Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Exercise Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants Solutions

Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants

Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Insect pollinated flowers usually possess ………………
(a) sticky pollen with a rough surface
(b) large quantities of pollens
(c) dry pollens with a smooth surface
(d) light colored pollens
Answer: (a) sticky pollen with a rough surface
In simple words: Flowers pollinated by insects have sticky and rough pollen grains so they can easily stick to the insect's body and get carried to another flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that insect-pollinated (entomophilous) flowers have sticky pollen and sticky stigmas, whereas wind-pollinated (anemophilous) flowers have dry, light pollen.

 

Question 2. In ovule, meiosis occurs in ………………
(a) Integument
(b) Nucellus
(c) Megaspore
(d) Megaspore mother cell
Answer: (d) Megaspore mother cell
In simple words: The megaspore mother cell is a diploid cell that undergoes cell division (meiosis) to produce haploid megaspores, which eventually form the female gametophyte.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify the ploidy of the cells; only diploid (2n) cells like the megaspore mother cell can undergo meiosis to produce haploid (n) spores.

 

Question 3. The ploidy level is NOT the same in ………………
(a) Integuments and nucellus
(b) Root tip and shoot tip

 

Question 4. Which of the following types require pollination but result is genetically similar to autogamy?
(a) Geitonogamy
(b) Xenogamy
(c) Apogamy
(d) Cleistogamy
Answer: (a) Geitonogamy
In simple words: Geitonogamy is when pollen transfers to another flower on the same plant. Since both flowers share the same parent plant, the offspring are genetically identical to self-pollination (autogamy).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination (requires a pollinator) but genetically self-pollination.

 

Question 5. If diploid chromosome number in a flowering plant is 12, then which one of the following will have 6 chromosomes?
(a) Endosperm
(b) Leaf cells
(c) Cotyledons
(d) Synergids
Answer: (d) Synergids
In simple words: Since the diploid number (2n) is 12, the haploid number (n) is 6. Synergids are haploid cells found in the embryo sac, so they have 6 chromosomes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify the ploidy level of each cell type: endosperm is 3n, vegetative cells like leaf and cotyledon are 2n, and gametophytic cells like synergids are n.

 

Question 6. In angiosperms, endosperm is formed by/ due to ………………
(a) free nuclear divisions of megaspore
(b) polar nuclei
(c) polar nuclei and male gamete
(d) synergids and male gametes
Answer: (c) polar nuclei and male gamete
In simple words: The endosperm is created when one male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei (or the secondary nucleus) in a process called triple fusion, providing food for the growing embryo.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that triple fusion involves one haploid male gamete and two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) endosperm.

 

Question 7. Point out the odd one.
(a) Nucellus
(b) Embryo sac
(c) Micropyle
(d) Pollen grain
Answer: (d) Pollen grain
In simple words: Nucellus, embryo sac, and micropyle are all parts of the female reproductive organ (ovule), whereas the pollen grain is the male gametophyte.

🎯 Exam Tip: When solving "odd one out" questions, write down the common category of the other three options to justify your answer clearly.

Very Short Answer Questions

 

Question 1. The part of gynoecium that determines the compatible nature of pollen grain.
Answer: Stigmatic surface. This specialized surface acts as a physiological barrier to ensure only the correct, compatible pollen species can germinate.
In simple words: The stigmatic surface is the part of the female flower structure that checks and decides if a pollen grain is the right match to grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the stigmatic surface plays a crucial role in pollen-pistil interaction by recognizing compatible pollen.

 

Question 2. How many haploid cells are present in a mature embryo sac?
Answer: There are 6 haploid cells, which include 2 synergids, 1 egg cell, and 3 antipodals. These cells play distinct roles during the process of double fertilization.
In simple words: A mature embryo sac contains 6 haploid cells: 1 egg cell, 2 helper cells (synergids), and 3 cells at the opposite end (antipodals).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the types of haploid cells (synergids, egg cell, antipodals) along with their counts to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. Even though each pollen grain has 2 male gametes why at least 20 pollen grains are required to fertilize 20 ovules in a particular carpel?
Answer: Angiosperms have the phenomenon of double fertilization in which both the male gametes from a single pollen grain are utilized; one for fusion with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote and the other for fusion with the secondary nucleus to form the triploid endosperm. Therefore, one pollen grain can only fertilize a single ovule.
In simple words: Even though a pollen grain has two male gametes, both are used up to fertilize just one ovule (one gamete makes the baby plant, and the other makes its food). So, you need 20 separate pollen grains for 20 ovules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the term 'double fertilization' and explain that both gametes from one pollen grain are consumed in fertilizing a single ovule.

 

Question 4. Megasporogenesis
Answer: It is the process of formation of haploid megaspores from a diploid megaspore mother cell. This process occurs inside the ovule of the flower through meiotic division.
In simple words: Megasporogenesis is the process where a female mother cell divides to create female spores (megaspores) inside a flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify the ploidy levels (diploid mother cell to haploid megaspores) when defining sporogenesis processes.

 

Question 5. What is hydrophily?
Answer: Transfer of pollen grains in the pollination process through the agency of water is known as hydrophily. This adaptation is commonly observed in aquatic plants like Vallisneria.
In simple words: Hydrophily is when water carries pollen grains from one flower to another to help them reproduce.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define hydrophily clearly as water-mediated pollination and mention an example like Vallisneria or Hydrilla for extra impact.

 

Question 6. The layer which supplies nourishment to the developing pollen grains.
Answer: Tapetum. This specialized nutritive tissue is located within the anther of flowering plants.
In simple words: The tapetum is like a food provider for growing pollen grains. It gives them the nutrients they need to grow strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the tapetum is the innermost layer of the microsporangial wall and is crucial for pollen viability.

 

Question 7. Parthenocarpy
Answer: The condition in which fruit is developed without the process of fertilization is called parthenocarpy. This process typically results in seedless fruits, which are highly desired in agriculture.
In simple words: Parthenocarpy is when a plant makes fruit without being fertilized. This is how we get seedless fruits like bananas and grapes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that parthenocarpy leads to "seedless" fruit development to secure full marks.

 

Question 8. Are pollination and fertilization necessary in apomixis?
Answer: Apomixis is formation of embryos without formation of gametes hence there is no need of pollination and fertilization. This asexual reproduction method mimics sexual reproduction by producing seeds without fusion of gametes.
In simple words: Apomixis is a way plants make seeds without mating or pollination. It is like making a clone of the parent plant directly through the seed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that apomixis bypasses both meiosis and syngamy (fertilization) to produce clonal seeds.

 

Question 9. The part of pistil which develops into fruit and seed.
Answer: Ovary develops into fruit and ovules into seed. These transformations occur post-fertilization as the flower matures.
In simple words: After fertilization, the ovary of the flower grows into the fruit we eat, and the tiny ovules inside turn into the seeds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not confuse ovary with ovule; remember: Ovary -> Fruit, Ovule -> Seed.

 

Question 10. What is the function of filiform apparatus ?
Answer: Filiform apparatus guides the pollen tube towards egg cell. It plays an essential role in entry of pollen tube into the synergid.
In simple words: The filiform apparatus acts like a signpost or guide, helping the pollen tube find its way to the egg cell for fertilization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention that the filiform apparatus is a finger-like projection of the synergids that secretes chemical attractants.

 

3. Short Answer Questions

 

Question 1. How polyembryony can be commercially exploited?
Answer: 1. Polyembryony is the development of more than one embryo inside the seed. This phenomenon can be used to produce genetically uniform seedling clones of the maternal parent.
In simple words: Polyembryony means a single seed grows multiple embryos. Farmers can use this to grow many identical, healthy plants from just one seed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing commercial exploitation, highlight the production of homozygous diploids and disease-free clones.

Question 2. Pollination and seeds formation are very crucial for the fruit formation, Justify.
Answer:
1. After fertilization, ovary is transformed into fruit, where ovary wall becomes fruit wall, i.e pericarp.
2. Mature ovules are transformed into seeds after fertilization.
3. Fertilization is a process where male gametes unites with female gamete to form zygote which develops into embryo.
4. In pollination process pollen grains carrying non-motile male gamete are transferred on stigma.
5. Seeds have embryo which germinate into new plant hence the goal of reproduction to create offspring for next generation is achieved. Hence these are the crucial events for fruit formation. This biological sequence ensures the continuity of plant species.
In simple words: Pollination brings the pollen to the flower, and seed formation helps create a new plant. Without these two steps, fruits cannot grow and plants cannot reproduce.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly link pollination to fertilization, and fertilization to fruit and seed development, to show a complete step-by-step process.

 

Question 3. Incompatibility is a natural barrier in the fusion of gametes. How will you explain this statement?
Answer:
1. Self incompatibility or self-sterility is a genetic mechanism that prevents germination of pollen on stigma of same flower. This favours cross pollination. E.g. Tobacco.
2. In pollen-pistil interaction, when pollen grain is deposited on stigma, pistil has the ability to recognize and allow germination of right type of pollen.
3. Special type of proteins on stigmatic surface determine compatibility or incompatibility.
4. A physiological mechanism operates to ensure successful germination of compatible pollen. This natural barrier prevents self-fertilization and promotes genetic diversity.
In simple words: Incompatibility is like a security lock that prevents a flower from fertilizing itself or accepting the wrong pollen. This ensures that only the correct, healthy pollen can grow to make seeds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention "pollen-pistil interaction" and "genetic mechanism" as key terms to secure full marks in this answer.

Long Answer Questions

 

Question 4. Describe three devices by which cross pollination is encouraged in Angiosperms by avoiding self-pollination?
Answer:
1. Unisexuality, dichogamy, prepotency, heteromorphy and herkogamy are the outbreeding devices. These specialized mechanisms ensure genetic diversity within the plant species.
2. Unisexuality : The plants bear either male or female flowers. Due to unisexual nature, self-pollination is avoided. Plants are either dioecious, e.g. Papaya or monoecious, e.g. maize.
3. Heteromorphy : In same plants different types of flowers are produced. In these flowers, stigmas and anthers are situated at different levels. There is heterostyly and heteroanthy. This prevents self-pollination e.g. Primrose.
4. Herkogamy : In bisexual flowers we may come across mechanical device to prevent self-pollination. Natural physical barrier avoids contact of pollens with stigma. E.g. Calotropis where pollinia are situated below the stigma.
In simple words: Plants use special features to make sure they get pollen from other plants instead of self-pollinating. These features include having single-sex flowers, having parts at different heights, or having physical barriers. This helps them create stronger and healthier offspring.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define any three outbreeding devices with examples like Papaya or Primrose to secure full marks. Highlighting the terms 'unisexuality' and 'herkogamy' helps catch the examiner's eye.

 

Question 1. Describe the process of double fertilization.
Answer: Double fertilization:
(1) Out of the two male gametes produced by the male gametophyte in angiosperms, one unites with the female gamete and the other with the secondary nucleus. Since both the male gametes take part in fertilization and fertilization occurs twice, it is called double fertilization.
(2) During double fertilization, the pollen tube on reaching the ovule enters the embryo sac through micropyle and bursts in one of the synergids. Owing to this, the contents of the pollen tube, including the two male gametes, are released into the embryo sac.
In simple words: Double fertilization is a unique process in flowering plants where two male cells fertilize two different parts of the female plant. One male cell forms the future plant, while the other forms its food supply.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always mention both fusion events (syngamy and triple fusion) when describing double fertilization. Drawing a neat labeled diagram of the embryo sac can also earn you extra credit.

 

Question 2. Explain the stages involved in the maturation of microspore into male gametophyte.
OR
Describe the development of male gametophyte before pollination in angiosperms.
OR
Sketch and label male gametophyte in angiosperm.
Answer:
Development of male gametophyte:
1. Microspore or pollen grain is the first cell of the male gametophyte. It is a unicellular, haploid structure surrounded by a double-layered wall called sporoderm (outer exine and inner intine). This highly efficient process ensures that the male gametes are safely delivered directly to the female gametophyte for fertilization.
2. Development before pollination (in the anther):

• The microspore undergoes the first mitotic division to form two unequal cells: a larger, naked vegetative cell (tube cell) and a smaller generative cell.
• The vegetative cell is rich in food reserves and has a large, irregular nucleus.
• The generative cell has thin cytoplasm and a nucleus; it floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell.
• Pollination in most angiosperms occurs at this 2-celled stage.

3. Development after pollination (on the stigma):

• The pollen grain lands on the receptive stigma and absorbs water and sugary nutrients, germinating to form a pollen tube.
• The intine emerges through a germ pore to form the pollen tube, carrying the vegetative nucleus and generative cell.
• The generative cell undergoes a second mitotic division to produce two non-motile male gametes.
• The pollen tube containing two male gametes and a degenerating tube nucleus represents the mature male gametophyte.

Labels of Male Gametophyte Development:

• Unicellular Microspore (Pollen grain with Exine, Intine, Germ pore, Nucleus)
• 2-Celled Stage (Vegetative cell, Generative cell)
• Germinating Pollen Grain (Pollen tube, Tube nucleus, Generative cell)
• Mature Male Gametophyte (Pollen tube, Two Male Gametes, Tube nucleus)

In simple words: A pollen grain starts as a single cell. It divides to form a large vegetative cell and a small generative cell, which is the stage when it usually leaves the flower. Once it lands on a new flower, it grows a tube and the generative cell divides again to make two male gametes, completing its development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the development that occurs before pollination (2-celled stage) and after pollination (3-celled stage) to secure full marks.

 

Question. Explain the development of male gametophyte.
Answer: Development of male gametophyte occurs as follows:
Stages of Development (Diagram Labels):
• Stage A: Pollen grain showing Exine, Intine, and Cytoplasm.
• Stage B: Formation of a large Vegetative cell and a small Generative cell.
• Stage C: Presence of Germ pore and Generative nucleus.
• Stage D: Generative cell preparing for division.
• Stage E: Vegetative nucleus and formation of two Male gametes.
• Stage F: Elongation of Pollen tube containing Tube nucleus and two Male gametes.

1. Microspore or pollen grain is first cell of male gametophyte.
2. The protoplast of pollen grain divides mitotically to form two unequal cells – a small thin walled generative cell and a large naked vegetative or tube cell.
3. The generative cell possesses thin cytoplasm and a nucleus. It separates and floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell.
4. The vegetative, possesses thick cytoplasm, irregular shaped nucleus and the reserved food.
5. In majority of the angiosperms, the pollen grains are liberated at two-celled stage after the dehiscence of the anther.
6. The generative cell of the pollen grain divides by mitosis to form two male non-motile gametes. This process ensures the successful transfer of male gametes to the female reproductive organ for fertilization.
In simple words: The pollen grain divides to form a large vegetative cell and a small generative cell. The generative cell then divides again to produce two male gametes, which travel through the pollen tube to fertilize the egg.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always draw neat, labeled diagrams showing the transition from a single-celled pollen grain to a 3-celled mature male gametophyte to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. Explain the development of dicot embryo.
Answer: Development of embryo (dicot) in angiosperm:
The oospore (fertilized egg) divides transversely to form a large suspensor cell towards the micropyle and a small embryonal cell towards the chalaza. The suspensor cell divides to form a filament of cells called the suspensor, which pushes the embryo into the endosperm for nutrition. The embryonal cell undergoes multiple divisions to form a proembryo, which sequentially develops into a globular, heart-shaped, and finally a mature horse-shoe shaped embryo with two cotyledons, a plumule, and a radicle. This structured development ensures the embryo is well-equipped to germinate under favorable conditions.
In simple words: The fertilized egg cell divides and grows step-by-step, changing from a simple ball of cells into a heart shape, and finally into a mature embryo with two seed leaves (cotyledons) ready to grow into a new plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the sequence of embryonic stages: Zygote → Proembryo → Globular embryo → Heart-shaped embryo → Mature embryo. Mentioning this sequence is key to scoring full marks.

 

Question 1. Describe the development of embryo (embryogenesis) in dicotyledons.
Answer:
Embryo Development Stages (Diagram Labels):
• Oospore
• Suspensor initial
• Embryonal initial
• Stages A to G showing progressive development from a single cell to a horse-shoe shaped embryo.

The oospore undergoes a transverse division to form a large basal cell towards the micropyle and a small apical or terminal cell towards the chalaza of the embryo sac. This two celled structure is called proembryo. The basal cell or suspensor initial undergoes repeated transverse divisions to form a multicellular structure called suspensor. The suspensor pushes the embryo towards the endosperm to draw its nutrition. This protective and nutritive process ensures the survival of the future plant during its early developmental stages.

1. The development of embryo from a zygote is called embryogenesis.
2. The fusion of male gamete and an egg cell during fertilization results in the formation of a diploid zygote. The zygote develops a wall around it and is converted into oospore.
3. The apical cell or embryonal initial of the proembryo undergoes a transverse division followed by two vertical divisions at right angles to form an octant stage.
4. From octant, the lower four cells form hypocotyl and radicle while four cells of upper side form plumule with two cotyledons.
5. The lowermost cell of suspensor is hypophysis and by its further division forms part of radicle and root cap.
6. The cells from upper side of octant divide repeatedly to form heart shaped which elongated further to form two lateral cotyledons.
7. Enlargement of hypocotyl and cotyledon results into curved embryo which appears horse shoe shaped.
In simple words: Embryogenesis is the process where a single fertilized cell grows into a baby plant inside the seed. It forms a support structure called a suspensor to get food, and then develops parts like roots, shoots, and seed leaves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Draw and label the heart-shaped and horse-shoe shaped stages clearly, as examiners look for these specific developmental shapes in embryogenesis diagrams.

 

Question 4. Draw a diagram of the L.S of anatropous ovule and list the components of embryo sac and mention their fate after fertilization.
Answer:
Structure of Anatropous Ovule (Diagram Labels):

• Chalaza
• Antipodals
• Secondary Nucleus
• Embryo sac
• Synergids
• Egg
• Outer integument
• Inner integument
• Hilum
• Funicle
• Placenta
• Micropyle
• Nucellus

Components of Embryo Sac and their Fate after Fertilization:
1. Mature embryo sac is 7-celled and 8 nucleate.
2. Egg apparatus at micropylar end – with 2 synergids and egg cell.
3. Central cell with secondary nucleus formed by 2 polar nuclei.
4. Antipodal cells at chalazal end – 3 cells.
5. Pollen tube enters the synergids, Synergids guide the growth of pollen tube towards egg.
6. Male gamete fuses with female gamete, i.e. syngamy to form zygote which develops into embryo.
7. One male gamete fuses with secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) which forms endosperm, nutritive tissue for embryo.
In simple words: An anatropous ovule is a curved plant structure containing an embryo sac. After fertilization, the egg cell joins with a male gamete to become an embryo, while another male gamete joins the central cell to form the endosperm, which feeds the growing plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly label the micropylar and chalazal ends, as examiners look for these orientation markers when grading the ovule diagram.

 

Fill in the Blanks

Flower Structure and Pollination Diagram:

• Stigma (receives pollen grains)
• Anther and Filament (Androecium)
• Ovary and Ovule (Gynoecium)
• Pollen tube path to the embryo sac

 

Question 1. The ……………… collects the pollen grains.
Answer: biotic agents
In simple words: Living creatures like insects and birds help transfer and collect pollen grains on the sticky part of the flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that agents of pollination can be biotic (living, like insects) or abiotic (non-living, like wind and water).

 

Question 2. The male whorl, called the ……………… produces ………………
Answer: androecium, pollen grains
In simple words: The male reproductive part of a flower is called the androecium, and it is responsible for producing pollen grains.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always write both terms in the correct sequence as asked in the blank to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. The pollen grains represent the ………………
Answer: male
In simple words: Pollen grains represent the male reproductive stage that produces the male gametes in plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: In exams, writing "male gametophyte" is highly accurate, but stick to the textbook term "male" if specified in your class notes.

 

Question 4. The ……………… contains the egg or ovum.
Answer: embryo sac
In simple words: The embryo sac is the tiny structure inside the flower's ovule where the female egg cell is located.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the ovule and the embryo sac; the embryo sac is located inside the ovule.

 

Question 5. …………….. takes place when one male gamete and the egg fuse together. The fertilized egg grows vs into seed from which the new plants can grow.
Answer: Fertilization
In simple words: Fertilization is the joining of a male cell and a female egg cell to form a seed that can grow into a new plant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to spell "fertilization" correctly and understand that it is the key process leading directly to seed formation.

 

Question 6. The ……………… is the base of the flower to which other floral parts are attached.
Answer: thalamus. The thalamus acts as a modified stem that supports the entire structure of the flower.
In simple words: The thalamus is the swollen base of a flower that holds all the other flower parts in place.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'thalamus' is also known as the receptacle; writing either term correctly will secure full marks.

 

Question 7. ……………… is the transfer of pollen grains from anther of the flower to the stigma of the same or a different flower.
Answer: Pollination. This process is essential for the reproduction of flowering plants.
In simple words: Pollination is how pollen moves from the male part of a flower to the female part so new seeds can grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between self-pollination and cross-pollination if asked to elaborate on this definition.

 

Question 8. Once the pollen reaches the stigma, pollen tube traverses down the ……………… to the ovary where fertilization occurs.
Answer: style. The style serves as a protective pathway for the pollen tube to reach the female gametes.
In simple words: The style is the long tube that connects the top of the flower's female part to the bottom where the seeds are made.

🎯 Exam Tip: Draw a quick mental map of the carpel (stigma, style, ovary) to easily remember the path of the pollen tube.

 

Question 9. The ……………… are coloured to attract the insects that carry the pollen. Some flowers also produce ……………… or ……………… that attracts insects.
Answer: petals, fragrance, nectar. These features work together to ensure successful pollination by animal vectors.
In simple words: Bright petals, sweet smells, and sugary nectar are a flower's ways of inviting insects to visit and carry pollen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Make sure to write the three terms in the exact order they appear in the blanks to avoid confusion.

 

Question 10. The whorl ……………… is green that protects the flower until it opens.
Answer: Calyx. Individual units of the calyx are called sepals, which look like small green leaves.
In simple words: The calyx is the outer green cover that protects a flower bud before it blooms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not confuse calyx (the whorl) with sepals (the individual parts that make up the calyx).

 

6. Label the Parts of Seed.

Question 6. Label the external and internal structure of a seed.
Answer:
The parts of the seed are labeled as follows:
External Structure:
1. Seed coat (outer protective covering)
2. Cotyledons (food storage leaves)
3. Hilum (scar representing the point of attachment)
4. Micropyle (small pore)

Internal Structure:
1. Plumule (future shoot)
2. Radicle (future root)
3. Hilum
4. Micropyle
Understanding these structures helps us grasp how a tiny embryo is protected and nourished before germination.
In simple words: A seed has an outer protective coat with a tiny opening called the micropyle and a scar called the hilum. Inside, it contains cotyledons that store food, a radicle that grows into the root, and a plumule that grows into the shoot.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that the radicle develops into the root system (R for Radicle, R for Root) and the plumule develops into the shoot system.

 

Question 7. Match the following:

Column I (Structure Before seed formation)	Column II (Structure After seed formation)
A. Funiculus	i. Hilum
B. Scar of Ovule	ii. Tegmen
C. Zygote	iii. Testa
D. Inner Integument	iv. Stalk of Seed
	v. Embryo

Answer:
A. Funiculus — iv. Stalk of Seed
B. Scar of Ovule — i. Hilum
C. Zygote — v. Embryo
D. Inner Integument — ii. Tegmen
These transformations represent the developmental journey of an ovule as it matures into a seed after successful fertilization.
In simple words: Before a seed is formed, its parts have different names: the funiculus becomes the seed stalk, the scar of the ovule is called the hilum, the zygote grows into the embryo, and the inner integument becomes the inner seed coat (tegmen).

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the post-fertilization changes of the ovule parts, as matching questions on these structures are highly scoring and frequently asked.

 

Question 1. Match the correct options from the given columns:
(a) A-v, B-i, C-ii, D-iv
(b) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-v
(c) A-iv, B-i, C-v, D-ii
(d) A-iv, B-v, C-iii, D-ii
Answer: (c) A-iv, B-i, C-v, D-ii
In simple words: This option correctly pairs each item in the first column with its correct match in the second column.

🎯 Exam Tip: In match-the-following questions, identify the pairs you are absolutely certain about first to easily eliminate incorrect options and save time.