Maharashtra Board Class 11 OCM Chapter 8 Introduction to Management Solutions

Class 11 Ocm Chapter 8 Exercise Solutions

1. (A) Select The Correct Option And Rewrite The Sentences

Question 1. Management is ..........................
(a) dynamic
(b) static
(c) selective
Answer: (a) dynamic
In simple words: Management is a constantly evolving process that adapts to changes in the environment, rather than remaining fixed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding management as a dynamic process is key to grasping its adaptive nature in business. Identify keywords like 'changing' or 'flexible' for similar questions.

Question 2. Management uses .......................... method of observation.
(a) unscientific
(b) artificial
(c) scientific
Answer: (c) scientific
In simple words: Management often employs scientific methods to observe and analyze processes for better decision-making.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that effective management relies on structured, evidence-based approaches for observation and problem-solving, aligning with scientific principles.

Question 3. To help top level management in co-ordinating the activities is the function of .......................... level management.
(a) middle
(b) lower
(c) top
Answer: (a) middle
In simple words: Middle level management acts as a link, helping to coordinate activities between top and lower management.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that middle management plays a crucial liaison role, translating strategic plans into actionable tasks for lower levels and reporting performance upwards.

Question 4. To look after maintenance of machinery is the function of .......................... level of management.
(a) top
(b) middle
(c) lower
Answer: (c) lower
In simple words: Lower level management is responsible for the direct supervision and execution of operational tasks, including equipment maintenance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Tasks related to direct oversight of workers and day-to-day operations, like maintenance, typically fall under the purview of lower-level management.

Question 5. Management is .......................... oriented action.
(a) policy
(b) profit
(c) goal
Answer: (c) goal
In simple words: All management activities are ultimately directed towards achieving predefined goals and objectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: A fundamental characteristic of management is its objective-driven nature; every effort is channelled towards attaining specific organizational goals.

1. (B) Match The Pairs

Question 1.
Part A
(a) Management
(b) Management as a profession
(c) Top level management
(d) Management as an art
(e) Lower level management
Part B
(1) Need of creativity
(2) Can be seen.
(3) Administration
(4) Intangible
(5) Formal education
(6) Policy framing.
(7) Implementation of policies
(8) Selective
(9) Directing subordinates to complete the task
(10) Cause effect relationship
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'Match the pairs' questions, focus on clearly understanding each term's definition to correctly associate it with its related characteristic or function. Look for direct conceptual links.

1. (C) Give One Word / Phrase / Term

Question 1. The art of getting things done through others.
Answer: Management
In simple words: Management is fundamentally about coordinating people and resources to achieve objectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Short answer questions often test basic definitions. Ensure you provide the most concise and accurate term or phrase.

Question 2. The second level of management.
Answer: Middle level
In simple words: The middle level is positioned between top and lower management in an organizational hierarchy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the hierarchy of management levels is crucial for understanding organizational structure. Top, middle, and lower are the primary classifications.

Question 3. Systematic body of knowledge.
Answer: Management as a Science
In simple words: Management, when approached systematically with principles and theories, can be considered a science.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining management as a science, emphasize its reliance on systematic study, principles, and theories that can be taught and applied.

Question 4. The level of management related to Managing Director.
Answer: Top level management
In simple words: The Managing Director is a key figure in top level management, responsible for overall strategic decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify top management by roles such as CEO, MD, President, or Board of Directors, who are responsible for strategic planning.

Question 5. Level of management that link top level and lower level management.
Answer: Middle level management
In simple words: Middle management serves as the communication bridge and implementer between the strategic top level and the operational lower level.

🎯 Exam Tip: The linking role is a defining characteristic of middle management; they translate top-level goals into specific plans for lower levels.

1. (D) State True Or False

Question 1. Management is an ancient activity.
Answer: True
In simple words: The practice of organizing and coordinating efforts has existed in various forms since ancient times.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reflect on historical examples of large-scale projects (e.g., pyramids) to understand management's long-standing presence, even if formal theories are recent.

Question 2. Management is not objective oriented.
Answer: False
In simple words: Management is always directed towards achieving specific goals or objectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a core principle of management is its goal-oriented nature; without objectives, there would be no direction for managerial efforts.

Question 3. In small organization also management is required.
Answer: True
In simple words: Even small organizations need effective management to efficiently utilize resources and achieve their aims.

🎯 Exam Tip: Management principles are universally applicable, regardless of an organization's size or type, ensuring efficiency and goal achievement.

Question 4. Middle level management forms policy of an organization.
Answer: False
In simple words: Policy formulation is primarily the responsibility of top-level management.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between policy *formulation* (top level) and policy *implementation* (middle and lower levels) to avoid common misconceptions.

Question 5. Various principles and techniques are used in management.
Answer: True
In simple words: Management relies on a diverse set of established principles and practical techniques to guide decision-making and operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding that management is a blend of scientific principles and artistic application, utilizing various tools and methods, is essential.

1. (E) Find The Odd One

Question 1. Management is an art, a science, a commerce, a profession.
Answer: a commerce
In simple words: While management relates to business, 'commerce' is an economic activity, not a description of management's nature as an art, science, or profession.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the fundamental characteristics often attributed to management-art, science, and profession-to identify the unrelated term.

Question 2. Management as an Art - Singer, Actor, Dancer, Doctor.
Answer: Doctor
In simple words: A doctor typically represents a profession requiring specific qualifications, whereas singer, actor, and dancer are more aligned with artistic skills.

🎯 Exam Tip: When categorizing, distinguish between artistic expressions that rely on creativity and personal skill (like singing or dancing) versus professions with formal education and codes of conduct (like a doctor).

Question 3. Management as Profession - Doctor, Chartered Accountant, Lawyer, Singer.
Answer: Singer
In simple words: A singer primarily represents an art form, not a profession with formal education and a code of conduct like a doctor, chartered accountant, or lawyer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Professions are characterized by specialized knowledge, formal education, and ethical standards, which differentiate them from artistic pursuits.

Question 4. Level of Management - Lower Level, Middle Level, Top Level, High Level.
Answer: High level
In simple words: 'High Level' is a redundant term for 'Top Level' within the standard three-tier classification of management.

🎯 Exam Tip: The standard management hierarchy comprises Top, Middle, and Lower levels. Any alternative phrasing for 'top' (like 'high') is usually the odd one out in such lists.

Question 5. Top Level Management - Board of Directors, Presidents, Purchase Manager, Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
Answer: Purchase manager
In simple words: A Purchase Manager typically belongs to middle-level management, focusing on departmental functions, unlike the strategic roles of Board of Directors, Presidents, or CEOs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Top-level management roles are strategic and organization-wide, whereas functional managers like a Purchase Manager usually operate at the middle level.

Question 6. Middle Level Management - Departmental Head, Finance Manager, Production Manager, Supervisor.
Answer: Supervisor
In simple words: A Supervisor is typically part of lower-level management, directly overseeing employees, while the others are functional heads at the middle level.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between middle-level managers (who head departments) and lower-level managers (who directly supervise operational staff) to correctly identify the odd one out.

Question 7. Lower Level Management - Supervisor, Foreman, Finance Manager, Office Superintendent.
Answer: Finance Manager
In simple words: A Finance Manager operates at the middle level, overseeing a functional area, unlike supervisors, foremen, or office superintendents who are at the lower, operational level.

🎯 Exam Tip: Roles like Supervisor, Foreman, and Office Superintendent involve direct oversight of workers, placing them in lower-level management, distinct from functional managers.

1. (F) Complete The Sentences

Question 1. The English verb 'manage' came from Italian word ..........................
Answer: Maneggiare
In simple words: The word 'manage' has linguistic roots in the Italian term 'maneggiare'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Etymological facts like the origin of 'manage' can be useful for general knowledge questions or introductory concepts.

Question 2. To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to ..........................
Answer: control
In simple words: Management encompasses forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling activities to achieve objectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question highlights key functions of management, often summarized as POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting) or similar frameworks.

Question 3. Organization is a group of person who work together to achieve a ..........................
Answer: common goal
In simple words: An organization fundamentally consists of individuals collaborating towards a shared objective.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding that a "common goal" is the unifying factor for people in an organization is key to defining organizational structure and purpose.

Question 4. Link between the top level and lower level of management is called as ..........................
Answer: middle level management
In simple words: Middle management acts as the crucial intermediary, translating strategic directives from the top to operational plans for the lower level.

🎯 Exam Tip: The role of linking different management levels is a defining characteristic of middle-level management, facilitating communication and implementation.

Question 5. Lower level management works under ..........................
Answer: middle level management
In simple words: Lower level management receives instructions and guidance from middle-level managers to execute daily tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: In the management hierarchy, lower-level management reports to and operates under the direction of middle-level management.

Question 6. Art is the bringing about a desired result through the application of ..........................
Answer: skills
In simple words: Art involves using personal talents and acquired skills to achieve a specific outcome or desired result.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing art, the emphasis is on the individual's proficiency and creative application of their skills to produce a desired effect.

Question 7. Any knowledge which is scientifically developed and consists of universally accepted principles is known as a ..........................
Answer: science
In simple words: Science is a systematic body of knowledge based on observation, experimentation, and universally accepted principles.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key identifiers for science are systematic development, universal principles, and empirical evidence.

Question 8. Science is based on systematic experiments, on certain rules and on ..........................
Answer: principles
In simple words: Science establishes understanding through controlled experiments, adhering to specific rules and underlying principles.

🎯 Exam Tip: The foundation of science lies in its structured methodology, relying on repeatable experiments to derive general principles.

Question 9. Teacher, Doctor, C.A., Lawyer comes under the term ..........................
Answer: profession
In simple words: Roles like teacher, doctor, chartered accountant, and lawyer are classified as professions due to their specialized knowledge, formal education, and ethical codes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Professions are characterized by specific entry requirements, formal training, a distinct body of knowledge, and a commitment to public service or ethical practice.

1. (G) Select The Correct Option

(Finance Manager, Art, CEO, Profession, Supervisors)
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: To successfully match these options, have a clear understanding of the hierarchy of management (Top, Middle, Lower) and the characteristics of a profession or an art.

1. (H) Answer In One Sentence

Question 1. What is called as management?
Answer: Getting work done through others is called as management.
In simple words: Management is the process of coordinating and guiding the efforts of people to achieve organizational goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: A concise definition of management should highlight its essence: achieving objectives through coordinated effort, often involving others.

Question 2. Name, the levels of management?
Answer: Top level, middle level and lower level are the three levels of management.
In simple words: The three main levels of management are top, middle, and lower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always list the three standard levels of management when asked, as they form the foundational structure of most organizations.

Question 3. What is top level management?
Answer: The level of management that decides the long term objectives of organization and frame the plans and policies and take decisions is called as top level-management.
In simple words: Top-level management defines the organization's overarching goals, strategies, and policies for long-term success.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key functions of top management include setting strategic direction, formulating policies, and making critical decisions for the entire organization.

Question 4. What do you mean by middle level management?
Answer: The level of management which is concerned with implementation of plans and policies in the organization with the help of lower level management is known as middle level management.
In simple words: Middle-level management implements the plans and policies set by top management, often with the support of lower-level management.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the "implementation" and "linking" aspects when describing middle management's role.

Question 5. What is lower level management?
Answer: The level of management which is considered to do actual execution of plan is called as lower level management.
In simple words: Lower-level management oversees the day-to-day operations and ensures the actual execution of plans by the workforce.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lower management is crucial for direct supervision, task assignment, and ensuring operational efficiency on the ground.

Question 6. What do you mean by an art?
Answer: An art means skill of individual, creativity, regular practice, personal abilities and innovativeness.
In simple words: Art is the application of personal skills, creativity, and practice to achieve desired results.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining art in a management context, emphasize individual flair, creativity, and the refinement of skills through practice.

Question 7. What is science?
Answer: Science is a systematic body of knowledge and scientific methods.
In simple words: Science is a structured knowledge system that uses systematic methods and universally accepted principles.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core of science lies in its systematic approach, structured body of knowledge, and reliance on verifiable methods.

Question 8. What is the meaning of a profession?
Answer: Profession means an individual having adequate knowledge and abilities which is helpful to handle different situations. They are trained people having formal education in management school and have a code of conduct.
In simple words: A profession refers to an occupation requiring specialized knowledge, formal education, and adherence to a code of conduct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key elements of a profession include specialized training, formal qualifications, a distinct body of knowledge, and often an ethical code governing practice.

1. (I) Arrange In Proper Order.

Question 1. Middle level management, Top level management, Lower level management.
Answer: Top level management, Middle level management, Lower level management.
In simple words: The correct hierarchical order of management levels is Top, then Middle, and finally Lower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always list management levels from highest authority to lowest: Top, Middle, Lower.

Question 2. Departmental Head, CEO, Supervisors, Managing Director.
Answer: CEO, Managing Director, Departmental Head, Supervisors.
In simple words: The correct order, from highest to lowest authority, is CEO, Managing Director, Departmental Head, and Supervisors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the typical roles and responsibilities to correctly sequence managerial positions based on their hierarchical authority.

Question 3. Office clerk, Shareholders, Managing Director, Board of Director.
Answer: Shareholders, Board of Directors, Managing Director, Office clerk.
In simple words: The correct order from ownership/governance to operational staff is Shareholders, Board of Directors, Managing Director, and Office clerk.

🎯 Exam Tip: When arranging, consider ownership (shareholders), governance (board), executive leadership (MD), and then operational staff (clerk) in logical sequence.

1. (J) Correct The Underlined Word And Rewrite The Following Sentences

Question 1. Management is only an art.
Answer: Management is an art, a science and a profession.
In simple words: Management is a multifaceted field, encompassing aspects of art (skill), science (principles), and profession (specialized knowledge).

🎯 Exam Tip: A comprehensive understanding of management recognizes it as a blend of art (practice), science (theory), and a developing profession.

Question 2. There are five levels of management.
Answer: There are three levels of management.
In simple words: Traditionally, there are three primary levels of management: top, middle, and lower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the three fundamental levels of management (Top, Middle, Lower) as the standard classification.

Question 3. Lower level management works under top level management.
Answer: Middle level management works under top level management.
In simple words: Middle management reports to top management, while lower management reports to middle management.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the chain of command: Lower level reports to Middle level, and Middle level reports to Top level.

Question 4. Middle level management works under lower level management.
Answer: Middle level management works under top-level management.
In simple words: Middle management operates under the directives and supervision of top-level management.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's crucial to correctly identify the reporting structure; middle management's direct superior is the top management.

Question 5. Management is pure science.
Answer: Management is a social science.
In simple words: Management is considered a social science because it deals with human behavior and organizational systems, which are not as predictable as natural phenomena.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between "pure science" (like physics) and "social science" (like management, sociology) based on the predictability and subject matter (human behavior).

Question 6. The entry in any profession is not restricted.
Answer: The entry in any profession is restricted.
In simple words: Entry into a profession typically requires specific qualifications, licenses, or memberships, making it restricted.

🎯 Exam Tip: A key characteristic of a profession is controlled entry, ensuring that only qualified individuals can practice, maintaining standards.

Question 7. Professionals need informal education.
Answer: Professional need formal education.
In simple words: To become a professional, one must undergo structured, formal education and training.

🎯 Exam Tip: Formal education is a prerequisite for most professions, providing the foundational knowledge and skills required.

2. Explain The Following Terms/Concepts

Question 1. Top level management.
Answer:
1. The top level management decides the long term objectives of organization, frames plans and policies and take decisions.
2. It consists of Board of Directors, Managing Director, CEO, President, etc.
In simple words: Top level management is responsible for the overall strategic direction of the organization, setting long-term goals and defining policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining management levels, mention their key responsibilities and typical designations to score well.

Question 2. Middle level management.
Answer:
1. The middle level management is a link between top level and lower level management.
2. It works under top level management.
3. This level is considered with implementation of plans and policies in the organization with the help of lower level management.
4. It consists of Head of Departments / Branch managers / Incharge, etc.
In simple words: Middle management translates top-level strategies into specific departmental plans, coordinating with lower management for implementation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the "linking" and "implementation" roles of middle management, noting that they supervise lower levels and report to top management.

Question 3. Lower level management.
Answer:
1. This is the last level of management.
2. It is a supervisory level of management.
3. It consists of superintendents, supervisors, foremen and junior executives.
4. Lower level management receives instructions from the authorities i.e. middle level management and direct subordinates wherever necessary.
In simple words: Lower level management directly oversees the operational workforce, ensuring daily tasks are completed and receiving instructions from middle management.

🎯 Exam Tip: For lower management, highlight direct supervision, task execution, and their role in interacting with the non-managerial workforce.

3. Study The Following Case/Situation And Express Your Opinion

1. While working in a company, Pranav used to give order to his subordinates about what is to be done and which work is to be done? In this organization, various employees like Pratap are doing their work assigned by Pravin. In this company, Pravin submits his report of work completion to Pranav after completing the work done by the employees like Pratap.

Question 1. Identify different levels of management in above mentioned company.
Answer: There are two levels of management i.e. middle and lower level of management in above mentioned company.
In simple words: Based on the description, the company operates with middle and lower management layers.

🎯 Exam Tip: For case studies, carefully read the roles and responsibilities described to accurately identify the management levels involved.

Question 2. Find the level of Pranav in management of company.
Answer: Pranav works in the middle level management of company.
In simple words: Pranav, by giving orders to subordinates and receiving reports from Pravin (who supervises employees), acts as a middle-level manager.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Pranav's level by his responsibility to give orders to Pravin and receive reports, placing him above direct supervisors.

Question 3. Explain the functions and role of Pratap in his company.
Answer: Pratap is an employee in a company. He works at the lower level. He executes the work assigned by Pravin.
In simple words: Pratap is a lower-level employee responsible for executing tasks assigned by his supervisor, Pravin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between managerial roles (like Pravin) and direct operational roles (like Pratap) based on whether they supervise others or perform assigned tasks.

4. Distinguish Between The Following

Question 1. Top level Management and Middle level Management.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: When distinguishing between management levels, highlight differences in their roles, responsibilities, decision-making scope, and the types of skills predominantly required at each level.

Question 2. Middle Level Management and Lower Level Management.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating, emphasize that middle management bridges strategic and operational levels, while lower management is responsible for direct execution and frontline supervision.

Question 3. Top Level Management and Lower Level Management.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing top and lower management, highlight their contrasting focus on strategic vs. operational activities, conceptual vs. technical skills, and long-term vs. short-term horizons.

5. Answer In Brief

Question 1. State any four features of Management.
Answer:
Following are the features of management:
(i) Management is Goal Oriented : Management activity is done to achieve pre-decided goals. The success of organization is calculated on the basis of achievement of desired goals. The success depends on proper management of all available resources. Management decides the goals before conducting the activity. The manager takes efforts to achieve these goals. So management is goal oriented.
(ii) Management is a Group Activity : "Management is an art of getting things done through others.” The above definition explains that management is done through / with the people. It is done by co-ordinating all resources effectively and efficiently. The activities are done under the guidance of manager by its team members. Also in organisation decisions are taken by the group of people such as Board of Directors, Shareholders, etc.
(iii) Management is Intangible : Management is the collective efforts of manager. It is a process of planning, organizing, decision making, directing and controlling. These cannot be seen physically. However, the results of best management can be experienced in the form of increased profits, attainments of pre-decided so management is tangible in nature.
(iv) Management is a Continuous Process : Management is essential throughout the life of organisation. It is necessary to start the activity, to run the activity in smooth manner and also to control the activity. It is endless process. It is required for survival of the organization continuously.
In simple words: Management has several key features, including being goal-oriented, a group activity, intangible, and a continuous process. These characteristics highlight its role in directing resources and people towards achieving organizational objectives efficiently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on understanding how each feature contributes to the overall effectiveness and nature of management in an organization.

Question 2. Write any four functions of Top Level Management.
Answer:
Following are the functions of Top Level Management:
1. To decide long term objectives of the organisation.
2. To frame plans and policies to achieve the set objectives.
3. To observe that policies are properly implemented.
4. To create various department and positions.
In simple words: Top-level management is responsible for setting the organization's long-term objectives, framing overall plans and policies, ensuring their proper implementation, and structuring the organization by creating departments and positions. They guide the strategic direction of the company.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that top-level management deals with strategic decisions and overall organizational direction, distinct from day-to-day operations.

Question 3. Write any four functions of Middle Level Management.
Answer:
Following are the functions of Middle Level Management:
1. To link the top level management and lower level management.
2. To understand plans and policies framed by top level management and prepare plan of action according to the nature of department.
3. To assign duties and responsibilities to the staff of the concerned department to achieve pre-defined goals.
4. To appoint lower level staff.
In simple words: Middle-level management acts as a crucial link between top and lower management. Their functions include interpreting top-level plans into departmental action plans, assigning duties, and appointing lower-level staff to ensure the achievement of organizational goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding middle management's role as an intermediary and implementer is key to explaining its functions accurately.

Question 4. State any four functions of Lower Level Management.
Answer:
Following are the functions of Lower Level Management:
1. Do work under Middle Level Management.
2. To assign work to subordinates.
3. To give instruction to subordinates.
4. To direct the subordinates wherever necessary.
In simple words: Lower-level management focuses on the direct execution of work, operating under middle management. Their responsibilities include assigning tasks, providing instructions, and directing subordinates to ensure day-to-day operations run smoothly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the operational and supervisory nature of lower-level management, as they are closest to the actual workforce.

Question 5. State any two points of relationship about management as an art.
Answer:
The relationship between art and management are:
(i) Personal Skills : In organization, every manager has to handle different situations, has to solve various problems, has to handle human resource, etc. with his own style. This style varies from manager to manager and so the result. This is because of the different skills and abilities of each person.
(ii) Creativity : Creativity refers to the ability to find something new and innovative. Manager finds out new ways to conduct organizational activities and to achieve desired goals. Manager develops new ideas according to the changes in business situation and in the business environment.
In simple words: Management is considered an art because it involves the application of personal skills and creativity. Managers use their unique style and innovative thinking to handle diverse situations, solve problems, and achieve organizational goals effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing management as an art, focus on the individual talent, creativity, and practical application aspects, rather than rigid rules.

Question 6. Explain any two points of relationship about management as a science.
Answer:
The following points shows there is a relationship in management as a science:
(i) Systematic Body of Knowledge : Pure science is based on systematic experiments, certain rules and principles. Management principles and functions are also based on the experiments which can be studied through various different management theories, techniques and approaches given by different management thinkers.
(ii) Universal Applicability of Principles : Scientific principles can be applied in all over the world in similar situation. Therefore, the same result can be drawn. Management principles are universal in nature. They can be applied everywhere, anytime and in any condition.
In simple words: Management is considered a science due to its systematic body of knowledge, derived from experiments and theories, and the universal applicability of its principles. These principles provide a structured approach to solving management problems, much like scientific laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: For management as a science, highlight the existence of established principles, systematic study, and cause-and-effect relationships that lend it scientific characteristics.

Question 7. State any two points of relationship about management as a profession.
Answer:
The relationship between profession and management can be seen with the help of following points:
(i) Expertise : A professional is an expert in his field. He has acquired specific knowledge through formal education. Also he has particular skill in practicing as a professional. Manager also becomes an expert by practicing regularly in the specific field and can acquire certain knowledge and skill.
(ii) Registration : Professionals need to register themselves with their associations. For example, a Chartered Accountant should register himself with Institute of Chartered Accountant of India i.e. ICAI. Without registration certificate he cannot practice. In case of managers, there is no such body to register themselves. However, managers can take the membership of 'Chambers of Commerce' which gives them benefits.
In simple words: Management shares characteristics with a profession through its emphasis on expertise, where managers gain specific knowledge and skills through education and practice. However, unlike traditional professions, formal registration with a governing body is not typically mandatory for managers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing management to a profession, remember to highlight both the similarities (expertise, formal training) and the differences (lack of mandatory registration, code of conduct enforcement).

6. Justify The Following Statements

Question 1. Management is essential in professional and non-professional activities.
Answer:
(i) As management is universal in nature it is applicable everywhere, either it is a professional activity or non-professional activity.
(ii) Every person performs certain activity to achieve pre-decided goals. E.g. earning of profit, winning games, competitions, to increase goodwill, etc.
(iii) Organisations either large, medium or small, profit making or non-profit making, government or non-government organisation, etc. to get success, to attain goals every time management plays a vital role. It's application ensures smooth functioning of business.
(iv) A professional acquires certain specific formal education. He has specific skill to achieve his goals. He performs management functions like planning, organizing, controlling, etc. Similarly, while performing non- professional activities like plantation of tree, blood donation campaign, a person also requires to perform certain management functions.
(v) Thus, management is essential in performing professional as well as non-professional activities.
In simple words: Management is crucial for both professional and non-professional activities because its principles are universally applicable. Whether it's a business aiming for profit or an individual managing daily tasks, effective management ensures goal achievement and efficient use of resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: To justify this, emphasize the universal applicability of management principles across diverse contexts, from large corporations to individual endeavors and social causes.

Question 2. Level of management depends upon the size of organization.
Answer:
(i) Making different parts for the smooth functioning of business and to achieve decided goals is called levels of management.
(ii) The size of business is small, medium or large. Every business needs to manage the activities efficiently and' effectively.
(iii) The levels of management depends on size of organization. If the size of organization is small the classification of levels becomes easy and simple. Whereas in large organization, it becomes difficult and complicated. The levels of management in such organisation may be classified into three parts i.e. Top level, Middle level and Lower level.
(iv) These levels of management are important in organization. These levels have their own functions. As per that they have to perform their duties and responsibilities to attain their set goals and objectives.
(v) Thus, levels of management depends on size of organisation.
In simple words: The structure of management levels (top, middle, lower) is directly influenced by the organization's size. Smaller organizations might have simpler structures, while larger, more complex ones require a more distinct and multi-layered hierarchy to manage operations effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Illustrate with examples: a small shop might have just an owner-manager, while a large corporation will have a clear hierarchy from CEO to frontline supervisors.

Question 3. Management is a group oriented action.
Answer:
(i) In the words of Mary Parker Follet, "management is an art of getting things done through others". Management focuses on completing the work through human resource.
(ii) It is co-ordinating of all available resources effectively and efficiently. In organisation, the activities are done by the subordinates, employees under the guidance of a manager.
(iii) A manager, though he is competent, able, has capacity, skills to perform the organizational task, it is not possible for a single manager to perform all the activities related to the said task alone.
(iv) To fulfill or accomplish the objectives and goals, he needs the help of other people, as it should be divided among all the employees, as per their skill, qualification, interest, knowledge and experience.
(v) Thus, management is a group oriented activity.
In simple words: Management is fundamentally a group-oriented activity because no single manager can accomplish all organizational goals alone. It involves coordinating the efforts of multiple individuals, delegating tasks based on skills, and guiding a team to achieve common objectives efficiently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight keywords like "co-ordinating," "delegating," and "teamwork" to support the idea of management as a collective endeavor.

Question 4. Management is an art.
Answer:
(i) An art is the bringing about a desired result through the application of skills. It is an innovativeness and creativeness of a person. This is a natural and inborn quality of a person. But with the help of proper education and practice one can developed the quality or qualities. E.g. acting, dancing, cycling, magician, singing, drawing, skating, musician, sports etc. comes under art.
(ii) Art does not require any specific educational qualification or it not any compulsion. It is inborn quality or a skill.
(iii) As a manager, in organisation he has to handle various kinds of situations, employees, other resources effectively and efficiently with his own style. So he uses his skills which are either inborn or developed by practice and formal education.
(iv) A manger must be innovative. He should handle the conditions. He should not use same methods all the time. Like an artist, he has to develop his skills by regular practice. He should use different techniques and skills to get perfect result. This is possible due to regular practice.
(v) Every managers has different abilities and skills. They have to use their own abilities and skills to guide the people to achieve their goals.
(vi) Thus, manager need to be creative and skilled like an artist. Hence, management is an art.
In simple words: Management is an art because it requires managers to apply personal skills, creativity, and innovative thinking to achieve desired results. Like an artist, a manager develops unique styles through practice and experience to handle diverse situations effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the aspects of personal skill, creativity, and practical application, emphasizing how managers adapt their approach to different situations, similar to artists.

Question 5. There is no need of registration for managers.
Answer:
1. Every professional is registered with the concerned body or organisation. A professional is formally, educated and also a skilled person.
2. A manager, now-a-days, possess a diploma or degree in management studies like Indian Institute of Management (IIM), PUMBA (Savitribai Phule Pune University, MBA) etc. A person who wants to be a manager acquires the required knowledge of the profession and trains himself / herself for th managerial job.
3. As management is a profession, a manager is not practicing independently. He is an employee of the organisation.
4. Thus, there is no need of registration for managers.
In simple words: While management is often pursued with formal education and requires professional skills, it differs from traditional professions in that there is no mandatory registration with a regulatory body. Managers are often employees within an organization rather than independent practitioners requiring official licenses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the professional nature of management (requiring skills and education) and the specific legal requirement of registration found in other professions (like doctors or lawyers).

Question 6. Management is a continuous process.
Answer:
1. Management is a continuous process. It is an important feature of management.
2. A manager of an organisation has to perform managerial work to achieve pre-defined goals of the organisation. To achieve these goals, he as a manager applies various functions of management, principles of management and also techniques of management.
3. From the beginning till the achievement of success, continuous efforts of every individual is required.
Continuity is an integral part of management. It is necessary through out the life of an organisation.
4. Therefore, management has become necessary to start the activity and to run the activity at the business smoothly.
5. Thus, management is a continuous activity. It is not a one time process, but it is never ending process.
In simple words: Management is a continuous and ongoing process, not a one-time event. It involves constantly performing various managerial functions like planning, organizing, directing, and controlling throughout the lifespan of an organization to ensure sustained effort towards achieving its goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that management activities are cyclical and iterative, meaning they repeat and adapt over time rather than having a definite end point.

Question 7. Planning is a task of top level management.
Answer:
1. Planning means thinking before doing. It is thinking in advance. Before the action, there is a thinking process.
2. In the large organisation, management levels are divided into three parts i.e. top, middle and lower.
3. At the top level management, very few personnels are involves. They are Board of Directors, Managing Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer, etc.
4. The main function of top level management is to frame the plans and policies of the whole organisation to achieve its goals.
5. It decides the long term objectives of the organisation and also frames particular plans and policies to get them. Further, it also sees that the policies are properly implemented.
6. Framing of organizational objectives and accordingly plans and policies to achieve them becomes a tough task of top level management.
7. Thus, Planning is a task of top level management.
In simple words: Planning, which involves thinking ahead and setting long-term objectives and policies, is primarily a responsibility of top-level management. This strategic function is crucial for guiding the entire organization towards its overarching goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate strategic planning (top-level) from operational planning (lower levels) to clearly justify why planning is a top-level function.

7. Attempt The Following

Question 1. State the definition of management.
Answer:
Following are some definitions given by management thinkers :
1. "Management is an art of getting things done through others." - Mary Parker Follet
2. "To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control". - Henry Fayol
3. "Management is knowing exactly what is to be done and seeing that it is done in the best possible manner."
4. "Management is the process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources". George Terry.
In simple words: Management can be defined as the art of coordinating resources and people to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently, involving functions like planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining management, citing a recognized thinker's definition can add weight to your answer. Remember the core functions of management.

Question 2. State the features of management.
Answer:
(i) Managements is Dynamic : Management is dynamic and not static in character. It deals with human efforts, different situations and different activities. It adopts changes in the form of technological, socio-economical, political, environmental, etc.
(ii) Management is Intangible : Management is intangible in nature. It can't be seen and touched. It is abstract. The principles, theories, techniques, concept are practically invisible. The result of best management can be experienced in the form of increased profit, smooth functioning of the organization and achievement.
(iii) Management is a Social Process: Management is a process because it sets objectives and takes steps to achieve them. It is said to be a social process because management is concerned with people. For example employees, shareholders, investors, customers, community, etc.
(iv) Management is a Continuous Process : Management is essential through the life of an organization. It is necessary to begin the activity, to run the activity smoothly and to control the activity. This is never ending process.
(v) Management is Different from Ownership : In an organization, management is different from ownership. Owners contribute capital which is taken care of by efficient and paid managers.
(vi) Management is an Inborn Quality: Management in the older days, was considered to be an inborn quality. But with the inception of various business schools, management is a quality which can be developed if a person has the interest and perseverance.
In simple words: Management is characterized as dynamic, intangible, a social process, continuous, distinct from ownership, and a quality that can be developed. These features underscore its adaptive, invisible yet impactful, people-centric, ongoing, professional, and learnable nature in organizations.

🎯 Exam Tip: For features of management, aim to provide a brief explanation for each point to demonstrate comprehensive understanding.

Question 3. State management is as a science.
Answer:
1. Systematic Body of Knowledge : Management is not a science like physics, chemistry or biology. It is a science which deals with human beings. Management has a theories and concepts. Various principle of management like unity of command, division of labour, unity of direction are all universally accepted principle. Management follows procedures like collecting data, analyzing and drawing inferences from it. This makes management a science.
2. Use of Scientific Methods of Observation: In science the conclusions are drawn only on the basis of scientific methods of observation. Management also uses systematic methods of data collection, verification and analysis of that collected data and interpretation of data, then a manager takes decisions in the organisation.
3. Cause and Effect Relationship : Science is based on cause and effect relationship. After using specific formulae or their combination, we get particular result in science. Management theories are also based on relationships. Fair and regular salary along with good working conditions motivates people to work hard and to give best results. Whereas, old machineries, techniques, untrained employees may not give good / excepted output to the organization.
4. Universal Applicability of Principles : The management principles are universally accepted just like scientific principles are accepted all over the world. For e.g. Newton's law, Archimedes principle, etc. are all accepted principles, similarly in management also the principle of authority and responsibility, unity of command, direction, etc. are all universally accepted and are used in all organization whether big or small. Management follows these principles in all kind of organizations, at all levels in the same organization. State the relationship between the management and art.
In simple words: Management is considered a science due to its systematic body of knowledge, reliance on scientific methods of observation for data analysis, establishment of cause-and-effect relationships in its theories, and the universal applicability of its principles across different organizations and levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: To effectively present management as a science, focus on its structured approach, use of evidence-based decision-making, and verifiable principles.

Question 4. Following points clearly states the relation between management and art.
Answer:
1. Creativity: Managers must posses the quality of being creative. Every manager should be able to bring innovations in the business. This quality is developed with experience. The more experienced manager can bring about changes according to the situation.
2. Regular Practice: Practice makes a man perfect. This is the rule applied by a manager. The more the experience, the manager will be able to meet any challenge or difficult situation with ease. He is in a position to make the required changes according to the circumstances.
3. Personal Skill: Every manager being an individual is different. A good manager must posses good skills in dealing with human beings. He should use his skill in knowing the problem, allotment of work to employees, give judgment and understanding to deal with various situations in business.
4. Personal Abilities : Every person has different abilities and skills. Manager uses his own abilities to co-ordinate the activities, to guide the people and to achieve their goals.
In simple words: Management is an art because it requires creativity to innovate and adapt, regular practice to hone skills and handle complex situations, personal skills in dealing with people, and the application of individual abilities to coordinate activities and achieve goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing management as an art, emphasize the practical application of knowledge, personal talent, and intuitive decision-making rather than rigid rules.

Question 5. State the importance of management
Answer:
1. Utilisation of Resources Optimally : Effective management is all about optimum use of available resources in the organization. Proper distribution of resources and work to right person results in higher output. It also reduces wastage and cost. Maximisation of output by reducing cost is the ultimate objective of every organization.
2. Better Relation : Different groups work at different levels in organization. The employer and the employees have different sets of demands from each other. Effective management ensures that employees fulfill their social responsibilities towards their employers. This helps in establishing good relationship among different groups in an organization.
3. Achievement of Goals : In an organization group of people performs various activities to achieve common goals of the organization. Effective management brings about harmony (cordial relationship) and good co-ordination in efforts of all group. A manager creates a feeling of team spirit among the members of the group.
4. Division of Work: Division of work means the entire work is divided into smaller lots. Each job is given to a particular employee as per his ability and skill to carry out the required activity. Division of work leads to specialization of work and completion of the work in the stipulated period of time.
In simple words: Management is important for optimal resource utilization, fostering better relations among stakeholders, achieving organizational goals through coordinated efforts, and ensuring efficient division of work for specialization and timely completion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how management contributes to organizational efficiency, harmony, and goal attainment, which are universal benefits for any enterprise.

Question 6. State the similarities between management and profession.
Answer:
1. Formal Education : Professionals need formal education. Today's managers are qualified with management diploma or degrees from various institutes like IIMS, PUMBA etc. They also take formal training from management schools which helps them to work professionally.
2. Code of Conduct : Code of conduct means set of rules and regulations to be followed by practicing in their field. Every profession has their own code of conduct to control the activities. It emphasis on ethical practice in that profession. E.g. Chartered Accountants have to work according to ICAI, Lawyers have to follow the code of conduct framed by Bar Council of India, etc. However for managers there is no such association of managers. Generally managers follow the code of conduct based on customs and traditions.
3. Expertise : A professional is an expert in his field. He has acquired specific knowledge through formal education. He has particular skill of practicing as professional. He becomes an expert due to regular practice in specific field.
4. Registration : Professionals need to register themselves with their associations. For example, Lawyers must get registered themselves with India Bar Council, Chartered Accountants with Institute of Chartered Accountant of India, where as for managers there is no need of such registration with any body. They can take membership of 'Chambers of Commerce' which give them membership benefits.
5. Restricted Entry : The entry in any profession is restricted. It needs formal education e.g. Lawyers, Architect, Interior designer, Doctors, Chartered Accountant, etc. However, such compulsion is not there for working as a manager.
In simple words: Management shares similarities with professions through the increasing emphasis on formal education, the existence of ethical codes of conduct (though not always legally binding), the need for specialized expertise, and the concept of restricted entry in some higher-level roles.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing, highlight areas where management is developing characteristics akin to traditional professions, while also noting any distinctions (e.g., voluntary vs. mandatory registration).

8. Answer The Following

Question 1. What is management? State the characteristics or features of management.
Answer:
Management and its features:
(A) Meaning:
The word management is derived from the Latin word 'manus' which means 'hands.
It means management is handling some activity.
Many thinkers said that management means a fine consideration of co-ordinating and controlling the work either from direct individual or from a group.
(B) Definitions:
Some definitions of management given by different management thinkers as follows:
1. "Management traditionally can be defined as "an art of getting things done through others. "
- Mary Parker Follet
2. "To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control". - Henry Fayol
3. "Management is co-ordination of resources through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling in order to attain stated objectives." - F.W. Taylor
Following are the characteristics features of management:
(i) Managements is Dynamic : Management is dynamic and not static in character. It deals with human efforts, different situations and different activities. It adopts changes in the form of technological, socio-economical, political, environmental, etc.
(ii) Management is Intangible : Management is intangible in nature. It can't be seen and touched. It is abstract. The principles, theories, techniques, concept are practically invisible. The result of best management can be experienced in the form of increased profit, smooth functioning of the organization and achievement.
(iii) Management is a Social Process: Management is a process because it sets objectives and takes steps to achieve them. It is said to be a social process because management is concerned with people. For example employees, shareholders, investors, customers, community, etc.
(iv) Management is a Continuous Process : Management is essential through the life of an organization. It is necessary to begin the activity, to run the activity smoothly and to control the activity. This is never ending process.
(v) Management is Different from Ownership : In an organization, management is different from ownership. Owners contribute capital which is taken care of by efficient and paid managers.
(vi) Management is an Inborn Quality: Management in the older days, was considered to be an inborn quality. But with the inception of various business schools, management is a quality which can be developed if a person has the interest and perseverance.
(vii) Management is Situational: Management helps to take decisions and also to handle specific situation. The decisions are based on the principles, theories and techniques. They are applicable in certain situation only.
(viii) Management is Goal Orientated : Every business organization either small, medium or large, profit making or non-profit making, Governmental or NGOs have their own goals. When the organization achieves its desired goals, it is called success of that organisation. This success depends on proper management of all available resources. A manager takes lots of efforts to achieve these goals. So management is goal oriented.
(ix) Management is Universal : Management principles and theories are equally applicable every where and in every field like business, profession, hospital, education, politics, government administration social activities. These principles are the guidelines to the manager. They are flexible and capable of adaptation to every type of organization.
(x) Management is Group Activity : Management is defined as "getting work done through others” or “with the people in formally organized groups". The tasks set by the organization is complied by employees, all levels of managers and even with the help of outside parties.
In simple words: Management is the process of coordinating resources and people to achieve organizational goals. Its key features include being dynamic, intangible, a social and continuous process, distinct from ownership, situational, goal-oriented, universally applicable, and a group activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to define and state features, provide a concise definition and then elaborate on each characteristic with a brief, clear explanation to demonstrate thorough understanding.

Question 2. Discuss whether management is an art science or profession.
Answer:
Art:
1. Creativity: Managers must posses the quality of being creative. Every manager should be able to bring innovations in the business. This quality is developed with experience. The more experienced manager can bring about changes according to the situation.

Question 2. Discuss whether management is an art science or profession.
Answer:Art: 1. Creativity: Managers must posses the quality of being creative. Every manager should be able to bring innovations in the business. This quality is developed with experience. The more experienced manager can bring about changes according to the situation. 2. Regular Practice: Practice makes a man perfect. This is the rule applied by a manager. The more the experience, the manager will be able to meet any challenge or difficult situation with ease. He is in a position to make the required changes according to the circumstances. 3. Personal Skill: Every manager being an individual is different. A good manager must posses good skills in dealing with human beings. He should use his skill in knowing the problem, allotment of work to employees, give judgment and understanding to deal with various situations in business. 4. Personal Abilities : Every person has different abilities and skills. Manager uses his own abilities to co-ordinate the activities, to guide the people and to achieve their goals. Science: 1. Systematic Body of Knowledge : Management is not a science like physics, chemistry or biology. It is a science which deals with human beings. Management has a theories and concepts. Various principle of management like unity of command, division of labour, unity of direction are all universally accepted principle. Management follows procedures like collecting data, analyzing and drawing inferences from it. This makes management a science. 2. Use of Scientific Methods of Observation : In science the conclusions are drawn only on the basis of scientific methods of observation. Management also uses systematic methods of data collection, verification and analysis of that collected data and interpretation of data, then a manager takes decisions in the organisation. 3. Cause and Effect Relationship : Science is based on cause and effect relationship. After using specific formulae or their combination, we get particular result in science. Management theories are also based on relationships. Fair and regular salary along with good working conditions motivates people to work hard and to give best results. Whereas, old machineries, techniques, untrained employees may not give good / excepted output to the organization. Profession: 1. Formal Education : Professionals need formal education. Today's managers are qualified with management diploma or degrees from various institutes like IIMS, PUMBA etc. They also take formal training from management schools which helps them to work professionally. 2. Code of Conduct : Code of conduct means set of rules and regulations to be followed by practicing in their field. Every profession has their own code of conduct to control the activities. It emphasis on ethical practice in that profession. E.g. Chartered Accountants have to work according to ICAI, Lawyers have to follow the code of conduct framed by Bar Council of India, etc. However for managers there is no such association of managers. Generally managers follow the code of conduct based on customs and traditions. 3. Expertise : A professional is an expert in his field. He has acquired specific knowledge through formal education. He has particular skill of practicing as professional. He becomes an expert due to regular practice in specific field. 4. Registration : Professionals need to register themselves with their associations. For example, Lawyers must get registered themselves with India Bar Council, Chartered Accountants with Institute of Chartered Accountant of India, where as for managers there is no need of such registration with any body. They can take membership of 'Chambers of Commerce' which give them membership benefits. 5. Restricted Entry : The entry in any profession is restricted. It needs formal education e.g. Lawyers, Architect, Interior designer, Doctors, Chartered Accountant, etc. However, such compulsion is not there for working as a manager.
In simple words: Management combines the practical creativity of art, the structured approach of science with its principles and systematic methods, and aspects of a profession through specialized knowledge and ethical conduct, although formal registration isn't always mandatory.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing management as an art, science, or profession, ensure to provide distinct characteristics and examples for each, highlighting how management integrates elements from all three categories for comprehensive understanding.