Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Chapter 10 Changing Times Solutions

1A. Choose the Correct Alternative and Write Complete Sentences.

Question 1. The history of Indo-Greeks is known through their _____________
(a) literature
(b) inscription
(c) coins
Answer: (c) coins
In simple words: Most of what we know about the Indo-Greek kings comes from the coins they made, which had their names and pictures on them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that coins are the most reliable source of information for Indo-Greek history as they contain portraits and names of rulers.

Question 1. [Identify the source of history]
(d) pottery
Answer: (c) coins
In simple words: Coins are important historical objects that help us understand the economy and rulers of ancient times.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always read all options carefully before marking the correct source of history.

Question 2. Gupta dynasty was founded by _____________
(a) Sri Gupta
(b) Ghatotkach
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Ramgupta
Answer: (a) Sri Gupta
In simple words: Sri Gupta was the king who started the famous Gupta Empire in ancient India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Sri Gupta is the founder, while Chandragupta I and Samudragupta were later, more powerful rulers who expanded the empire.

Question 3. After accession by defeating the Shakas _____________ took up the title of ‘Vikramaditya’.
(a) Chandragupta II
(b) Ramgupta
(c) Chandragupta I
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer: (a) Chandragupta II
In simple words: Chandragupta II defeated the Shaka rulers and took the proud title of 'Vikramaditya' to celebrate his victory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the title 'Vikramaditya' directly with Chandragupta II to avoid confusion with other Gupta kings.

1B. Find the Incorrect Pair from Set B and Write the Correct Ones.

Question 1. Identify the incorrect pair and write the correct one:

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the ancient terms for different types of fabrics as they are frequently asked in match-the-following or odd-man-out questions.

Explain the Following Statements with Reasons

Question 1. During the Gupta period, the power was concentrated in the hands of local landlords.
Answer:
• During the Gupta period, lands were granted to civil and military officers instead of salaries.
• The roots of the feudal system can be found in this period.
• It is believed that the feudal economy brought about the decline of urban centers.
• Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land, the revenue too decreased and the royal treasury was depleted.
• It was concentrated in the hands of locals’ landlords. Because of this the king no longer remained in the center of power. This decentralization of authority significantly weakened the central administration.
In simple words: Instead of paying salaries in cash, the Gupta kings gave land to their officers. These officers became powerful local landlords, which reduced the king's direct control over his kingdom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain the link between land grants, the rise of feudal landlords, and the decline of the king's central power to score full marks.

Question 2. Every tide of the Huna invasion made the Gupta rule weaker.
Answer:
• During the period of Kumargupta son of Chandragupta II, the Huna in India began.
• Kumargupta withheld the attacks of Hunas.
• After Kumargupta, the succeeding kings proved to be incapable of protecting their kingdom.
• Finally, the Gupta empire disintegrated into many and small kingdoms. These continuous external pressures drained the empire's resources and military strength.
In simple words: Repeated attacks by the Huna invaders weakened the Gupta rulers. Over time, the later kings could not defend the empire, leading to its breakup into smaller kingdoms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention Kumargupta's initial resistance and contrast it with the weakness of the later rulers to show a complete timeline of the decline.

State Your Opinion

Question 1. Samudragupta performed the Asvamedha sacrifice after Digvijaya.
Answer:
• Samudraguptas ambition was to rule entire India as a unified empire. Performing the Asvamedha sacrifice was a traditional way to declare his imperial sovereignty over the conquered territories.
In simple words: Samudragupta wanted to unite all of India under his rule. He performed the horse sacrifice ritual to celebrate his great military victories and declare himself the supreme ruler.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define 'Digvijaya' (conquest of all directions) briefly to show a deeper understanding of why the Asvamedha sacrifice was performed.

Write Short Notes

Question 1. Gupta Sculptures
Answer:
• The human figure was the central theme of the sculptures in the Gupta period.
• Human sculptures and images of deities were created during this period.
• Sculptures belonging to this period are found at many places such as Sarnath, Devgadh, Ajanta.
• During this period, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious icons were made of stone, metals, and terracotta. These artistic creations reflected a high level of craftsmanship and aesthetic beauty.
In simple words: During the Gupta period, artists mainly carved human figures, gods, and religious statues out of stone, metal, and clay. Many of these beautiful statues can still be seen today in places like Sarnath and Ajanta.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key locations like Sarnath and Ajanta, and the materials used (stone, metal, terracotta) to secure full marks.

Question 2. Indo-Roman trade
Answer:
• The Periplus of Erythrean Sea written in the mid 1st century C.E mentions the Red sea and the sea routes connecting coastal lines, ports, provinces, goods exchanged in trade.
• Items like textiles, black pepper, precious stones, ivory, and animals such as monkeys, parrots, and peacocks for entertainment were exported from India.
• Gold coins were the medium of exchange. Coral and liquor were items of import.
• A large amount of these gold coins found in south India gives an extent of the trade. This thriving trade relationship significantly boosted the economy of ancient Indian kingdoms.
In simple words: Ancient India traded heavily with Rome using sea routes. India exported goods like spices, silk, and exotic animals, while importing items like wine and coral, using gold coins for payment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to name 'The Periplus of Erythrean Sea' as the primary historical source and mention gold coins as the medium of exchange.

• The growing trade between Rome and India saw the rise of several markets and cities.
• Ter, Nevasa, Bhokardan were some of the places where commodities were stored.
• The port of Sopara and Kalyan were important centers of Indo-Roman trade.

Answers the Following Questions with the Help of Given Points

Question 1. How did the standardization in various sections during the Gupta period take place?
(a) Division of Gupta administration
(b) Changes in economic structure economy of agriculture
(c) Development of Gupta coinage.
Answer:
(a) Division of Gupta Administrations:
• During the Gupta period, the king was the center of administration. The Prince, Amatya (ministers), and advisors helped him. Many times, the prince was appointed as viceroy who looked after the provincial administration.
• Every province was subdivisions These subdivisions were called Vishaya There was an independent administrator appointed to these Visayas. They were known as ‘Vishayapath’.
• ‘Kumaramatya’ were the provincial officers and ‘Ayuktak’ were the officials who looked after the affairs of the districts.
• Gupta’s administration was decentralized. Many decisions were taken.

(b) Changes in the economic structure, economy of agriculture:
• The economic structure of the agricultural system was changed by the Gupta kings.
• They preferred giving land to local farmers for tilling. Land donations were also made for the cause of religion and learning. These lands were tax-free. They were called Agraharas
• The civil and military officers were granted land grants instead of salaries. Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land. These administrative and economic reforms helped in establishing a highly organized and prosperous empire.
In simple words: During the Gupta period, the empire was divided into smaller provinces and districts run by local officers to make administration easier. The kings also changed farming by giving tax-free lands to farmers, priests, and officers instead of paying them in cash.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly separate your answer into the sub-headings provided in the question (like administration and agriculture) and use bullet points to make it easy for the examiner to read.

Economic Life and Development of Gupta Coinage

• The power was concentrated on the local landlord.
• Sugarcane and wheat were cultivated in the northwest province of the Gupta empire while the rice was cultivated in Magadha and eastern regions.
• Gold Smiths enjoyed a high social status in this period.
• The gold coins are excellent examples of their skills.
• The beautiful and realistic portrayal of various aspects of the king is the characteristic of Gupta Coins.

Activity

Question. Collect more information about ‘Harshacharita’ written by Banabhatta, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
• ‘Harshacharita’ is a biography of Indian Emperor Harsha by Banabhatta also known as Bana, who was a Sanskrit writer of seventh century C.E., India.
• This work is in Sanskrit. It has been categorized as an akhyayika (legend), a romanticized yet historical account.
• Harshacharita has been written in a florid and fanciful style.
• Bana has in detail and vividly described rural India’s natural environment as well as the extraordinary industry of the Indian people.
• This work presents the emperor’s actions in an overly favourable light. It remains one of the most celebrated historical texts of ancient India.
In simple words: 'Harshacharita' is a famous book written in Sanskrit by Banabhatta about the life of King Harsha. It describes the people, nature, and events of that time in a very detailed and beautiful way.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about historical texts like Harshacharita, remember to mention the author (Banabhatta), the language (Sanskrit), and the king it is based on (Emperor Harsha) to secure full marks.

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