Maharashtra Board Class 11 Economics Chapter 10 Economic Planning in India Solutions

Choose the Correct Option:

 

Question 1. Statements that are true about the Planning Commission:
(a) Planning Commission was established in 1950.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always read all the statements carefully to identify which ones correctly describe the historical facts of the Planning Commission.

Question 2. Statements that are incorrect regarding India’s five-year plans:
(a) The main objective of the first five-year plan was the development of agriculture.
(b) Social welfare and poverty eradication were the prime objectives of the seventh five-year plan.
(c) By the second five-year plan, focus increased on faster, inclusive growth.
(d) Development of both agriculture and industry were the main objectives of the third five-year plan.

Options:
(a) a
(b) a, b and d
(c) c
(d) b and d
Answer: (c) c
In simple words: The second five-year plan actually focused on heavy industries and industrialization, not faster and inclusive growth, which was the focus of much later plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read whether the question asks for 'correct' or 'incorrect' statements, as this is a common area where students make silly mistakes.

 

Question 3. Match the correct pairs:

Group 'A'	Group 'B'
1. Economic planning	(a) Selection by Prime Minister
2. Twelfth Five Year Plan	(b) Think Tank group of Indian Government
3. NITI Aayog	(c) Fast and sustainable growth

Answer:
1. Economic planning — (a) Selection by Prime Minister
2. Twelfth Five Year Plan — (c) Fast and sustainable growth
3. NITI Aayog — (b) Think Tank group of Indian Government
In simple words: Economic planning in India is guided by leaders chosen by the Prime Minister, the 12th plan aimed for quick and eco-friendly growth, and NITI Aayog acts as an advisory brain for the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing matching questions, always write the complete matching pairs side-by-side in your answer sheet rather than just drawing lines.

Question 3. Choose the correct option for the matched pairs:
(a) 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – b
(b) 1 – d, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – c
(c) 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – b, 4 – a
(d) 1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – c, 4 – a
Answer: (c) 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – b, 4 – a
In simple words: This option correctly pairs each item from the first column with its correct match in the second column.

🎯 Exam Tip: Double-check at least two pairs that you are absolutely sure about to quickly eliminate incorrect options.

 

Question 4. Choose the correct statement:
Statement 1 – NITI Aayog takes note of the dynamic change in the Indian economy.
Statement 2 – Considering the economic, social, and technological differences in underdeveloped districts, the body plans to implement various programmes and bring about economic changes.
(a) statement 1 is correct
(b) statement 2 is correct
(c) statement 2 is the result of statement 1
(d) there is no relation between statement 1 and statement 2.
Answer: (c) statement 2 is the result of statement 1
In simple words: Because NITI Aayog observes the changing economic conditions, it designs and runs special programs to help poorer areas grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Read both statements carefully to see if the second statement acts as a logical consequence or action step of the first one.

 

Give Economic Terms:

 

Question 1. The conscious and deliberate choice of economic priorities by some public authority.
Answer: National Agenda. This term refers to the collective focus areas set by the government to ensure systematic national development.
In simple words: A national agenda is a planned list of important goals that the government decides to focus on to help the country grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key definitions exactly as they appear in the textbook to score full marks in economic term questions.

 

Question 2. A group of people called forth by the government to discuss various problems and also try to find solutions to them.
Answer: Think Tank. Such advisory bodies play a crucial role in modern governance by providing expert analysis and strategic recommendations.
In simple words: A think tank is a group of experts who study difficult problems and suggest smart solutions to the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that NITI Aayog is primarily designed to function as a policy think tank for the government of India.

3. Identify and Explain the Concepts from the Given Illustrations:

 

Question 1. Sayali’s mother maintains a book of accounts for household purposes and plans the expenditure accordingly.
Answer: Planning. It is a time-bound programme. The objectives should fulfill by using available resources within the time limit. This systematic approach helps in avoiding unnecessary expenses and ensures financial stability.
In simple words: Planning means deciding in advance how to spend money wisely based on what you have. It helps you use your limited resources to meet your goals on time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify the core concept first in bold, then define it clearly with its key characteristics to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. Ramabai gets a subsidy on domestic LPG directly transferred to her bank a/c.
Answer: Service Delivery. It is the important target of the 12th five-year plan. The main aim behind this policy is to prevent corruption. Direct benefit transfers ensure that the financial help reaches the rightful beneficiary without any middleman.
In simple words: Service delivery is how the government provides benefits directly to citizens. Transferring money straight to a bank account stops leakages and corruption.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the specific policy or plan (like the 12th Five-Year Plan) to show the examiner you have a deep understanding of the topic.

 

Question 3. To solve classroom-related issues, the teacher forms a group of students. This group discusses the problems and finds solutions to them.
Answer: Think-Tank. It is an important function of NITI Aayog to solve the problems of our country. A Think-Tank is a group of experts who discuss and solve various problems of India. This collaborative approach brings together diverse perspectives to find the best possible solutions.
In simple words: A think-tank is a group of smart people who work together to study problems and suggest the best ways to solve them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate the classroom example directly to the national concept (like NITI Aayog) to make your answer highly impactful.

4. Answer the Following:

 

Question 1. Explain the features of economic planning.
Answer: Economic planning is a time-bound programme to achieve certain objectives by allocating available resources under the control of a central planning authority. It involves systematic decision-making to ensure balanced growth across all sectors of the economy.
In simple words: Economic planning is a set plan made by a central authority to use a country's resources wisely over a fixed time to reach specific development goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to highlight key terms like 'time-bound', 'central planning authority', and 'allocation of resources' as these are crucial keywords.

Economic Planning Definition and Characteristics

Prof. H. D. Dickinson defines economic planning as – “Economic planning is the making of major economic decisions such as what and how much is to be produced how, when and where it is to be produced, to whom it is to be allocated, by the conscious decision of the determinate authority, on the basis of a comprehensive survey of the economy as a whole.”

On the basis of the above definition, its main characteristics are:

• Central Planning Authority (CPA): There is a central planning authority that formulates the plans. In India, this authority is known as Planning Commission.
• Survey: There is a complete survey of the economy regarding the availability and use of natural and human resources.
• Objectives: It lays down certain objectives which are realistic and flexible.
• Priorities: Priorities are fixed according to the importance of each sector for its development.
• Mobilization of resources: Resources are mobilised through various sources like taxation, deficit financing, savings, etc.
• Plan period: Each plan is for a specific period, usually five years.
• Evaluation: From time to time, an assessment of the plan objectives is done to make changes if necessary.
• Continuous process: Economic planning is a continuous process which aims at the economic development of a country.
• Co-ordination: In India, economic planning is implemented by the Centre and State Governments together.
• Flexibility: There is flexibility in India’s economic planning so it’s possible to make changes as per the need.

 

Question 2. Explain the targets of the 12th Five Year plan.
Answer: Targets for infrastructure are:
• To connect all villages of a country with all-weather roads.
• To increase rural television and telephone density to 70%.
• To increase infrastructure investment to 9% of G.D.P. These targets were designed to significantly boost rural connectivity and overall economic growth.
In simple words: The 12th Five Year Plan aimed to improve India's infrastructure. It focused on building better roads for villages, increasing phone and TV access in rural areas, and spending more money on development projects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the three key infrastructure targets (roads, telecom density, and GDP percentage) to score full marks. Mentioning the specific percentage targets like 70% and 9% is highly recommended.

 

Question 3. Explain the structure of NITI Aayog.
Answer: The structure of NITI Aayog includes Governing Council, Regional Councils, Special Invitees, and Organisational Framework. This multi-tiered setup ensures cooperative federalism and active participation from all states. The organizational framework includes Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ex-officio members, CEO, and Secretariat.
In simple words: NITI Aayog is designed with different groups and leaders working together. It includes a main governing council, regional groups, and key officials like the Chairperson and CEO to guide India's development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list all key components of the organizational framework, especially the Chairperson and CEO, to secure full marks.

 

Question 4. Explain the functions of NITI Aayog.
Answer: Functions of NITI Aayog:
• To evolve a shared vision of national development, priority sector, and strategies with the active involvement of states in the light of national objectives.
• To act as ‘Best Friend at the Centre’.
• To formulate plans at the village level and aggregate higher levels of government.
• To provide feedback for constant innovative improvements.
• To provide advice and encourage partnership with national and international Think-Tank.
• To create a knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurial support system.
• To offer a platform for the resolution of inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues.
• To maintain a state-of-the-art resource center for research on good governance.
• To focus on technology up-gradation and capacity building.
• To foster Cooperative federalism, with the active involvement of states. These functions collectively aim to transition India from a mere planning-based model to a dynamic development-focused approach.
In simple words: NITI Aayog helps the central and state governments work together to plan development. It acts as a guide, promotes new ideas, and helps solve disputes between different departments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key terms like 'Cooperative federalism' and 'Think-Tank' as these are crucial keywords that examiners look for.

 

Question 5. Distinguish between Planning Commission and NITI Aayog.
Answer: The key differences between NITI Aayog and the Planning Commission highlight the evolution of India's economic planning framework. This structural shift marks a transition from a centralized planning model to a more collaborative and modern cooperative federalism.

NITI Aayog	Planning Commission
(i) It serves as an advisory Think Tank.	(i) It served as the extra-constitutional body.
(ii) It draws membership from wider expertise.	(ii) It had limited expertise.
(iii) It serves in the spirit of cooperative federalism as states are equal partners.	(iii) States participated as spectators in the annual plan meetings.
(iv) Secretaries to be known as CEO appointed by Prime Minister.	(iv) Secretaries were appointed through the usual process.
(v) It focuses upon the Bottom-up approach.	(v) It followed a Top-down approach.
(vi) It does not process mandate to impose policies.	(vi) It imposed policies on states and tied allocation of funds with projects it approved.
(vii) It does not have powers to allocate funds, which are vested in the finance minister.	(vii) It had powers to allocate funds to ministers and state government.
(viii) It was established on 1st January 2015.	(viii) It was established on 15th March 1950.

In simple words: NITI Aayog is a modern advisory group that works closely with states using a bottom-up approach, whereas the old Planning Commission was a centralized body that made decisions from the top down and controlled funding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Presenting this distinction in a neat tabular format with corresponding points aligned horizontally helps the examiner grade your answer quickly and award full marks.

State with Reasons Whether You Agree or Disagree with the Following Statements:

 

Question 1. State governments have a more significant role to play under NITI Aayog.
Answer: Yes, I do agree with the statement. Under the planning commission, there was a one-way flow of policy i.e. from, Central Government to State Government. This new cooperative framework ensures that states have a stronger voice in national policy formulation.
In simple words: Under NITI Aayog, state governments are treated as equal partners in planning, unlike the old system where the central government made all the decisions and passed them down.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always start your answer by clearly stating "Yes, I agree" or "No, I disagree" before writing down the detailed reasons.

Question 2. Functions of the Planning Commission have been transferred to NITI Aayog.
Answer: Yes, I do agree with the statement. This transition represents a significant shift from a centralized planning model to a cooperative federalism approach.
• The planning commission enjoyed the powers to allocate funds to ministry and state government.
• NITI Aayog/Think Tank is an advisory body that performs the function of allocation of funds.
• On 31st January 2015, Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog for making policies and to implement them.
• NITI Aayog aimed at expanding the role of the states, making the role of the state stronger in collaboration with the center.
In simple words: The old Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog to give states a bigger say in policy-making and to act as a modern think tank for the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state your agreement or disagreement first, then list the key differences in powers and roles between the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. The objective of the 12th five-year plan was to achieve faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.
Answer: Yes, I do agree with the statement. This plan was designed to ensure that economic development benefits all sections of society while protecting the environment.
• 12th five-year plan aims at a GDP growth rate of 8%.
• It seeks to achieve 4% growth in the agriculture sector.
• If aimed to generate 50 million work opportunities in the non-farm sector and providing skill certification.
• Connecting all the villages of the country with all-weather roads.
• Increasing green cover by 1 million hectares every year.
In simple words: The 12th five-year plan wanted to grow the economy quickly while making sure everyone got jobs, villages got roads, and the environment was protected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key targets of the 12th Five-Year Plan, such as the 8% GDP growth rate and 4% agricultural growth, as these specific statistics are highly valued by examiners.

These objectives will help the country to achieve faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.

6. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The Finance Minister of the Central Government presents the Union Budget before the Parliament during the month of February every year. The budget, also referred to as the annual financial statement reflects the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government for a particular financial year that begins on the 1st of April and ends on 31 sc March. Changes in the tax structure are suggested in the budget. Besides this, provisions are also made for allocating expenditure on defense, education, research, and development, etc. The date for presenting the budget has been shifted to the 1st of February every year. This enables the generation of funds well in advance prior to the commencement of the financial year.

 

Question 1. Where is the Union Budget usually presented?
Answer: Union Budget is presented in the Parliament. It is a key event in the country's annual legislative calendar.
In simple words: The Union Budget is shown and discussed in the Parliament building.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always mention 'Parliament' as the location where the Union Budget is presented to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. What all aspects are considered while preparing the budget?
Answer: Changes in the tax structure, provisions for allocating expenditure on defense, education, research, and development. These components help in planning the nation's growth for the upcoming year.
In simple words: When making the budget, the government decides on tax changes and how much money to spend on important areas like schools, defense, and research.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all key areas like tax structure, defense, and education to ensure you get complete marks.

 

Question 3. Why is the date for presenting the budget shifted to the 1st of February?
Answer: The date for presenting the budget is shifted to the 1st of February because it enables the generation of funds well in advance prior to the commencement of the financial year. This early planning ensures smoother implementation of government schemes.
In simple words: Moving the budget to February 1st helps the government get the money ready before the new financial year starts in April.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the phrase 'generation of funds well in advance' as it is a key technical term examiners look for.

 

Question 4. Explain the term ‘budget’.
Answer: The term 'budget' refers to the annual financial statement of the government. It reflects the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government for a particular financial year that begins on the 1st of April and ends on 31 sc March.
In simple words: A budget is a plan that shows how much money the government expects to collect and how it plans to spend it over the year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define a budget as an 'annual financial statement' showing estimated receipts and expenditures to get full marks.

Question. Collect information on:
1. Bombay Plan
2. People’s Plan
3. Gandhian Plan
Answer:
1. Bombay Plan: It is the name given to a World War II era plan. It is a set of proposals for the development of the post-independence economy of India, prepared by leading industrialists.
2. Peoples Plan: It is to provide satisfaction to the immediate basic needs of India within a period of ten years, drafted by M.N. Roy.
3. Gandhian Plan: Espousing with the spirit of Gandhian economic thinking, Shriman Narayan Agarwal formulated this plan in 1944. This plan laid more emphasis on agriculture and decentralized cottage industries.
In simple words: These are three historical economic plans proposed before India's independence to help design the country's future growth. The Bombay Plan focused on industries, the People's Plan on basic needs, and the Gandhian Plan on farming and village-level work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key creators and primary focus of each plan (e.g., Shriman Narayan Agarwal for the Gandhian Plan focusing on agriculture) to secure full marks.

 

Question. Calculate \( D_6 \) and \( D_9 \) from the table using ‘achievements’ as the numerical data.
Answer: To calculate the deciles, we use the achievement growth rates (%) of the Five-Year Plans (1st to 11th Plan):
Data: 3.6, 4.1, 2.7, 3.3, 4.8, 5.7, 6.0, 6.8, 5.6, 7.6, 7.9
Arranging the data in ascending order:
2.7, 3.3, 3.6, 4.1, 4.8, 5.6, 5.7, 6.0, 6.8, 7.6, 7.9
Here, number of observations \( n = 11 \).

1. Calculation of \( D_6 \):
\( D_6 = \text{Value of } \left[ \frac{6(n+1)}{10} \right]^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_6 = \text{Value of } \left[ \frac{6(11+1)}{10} \right]^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_6 = \text{Value of } \left[ \frac{72}{10} \right]^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_6 = \text{Value of } 7.2^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_6 = 7^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} + 0.2 \times (8^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} - 7^{\text{th}} \text{ observation}) \)
\( \implies D_6 = 5.7 + 0.2 \times (6.0 - 5.7) \)
\( \implies D_6 = 5.7 + 0.2 \times 0.3 \)
\( \implies D_6 = 5.7 + 0.06 \)
\( \implies D_6 = 5.76 \)

2. Calculation of \( D_9 \):
\( D_9 = \text{Value of } \left[ \frac{9(n+1)}{10} \right]^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_9 = \text{Value of } \left[ \frac{9(11+1)}{10} \right]^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_9 = \text{Value of } \left[ \frac{108}{10} \right]^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_9 = \text{Value of } 10.8^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} \)
\( \implies D_9 = 10^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} + 0.8 \times (11^{\text{th}} \text{ observation} - 10^{\text{th}} \text{ observation}) \)
\( \implies D_9 = 7.6 + 0.8 \times (7.9 - 7.6) \)
\( \implies D_9 = 7.6 + 0.8 \times 0.3 \)
\( \implies D_9 = 7.6 + 0.24 \)
\( \implies D_9 = 7.84 \)
In simple words: Deciles divide a sorted data set into ten equal parts. By arranging the plan achievements in order, we find that the 6th decile (\( D_6 \)) is 5.76% and the 9th decile (\( D_9 \)) is 7.84%.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always arrange the data in ascending order before applying the decile formula, and show each step of the interpolation clearly to avoid calculation errors.

 

Question 1. Refer to the table of Five Year Plans (FYP) at a Glance and calculate the Sixth Decile (\( D_6 \)) and Ninth Decile (\( D_9 \)) based on the achievements data.

Plan	Period	Main Objective/Strategy	Target in %	Achievements %
1st	1951-1956	Development of Agriculture	2.1	3.6
2nd	1956-1961	Development of heavy industries	4.5	4.1
3rd	1961-1966	Development of both agriculture and Industry	5.6	2.7
Annual Plans	1966-1969	---	---	---
4th	1969-1974	Growth with Stability	5.7	3.3
5th	1974-1979	Removal of Poverty	4.4	4.8
Rolling Plans	1978-1980	---	---	---
6th	1980-1985	Improvement in Quality of Life.	5.2	5.7
7th	1985-1990	Social Welfare and poverty eradication	5.0	6.0
Plan Holiday	1990-1992	---	---	---
8th	1992-1997	To give dynamism to economy	5.6	6.8
9th	1997-2002	Social justice and Equality	7.0	5.6
10th	2002-2007	Reduction of Poverty	8.2	7.8
11th	2007-2012	Faster and more inclusive growth	8.1	7.9
12th	2012-2017	Faster sustainable and more inclusive growth	8.0	N.A.

Answer: To find the deciles, we first construct the cumulative frequency table where the plans represent the variable \( x \) and the achievements represent the frequency. This systematic arrangement helps us locate the exact position of each decile value.

Plan (\( x \))	Achievements	Cumulative Frequency (\( cf \))
\( 1^{st} \)	3.6	3.6
\( 2^{nd} \)	4.1	7.7 (\( D_6 \))
\( 3^{rd} \)	2.7	10.4
\( 4^{th} \)	3.3	13.7 (\( D_9 \))
5	4.8	18.5
6	5.7	24.2
7	6.0	30.2
8	6.8	37.0
9	5.6	42.6
10	7.8	50.4
11	7.9	58.3

(i) Sixth Decile:
\( D_6 = \text{size of } 6 \left( \frac{n+1}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 6 \left( \frac{11+1}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 6 \left( \frac{12}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 6 (1.2)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } (7.2)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
Cumulative frequency (\( cf \)) just greater than or equal to \( 7.2 \) is \( 7.7 \), which corresponds to the \( 2^{nd} \) Plan.
\( \implies D_6 = 2^{nd} \text{ Plan} \) (Achievement = \( 4.1\% \))

(ii) Ninth Decile:
\( D_9 = \text{size of } 9 \left( \frac{n+1}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 9 \left( \frac{11+1}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 9 (1.2)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } (10.8)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
Cumulative frequency (\( cf \)) just greater than or equal to \( 10.8 \) is \( 13.7 \), which corresponds to the \( 4^{th} \) Plan.
\( \implies D_9 = 4^{th} \text{ Plan} \) (Achievement = \( 3.3\% \))
In simple words: Deciles divide the data into ten equal parts. To find the 6th and 9th deciles, we calculate their positions and look at the cumulative frequency column to find which plan they fall into.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always write down the formula clearly and show step-by-step substitution. Highlighting the cumulative frequency value that is just greater than or equal to your calculated size helps the examiner follow your logic easily.

Question. Calculate the Sixth Decile (\( D_6 \)) and Ninth Decile (\( D_9 \)) from the given data.
Answer:
Size of \( 7.2^{\text{th}} \) observation lies in cumulative frequency of 7.7.
\( \therefore D_6 = 2 \)

(ii) Ninth Decile:
\( D_9 = \text{size of } 9 \left( \frac{n+1}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 9 \left( \frac{11+1}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 9 \left( \frac{12}{10} \right)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 9 (1.2)^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
\( = \text{size of } 10.8^{\text{th}} \text{ Observation} \)
Size of \( 10.8^{\text{th}} \) observation lies in cumulative frequency of 13.7.
\( \therefore D_9 = 4 \)
In simple words: To find the 9th decile, we calculate its position using the formula, which gives us the 10.8th position, pointing to the value 4 in our data set.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always arrange the data in ascending order before calculating deciles, and carefully locate the cumulative frequency that contains the calculated observation rank.

 

Question. Find out information of various levels of National Family Health Survey (NFHS).
Answer:

• NFHS – 1: The first NFHS was conducted in 1992-93. The survey collected extensive information on population, health, and nutrition, with an emphasis on women and children.
• NFHS – 2: The second NFHS was conducted in 1998-99 in all states (26) of India. It was on the quality of health and family planning services, domestic violence, reproductive health, anemia, etc.
• NFHS – 3: The third NFHS was conducted in 2005-06, in 29 states of India. UNICEF, USAID, DFID, USA, providing funds and technical help for NFHS-3.
• NFHS – 4: The fourth NFHS was conducted in 2014-2015. USA was a major financial supporter for NFHS-4. It was conducted in 29 states and 6 union territories and focused on 640 districts in the country.

In simple words: The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is conducted in rounds to gather detailed data on India's population, health, and nutrition, helping the government make better health policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the years of each survey round (1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-06, and 2014-15) as they are frequently asked in objective questions.

 

Question. What is a think-tank?
Answer: Think-tank is a group of experts who are gathered together by an organization, especially by a Government in order to consider various problems, try and work out ways to solve them. They play a crucial role in shaping public policy and strategic planning.
In simple words: A think-tank is a team of smart experts who work together to study difficult problems and suggest the best solutions to the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define a think-tank as an expert advisory group and highlight its primary role in problem-solving and policy formulation for the government.

• ‘Think-Tank’ is a group of experts who come together, to form an organization.
• They study the various problems of an economy and try to bring solutions to solve those problems.
• It is counted under the premier policy of the Government of India.
• Its main objective is to find a shared vision of national development with the active participation of the states.
• It provides guidance to foster ‘cooperative federalism’ in the states.

Find Out: (Textbook Page No. 67)

 

Question. The present structure of NITI Aayog and list out the names of members in the respective columns.
Answer: The table below shows the key leadership roles within the organization.

Chairperson	Vice-Chairperson	Members
Prime Minister	Rajiv Kumar	Ex-Officio Members, Special Invitees, Full-time Members

In simple words: This table lists the main leaders of NITI Aayog, showing that the Prime Minister of India is always the head, assisted by a Vice-Chairperson and other expert members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that the Prime Minister of India serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of NITI Aayog. Clearly listing the categories of members will help you score full marks.