformation. Knowing named reactions like Rosenmund reduction and reagents like DIBAL-H is essential.
Use Your Brain Power! (TextBook Page No 264)
Predict the products (name and structure) in the following reactions.
(1) \( \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CN} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta/\text{dil. HCl}} \quad \text{?} \)
(2) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CONH}_2 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta/\text{dil. HCl}} \quad \text{?} \)
(3) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3 \quad \xrightarrow{\text{alk. KMnO}_4/\Delta} \quad \text{?} \)
(4) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COO} - \text{C}_2\text{H}_5 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta/\text{dil. H}_2\text{SO}_4} \quad \text{?} \)
(5) \( \text{CH}_3\text{MgBr} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{(i) dry ice/dry ether}/\text{(ii) dil. HCl}} \quad \text{?} \)
Answer:
(1) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CN} + \text{2H}_2\text{O} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta/\text{dil.HCl}} \quad \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} + \text{NH}_4\text{Cl} \)
(Propionic acid)
(2) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CO}-\text{NH}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{HCl} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{CH}_3-\text{COOH} + \text{NH}_4\text{Cl} \)
(Acetic acid)
(3)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एथिलबेंजीन की संरचना है जिसमें एक बेंजीन रिंग से एथिल समूह (-CH2CH3) जुड़ा है। क्षारीय KMnO4 और ऊष्मा (\( \text{alk. KMnO}_4/\Delta \)) की उपस्थिति में ऑक्सीकरण होता है। उत्पाद के रूप में एक बेंजीन रिंग से कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड समूह (-COOH) जुड़ा होता है, जो बेंजोइक एसिड है।
(Benzoic acid)
(4) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COO} - \text{C}_2\text{H}_5 \quad \xrightarrow{\text{dil. H}_2\text{SO}_4/\text{H}_2\text{O}} \quad \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COOH} + \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH} \)
(Benzoic acid)
(5) \( \text{CH}_3\text{MgBr} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{(i) dry ice/dry ether}/\text{(ii) dil.HCl}} \quad \text{CH}_3-\text{COOH} + \text{Mg}\begin{pmatrix} \text{OH} \\ \text{I} \end{pmatrix} \)
(Acetic acid)In simple words: These reactions demonstrate hydrolysis of nitriles and amides to carboxylic acids, oxidation of alkylbenzenes to benzoic acid, hydrolysis of esters to carboxylic acids and alcohols, and Grignard reaction with dry ice to form carboxylic acids.
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the reagents and conditions for each reaction type. Hydrolysis, oxidation, and Grignard reactions are fundamental conversions in organic chemistry.
Problem 12.1: (Textbook Page No 276)
Question 1. Alcohols (R - OH), phenols (Ar - OH) and carboxylic acids (R - COOH) can undergo ionization of O - H bond to give away proton H+; yet they have different pKa values, which are 16, 10 and 4.5 respectively. Explain.
Answer:Solution:
pKa value is indicative of acid strength. Lower of pKa value stronger the acid. Alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids, all involve ionization of an O - H bond. But their different pKa values indicate that their acid strengths are different. This is because the resulting conjugate bases are stabilized to different extents.
| Acid (HA) | Conjugate base (A-) | Electronic effect | Stabilization/destabilization |
|---|---|---|---|
| R-O-H | R-O- | + I effect of R group | destabilization of conjugate base |
| Ar-O-H | Ar-O- | -R effect or Ar group | stabilization of conjugate base is moderate because all the resonance structures are not equivalent to each other. |
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड की संरचना है जिसमें एक R समूह एक -COOH समूह से जुड़ा है। | ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड का संयुग्मी क्षारक है जिसमें एक R समूह एक -COO- समूह से जुड़ा है। | -R effect of C = O group | stabilization is good because all the resonance structures are equivalent to each other. |
🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the concept of conjugate base stability, especially through resonance and inductive effects, is fundamental to explaining acid strength in organic chemistry.
Try This..... (Textbook Page No 277)
Question 1. Compare the following two conjugate bases and answer.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): (a) एक मिथाइल समूह (-CH3) और एक कार्बोक्सिलेट समूह (-COO-) वाली संरचना को दर्शाता है। (b) एक क्लोरोमिथाइल समूह (-CH2Cl) और एक कार्बोक्सिलेट समूह (-COO-) वाली संरचना को दर्शाता है।
(1) Indicate the inductive effects of CH3 - group in (a) and Cl-group in (b) by putting arrowheads in the middle of appropriate covalent bonds.
(2) Which species is stabilized by inductive effect, (a) or (b) ?
(3) Which species is destabilized by inductive effect, (a) or (b) ?
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह दो संयुग्मी क्षारक संरचनाओं को दर्शाता है। (a) एसीटेट आयन है जिसमें मेथिल समूह के कारण इलेक्ट्रॉन दान करने वाला (+I) प्रभाव होता है, और (b) मोनोक्लोरोएसीटेट आयन है जिसमें क्लोरीन परमाणु के कारण इलेक्ट्रॉन खींचने वाला (-I) प्रभाव होता है।
(2) The monochloroacetate ion formed gets stabilised due to electron-withdrawing of Cl atom (- I effect).
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एसीटेट आयन की संरचना है। मेथिल समूह अपने इलेक्ट्रॉन-दान करने वाले (+I) प्रभाव के कारण कार्बोक्सिलेट आयन को अस्थिर करता है।
(3) (+ I effect). The acetate ion formed gets destabilised due to electron releasing effect of methyl groupIn simple words: The chloroacetate ion (b) is stabilized by the electron-withdrawing inductive effect of chlorine, while the acetate ion (a) is destabilized by the electron-donating inductive effect of the methyl group.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that electron-withdrawing groups stabilize negative charges (and thus conjugate bases), increasing acidity, while electron-donating groups destabilize negative charges, decreasing acidity.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 277)
Question 1.
(1) Compare the pKa values and arrange the following in an increasing order of acid strength. CI3CCOOH, CICH2COOH, CH3COOH, CI2CHCOOH
(2) Draw structures of conjugate bases of monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid. Which one is more stabilized by – I effect?
Answer:
(1) An increasing order of acid strength :
\( \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \lt \text{ClCH}_2\text{COOH} \lt \text{Cl}_2\text{CHCOOH} \lt \text{Cl}_3\text{CCOOH} \)
(2) (i) \( \text{ClCH}_2 - \text{COOH} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \quad \rightleftharpoons \quad \text{ClCH}_2-\text{COO}^- + \text{H}_3\text{O}^+ \)
Acid Conjugate base
\( \text{ClCH}_2\text{COO}^- \) is a conjugate base of \( \text{ClCH}_2\text{COOH} \)
(ii) \( \text{Cl}_2\text{CH}-\text{COOH} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \quad \rightleftharpoons \quad \text{Cl}_2\text{CHCOO}^- + \text{H}_3\text{O}^+ \)
Conjugate base
\( \text{Cl}_2\text{CHCOO}^- \) is a conjugate base of \( \text{Cl}_2\text{CHCOOH} \)
(iii)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह डाइक्लोरोएसीटेट आयन की संरचना है जिसमें केंद्रीय कार्बन परमाणु से दो क्लोरीन परमाणु, एक हाइड्रोजन परमाणु और एक कार्बोक्सिलेट समूह जुड़ा हुआ है।
The dichloroacetate ion formed gets stabilised due electron-withdrawing effect of two chlorine atoms. (- I effect)In simple words: The more electron-withdrawing chlorine atoms present, the greater the stabilization of the conjugate base, leading to higher acid strength; thus, trichloroacetic acid is strongest, followed by dichloroacetic, monochloroacetic, and then acetic acid.
🎯 Exam Tip: The inductive effect (-I effect) plays a significant role in determining the acidity of carboxylic acids. More electron-withdrawing groups near the carboxylic acid group increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base.
Try This..... (Textbook Page No 277)
Question 1. Arrange the following acids in order of their decreasing acidity.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह तीन कार्बोक्सिलिक एसिड को दर्शाता है: 3-क्लोरोब्यूटेनोइक एसिड (\( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH(Cl)}-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} \)), 3,3,3-ट्राइक्लोरोप्रोपेनोइक एसिड (\( \text{CCl}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} \)) और एसिटिक एसिड (\( \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \))।
Answer: Acidity in the decreasing order
\( \text{CCl}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} \gt \text{CH}_3-\text{CH(Cl)}-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} \gt \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \)In simple words: The acid with more and closer electron-withdrawing chlorine atoms (CCl3-CH2-COOH) is the strongest, followed by one with a single chlorine further away (CH3-CH(Cl)-CH2-COOH), and acetic acid (CH3COOH) is the weakest due to the electron-donating methyl group.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the strength of the inductive effect depends on both the number of electron-withdrawing groups and their proximity to the carboxylic acid group. More groups and closer proximity lead to stronger acidity.
Can You Tell? (Textbook Page No 268)
Question 1. Draw the structure of propanone and indicate its polarity.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह प्रोपेनोन (एसीटोन) की संरचना है। इसमें एक केंद्रीय कार्बन परमाणु एक ऑक्सीजन परमाणु से डबल बॉन्ड और दो मेथिल समूहों से सिंगल बॉन्ड द्वारा जुड़ा होता है। ऑक्सीजन पर आंशिक ऋणात्मक चार्ज (\( \delta^- \)) और केंद्रीय कार्बन पर आंशिक धनात्मक चार्ज (\( \delta^+ \)) दर्शाया गया है, जो कार्बोनील समूह की ध्रुवीयता को इंगित करता है।
In simple words: Propanone (acetone) has a carbonyl group (C=O) which is polar; the oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge (\( \delta^- \)) and the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge (\( \delta^+ \)).
🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the polarity of the carbonyl group is fundamental to explaining the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Question 1. Simple hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones and alcohols do not get oxidized by Tollen's reagent. Explain, Why?
Answer:
(1) Due to the presence of hydrogen atom in aldehyde group \( (-\text{CHO}) \), an aldehyde is oxidised to carboxylic acid \( (-\text{COOH}) \) which is not possible in case of ethers, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons.
(2) In ketones, carbonyl atom is attached to C-atom, hence C - C bond in \( (\text{R-CO-R}) \) can't be broken easily.
(3) H atom attached to carbonyl carbon can be oxidised to -OH group giving carboxylic group \( (-\text{COOH}) \) Therefore, aldehyde reduces Tollen's reagent, whereas simple hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones and alcohols do not reduce Tollen's reagent.In simple words: Tollen's reagent only oxidizes aldehydes because they possess a hydrogen atom directly attached to the carbonyl carbon, which can be easily oxidized to a carboxyl group; other compounds lack this readily oxidizable feature or have strong C-C bonds that are not easily broken.
🎯 Exam Tip: Tollen's reagent is a specific test for aldehydes. Its inability to oxidize ketones and other functional groups is due to the lack of an oxidizable hydrogen directly attached to the carbonyl carbon or easily breakable bonds.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 269)
Question 1. Sodium bisulfite is sodium salt of sulfurous acid, write down its detailed bond structure.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह सोडियम बाइसल्फाइट की विस्तृत आबंध संरचना को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक सल्फर परमाणु एक ऑक्सीजन परमाणु से डबल बॉन्ड द्वारा और एक अन्य ऑक्सीजन परमाणु से सिंगल बॉन्ड द्वारा जुड़ा होता है जिस पर ऋणात्मक चार्ज होता है और जो सोडियम आयन (\( \text{Na}^+ \)) से आयनिक रूप से जुड़ा होता है। सल्फर परमाणु एक हाइड्रॉक्सिल समूह (-OH) से भी जुड़ा होता है।
Bond structure of sodium bisulfiteIn simple words: Sodium bisulfite has a sulfur atom double-bonded to one oxygen, single-bonded to another oxygen (which is also bonded to sodium), and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.
🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing structures of inorganic salts, ensure correct bonding (single, double), formal charges, and the ionic association with the counter-ion.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 270)
Predict the product of the following reaction:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक अभिकारक ब्रोमोसाइक्लोहेक्सेनोन है जिसमें एक कीटोन समूह और एक ब्रोमीन परमाणु है। दूसरा अभिकारक एक डायोल है, प्रोपेन-1,3-डायोल (\( \text{HO}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{OH} \))। शुष्क HCl (\( \text{dry HCl} \)) की उपस्थिति में प्रतिक्रिया हो रही है।
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह प्रतिक्रिया का उत्पाद है। ब्रोमोसाइक्लोहेक्सेनोन का कार्बोनील समूह प्रोपेन-1,3-डायोल के साथ शुष्क HCl की उपस्थिति में एक चक्रीय केटल बनाता है। कीटोन समूह केटल में परिवर्तित हो जाता है, जबकि ब्रोमीन परमाणु अपनी स्थिति पर बना रहता है।
(Cyclic ketal)In simple words: The reaction of bromocyclohexanone with propane-1,3-diol in the presence of dry HCl forms a cyclic ketal, where the ketone's carbonyl group reacts with the diol, while the bromine substituent remains unchanged.
🎯 Exam Tip: Ketal formation is a protecting group strategy for ketones. Acidic conditions and a diol are key for forming a cyclic ketal, while the presence of other functional groups like alkyl halides typically remains unaffected.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 271)
Question 1. Draw the structures of
(1) The semicarbazone of cyclohexanone
(2) The imine formed in the reaction between 2-methylhexanal and ethyl amine
(3) 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone of acetaldehyde.
Answer:
(1) The semicarbazone of cyclohexanone.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह साइक्लोहेक्सेनोन के सेमीकार्बाजोन की संरचना है। इसमें एक साइक्लोहेक्सेन रिंग होती है जो एक C=N-NHCONH2 समूह से जुड़ी होती है।
Semicarbazone of cyclohexanone
(2) The imine formed between 2-methyl hexanal and ethyl amine.
\( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}(\text{CH}_3)-\text{CH}=\text{N}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3 \)
Imine (schiff base)
(3) 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of acetaldehyde.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एसीटैल्डिहाइड के 2,4-डाइनिट्रोफेनिलहाइड्राजोन की संरचना है। इसमें एक -CH=NNH- समूह एक बेंजीन रिंग से जुड़ा होता है, जिस पर दो नाइट्रो समूह (-NO2) ऑर्थो और पैरा स्थिति पर होते हैं।
2,4-DinitrophenylhydrazoneIn simple words: These are condensation products formed by reacting carbonyl compounds (ketones/aldehydes) with nitrogen-containing nucleophiles like semicarbazide, primary amines, and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that reactions of carbonyl compounds with nitrogen nucleophiles typically involve the formation of an imine or its derivatives (like oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones) with the elimination of water.
Try This..... (Textbook Page No 272)
Question 1. Write chemical reactions taking place when propan-2-ol is treated with iodine and sodium hydroxide.
Answer:
\( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH(OH)}-\text{CH}_3 \quad \xrightarrow{\text{Oxidation}} \quad \text{CH}_3-\text{CO}-\text{CH}_3 \)
(Acetone)
\( \text{CH}_3-\text{CO}-\text{CH}_3 + \text{3NaOI} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta/\text{NaOH, I}_2} \quad \text{CHI}_3 \downarrow + \text{CH}_3\text{COONa} + \text{2NaOH} \)
(Iodoform) (Sodium acetate)
(Sodium hypiodite)In simple words: Propan-2-ol is first oxidized to acetone by NaOI (formed from NaOH and I2), and then acetone undergoes the haloform reaction with more NaOI to produce iodoform (a yellow precipitate) and sodium acetate.
🎯 Exam Tip: The iodoform test is specific for compounds containing a methyl ketone group (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CO}- \)) or a secondary alcohol that can be oxidized to a methyl ketone (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CH(OH)}- \)). The formation of a yellow precipitate of \( \text{CHI}_3 \) is the key observation.
Question 2. When acetaldehyde Is treated with dilute NaOH, the following reaction is observed.
\( \text{2CH}_3 - \text{CHO} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{dil. NaOH}} \quad \text{CH}_3-\text{CH(OH)}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CHO} \)
(1) What are the functional groups in the product?
(2) Can another product be formed during the same reaction? (Deduce the answer by doing atomic audit of reactant and product)
(3) Is this an addition reaction or condensation reaction?
Answer:
(1) There are two functional groups in the product: -CHO and -OH
(2) No other product can be formed in the same reaction.
(3) This is an addition reaction.In simple words: The product of acetaldehyde's reaction with dilute NaOH (aldol reaction) contains both an aldehyde and a hydroxyl group, representing an addition reaction without the loss of any atoms from the reactants.
🎯 Exam Tip: The aldol addition is characterized by the formation of a \( \beta \)-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone. It's an addition reaction because no small molecule (like water) is eliminated in the initial step.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 273)
Question 1. Observe the following reaction.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह बेंजल्डिहाइड और एसीटोफेनोन के बीच क्रॉस-एल्डोल संघनन की प्रतिक्रिया को दर्शाता है। बेंजल्डिहाइड (एक एरोमैटिक एल्डिहाइड) और 1-फेनिलेथेनोन (एसीटोफेनोन, एक एरोमैटिक कीटोन) को तनु क्षार (\( \text{dil. base} \)) और ऊष्मा (\( \Delta \)) की उपस्थिति में प्रतिक्रिया कराया जाता है। उत्पाद 1,3-डाइफेनिलप्रॉप-2-एन-1-ओन (बेंजल एसीटोफेनोन) है, जिसमें एक अल्फा, बीटा-असंतृप्त कीटोन होता है।
In simple words: The reaction shows a cross-aldol condensation between benzaldehyde and acetophenone, forming 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one (benzal acetophenone) after dehydration, due to the presence of \( \alpha \)-hydrogens in acetophenone and the lack thereof in benzaldehyde.
🎯 Exam Tip: Cross-aldol condensation between an aldehyde without \( \alpha \)-hydrogens and a ketone with \( \alpha \)-hydrogens is synthetically useful because it minimizes side products compared to reactions where both reactants have \( \alpha \)-hydrogens.
Question 2. Will this reaction give a mixture of products like a cross aldol reaction ?
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह बेंजल्डिहाइड की संरचना है, जिसमें एक बेंजीन रिंग से एक एल्डिहाइड समूह (-CHO) जुड़ा है। कार्बोनील कार्बन से सीधे जुड़े कार्बन पर कोई अल्फा-हाइड्रोजन नहीं है।
No, since benzaldehyde, does not have \( \alpha \)-hydrogen atom, it will not undergo self aldol condensation.In simple words: Benzaldehyde cannot undergo self-aldol condensation because it lacks \( \alpha \)-hydrogen atoms, preventing it from forming the enolate necessary for the reaction.
🎯 Exam Tip: The presence of \( \alpha \)-hydrogens is a prerequisite for aldol condensation. Aldehydes or ketones lacking \( \alpha \)-hydrogens undergo different reactions, such as the Cannizzaro reaction, in the presence of strong bases.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 274)
Question 1. Can isobutyraldehyde undergo a Cannizzaro reaction? Explain.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आइसोब्यूटिरल्डिहाइड की संरचना है। इसमें एक केंद्रीय कार्बन परमाणु एक एल्डिहाइड समूह (-CHO) और दो मेथिल समूहों (-CH3) से जुड़ा है। एल्डिहाइड समूह से सीधे जुड़े कार्बन पर एक हाइड्रोजन परमाणु (अल्फा-हाइड्रोजन) है।
Since isobutyraldehyde contains \( \alpha \)-carbon atom, it cannot undergo Cannizzaro reaction.In simple words: Isobutyraldehyde cannot undergo a Cannizzaro reaction because it possesses an \( \alpha \)-hydrogen atom, which means it will instead undergo an aldol condensation reaction in the presence of a base.
🎯 Exam Tip: The Cannizzaro reaction is characteristic of aldehydes that *do not* have an \( \alpha \)-hydrogen, whereas aldehydes with \( \alpha \)-hydrogens undergo aldol condensation. Distinguishing these reactions based on the presence or absence of \( \alpha \)-hydrogens is crucial.
Can You Tell? (Textbook Page No 279)
What is the term used for elimination of water molecule ?
Answer: Dehydration.In simple words: The process of removing a water molecule from a compound is called dehydration.
🎯 Exam Tip: Dehydration reactions are common in organic chemistry, especially when forming double bonds or rings from alcohols, or in aldol condensation to form \( \alpha,\beta \)-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
Use Your Brain Power! (Textbook Page No 278)
Question 1. Fill in the blanks and rewrite the balanced equations.
(1) \( \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{thionyl chloride} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{.........} + \text{.........} + \text{.........} \)
(2) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} + \text{PCl}_3 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{.........} + \text{.........} \)
(3) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COOH} + \text{PCl}_5 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{.........} + \text{phosphorus oxychloride} + \text{HCl} \)
(4) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{COOH} + \text{phosphorus trichloride} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{.........} + \text{.........} \)
(5) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{COOH} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{NH}_3} \quad \text{.........} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{.........} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \)
(6) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COOH} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{NH}_3} \quad \text{.........} \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{.........} \)
Answer:
(1) \( \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{SOCl}_2 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{CH}_3-\text{COCl} + \text{SO}_2 \uparrow + \text{HCl} \uparrow \)
(2) \( \text{3CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH} + \text{PCl}_3 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{3CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{COCl} + \text{H}_3\text{PO}_3 \)
(3) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COOH} + \text{PCl}_5 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{COCl} + \text{POCl}_3 + \text{HCl} \)
(4) \( \text{3CH}_3-\text{COOH} + \text{PCl}_3 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{3CH}_3-\text{COCl} + \text{H}_3\text{PO}_3 \)
(5) \( \text{CH}_3-\text{COOH} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{NH}_3} \quad \text{CH}_3\text{COONH}_4 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{CH}_3\text{CONH}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \)
(6) \( \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{COOH} \quad \xrightarrow{\text{NH}_3} \quad \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{COONH}_4 \quad \xrightarrow{\Delta} \quad \text{C}_6\text{H}_5-\text{CONH}_2 \)In simple words: These reactions demonstrate how carboxylic acids can be converted into acyl chlorides using thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides, and how they react with ammonia to form ammonium carboxylates, which then dehydrate to amides upon heating.
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the stoichiometry for reactions involving phosphorus halides (PCl3 vs. PCl5) and remember that heating ammonium carboxylates leads to dehydration, forming amides.
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