Maharashtra Board Class 11 Geography Chapter 8 Biomes Solutions

Std 11 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer Biomes Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Geography Chapter 8 Biomes Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 11 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Exercise 1(A)

 

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Boreal forest	(1) Hardwood species of tree	(1) Siberia
(2) Deserts	(2) Tropical deciduous forest	(2) Myanmar
(3) Teak	(3) Wide spectrum of bio-diversity	(3) Sahara Desert
(4) Tropical rainforest	(4) Tundra region	(4) Brazil
	(5) Taiga forest	(5) Greenland
	(6) Narrow spectrum of bio-diversity

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Boreal forest	(1) Taiga forest	(1) Siberia
(2) Deserts	(2) Narrow spectrum of bio-diversity	(2) Sahara Desert
(3) Teak	(3) Tropical deciduous forest	(3) Myanmar
(4) Tropical rainforest	(4) Hardwood species of tree	(4) Brazil

In simple words: This question requires matching elements from columns A, B, and C to form correct ecological chains, associating biomes with their characteristics or locations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the specific characteristics of each biome to correctly link elements across the chains for maximum accuracy.

 

Exercise 1(B)

 

Question 1. Ecosystem consists of interaction between .................... and abiotic factors.
(a) biotic
(b) animals
(c) human beings
(d) plants
Answer: (a) biotic
In simple words: An ecosystem is defined by the interactions between living organisms (biotic factors) and non-living components (abiotic factors) in a particular environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that an ecosystem encompasses both living organisms and their physical environment, emphasizing the interconnectedness of biotic and abiotic factors.

 

Question 2. The original meaning of savannah is ....................
(a) land with many trees
(b) extensive perennial grassland
(c) land which is full of trees with much grass
(d) land which is without trees but with much grass
Answer: (b) extensive perennial grassland
In simple words: Savannah refers to a type of grassland ecosystem characterized by vast areas of grass with scattered trees, implying extensive perennial grasslands.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the etymology or core definition of geographical terms like "savannah" helps in understanding the fundamental characteristics of the biome.

 

Question 3. In Africa, tropical evergreen forest is predominantly found in ....................
(a) Amazon basin
(b) Sahara Desert
(c) Congo basin
(d) Savannah
Answer: (c) Congo basin
In simple words: The Congo basin in Africa is well-known for hosting a significant portion of the world's tropical evergreen forests due to its favorable climate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate major biomes with their prominent geographical locations to score well in identification questions.

 

Question 4. Mediterranean forest is also known as .................... forests.
(a) hardwood
(b) chaparral
(c) manmade
(d) softwood
Answer: (b) chaparral
In simple words: Mediterranean forests are often referred to as chaparral, a term describing dense, evergreen shrubland found in regions with Mediterranean climates.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of regional names or alternative terms for different biomes, as these are common in geography questions.

 

Exercise 2(A)

 

Question 1. Arrange the following biomes in proper order from Equator to Pole.
(a) Tundra
(b) Tropical Rainforest
(c) Boreal forest
(d) Sahara Desert
Answer: (b), (d), (c), (a)
In simple words: Biomes are arranged from the Equator to the Poles based on climatic zones, moving from hot and wet (Tropical Rainforest) to dry (Sahara Desert), then temperate cold (Boreal forest), and finally very cold (Tundra).

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the latitudinal distribution of major biomes (tropical, desert, temperate, polar) is crucial for ordering them correctly from Equator to Pole.

 

Exercise 2(B)

 

Question 1. Trees in the tropical rainforest
(a) Mahogany
(b) Ebony
(c) Pine
(d) Rosewood
Answer: (c) Pine
In simple words: Pine trees are typically found in coniferous forests or temperate regions, not tropical rainforests, which are dominated by broad-leaved hardwood species.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with characteristic tree species for different biomes to identify incorrect options related to their distribution.

 

Question 2. Temperate grassland in the world
(a) Prairies - North America
(b) Steppes - Eurasia
(c) Downs - Africa
(d) Pampas - South America
Answer: (c) Downs - Africa
In simple words: The "Downs" are temperate grasslands found in Australia, not Africa; the African temperate grasslands are known as Velds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the specific names and locations of major temperate grasslands across different continents to avoid common errors.

 

Question 3. Major hot deserts in the world are
(a) Gobi - Asia
(b) Kalahari - Africa
(c) Atacama - South America
(d) Arabian - Asia.
Answer: (a) Gobi - Asia
In simple words: The Gobi Desert is a cold desert, not a hot desert, distinguishing it from the other options listed which are major hot deserts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between hot and cold deserts, as their characteristics and typical locations vary significantly.

 

Exercise 3

 

Question 1. The trees in the tropical rainforests are broad-leaved while those in the taiga are coniferous.
Answer:
1. Tropical rainforest biome has high temperature and heavy rainfall almost throughout the year.
2. The trees grow very densely and very little sunlight falls on the ground of the forest.
3. So, plants near the ground have broad leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible.
4. Such leaves can cope in hot, wet tropical climates because they counteract the day-time heat-trapping effect using transpiration.
5. The taiga biome has cold winter with severe snowfall. Therefore, to adapt to this condition:
6. Coniferous trees that grow here have thick bark to protect against the cold.
7. They are tall, cone-shaped, with flexible branches that taper to the ground and due to their waxy leaves the snow does not stay on the trees.
8. The pine cones protect the seeds in winter
In simple words: Tropical rainforests have broad leaves to maximize photosynthesis in warm, wet conditions, while taiga forests have needle-like coniferous leaves to survive cold, snowy winters by reducing water loss and shedding snow.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining adaptations, always link the physical characteristic of the plant (e.g., broad leaves, waxy needles) directly to its function in response to specific climatic conditions (e.g., sunlight capture, water retention, snow shedding).

 

Question 2. Desert biomes have thorny vegetation.
Answer:
1. There is scarcity of rainfall in the desert biomes.
2. Normally plants lose their moisture through their pores which are present on their leaves and stems.
3. Desert plants need to avoid the loss of water through these pores to lock in the minimum levels of moisture that they have.
4. Hence desert plants have leaves which are modified into thorns to control loss of water through transpiration.
Therefore, desert biomes have thorny vegetation.
In simple words: Desert plants develop thorns to minimize water loss through transpiration, as thorns have less surface area than leaves, and to protect themselves from herbivores in arid environments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on water conservation as the primary driver for plant adaptations in desert biomes, such as reduced leaf surface area, waxy coatings, and succulent stems.

 

Question 3. Lumbering activity has developed in Taiga forests.
Answer:
1. Lumbering is an economic activity involving felling, hauling and logging of timber.
2. It is well developed in the Taiga coniferous forests because the coniferous forests have soft-wooded trees which are easy to fell with modern machines.
3. Softwood has great demand in the international market.
4. The lack of dense undergrowth and creepers help in easy cutting of these trees.
5. The presence of one type of tree over a large extent, makes commercial lumbering activity more economical.
Hence, lumbering activity has developed in Taiga forests.
In simple words: Taiga forests are ideal for lumbering due to their abundance of softwoods that are easy to process, consistent tree types facilitating large-scale operations, and minimal undergrowth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the ecological characteristics (e.g., type of wood, uniformity of trees, lack of undergrowth) and economic factors (e.g., market demand, ease of felling) when explaining why an activity thrives in a particular biome.

 

Question 4. Mediterranean biome has proved to be a catalyst to the development of cinema industry.
Answer:
1. The Mediterranean biome has hot or warm and dry summers and mild or cool and wet winters.
2. Clear skies, bright sunshine, natural beauty, pleasant climate and flowers have contributed to the development of cinema industry.
3. Due to clear sky and fine weather outdoor shooting is possible throughout the year.
In simple words: The Mediterranean biome's consistent clear skies, abundant sunshine, and pleasant climate with distinct seasons provide ideal conditions for outdoor filming, making it a natural hub for the cinema industry.

🎯 Exam Tip: When linking geographical features to economic activities, identify specific climatic attributes (e.g., sunshine, clear skies) that directly enable or facilitate the industry's operations.

 

Exercise 4

 

Question 1. Agriculture in temperate grassland biome.
Answer:
1. The climate of the Temperate Grassland biome is favourable for agriculture and animal rearing.
2. In grassland regions such as the Prairies, Steppes, Downs, Pampas, Velds, etc., extensive type of agriculture has developed.
3. Crops like maize, wheat are produced on a large scale.
4. The fields extend to hundreds of hectares and therefore, advanced machines are used for agriculture.
5. As these areas have abundant yields, the countries lying in this biome are famous as exporters.
6. The extent of commercial agriculture is increasing in this area.
In simple words: Temperate grasslands, with their fertile soils and favorable climate, support extensive agriculture, primarily for crops like wheat and maize, making many countries in these regions major food exporters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the connection between rich soil, moderate climate, and vast open spaces as key factors enabling large-scale, commercial agriculture in temperate grasslands.

 

Question 2. Human Life in Tundra biome.
Answer:
1. Human settlements are very sparse because of very cold climate.
2. Lapps, Samoyeds and Eskimos live in adverse climate.
3. Life of Eskimos has changed after they come into contact with westernisers.
4. As they have started getting advanced instruments, their life and fishing methods have changed. Thus, they have started exploitation of fish at a higher speed in this biome.
5. Due to increased transportation and means of communication there is lot of development in this region. There is improvement in the standard of living of people.
6. Due to development there is adverse effect on protected factors of this biome.
In simple words: Human life in the Tundra biome is challenging due to extreme cold, leading to sparse settlements of resilient indigenous groups whose lifestyles have adapted over time and are now influenced by modern advancements and resource exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing human life in extreme environments, consider both traditional adaptations of indigenous communities and the impacts of modernization and resource extraction.

 

Question 3. Animal adaptation in grasslands.
Answer:
1. The Tropical Grasslands (Savannah) extend between 10° to 20° N and S.
2. The abundance of grass cover and its perennial nature have made savannah biomes rich in herbivore animals.
3. Seasonal change in colour of grass has provided natural shelter for animals.
4. These grassland supports large number of hoofed animals.
5. A variety of herbivore animals of different sizes from rabbits to elephants are found here.
6. With rich herbivore density, these grasslands also support a number of carnivorous animals.
7. In temperate grassland region soft and juicy grass grows, therefore animal life is rich and varied.
8. Herbivore animals like zebras, wolves, deer, gazelles and wild horses are found. Coyote is a carnivore.
In simple words: Grassland animals, particularly herbivores, have adapted to vast open spaces with seasonal grass changes for camouflage, leading to the evolution of many hoofed animals and a food web supporting various carnivores like coyotes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing animal adaptations, focus on how physical traits (e.g., hooves, camouflage) and behavioral patterns (e.g., migration, grazing) enable survival and interaction within the grassland ecosystem.

 

Question 4. Marine Biomes.
Answer:
The biomes we find in ocean/sea water are called marine biome. Approximately 70% of the earth's surface is covered by oceans. There are three layers in Marine biomes:
(i) Euphotic Layer:
1. It is the top layer of the Marine biome.
2. The sunlight reaches there.
3. It is around 200 m deep.
4. It is home to many fishes, sea turtles jellyfish, seals, coral, zooplankton and mangroves.
(ii) Disphotic Layer:
1. It is the middle layer.
2. Some light penetrates to the bottom part.
3. It is about 1000 m deep from mean sea level.
4. Except few phytoplankton sunk from upper layer, plants are not found here
5. In this layer animals are adapted to darkness, cold water and high pressure.
6. Swordfish, eels, sea dragon, cattle fish, squid and wolfish are found.
(iii) Aphotic layer:
1. It is the deepest layer.
2. It ranges from 1000 m to 4000 m depth.
3. No light penetrates here, therefore there is no living plant life in this layer.
4. Bioluminescent jellyfish, angler fish, hatchet fish, elusive giant squid, etc., are found in this layer.
5. Beyond this layer lies the darkest and the deepest zone extending up to the sea floor. Here animals are adapted to survive on detritus under even greatest pressure.
In simple words: Marine biomes, covering most of Earth's surface, are categorized into three layers-Euphotic, Disphotic, and Aphotic-each defined by light penetration, depth, and the unique adaptations of flora and fauna living within them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly delineate the characteristics of each marine layer (light, depth, dominant life forms) and explain how organisms adapt to these specific conditions.

 

Exercise 5

 

Question 1. Biome and Ecosystem.
Answer:

Biome	Ecosystem
(i) An area where different types of flora and fauna live together in the same region in the same type of climatic conditions is called a biome.	(i) In a given region, the interaction between biotic and abiotic factors is known as ecosystem.
(ii) The boundaries of different biomes on land are determined mainly by climatic conditions like rainfall, temperature, humidity, amount of insolation received and soil conditions.	(ii) The biotic factors are plants, animals and bacteria. The abiotic factors consist of soil, water, sunlight and nutrients.
(iii) There can be many ecosystems in a biome.	(iii) There are different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

In simple words: A biome is a large regional community of plants and animals characterized by climate, while an ecosystem is a specific community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment, often existing as smaller units within a biome.

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating, emphasize that biomes are broad climatic regions determining dominant life forms, whereas ecosystems are localized functional units of interaction between living and non-living components.

 

Question 2. Tropical and Temperate Grassland Biome.
Answer:

Tropical Grassland Biome	Temperate Grassland Biome
(i) It is located between 10° to 20° N and S.	(i) It is located between 40° to 55° N and S.
(ii) It is characterised by a continuous cover of perennial grass that grows about 3 m to 6 m height, known as elephant grass and there are a few shrubs and trees.	(ii) Grass is a dominant vegetation. It is soft. Not many types of trees are found. The various species of grass include purple needle grass, blue grama, buffalo grass and galleta.
(iii) It is rich in herbivorous animals like rabbits, antelopes, buffaloes, zebras, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, warthogs, etc. It also supports a number of carnivores like lions, leopards, cheetah, wild dogs, jackals, hyenas, and birds like vultures, great Indian bustards, twitter and ostriches.	(iii) It is rich and varied in animal life. Herbivore animals include gazelles, zebras, wild horses, wolves, deer, rabbits, etc. In the veld grasslands, ostriches are found. In the Downs of Australia, kangaroos and dingoes are found.

In simple words: Tropical grasslands, found closer to the equator, have taller, coarser grasses and a wider array of large herbivores and carnivores, while temperate grasslands, located in middle latitudes, feature shorter, softer grasses and distinct animal species adapted to colder winters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on differences in latitudinal location, grass type (height/texture), and characteristic animal species (especially large herbivores) to effectively differentiate between tropical and temperate grasslands.

 

Question 3. Human activities in Tropical Evergreen and Monsoon Regions.
Answer:

Human activities in Tropical Evergreen	Human activities in Monsoon Regions
(i) Human life is not very easy in this climate.	(i) Human life is easier than that in the rainforest.
(ii) Indigenous humans in these parts are still in their primitive stage.	(ii) Primary and secondary occupations based on forests are found here.
(iii) Indigenous tribes are Pygmies in Congo, Boro Indians in Amazon, Sentinels, Onges, Jarawahs, etc., in Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.	(iii) Various tribal communities inhabit the regions under this biome.
(iv) They are engaged in primary activities like gathering of forest products, hunting, fishing, etc. Secondary activities are not developed.	(iv) Animal rearing for milk and meat production is carried out. Primary and secondary activities based on forest products are also developed.

In simple words: Human life in tropical evergreen regions is generally challenging, often characterized by primitive lifestyles focused on primary activities, whereas monsoon regions offer easier living conditions with diverse primary and secondary occupations, supporting various tribal communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing human activities, consider the influence of climate on ease of living, type of occupations (primary vs. secondary), and the level of societal development.

 

Exercise 6

 

Question 1. Give an account of the Desert Biome with the help of the following points
(i) Location
(ii) Plant life
(iii) Animal life
(iv) Human life
Answer:
(i) Location: The Tropical Desert biome has the latitudinal extent of 20° to 30° N and S.
(ii) Plant Life: The vegetal life is dispersed. It includes date palms, and thorny trees such as khejari, acacia, and bushes like century plant, cactus, etc. There is hardly any vegetal cover due to the dry climatic conditions.
Characteristics of forests:
1. Thick leaves with capacity to store water.
2. Thorny nature reduces speed of evaporation, safety from animals.
3. Trunk like leaves carry out photosynthesis.
(iii) Animal life:
1. As the vegetation is sparse, bio-diversity is also limited.
2. There are relatively few large animals in the desert.
3. The animals are small and tend to burrow, or stay in hideaways till dusk to avoid the heat. They are adapted to survive in hot climate with very little water.
4. They are mainly small carnivores, camels, many species of snakes, types of lizards, desert turtles, rats, mongoose along with goats, sheep, donkeys, etc.
Birds: Ostriches, various raptors; guinea fowl and bustards; desert eagle owls and barn owls; sand larks and pale crag martins; and brown-necked and fan-tailed ravens.
Insects: House flies, beetles, moths, types of termites, etc.
(iv) Human life:
1. The extreme temperatures make human life very difficult here.
2. Depending on the availability of water, animal husbandry or agriculture might be followed.
3. Human settlements are found only near oases, in a dispersed pattern. Nomadic life is found in some areas. In the earlier times, Bedouin tribes used to trade by traveling on camels.
In simple words: Desert biomes, located between 20°-30° N and S, feature sparse, thorny vegetation and animals adapted to extreme heat and water scarcity, while human life is challenging, often nomadic, and concentrated around oases.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing a detailed account of a biome, systematically address each requested point (location, plant life, animal life, human life) with specific examples and adaptations relevant to its unique environmental conditions.

 

Question 2. Explain the reasons behind deforestation in your area. What measures will you suggest to minimize deforestation?
Answer:
I am a resident of Goregaon, very close to the Aarey Colony which was formerly called the Aarey Milk Colony due to the presence of the Aarey Dairy that provided milk to the City of Mumbai. It was once known as the Lungs of Mumbai. It also housed a variety of flora and fauna. But soon deforestation began in phases. First came residential areas, followed by the Film City and now it is the metro car shed. In spite of protests from several citizen's groups, NGOs and celebrities, more than 2000 trees were felled overnight, forcing the Supreme Court to intervene.
I would suggest the government to shift the metro car shed to some other location and immediately start planting saplings to replace the destroyed trees.
In simple words: Deforestation in areas like Aarey Colony often results from urbanization projects like metro sheds and residential expansion, despite public protests; mitigation requires relocating such projects and implementing immediate, large-scale reforestation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing environmental issues, provide specific local examples to illustrate the problem and propose concrete, actionable solutions that address the root causes of deforestation.

 

11th Geography Digest Chapter 8 Biomes Intext Questions And Answers

Let Us Recall.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र पृथ्वी पर भूमध्य रेखा से उत्तरी ध्रुव (90° N) तक विभिन्न अक्षांशों पर वनस्पति और पशु जीवन के वितरण को दर्शाता है। इसमें दिखाया गया है कि कैसे भूमध्य रेखा पर घने उष्णकटिबंधीय वर्षावन से लेकर ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों में टुंड्रा तक, जलवायु परिवर्तन के साथ-साथ बायोम कैसे बदलते हैं। चित्र में विभिन्न अक्षांशीय बैंड्स (जैसे 0°, 30°, 60°, 90° N) भी अंकित हैं जो इन परिवर्तनों को स्पष्ट करते हैं।

 

Question 1. What does the figure show?
Answer: The figure shows the vegetation and animal life from equator to polar areas.
In simple words: The figure illustrates the distribution patterns of different types of vegetation and animal species across various latitudes, from the Equator towards the poles.

🎯 Exam Tip: When interpreting diagrams, identify the main subject and the key geographical patterns or gradients (e.g., from equator to pole) that are being represented.

 

Question 2. What do the numbers on the figure represent?
Answer: The numbers in the figure represent latitudes.
In simple words: The numbers displayed on the figure indicate different lines of latitude, which are geographical coordinates that specify the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always pay attention to labels and scales on diagrams, as they provide critical context for understanding the information presented.

 

Question 3. How does the latitude influence vegetation?
Answer: Vegetation in any area depend upon the elements of climate such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, soil condition and amount of insolation received. These conditions vary with latitude. For example, in the lower latitudes that is near the equator there is hot and wet climate, so dense evergreen forests grow. But in higher latitudes due to extreme cold climate and heavy snowfall, there are hardly trees but mosses and lichen grow.
Following vegetation grows in different latitudes:
0° to 10° N and S - Dense, evergreen, hardwood forest
5° to 30° N and S - Tropical deciduous forest
10° to 20° N and S - Tropical grasslands
20° to 30° N and S - Tropical Desert.
30° to 40° N and S - Mediterranean (Evergreen and Deciduous Forest)
40° to 50° N and S - Temperate Deciduous Forest.
40° to 55° N and S - Temperate Grasslands.
50° to 55° N - Taiga (Coniferous Forests)
65° to 90° N - Tundra
In simple words: Latitude significantly influences vegetation by determining climatic conditions like temperature and rainfall; closer to the equator, hot and wet climates foster dense evergreen forests, while higher latitudes with colder, snowy conditions lead to sparse vegetation like mosses and lichens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly enumerate the specific climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, insolation) that are directly affected by latitude, and then link these to characteristic vegetation types found at different latitudinal bands.

 

Question 4. How does Latitude influence the fauna of a place?
Answer: As the vegetation changes with latitude, depending upon vegetation and climate, fauna also changes as per following.
1. 0° to 10° N and S - Monkeys, birds from the vulture family, hornbills, parrots, various species of insects, butterflies and reptiles.
2. 5° to 30° N and S - Microscopic organisms to large elephants, hippopotamus, rhinos, tiger, lion, gaur, monkeys, etc.
Birds: Coucal, hornbills, Asian koel, peacock, vultures, falcon, pigeons, sparrows, etc.
Insects : Ants, butterflies, insects and worms are in plenty.
10° to 20° N and S - Rich in herbivore animals, ranging from rabbits to elephants. Main species - antelopes, buffalo, zebra, rhinos, wild beasts, giraffes, warthogs, etc. The carnivore like cats, lions, leopards, cheetah, wild dogs, jackals, hyenas, etc. Birds: Vulture, great Indian bustards, twitter and ostriches.
20° to 30° N and S - Mainly carnivores, camels, rats, mongoose, desert turtles, many species of snakes, types of lizards, goats, sheep, donkeys, etc.
Insects : Houseflies, beetles, moths, types of termites, etc.
30° to 40° N and S - Rabbits, deer, goats, pigs, horses, brown bears, fox, berry deer, wild cats, goats and sheep.
Birds: Vultures, eagles.
Alligators, reptiles.
Insects : Various types of insects and honeybees.
40° to 50° N and S - Animals having thick and soft fur like brown bears, red fox, sable, mink, etc. are found.
Birds: Peregrine, falcon, woodpecker, cardinals.
Insects: Many types of insects.
40° to 55° N and S - Rich and varied animal life. Herbivores include gazelles, zebras, wild horses wolves, deer, rabbits, coyote is a carnivore. Ostriches are found in veld grasslands. Kangaroos and dingoes are found in the Downs of Australia.
50° to 55° N - The animals have thick hides and a thick layer of fats and are hairy. E.g., reindeer, grizzly bears, elk, caribou, etc., are herbivores. Fox mountain lions, puma and panthers are the carnivores.
65° N to 90° N - Very scarce animal life. Thick fur and layer of fats in their body helps them to face very cold climate. Herbivores such as musk ox, bears, reindeer, caribou, lemming, rabbits along with carnivores like Arctic fox, dogs, jackals are found.
Birds: Ptarmigan, ravens, snowy owls and redpolls are found. Majority are migrants. Seals, walruses are found in coastal areas.
In simple words: Latitude influences fauna significantly as changes in climate and vegetation across different latitudinal zones dictate the types of animals found, from diverse herbivores and carnivores in tropical regions to cold-adapted, thick-furred species in polar areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the variety of animal life (herbivores, carnivores, birds, insects) and their specific adaptations (e.g., thick fur, burrowing, migration) corresponding to the climatic and vegetation conditions of each latitudinal belt.

 

10° to 20° N and S - Rich in herbivore animals, ranging from rabbits to elephants. Main species - antelopes, buffalo, zebra, rhinos, wild beasts, giraffes, warthogs, etc. The carnivore like cats, lions, leopards, cheetah, wild dogs, jackals, hyenas, etc.
Birds: Vulture, great Indian bustards, twitter and ostriches.

20° to 30° N and S - Mainly carnivores, camels, rats, mongoose, desert turtles, many species of snakes, types of lizards, goats, sheep, donkeys, etc.
Insects : Houseflies, beetles, moths, types of termites, etc.

30° to 40° N and S - Rabbits, deer, goats, pigs, horses, brown bears, fox, berry deer, wild cats, goats and sheep.
Birds: Vultures, eagles.
Alligators, reptiles.
Insects : Various types of insects and honeybees.

40° to 50° N and S - Animals having thick and soft fur like brown bears, red fox, sable, mink, etc. are found.
Birds: Peregrine, falcon, woodpecker, cardinals.
Insects: Many types of insects.

40° to 55° N and S - Rich and varied animal life. Herbivores include gazelles, zebras, wild horses wolves, deer, rabbits, coyote is a carnivore. Ostriches are found in veld grasslands. Kangaroos and dingoes are found in the Downs of Australia.

50° to 55° N - The animals have thick hides and a thick layer of fats and are hairy. E.g., reindeer, grizzly bears, elk, caribou, etc., are herbivores. Fox mountain lions, puma and panthers are the carnivores.

65° N to 90° N - Very scarce animal life. Thick fur and layer of fats in their body helps them to face very cold climate. Herbivores such as musk ox, bears, reindeer, caribou, lemming, rabbits along with carnivores like Arctic fox, dogs, jackals are found.

Birds: Ptarmigan, ravens, snowy owls and redpolls are found. Majority are migrants. Seals, walruses are found in coastal areas.

In simple words: Different latitudes lead to varied climates and vegetation, which in turn dictate the types of animal life, from herbivores and carnivores in warmer zones to specialized cold-adapted species in polar regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the latitudinal distribution of fauna is crucial for explaining biome characteristics and ecological adaptations. Pay attention to specific animal examples for each zone.

 

Question 5. Which latitude will have more biodiversity?
Answer:
Biodiversity is very high in 0° to 10° N and S and 5° to 30° N and S.
In simple words: The regions closer to the equator, specifically between 0° to 10° N/S and 5° to 30° N/S, exhibit the highest biodiversity due to favorable warm and wet climatic conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that tropical and sub-tropical regions typically have the highest biodiversity due to consistent warmth and abundant rainfall, fostering a wide range of life forms.

 

Question 2. Make a list of products found in your home which have come from this biome. (Textbook Page No. 88)
Answer:
This biome is Tropical Deciduous biome. The wood obtained from the teak tree is used for making furniture. Bamboo is used during painting of buildings. Bamboo products like mats, basket is used in our daily life. We use sandalwood soap, agarbatti as well as paste during pujas and rosewood paste for healing of wounds We also find in our homes many ayurvedic medicines made from plants of these forests.
In simple words: Many household items like furniture (teak), building materials (bamboo), handicrafts (bamboo mats/baskets), and even personal care/medicinal products (sandalwood, rosewood, ayurvedic herbs) originate from the Tropical Deciduous biome.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing products, categorize them by their use (e.g., furniture, crafts, medicinal) and link them directly to the natural resources of the specified biome.

 

Think About It.

Question 1. Besides latitudes, what other conditions influence the biome? (Textbook Page No. 84)
Answer:
Besides latitudes climate, trophic level, human activities development of agriculture, industries, transportation, tourism etc., also influence the biome.
In simple words: Apart from latitude, factors like specific climate conditions, the structure of food webs (trophic levels), and human impacts from agriculture, industry, transport, and tourism significantly shape a biome.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about influencing factors, consider both natural (climate, topography) and anthropogenic (human activities) elements for a comprehensive answer.

 

Question 2. In which region in India, is desertification occurring? (Textbook Page No. 89)
Answer:
Desertification is occurring in Rajasthan, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Nagaland, Tripura and Himachal Pradesh.
In simple words: Desertification is impacting various Indian states, including Rajasthan, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Nagaland, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh, indicating a widespread environmental concern.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific regions is key for such questions. Ensure you recall diverse geographical areas to demonstrate a broad understanding of the phenomenon's spread.

 

Question 3. Why is this type of biome not found in Southern Hemisphere? (Textbook Page No. 93)
Answer:
Taiga biome is from 50° to 55° latitude. There is no landmass from 50° to 55° in southern hemisphere, therefore this type of biome is not found in southern hemisphere.
In simple words: The Taiga biome, which exists at 50° to 55° latitude, is absent in the Southern Hemisphere because there isn't sufficient landmass at those latitudes to support its formation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Geographical distribution questions often hinge on the presence or absence of landmass at specific latitudinal belts. Connect biome type directly to the required land and climatic conditions.

 

Question 4. Which activities of human life are affected most by the cold climate? (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
The very cold climate results in sparse human settlements.
It affects human health, the soil and agriculture.
Very cold climate causes thick fog that affects aviation, road, railway and water transport.
In simple words: Extremely cold climates severely impact human life by leading to sparse settlements, negatively affecting health, soil quality, and agriculture, and causing transportation disruptions due to thick fog.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on direct impacts (settlements, health, agriculture) and indirect impacts (transportation, infrastructure) when discussing climate's influence on human activities.

 

Try This.

Question 1. Find out more differences between an ecosystem and a biome. You can use the following points: scale of area occupied, types, flow of nutrients and energy, examples, etc. (Textbook Page No. 86)
Answer:

Biome	Ecosystem
(i) An area where different types of flora and fauna live together in the same region in the same type of climatic conditions is called a biome.	(i) In a given region, the interaction between biotic and abiotic factors is known as ecosystem.
(ii) The boundaries of different biomes on land are determined mainly by climatic conditions like rainfall, temperature, humidity, amount of insolation received and soil conditions.	(ii) The biotic factors are plants, animals and bacteria. The abiotic factors consist of soil, water, sunlight and nutrients.
(iii) There can be many ecosystems in a biome.	(iii) There are different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

In simple words: A biome is a large-scale region defined by similar climate and dominant life forms, encompassing many ecosystems, while an ecosystem is a localized interaction between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the scale and defining characteristics: biomes are broad climatic zones with characteristic vegetation, whereas ecosystems are functional units of interaction within any size of habitat.

 

Question 2. Write the names of major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 86)
Answer:
This is Tropical Rainforest biome. The countries in this biome are Brazil, Congo, Ecuador; Indonesia, Peru, Columbia, Bolivia, Gabon, Guyana, India, Laos, Malaysia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Mexico, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Suriname and Venezuela.
In simple words: The Tropical Rainforest biome is found in countries like Brazil, Congo, Indonesia, Peru, Colombia, Gabon, Guyana, India, Laos, Malaysia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Mexico, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Suriname, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela.

🎯 Exam Tip: For geographical distribution questions, aim to list countries from different continents where the biome is prominent to demonstrate comprehensive knowledge.

 

Question 3. Write the names of major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 87)
Answer:
Central India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, southern part of China and northern part of Australia.
In simple words: This biome, likely Tropical Deciduous, is present in Central India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, southern China, and northern Australia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing regional concentrations and specific countries is vital. Focus on regions known for monsoon climates for this biome.

 

Question 4. Write the names of the major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 88)
Answer:
This is Savannah Grassland biome
Africa: Kenya, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa and Namibia.
Australia, Central America : Belize and Honduras.
South America : Venezuela and Columbia, Southern Asia.
In simple words: The Savannah Grassland biome is found in African countries like Kenya, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia, as well as parts of Australia, Central America (Belize, Honduras), South America (Venezuela, Colombia), and Southern Asia.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying biomes and their locations, group countries by continent to provide a clear and organized overview of their global distribution.

 

Question 5. Write the names of the major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 89)
Answer:
This is tropical desert biome. Sahara Desert in North Africa, the Australian Desert of Australia, the Arabian Desert and Syrian Desert in Western Asia, the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, Sonoran Desert in the U.S. and Mexico, Mojave Desert in the U.S., Thar Desert in India and Pakistan, Dasht-e-Margo and Registan Desert in Afghanistan and Dasht-e-Kavir and Dasht-e Lut in Iran.
In simple words: The tropical desert biome includes major deserts like the Sahara (North Africa), Australian Desert, Arabian and Syrian Deserts (Western Asia), Kalahari (Southern Africa), Sonoran and Mojave (U.S./Mexico), Thar (India/Pakistan), and Dasht-e-Margo/Registan (Afghanistan) and Dasht-e-Kavir/Dasht-e Lut (Iran).

🎯 Exam Tip: When naming desert biomes, specify both the desert name and the corresponding country or region for precision.

 

Question 6. Write the names of major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 90)
Answer:
This is Mediterranean biome. The major countries are Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Lebanon. Northern Africa, central Chile, California in USA, south west Africa and south west Australia.
In simple words: The Mediterranean biome is found in countries like Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, parts of Northern Africa, central Chile, California (USA), southwest Africa, and southwest Australia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that Mediterranean biomes are often found on the western margins of continents in mid-latitudes, a pattern useful for recall.

 

Question 7. Write the names of the major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 91)
Answer:
This biome is Temperate Deciduous biome. The major countries are the eastern parts of the United States and Canada, most of Europe and parts of China and Japan.
In simple words: The Temperate Deciduous biome is predominantly found in the eastern United States and Canada, much of Europe, and specific regions of China and Japan.

🎯 Exam Tip: For temperate biomes, remember their presence in regions with distinct seasons, typically on the eastern sides of continents in mid-latitudes.

 

Read The Following News Item.

A grizzly bear that killed a mother and her baby in Yukon last fall was emaciated and desperately pursuing unusual food sources at the time of the attack, according to an investigation by the territory's government. Valerie Theoret, 37, and her 10-month-old daughter, Adele Roesholt, died on Nov. 26, 2018, when a grizzly bear attacked them near their trapping cabin in the remote Einarson Lake area northeast of the village of Mayo. Gordon Hitchcock, chief conservation officer for the Government of Yukon, said the 18-year-old male grizzly bear was emaciated to the point that it was incapable of hibernation.

Additionally, it was in significant and chronic pain from having eaten a porcupine which bears do not typically eat - and had quills penetrating its digestive system from mouth to stomach, "This bear had started turning to uncommon food sources," said Mr. Hitchcock, who presented findings of a necropsy in Whitehorse on Wednesday. -CNN News

 

Question 1. Why do such things occur?
Answer:
Such things occur because man has done encroachment in the habitats of animals. Animals are not getting sufficient food, so they are attacking on human beings.
In simple words: Incidents like this happen because human encroachment into animal habitats disrupts natural food sources, forcing desperate animals to seek unusual food and leading to conflicts.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing human-wildlife conflicts, always consider habitat loss and resource scarcity as primary drivers, stemming from human expansion.

 

Question 2. Give examples of such similar incidents in Maharashtra wherein some animal has attacked people in particular region.
Answer:
In Junnar taluka in Pune district, leopard attacked and killed one small girl and goat.
In simple words: In Maharashtra, an example of a similar incident is a leopard attack in Junnar taluka, Pune district, resulting in the death of a young girl and a goat, highlighting local human-wildlife conflict.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing local examples, be specific about the animal, location, and nature of the conflict to demonstrate relevant knowledge.

 

Question 1. Write the names of the major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 92)
Answer:
The biome is temperate grassland region. The major countries are Prairies in USA and Canada, Steppes in Russia, Downs in Australia, Pampas in Argentina, Veld in south Africa.
In simple words: The Temperate Grassland biome is found in the Prairies of USA and Canada, the Steppes in Russia, the Downs in Australia, the Pampas in Argentina, and the Veld in South Africa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific regional names for temperate grasslands (e.g., Prairies, Steppes, Pampas) as they are frequently used in geography questions.

 

Question 2. Write the names of the major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 92)
Answer:
This is the Taiga biome. The major countries are parts North America, Eurasia, especially Canada and Russia respectively. In Northern Europe, the countries are Finland, Norway and Sweden and spans across Alaska and Scandinavia.
In simple words: The Taiga biome is found in large parts of North America (especially Canada and Alaska) and Eurasia (particularly Russia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden), covering northern high-latitude regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: For the Taiga biome, emphasize its high-latitude, coniferous forest characteristics and its significant presence across northern continents.

 

Question 3. Write the names of the major countries that lie in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 93)
Answer:
This is Tundra biome. The major countries in this Biome are parts of the U.S., State of Alaska and the countries of Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway and Russia.
In simple words: The Tundra biome is located in the northernmost parts of the U.S. (Alaska), Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Russia, characterized by its cold, treeless landscapes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the Tundra, highlight its Arctic and sub-Arctic locations, emphasizing its extreme cold and permafrost conditions.

 

Question 4. Write the names of the major regions in this biome. (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
This biome is mountain or highland region. The Himalayas in Asia, the Scottish Highlands, the Scandinavian Mountains, American Cordillera in North and South Americas, the Rift mountains of Africa, Carpathian and Pyrenees Mountains in Europe and the Caucasus Mountains.
In simple words: This mountain/highland biome includes major ranges like the Himalayas (Asia), Scottish Highlands, Scandinavian Mountains, American Cordillera, Rift Mountains (Africa), Carpathian, Pyrenees, and Caucasus Mountains (Europe).

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying mountain biomes, focus on major global mountain ranges and their corresponding continents.

 

Can You Tell? (Textbook Page No. 86)

Question 1. A person staying in Sahara Desert and a person staying in Arabian Desert belong to the same biome or ecosystem?
Answer:
Yes, the person staying in Sahara Desert and a person staying in Arabian desert belong to the same biome or ecosystem, since climatic conditions are same. But there may be slight variation depending upon the impact of human activities.
In simple words: Yes, people from the Sahara and Arabian Deserts belong to the same biome (tropical desert) and likely the same ecosystem type, due to similar climatic conditions, though minor local variations from human impact might exist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that biomes are defined by broad climatic and vegetation patterns, so geographically separated areas with similar conditions can belong to the same biome.

 

Question 2. (i) The tropical deserts are mainly found in which direction of the continents? What could be the reason behind their formation there? (ii) In which continent is desert not found? (Textbook Page No. 90)
Answer:
(i) Most of the world's tropical deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the subtropics because the prevailing winds in the tropics are Tropical Easterly Winds. The Tropical Easterly Winds become dry by the time they reach the western margins of the continents and so they bring no rainfall.
(ii) There is no continent without a desert region. Despite its thick ice, Antarctica is classified as a desert because very little moisture falls from the sky.
In simple words: (i) Tropical deserts are mainly on western continental margins in the subtropics because easterly trade winds lose moisture by the time they reach these coasts. (ii) All continents, including Antarctica (due to low precipitation), have a desert region.

🎯 Exam Tip: For desert formation, always link it to atmospheric circulation patterns (like trade winds) and rain shadow effects, leading to aridity on continental interiors or western margins.

 

Question 3. In India, where do you find such fruits? What are the reasons for them being found here? (Textbook Page No. 93)
Answer:
The fruits like raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, gooseberry, salmonberry are found in the twin hill towns of Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar because of the cool climate in the summers.
In simple words: Fruits such as raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, gooseberry, and salmonberry thrive in Indian hill stations like Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar, thanks to their cooler summer climates which are suitable for these temperate fruit species.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific agricultural products or flora to the climatic conditions (e.g., cool summers) that support their growth in particular geographical regions.

 

Find Out! (Textbook Page No. 86)

Question 1. Find out the regions in this biome where plantation agriculture has developed.
Answer:
The regions where plantation agriculture is developed are tea plantations in NE India and Indonesia, coffee, cocoa and rubber plantations in Brazil, sugarcane plantations in Java island, rubber plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia, cocoa and coffee plantations in Africa.
In simple words: Plantation agriculture thrives in regions like Northeast India and Indonesia for tea, Brazil for coffee, cocoa, and rubber, Java for sugarcane, Malaysia and Indonesia for rubber, and Africa for cocoa and coffee.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing plantation agriculture, identify the specific crops and the major producing regions globally to demonstrate geographical and economic understanding.

 

Question 2. Look for the names of the tribes dependent on this biome in India including Maharashtra along with their habitats and show them on a map of India. (Textbook Page No. 87)
Answer:
Major Tribes in India
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र भारत के राजनीतिक मानचित्र को दर्शाता है, जिसमें विभिन्न भारतीय जनजातियों के निवास स्थानों को विशेष प्रतीकों द्वारा इंगित किया गया है। मानचित्र पर भील, इरूला, गोंड, कुरुम्बन, वारली, भुटिया, कारू, सिद्धीस, कटकारी, भुमी, मुंडा, संथल, खासी, राज गोंड, अगामी, न्याशी, सोलिगा, गारो और टोटो जैसी जनजातियाँ चिह्नित हैं, साथ ही अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीपों में सेंटिनलीज़, ओंगेस, जारवा और जंगीला जनजातियों को भी दर्शाया गया है। यह मानचित्र भारत में जनजातीय वितरण की एक विस्तृत स्थानिक समझ प्रदान करता है।

In simple words: This map illustrates the geographical distribution of major tribes across India, including those in Maharashtra and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, showing their traditional habitats.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions involving maps of tribal populations, focus on identifying key tribes and their associated regions to demonstrate understanding of cultural geography.

 

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र महाराष्ट्र राज्य के भीतर विभिन्न जनजातियों के वितरण को दर्शाता है, जिसमें प्रत्येक जनजाति को एक अद्वितीय प्रतीक द्वारा दर्शाया गया है। मानचित्र पर भील, महादेव कोली, डोंगर कोली, ठाकर, वारली, परधी, गरासिया, गोंड, कटकारी, गामित, गवीत, ढोर, आंध, राज गोंड, पथारी, अराख, कोरकू, हलबा, कौर और परधान जैसी जनजातियाँ चिह्नित हैं। यह मानचित्र महाराष्ट्र के भीतर जनजातीय जीवन की क्षेत्रीय भिन्नताओं और विविधता पर प्रकाश डालता है।

 

Question 3. Obtain information regarding the tribes inhabiting this biome. Find out about their habitat, lifestyle, conventional ways of living with nature, cultural heritage, etc. (Textbook Page No. 89)
Answer:
This Biome is the Savannah Grassland biome. The Masai is a Nilotic ethnic group.
1. Habitat : Northern, Central and Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania, near the game parks of the African Great Lakes.
2. Lifestyle : Traditionally semi-nomadic lifestyle. They speak 'Maa' language. The religions followed are Maasai, Christianity, Islam. They are famous for their fearsome reputation as warriors and cattle-rustlers.
3. Conventional ways of living with nature : They are basically cattle-rearers, depending on the Savannah grassland for grazing of cattle.
4. Cultural Heritage : It is strongly patriarchal in nature. Masai worship a single deity called 'Enkai' or 'Engai'. They are known for their intricate jewellery for decades.
In simple words: The Masai, an ethnic group in the Savannah Grassland biome of Kenya and Tanzania, maintain a semi-nomadic, cattle-rearing lifestyle, speak 'Maa', and are known for their warrior tradition, intricate jewellery, and a patriarchal culture that worships 'Enkai'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a tribe, include details on their habitat, economic activities (lifestyle), traditional practices, and cultural aspects to provide a complete picture.

 

Question 4. Find out the names of countries who produce and export wheat and maize. (Textbook Page No. 92)
Answer:
The countries which produce and export wheat are Canada, USA, European union, Russian federation. The countries which produce and export maize are USA, Argentina, Brazil, Russian federation, and Ukraine.
In simple words: Major wheat producers and exporters include Canada, USA, the European Union, and the Russian Federation, while top maize producers and exporters are the USA, Argentina, Brazil, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine.

🎯 Exam Tip: For agricultural commodity questions, focus on identifying the leading global producers and exporters to demonstrate economic geography knowledge.